2.2 Democratic governance, citizen security and safety

environmental degradation, and limited water and sanitation infrastructure in some communities. Other factors were diminished community cohesion, which increases the risk of youth involvement in gangs and crime, the diminished role of the state, and systemic political garrisonization, 55 which serves to entrench poverty and violence. In the case of the Rejuvenating Communities project, respondents indicated that more thorough preliminary planning and coordination with the government was required before launching, in order to consider these complexities and implementation challenges.

There were encouraging examples of results being sustained by local actors beyond the project framework. These included the engagement of the Jamaica Constabulary Force with local youth, which is continuing with local resources beyond the project, and some sporting activities under the Rejuvenating Communities project. Other examples include interest in replicating and up-scaling the results, for example with communities willing to introduce water harvesting systems and saving to install solar systems in schools under the Human Trust Fund. Both of these projects have strong potential for future replication, especially given the interagency56 nature of the Human Resilience project, which aims to provide more integrated, multi-sectorial support that increases the sufficiency of inter-related interventions and maximizes impact. As discussed later in the report, although the value added and effects of the interagency work are not uniformly positive, the Human Resilience project has demonstrated the challenges and advantages of the joint programming modality and has offered a number of useful lessons to be considered in the next cycle.

Overall, despite the relevance of both projects, a number of successful results and efforts to increase the scope, continuity and impact by linking similar projects, it is unclear to what extent these results transcend their current limited scope and lead to improved access to equitable social protection systems, increased quality of services, and human security and resilience, unless adopted as a model and up-scaled.

CPD Outcome 2: Capacities of public policy and rule of law institutions, and civil society organizations, strengthened

Related outputs

Output 2.1: Technical capacities of human rights institutions and civil society organizations strengthened Output 2.2: Measures in place and implemented across sectors to prevent and respond to sexual and gender-based violence

In this area, UNDP aims to contribute to strong democratic governance, which fosters participation of service providers in the decision-making process. UNDP plans to support justice reform and capacity building of rule-of-law institutions and CSOs to prevent violence, particularly against girls and women, and to combat human trafficking. This outcome is composed of six projects,57 four of which are regional. The total expenditure of this outcome is estimated at $8.2 million for the period 2017-2020, accounting for 54.6 percent of the total programme expenditure. Figure 3 shows the evolution of the budget and expenditure in this area by year. Budget and

55 A phenomenon where criminal gangs deliver to one party the votes of their community in exchange for financial benefits and more lenient treatment by security forces. 56 The project is implemented by UNDP, the UN Environment Programme, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, UN

Women, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the GEF Small Grants Programme and the Government of Jamaica. 57 The six projects are: (i) Justice Undertakings for Social Transformation (JUST); (ii) JUST-social order component; (iii) Regional programme,

Being LGBTI in the Caribbean (BLIC); (iv) Enhancing Gender Equality and Mainstreaming (Gender Seal); (v) Regional programme,

Spotlight Initiative-Jamaica; and (vi) Global Fund-Caribbean Vulnerable Communities Coalition/Centro de Orientación e Investigación

Integral (COIN) regional project.