W O O D R E D I S C O V E R E D F O R T H E 2 1 ST C E N T U R Y
“If the 19th century was the century of steel, and the 20th the century of concrete, then the 21st CENTURY is about MASS TIMBER.”
- Alex de Rijke, Director of dRMM
Hammel, Green and Abrahamson A m y D o u m a , J i m M o o r e , To n y S t a e g e r , A l e x Te r z i c h
University of Minnesota: School of Architecture Andrea Johnson, Elliot Olney
SPRING 2015
research at HGA
M U LT I - S E M E S T E R : E X P L O R AT I O N I N M AT E R I A L I T Y A N D FA B R I C AT I O N
I N C R E A S E T H E M AT E R I A L A N D P R O D U C T O P T I O N S W I T H I N T H E “ M A I N S T R E A M ” T O O L K I T E N H A N C E A R C H I T E C T S ’ U N D E R S TA N D I N G O F FA B R I C AT I O N P R O C E S S E S E S TA B L I S H A S U C C E S S F U L F O R M AT F O R A R C H I T E C T / FA B R I C AT O R R E S E A R C H A N D D E V E L O P M E N T PA R T N E R S H I P S E X P L O R E T H E F U T U R E O F A R C H I T E C T U R A L “ M AT E R I A L I T Y ” A N D I T S I M PA C T
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research at HGA
FALL 2014: FRINGE FAB
by Christina Stark
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research objective
A S S E S S M A S S T I M B E R A S I T S TA N D S A C C R O S S T H E I N D U S T R Y
I N V E S T I G AT E M A S S T I M B E R A S A P R I M A R Y S T R U C T U R A L S O L U T I O N FOR MID-RISE CONSTRUCTION
A P P LY K N O W L E D G E T H R O U G H E X I S T I N G P R O J E C T S A N D E VA L U AT E T H E C H A L L E N G E S A N D O P P O R T U N I T I E S
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why wood?
2째 C mass timber |
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why wood? “The application of wooden visual surfaces indoors is one way to reduce stress and promote health in building occupants.�
C O 2 I M P A C T E N E R G Y I M P A C T W E I G H T L B S
R E L E A S E D / S E Q U E S T E R E D
E M B O D I E D E N E R G Y C U B I C F O O T
P E R 1 0 0 0 L B S O F M A T E R I A L R E L A T E D T O W O O D
C O N C R E T E 1 0 2 L B S 5 X 1 5 0 L B / F T 3 W O O D 1 6 4 0 L B S 1 X 3 5 L B / F T 3 4 G A L . G A S
100LBS
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what is mass timber?
“Mass Timber is defined as solid panels of wood engineered for strength through laminations of different layers.� - The Case for Tall Wood Buildings
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what is mass timber?
GLULAM
LV L
G L U E - L A M I N AT E D T I M B E R
L A M I N AT E D V E N E E R L U M B E R
GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER HAS ALMOST THE SAME LOAD BEARING CAPACITY AS STEEL, BUT A FAR LOWER WEIGHT AND EXCELLENT FIRE RESISTANCE DUE TO ITS CHARRING CHARACTERISTICS. WHEN USED IN HEAVY TIMBER CONSTRUCTION, GLULAM ENSURES HIGH EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE AND EXCELLENT RESISTANCE TO AGGRESSIVE SUBSTANCES.
LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER (LVL) BEAMS AND COLUMNS ARE MADE OF LAYERS FROM ‘PEELER LOGS’ GLUED TOGETHER, AND ARE VERY SIMILAR TO PLYWOOD - EXCEPT THERE ARE NO CROSS-LAYERS, ALL LAYERS ARE ORIENTED WITH GRAIN IN THE SAME DIRECTION. THIS GIVES LVL ELEMENTS A VERY HIGH STRENGTH IN THEIR SPANNING DIRECTION.
MATERIAL: SPRUCE-PINE-FIR, DOUGLAS FIR & MANY MORE LUMBER WIDTH: 16” WIDE LUMBER DEPTH: 6.5’ DEEP
MATERIAL: SPRUCE-PINE-FIR, DOUGLAS FIR LUMBER WIDTH: 1.75”-5.25” WIDE LUMBER DEPTH: 4’ DEEP
LSL
PSL
L A M I N AT E D S T R A N D L U M B E R
PA R A L L E L S T R A N D L U M B E R
LSL BEAMS AND COLUMNS ARE MADE BY SHREDDING WOOD FROM FAST-GROWING, LOW-VALUE HARDWOOD LOGS, SUCH AS ASPEN, BIRCH AND POPLAR INTO THIN STRANDS. THESE ARE ORIENTED FOR MAXIMUM STRENGTH AND GLUED TOGETHER INTO 8 FOOT BY 64 FOOT “BILLETS” USING A STEAM-INJECTION PROCESS.
PARALLAM PSL (PARALLEL STRAND LUMBER) USES A PROCESS PATENTED BY WEYERHAEUSER TO BOND TOGETHER THIN STRANDS OF WOOD TYPICALLY 4-8 FEET LONG. PSL MANUFACTURING INVOLVES LITTLE WASTE, AS ALMOST ALL PARTS OF A LOG ARE USED IN THE PRODUCT.
MATERIAL: ASPEN, BIRCH AND POPLAR LUMBER WIDTH: 1.75”-4” WIDE LUMBER DEPTH: 7’-10” DEEP
MATERIAL: SOUTHERN PINE, YELLOW POPLAR LUMBER WIDTH: 3.5”-7” WIDE LUMBER DEPTH: 9.5”-18” DEEP
M AT E R I A L I N F O R M AT I O N F R O M S T R U C T U R E C R A F T. C O M
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what is mass timber?
C LT
N LT
C R O S S - L A M I N AT E D T I M B E R
N A I L - L A M I N AT E D T I M B E R
CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER PANELS ARE FORMED BY STACKING AND GLUING TOGETHER SUCCESSIVE PERPENDICULAR LAYERS OF WOOD. THE LAYERED STACKS ARE THEN PRESSED IN LARGE HYDRAULIC OR VACUUM PRESSES TO FORM AN INTERLOCKED PANEL.
NLT IS CREATED FROM DIMENSIONAL LUMBER STACKED ON EDGE 2X4, 2X6, 2X8, 2X10, OR 2X12 AT 1-1/2” ON CENTER - AND FASTENED TOGETHER WITH NAILS. PLYWOOD SHEATHING IS OFTEN ADDED TO ONE TOP SIDE TO PROVIDE A STRUCTURAL DIAPHRAGM.
MATERIAL: PANEL DIMENSIONS: PANEL THICKNESS: FINISHES:
MATERIAL: SPRUCE-PINE-FIR, DOUGLAS FIR ALASKA YELLOW CEDAR PANEL DIMENSIONS: MAX 12’ X 100’ PANEL THICKNESS: 3.5” - 12” FINISHES: PLANED, SANDED OR SEALED
SPRUCE-PINE-FIR, DOUGLAS FIR MAX 8’ X 60’ 3” - 12” PLANED, SANDED OR SEALED
G LT G L U E - L A M I N AT E D T I M B E R GLT IS CREATED FROM DIMENSIONAL LUMBER STACKED ON EDGE 2X4, 2X6, 2X8, 2X10, OR 2X12 AT 1-1/2” ON CENTER - AND FASTENED TOGETHER WITH NAILS. PLYWOOD SHEATHING IS OFTEN ADDED TO ONE TOP SIDE TO PROVIDE A STRUCTURAL DIAPHRAGM. PLYWOOD SHEATHING ALSO ALLOWS THE PRODUCT TO BE USED AS A WALL PANEL ELEMENT. MATERIAL: PANEL DIMENSIONS: PANEL THICKNESS: FINISHES:
SPRUCE-PINE-FIR, DOUGLAS FIR MAX 2’ X 40’ 1.75” - 13” PLANED, SANDED OR WIRE BRUSHED
M AT E R I A L I N F O R M AT I O N F R O M S T R U C T U R E C R A F T. C O M
LV L V E R T I C A L LY L A M I N AT E D V E N E E R LUMBER VERTICALLY LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER (LVL) PANELS ARE MADE FROM “PEELER LOGS” IN THE SAME PRODUCTION LINES AS LVL BEAMS. ENGINEERED TO PRECISE DESIGN VALUES AND WITH A VERY HIGH STRENGTH-TO-WEIGHT RATIO, LVL PANELS ARE SUITABLE FOR STRUCTURAL WALL, FLOOR AND ROOF APPLICATIONS. MATERIAL: PANEL DIMENSIONS: PANEL THICKNESS: FINISHES:
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DOUGLAS FIR MAX 4’ X 60’-3” 3-1/8” - 11-1/2” PLANED, SANDED OR FACTORY FINISHED
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typology of exposed structural mass timber
ALL WOOD
WOOD STRUCTURE NON-COMBUSTIBLE CORE
WOOD STRUCTURE NON-COMBUSTIBLE PODIUM
WOOD BEARING WALL NON-COMBUSTIBLE FLOOR SYSTEM
D I A G R A M S F R O M J O S E P H M AY O : S O L I D W O O D
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global mid-rise mass timber examples
FORTE A PA R T M E N T S
GRAPHITE A PA R T M E N T S
BIRDPORT HOUSE
LIMNOLOGEN
H8 A PA R T M E N T S
TA M E D I A HEADQUARTERS
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WHITMORE ROAD
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global mid-rise mass timber examples
F O R T E 1 0 S T O R I E S A U S T R A L I A R E S I D E N T I A L 2 0 1 2
G R A P H I T E A P A R T M E N T S 9 S T O R I E S E N G L A N D R E S I D E N T I A L 2 0 0 9
B I R D P O R T H O U S E 8 S T O R I E S E N G L A N D R E S I D E N T I A L 2 0 1 1
L I M N O L O G E N 8 S T O R I E S S W E D E N R E S I D E N T I A L 2 0 0 9
H 8 8 S T O R I E S G E R M A N Y R E S I D E N T I A L 2 0 1 1
T A M E D I A H E A D Q U A R T E R S 7 S T O R I E S A U S T R I A C O M M E R C I A L 2 0 1 3
W H I T M O R E R O A D 6 S T O R I E S E N G L A N D M I X E D U S E 2 0 1 2
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north american mid-rise mass timber examples W O O D I N N O VAT I O N A N D D E S I G N C E N T E R By MICHAEL GREEN ARCHITECTURE
BULLITT CENTER By MILLER HULL
PRINCE GEORGE, BRITISH COLUMBIA
S E AT L E , WA S H I N G T O N , U S A
6 STORY WOOD ENGINEERING SCHOOL THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN B.C.
4 STORY WOOD STRUCTURE 2 STORY CONCRETE PODIUM
ALL WOOD STRUCTURE ABOVE GRADE 51,000 SQUARE FEET
WOOD & STEEL HYBRID SYSTEM 50,000 SQUARE FEET
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minneapolis mid-rise mass timber proposal T 3 : T I M B E R , T R A N S I T, T E C H N O L O G Y By MICHAEL GREEN ARCHITECTURE M I N N E A P O L I S , M I N N E S O TA - N O R T H L O O P 7 STORY OFFICE BUILDING G R O U N D L E V E L R E TA I L 210,00 SQUARE FEET BREAKING GROUND SPRING 2015
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current industry research T H E C A S E F O R TA L L W O O D By Michael Green COMPLETED: 2012
“This study illustrates how Mass Timber products, when used in combination with new structural approaches are significantly different from light wood-frame approaches in their ability to build mid-rise (6-12 stories) and tall buildings (+/- 30 stories). The study details how Mass Timber structures can meet relevant structural design criteria and fire and life safety needs, and do so within cost competitive marketplace conditions. We have framed the many preconceptions that exist for consumers, building code authorities, private developers and the construction industry and have addressed how those preconceptions can be answered with science, engineering, design and reference information and testing. Finally we speak to the steps necessary to expand on this research with greater detail, testing and ultimately prototype buildings that will help introduce Tall Wood buildings to urban environments around BC, Canada and elsewhere in the world.� - Michael Green
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current industry research
TIMBER TOWER RESEARCH BY SOM
COMPLETED: 2013 40+ STORIES WOOD + STEEL HYBRID SYSTEM
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project introduction
EXPOSED WOOD STRUCTURAL FRAME USING EXISTING HGA PROJECTS FOR “DIRECT WOOD REPLACEMENT” IN THREE UNIQUE PROGRAM TYPES H O S P I TA L , P E R F O R M I N G A R T S C E N T E R , A N D O F F I C E B U I L D I N G
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code analysis C O N S T R U C T I O N T Y P E - TA B L E 5 0 3 - F U L LY S P R I N K L E D I-A
I-B
II-A
II-B
III-A
III-B
IV
V-A
V-B
FIRE RESISTIVE NON-COMBUSTIBLE
FIRE RESISTIVE NON-COMBUSTIBLE
PROTECTED NON-COMBUSTIBLE
UNPROTECTED NON-COMBUSTIBLE
PROTECTED COMBUSTIBLE
UNPROTECTED COMBUSTIBLE
H E AV Y T I M B E R
PROTECTED WOOD FRAME
UNPROTECTED WOOD FRAME
MAX 85’
MAX 75’
O C C U PA N C Y T Y P E : B OFFICE BUILDING 12
MAX 180’
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MAX 85’ OR
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00
MAX 75’ IE
4
ST
S 57
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MAX 85’ OR
IE
6
ST
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S 10
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00
MAX 70’ IE
ST
S 54
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,0
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MAX 60’ OR
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O C C U PA N C Y T Y P E : A - 2 P E R F O R M A N C E S PA C E 12
MAX 180’
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Un d
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MAX 85’
4
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MAX 75’ OR
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S 28
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ST
S 42
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00
MAX 75’ OR
IE
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00
ST
MAX 85’ OR
IE
4
ST
S 45
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MAX 70’ OR
IE
MAX 60’
3
ST
S 34
SF
,5
00
OR
IE
2
S 18
SF
,0
00
ST
OR
IE
S
SF
O C C U PA N C Y T Y P E : I - 2 H O S P I TA L MAX 180’
Un
lim
ite
Un d
AL
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5
lim
ST
MAX 85’ OR
IE
3
S 45
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d
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MAX 75’ ST
OR
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MAX 85’ 1
S 44
SF
,0
00
ST
OR
MAX 75’ 1
Y 48
SF
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00
ST
OR
MAX 70’ 1
Y No
SF
MAX 85’
t A llo w
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SF
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00
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t A llo
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A L L S Q U A R E F O O TA G E P E R S T O R Y
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office MINNEAPOLIS OFFICE BUILDING
B:
H E I G H T: 1 1 6 ’
STORIES ABOVE GRADE: 8
O C C U PA N C Y T Y P E EXISTING
CONSTRUCTION TYPE: I-B STRUCTURE: CONCRETE S Q U A R E F O O TA G E : 30,000 PER STORY
PROPOSED WOOD
CONSTRUCTION TYPE: IV STRUCTURE: STORIES 1-2 CONCRETE PODIUM STORIES 3-8 POST/BEAM TIMBER
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enter text here
TYPICAL BAY
CORE
CORE
O F F I C E F LO O R P LA N mass timber |
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office
14’-0”
45’ -0 ”
3 0 ’-0 ”
10’-0”
45’-0”
30’-0”
1’-10” 8’-0” 8. 5” 8”
30’-0” 2’- 7. 5”
45’ -0 ”
3 0 ’-0 ”
45’-0”
C ONCRE T E: E X IS T I N G mass timber |
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office
14’-0” 7’-7.5”
45’ -0 ”
3 0 ’-0 ”
45’-0”
30’-0”
1’-10” 8’-0” 7. 5”
30’-0”
3’- 1. 5”
2’- 7. 5”
45’ -0 ”
3 0 ’-0 ”
45’-0”
WOOD: F L OOR TO F LO O R M AT C H mass timber |
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office
16’-6” 10’-0”
45’ -0”
3 0 ’-0 ”
45’-0”
3 0’ - 0 ”
WOOD: CL EA R SPA CE M AT C H
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office
16’-6” 10’-0”
10’-0”
7’-7.5”
30’-0 ”
CO NCRET E: E X IS T I N G
30’-0”
WO O D : FL OOR TO FL OOR M ATC H
30’-0”
WOOD : C L EAR SPAC E MATCH
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hospital U OFM C H I L D R E N ’ S H O S P I TA L
I-2:
H E I G H T: 1 1 7 ’
STORIES ABOVE GRADE: 7
O C C U PA N C Y T Y P E EXISTING
CONSTRUCTION TYPE: I-A STRUCTURE: CONCRETE S Q U A R E F O O TA G E : 30,000 PER STORY
PROPOSED WOOD
CONSTRUCTION TYPE: IV STRUCTURE: POST/BEAM TIMBER O N LY O N E S T O R Y ALLOWED BY CODE
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hospital
CO RE
TYPICAL BAY
CORE
CORE
CORE
CORE
H O S P I TA L F LO O R P LA N mass timber |
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hospital
1’-8”
1’-8”
14’-0”
31’-6 ”
3 3 ’-0 ”
31’-6”
30’-0”
2’-8” 4’-0” 5” 14”
30’-0”
31’-6 ”
3 3 ’-0 ”
31’-6”
C ONCRE T E: E X IS T I N G mass timber |
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hospital
14’-0”
31’ -6”
3 3 ’-0 ”
1’-0”
31’-6”
1’-0”
30’-0”
30’-0”
31’ -6”
3 3 ’-0 ”
31’-6”
WOOD: F L OOR TO F LO O R M AT C H mass timber |
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hospital
16’-0”
31’ -6”
3 3 ’-0 ”
1’-0”
1’-0”
30’-0”
31’-6”
WO OD: CL EA R SPA C E M AT C H
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hospital
16’-0”
12 ’ -8 .2 5 ”
10’- 0”
8 ’ -0 ”
3 0’ - 0 ”
C O N C R E TE : E X I S T I N G
3 0 ’ -0 ”
3 0 ’ -0 ”
W O O D : F L O O R TO F L O O R M AT C H
W O O D : C L E A R S PA C E M AT C H
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performing arts N A PA VA L L E Y C O L L E G E
A-2:
H E I G H T: 7 2 ’ - 8 ”
STORIES ABOVE GRADE: 2
O C C U PA N C Y T Y P E
CONSTRUCTION TYPE: II-A STRUCTURE: CONCRETE
W H AT C A N B E D O N E I N H E AV Y T I M B E R ?
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WOOD INNOVATION AND DESIGN CENTER