Joel Jones_Y5 | Unit 14 | Bartlett School of Architecture

QUID PRO QUO -

JOEL JONES -

All work produced by Unit 14

-

www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture

Copyright 2021

The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher.

@unit14_ucl

Cover design by Charlie Harris

joeltjones@yahoo.co.uk @joeljonesarch

QUID PRO QUO

MIXED-INCOME HOUSING IN LAGOS, NIGERIA

LAGOS, NIGERIA

The project presents a proposal which aims to address the high levels of substandard living and unemployment in Lagos. The city’s dominant typology of new high-end developments are only affordable to wealthier residents. Consequently most low income earners in Lagos reside in informal settlements which provide the only affordable space remaining in the city. The scheme challenges this disparity and exemplifies how a mutually beneficial mixed housing development could provide low-income residents with affordable housing and business space aimed at providing services to high end residents.

The research highlighted certain livelihoods that are a lifeline for impoverished communities in Lagos. A further role of the new proposal was to facilitate these professions; prioritising the occupation of fishing into the commercial spaces, preserving both the source of income for the low-income earners and protecting this core part of their cultural identity.

Quid Pro Quo

The project began with early research on towers and its relationship with urban density to provide an efficient means of affordable housing on the one hand and also prime real estate on the other. It was these polarised principles that drove the initial experiments of excess specifically as a result of rivalry within the built environment, arrived at by the medieval towers in Bologna, Italy.

The project’s location was chosen to be in Lagos, Nigeria because of its affordable housing deficit, inadequate living standards for many, high levels of unemployment, and urban inequalities.

The final scheme provides an argument in support of societal needs over port operations and places the maritime industry at Apapa port in a less congested location on the outskirts of Lagos. With port business relocated to one of the new ports being constructed, port operations at Apapa can be relocated rather than terminated and remain a vital part of Lagos’ economy. The location of Apapa port in the centre is hindering both the city and the port’s ability to function. By relocating the port it will allow for an alternative use of the vacated site. This project therefore presents a detailed proposal which aims to address the high levels of substandard living and unemployment in Lagos. The scheme challenges the city’s dominant typology of new high-end development that are only affordable to wealthier residents. Consequently most low income earners in Lagos reside in informal settlements which provide the only affordable space to remain in the city. The scheme therefore exemplifies how a mutually beneficial mixed housing development could provide lowincome residents with affordable housing and business space aimed at providing services to high end residents. The research highlighted certain livelihoods that are a lifeline for impoverished communities in Lagos. The role of the new proposal was therefore tasked to facilitate these professions. The resultant design prioritises the occupation of fishing into the commercial spaces as it is not only a source of income for the low-income earners but it is also part of their cultural identity.

Early Research

Section 1: Early Research

Section 2: Urban Density

Section 3: Context and Brief

Section 4: Design Development

Section 5: Design Proposal

Section 6: Appendix

Axonometric of Bologna Towers type

Postcard of the medieval towers of Bologna as symbols of power and prestige.

Elevation A of Bologna Towers type

Elevation B of Bologna Towers type

Taxonomy of One-upmanship

Generic typologies: One-upmanship in architecture

One-upmanship in the Built Environment

One-upmanship

Exclusive Access; Arrival

Cascading + Podium function (Amenities: Shopping)

Desirable views (positioned around / focal point): Park

Elevated (Ground plane exposure)

Desirable views (positioned around / focal point): canal, harbour, river, sea, lake

Court (Courtyard)

Edifice; Superiority

Exclusivity; Closed community

Imposing; Intimidate

Serviced

Crescent

Grand Approach

Urban Spatial Structures Iterations 1.3

Monocentric

The monocentric city type contains its business activity at the centre of the city’s core.

Contained within this monocentric city are the towers which grow in height the more central they are, mimicking a central business district (CBD). As well as the towers, lower level blocks creating streets and squares are positioned towards the city centre.

Polycentric

The polycentric structure positions its economic activities around multiple economic zones so it is more evenly distributed.

Economic activity is positioned around the perimeter of the city.

Edge City

Urban Density

Section 1: Early Research

Section 2: Urban Density

Section 3: Context and Brief

Section 4: Design Development

Section 5: Design Proposal

Section 6: Appendix

Form Development Tower Massing Study - 2.1

Form Development; Tower Massing Study

V01

V02

V03

V04

Ascending podium onto large open balcony or boulavard, open ground plane

Void introduced at the podium and tower junction to create a functional space.

The facade is angled to allow light onto the roof of the podium

Open voids within the tower's envelope to create upper level residential communal spaces

Ground level ascending facade receding into tower

Introducing business spaces into the upper floors of the tower with box inserts

Form Development Tower Massing Study - 2.2

Form Development; Tower Massing Study

V05

V06

V07

V08

Underground vehicular route and parking with integrated access to the above complex

Linking 2 towers: skybridge introduced at 4 intervals

Linking 2 towers; sky bridge links at 3 intervals.

Receding balconies over the podium links the two towers at ground level

Linking 4 towers into a quad creates a 4 way junction.

Voids in the envelope alow circulation up the tower but also facilitate natural light, ventilation and cooling.

Rival Vertical Progressiveness (One-upmanship contructed overtime)

(One-upmanship contructed overtime) 2.9

Rival Vertical Progressiveness

2.10

Rival Vertical Progressiveness

(One-upmanship contructed overtime)

Context and Brief

Section 1: Early Research

Section 2: Urban Density

Section 3: Context and Brief

Section 4: Design Development

Section 5: Design Proposal

Section 6: Appendix

Map of Lagos City and Lagoon

Lagos Developed Areas in 2020 - 3.3

Lagos City; Density and Wealth Map - 3.4

Total population of Lagos: 15,000,000

Percentage of the total population that live in a slum: 66% https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/lagos-population

Wealthy people in Lagos (Figures in dollars):

• Billionaires - 3

• Centi-millionaires (at least $100m) 20

• Multimillionaires (at least $10m) - 330

• At least $1 million - 6,300 https://newswirengr.com/2022/09/18/lagos-is-the-4th-city-with-most-millionaires-in-africa-report/

Informal settlement (ranked by density)

1. Agege (AG)

2. Ajegunle (AJ)

3.Amukoko (AM)

4. Badia (BA)

5. Bariga (BR)

6. Bodija (BO)

7.Ijeshatedo/Itire (IJ)

8. Ilaje (IL)

9.Iwaya (IW)

10.Makoko (MA)

11. Mushin (MU)

12.Oke-Offa Babasale (OK)

13. Somolu (SO)

Most expensive places to live:

1. Banana Island (BA)

2.Ikoyi (IK)

3.Eko Atlantic (EK)

4. Victoria Island (VI)

5. Magodo (MG)

6.Ikeja GRA (IK)

7. Maryland (MA)

8.Lekki (LE)

9. Surulere (SU)

10. Ajah (AJ)

5000 People per KM sq

Airport

District border

Land

Conservation area

Ocean / Lagoon

Most expensive places to live:

1.Banana Island (BA) - A: $1.6m, H: $28m

2.Ikoyi (IK) - A: $1.3m, H: $20m

3.Eko Atlantic (EK) - $860k, H: $1m

4.Victoria Island (VI) - $600k, H:$8.9m

5.Magodo (MG) - A: $330k, H: 820k

6.Ikeja GRA (IK) - $375k, H: $4m

7.Maryland (MA) - A: $290k, H:

8.Lekki (LE) - A: $250k, H: $1.7m

9.Surulere (SU) - A: $190k H: $5.2m

10.Ajah (AJ) - A: $150k , H: $730k

Key:

https://nigeriapropertycentre.com/for-sale/houses/lagos/

Density of the most expensive places to live:

1.Banana Island (BA) - 900pp / 1.63KM2

2.Ikoyi (IK)

3. Eko Atlantic (EK) - Expected 250,000pp / 25KM2

4.Victoria Island (VI) 217,362pp /

5. Magodo (MG)

6.Ikeja GRA (IK) 313,196pp / 46KM2

7. Maryland (MA)

8.Lekki (LE) 401,272pp / 755 KM2

9. Surulere (SU)

10. Ajah (AJ)

Key:

Density of the Informal settlements:

1.Agege (AG) - 459,939 (17km2)

2.Ajegunle (AJ) - 550,000 (11.19km2)

3.Amukoko (AM)

4. Badia (BA)

5. Bariga (BR)

6. Bodija (BO)

7.Ijeshatedo/Itire (IJ) -

8. Ilaje (IL)

9.Iwaya (IW)

10.Makoko (MA) - 85,000

11. Mushin (MU) 633,543

12.Oke-Offa Babasale (OK)

13.Somolu (SO) - 402,992 (14.6km2)

Lagos population (Last 5 years):

2023 15,945,912

2022 15,387,639

2021 14,862,111

2020 14,368,332

2019 13,903,620

Lagos population (10 year intervals):

2015 12,239,206

2005 8,859,399

1995 5,982,680

1985 3,500,464

1975 1,889,802

1965 1,135,439

1955 468,460

1950 325,218

https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/lagos-population https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319669427_Increasing_population_urbanization_and_climatic_factors_in_Lagos_State_Nige ria_The_nexus_and_implications_on_water_demand_and_supply/figure s?lo=1

https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/lagos-population

Urban Density Scale - 3.5

Makoko Residents Livlihoods -

In the morning the men in the family go on their boat into the lagoon to fish. They return their caught fish to thier wives who cook cook them and hand it over to their children who sell the fish on the market.

Boats are generally the only means of travel around the settlement. Local slumdwellers sell their products on their boats and on the porches of their dwelling.

Makoko timber merchants transport wood via barges or rafts to Lagos mainly from the forrests in either Bayelsa, Cross Rivers, Ondo or Delta.

https://guardian.ng/stories/the-wood-merchants/

The Mokoko settlement has established facilities including schools, hospitals and various other trade

Local Makoko builders and carpenters construct the communities houses that they reside. Most of the dwellings are raised on stilts within the lagoon and some are located just in land.

Lagos; Makoko residents livlihoods (within the settlement)

Wood Merchants School Construction

Lagos’ Ultra High Net Worth individuals (UHNW) Inequality in Lagos 3.8

Neighbouring state: Benin

Wealth Distribution in Nigeria

Nigeria’s State Boundaries

Nigeria State Boundaries; Wealthiest and Poorest States

Lagos state

Nigeria’s Wealthies States by GDP:

•Lagos | $33.679 Billion

•Bayelsa | $21.17 Billion

•Delta | $16.75 Billion

•Oyo | $16.112 Billion

•Imo | $14.21 Billion

•Kano | $12.39 Billion

•Edo | $11.89 Billion

•Akwa Ibom| $11.18 Billion

•Ogun | $10.47 Billion

•Kaduna | $10.33 Billion

Nigeria’s Poorest States by GDP:

•Jigawa | 72.1% poverty rate

•Gombe |73.2% poverty rate

•Adamawa |74.2% poverty rate

•Katsina |x% poverty rate

•Sokoto |81% poverty rate

https://buzznigeria.com/the-10-richest-states-in-nigeria-and-their-gdps/

Gulf of Guinea

Key: Africa; Nigeria highlighted

Key: Nigeria, Lagos highlighted

Neighbouring state: Cameroon

Neighbouring state: Niger Neighbouring state: Chad

Primary Ports in Nigeria - 3.10

Nigeria’s Primary Ports -

Sections 1 - 8 3.12

Existing Sections of Apapa Port and surrounding waterways

3.13

Existing Sections of Apapa Port and surrounding waterways

Sections 9 - 16

Lagos’ Ports Including Apaa port exensions

Map of Apapa wharf extensions

1920 Wharf constructed

1951-7; First wharf extension

1962-8; Second wharf extension

1979; Third wharf extension

Petrochemical area

1977; Tincan island and Ro-Ro extension

2014; Eko support extension

1920; Wharf constructed

1951-7; First wharf extension

1962-8; Second wharf extension

1979; Third wharf extension

1977; Tincan island and Ro-Ro extension

2014; Eko support extension Ceased operation

Commodore Channel

Customs wharf

Apapa wharf

Iddo island wharf

Apapa Port Existing Construction - 3.15

Apapa; Road Congestion - 3.16

The rapid increase in population has meant that the Lagos infrastructure is being used over capacity. Consequently the city is renouned for long queues.

The new train line

Key:

Highway

Major roads

Minor roads

Trainline

Water

Land

Extremely high traffic according to (A. Oluwasegun, 2015)

Traffic in other parts of the city h

As a result of the volume of traffic in often stationary positions, street stalls sell goods along the side of the roads and at intersections. Street hawkers who also sell goods but directly to the vehicles operate between the running vehicles stuck in traffic.

The location of the site being directly opposite the central business district would be an idea location for accommodation for the people that work there

Unmaintained roads Flooding

Incoming port lorries park outside the port vacinity waiting to be processed, often using the inside lane of the road. This reduces use of the urban infrastructure and increases congestion in the surrounding area.

Adebayo. H. Oluwasegun, Using Geographical Information System (GIS) Techniques in Mapping Traffic Situation along Selected Road Corridors in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria

Timeline of Lagos 500 BC - 1952

Timeline of Lagos 1960 - 2023

Apapa Storm Surge Diagram

During

contributing

High water (Mean Springs) - +0.82M

Low water (Mean Springs) - +0.18M

Datum of soundings (Lagoon level)

Datum of soundings (Lagoon bed)

Depth: 7.92

Apapa sea wall

Apapa Wharf G.L.

Design Development

Section 1: Early Research

Section 2: Urban Density

Section 3: Context and Brief

Section 4: Design Development

Section 5: Design Proposal

Section 6: Appendix

Floor Plates from Shells - 4.5

Aerial of floor plates

Axo 2 of floor plates looking West

Axo of floor plates looking East showing the islands

Floor plates from Shells - 4.6

View 2 showing promenade below

View 1 roof terrace and promenade below

Top floor plan and ground floor plan 4.10

Massing models; of Iteration B

Aerial view showing accommodation

Central atrium

Accommodation

Fishing market Fishing shacks

Aerial view showing circulation

Piers leading from central core

Central core

Masing models; Marina Iterations

Iterations A and B

Iteration A; Aerial view ground level marina

Iteration B; Aerial view ground level marina

Elevation showing the primary structure of the shell

Aerial view showing shell

Aerial view showing structure and accommodation with the shell removed

Design Proposal

Section 1: Early Research

Section 2: Urban Density

Section 3: Context and Brief

Section 4: Design Development

Section 5: Design Proposal

Section 6: Appendix

A fundamental driver of the project was not just to provide affordable housing, but for the development to facilitate the inclusion of impoverished communities into society in a dignified way. Informal settlements are often isolated from the rest of the city, but they can also be places where slum dwellers are well networked internally. These, sometimes illicit enterprises, and informal communities are often characteristic of mutual survival and neighbourly support that is usually absent in luxury developments. Affordable housing integrated into higher end developments can contribute to a charismatic identity that supports the local vendors.

Front Elevation

Shell removed to show accommodation 5.1

Section 1: Early Research

Section 2: Urban Density

Section 3: Context and Brief

Section 4: Design Development

Section 5: Design Proposal

Section 6: Appendix

Fleche Torse; Twisted Steeple

Programme; Lifestyle - 6.3

All work produced by Unit 14

Unit book design by Charlie Harriswww.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture

Copyright 2021

The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

CONSTRUCTED FUTURES 2023

At the center of Unit 14’s academic exploration lies Buckminster Fuller’s ideal of the ‘The Comprehensive Designer’, a master-builder that follows Renaissance principles and a holistic approach. Fuller referred to this ideal of the designer as somebody who is capable of comprehending the ‘integrateable significance’ of specialised findings and is able to realise and coordinate the commonwealth potentials of these discoveries while not disappearing into a career of expertise. Like Fuller, we are opportunists in search of new ideas and their benefits via architectural synthesis.

As such Unit 14 is a test bed for exploration and innovation, examining the role of the architect in an environment of continuous change. We are in search of the new, leveraging technologies, workflows and modes of production seen in disciplines outside our own. We test ideas systematically by means of digital as well as physical drawings, models and prototypes. Our work evolves around technological speculation with a research-driven core, generating momentum through astute synthesis. Our propositions are ultimately made through the design of buildings and through the in-depth consideration of structural formation and tectonic. This, coupled with a strong research ethos, will generate new and unprecedented, one day viable and spectacular proposals. They will be beautiful because of their intelligence - extraordinary findings and the artful integration of those into architecture.

The focus of this year’s work evolves around the concept of ‘Constructed Futures’. The term aims to describe architecture and as such fundamentally human future as the result of the architect’s highest degree of synthesis of underlying principles. Constructional logic, spatial innovation, typological organisation, environmental and structural performance are all negotiated in a highly iterative process driven by intense architectural investigation. Inspiration for inherent principles of organisational intelligence can be observed in both biotic and abiotic systems, in all spatial arrangements where it is critical for the overall performance of the developed order. Through the deep understanding of constructional principles, we will generate highly developed architectural systems of unencountered intensity where spatial organisation arises as a result of sets of mutual interactions. Observation as well as re-examination of civilisatory developments will enable us to project near future scenarios and position ourselves as avant-garde in the process of designing a comprehensive vision for the forthcoming. The projects will take shape as research based imaginative tales, architectural visions driven by speculation.

Thanks to: ALA, DaeWha Kang Design, Foster + Partners, Heatherwick Studio, Populous, RSH+P, Seth Stein Architects, ZHA, Expedition Engineering