Reinterpreting The Generic: Study of Threshold between Static and Temporary by Unmesh Shrikant Kelkar

REINTERPRETING THE GENERIC: Study of the threshold between static and temporary

Unmesh Kelkar

April 2019 Unmesh Kelkar

Master of Architecture 19â&#x20AC;&#x2122; School of Architecture and Interior Design, University of Cincinnati Thesis Chairs: Aarati Kanekar, PhD Vikas Mehta, PhD

Reinterpreting The Generic: Study of the threshold between static and temporary

Unmesh Kelkar

Abstract

In todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s age of globalization, many cities around the world

are criticized for being monotonous and standardized. Most of these discussions are focused around the design of buildings, seldom recognizing the potential of ordinary local conditions on streets, as a generative force for reinterpretation of a place.

Contrary to formal modes of production, In Mumbai,

Informal and temporary architecture dominates everyday life. The local material pallet- bamboo, reclaimed wood, fabric etc, transform the city into a variety of configurations from informal markets to temporary structures for festivals like Ganesh, Navratri etc. The thesis investigates behavior, organizational patterns, and taxonomy of physical elements focusing on streets, threshold, and buildings. The aim is to understand the role of a threshold as an everyday convenience as well as a cultural entity, softening the hard edge between public and private. The project intervenes in a neighborhood of Mumbai region.

The design solutions primarily provide a framework for sus-

tainable growth of street markets through urban renewal and redevelopment, without being too prescriptive. The design ultimately aims to provide incremental strategies to sustain and enhance the efficacy of informal markets as a threshold in dense urban areas.

Acknowledgments Aarati Kanekar Vikas Mehta Michael McInturf Conrad Kickert Edward Mitchell Danilo Palazzo

Shrikant Kelkar Sneha Kelkar Harshada Kelkar Friends

Enid Gomez Varsha Iyengar Leanne Willittes Amber Wasinski Muhammad Rahman Avishkar Bharati Yashesh Panchal Nolan Loh Devendra Pai

Samantha Payne Gargi Kadoo vi

Research Literature review Topic selection

Ideation Conceptual design Schematic design Design development Urban Strategies

Issues/ Problems Ordering elements Design details

Mapping Data collection Photography Documentation Proof-reading

Document formatting Presentation Graphics vii

Contents

viii

Abstract ..............................................................

Acknowledgments ..............................................

iii

List of figures .....................................................

Introduction .......................................................

Part I

Understanding the generic .................................

Global sameness

Appearance of generic

Resistance to generic

Ephemeral, temporary, everyday .......................

Modes of production

Everyday urbanism

Part II

The Threshold ...................................................

Visualizing the threshold

Threshold in everyday life

Threshold analysis .............................................

Study area

Demographics

Threshold layers

Ingredients of threshold

Practice of everyday

Threshold taxonomy

Anatomy of temporary retail

Part III

Reinterpreting the generic ....................................

Issues

Design strategies

Design application

Transitions

Conclusion ...........................................................

Bibliography .........................................................

List of figures 1

Understanding the generic

Cover page, Michael Wolf Fig. 01. Image showing generic skyscrapers in countries across the world, featured in Venice Biennale, 2014, <https://www.theculturist.com/home/fundamentals-14th-international-architecture-biennale.html> Fig. 02. Illustration showing identity of a place expressed through buildings over the period of time,

<https://www.instagram.com/p/BfbBsyvBI5W/- Leewardists.com > Fig. 03. Generic looking residential buildings in Hong-Kong, <http://photomichaelwolf.com/#architec-

ture-of-density-2/5 > Fig. 04. Residential skyscrapers in Mumbai, <https://www.dezeen.com/2014/01/15/mumbai-skyscap-

ers-photo-essay-alicja-dobrucka/ > Fig. 05. Kanchenjunga residential skyscraper with the context, <https://www.architectural-review.com/

today/folio-charles-correas-kanchanjunga-apartments/8685961.article > Fig. 06. Section of Kanchenjunga showing level difference within individual units, < https://www.archi-

tectural-review.com/today/folio-charles-correas-kanchanjunga-apartments/8685961.article > Fig. 07. Elevations of Kanchenjunga, <https://identityhousing.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/ca-4.png >

Ephemeral, temporary, everyday

Cover page, Enid Gomez Fig. 08. Juxtaposition of variety of buildings on Mumbai streets, Enid Gomez Fig. 09. Picture showing threshold used as a shopping strip in front of residential building, Enid Gomez Fig. 10. Close-up photograph of the stage where the idol is placed, Enid Gomez Fig. 11. Entry gate of the temporary temple for festival, Enid Gomez Fig. 12. Plaster of Paris decorative casing around the steel columns, Enid Gomez Fig. 13. Decorative pavilion constructed with steel and fabric, Enid Gomez Fig. 14. Rickshaw stand re purposed as a festival pavilion for 10 days, Enid Gomez x

The Threshold

Cover page, Shrikant Kelkar Fig. 15. Miniature festival pavilion on the threshold, Enid Gomez Fig. 16. Vegetable market on the threshold, Shrikant Kelkar Fig. 17. Festival pavilion in between the private property and street, Enid Gomez Fig. 18. Everyday street- Early morning, Enid Gomez Fig. 20. Everyday street- Morning, Enid Gomez Fig. 22. Everyday street- Evening, Enid Gomez Fig. 19. Traffic junction- Early morning, Enid Gomez Fig. 21. Traffic junction- Morning, Enid Gomez Fig. 23. Traffic junction- Evening, Enid Gomez

Threshold analysis

Cover page, Enid Gomez Fig. 24. Mumbai metropoltian region, Author Fig. 25. Mumbai metropoltian region, Author Fig. 26. Study area, Author Fig. 27. Study area in 1910, Author Fig. 28. Study area in 1953, Author Fig. 29. Study area in 2018, Author Fig. 30. Migration from Sindh, Pakistan, Author Fig. 31. Migration from Uttar pradesh, Bihar, Author Fig. 32. Migration from South Mumbai, Author Fig. 33. Street collage, Author Fig. 34. Linework, Author Fig. 35. Buildings- Static, Author xi

Fig. 36. Threshold retail- Static, Author Fig. 37. Threshold retail- Temporary, Author Fig. 38. People, Author Fig. 39. Collage, Author Fig. 40. Variety in retail, Author Fig. 41. Street- Early morning, Author, Enid Gomez Fig. 42. Street- morning, Author, Enid Gomez Fig. 43. Street- Late evening, Author, Enid Gomez Fig. 44. Street- at the time of Ganesha festival, Author, Enid Gomez Fig. 45. Ingredients of the threshold- Uses, Shrikant Kelkar Fig. 46. Ingredients of the threshold- Activities, Shrikant Kelkar Fig. 47. Postures on threshold, Author Fig. 48. Street furniture on the threshold, Author Fig. 49. Threshold taxonomy- Enclave, Author Fig. 50. Threshold taxonomy- Hard edge/ Gated, Author Fig. 51. Threshold taxonomy- porous edge/ Retail arcade, Author Fig. 52. Threshold taxonomy- Porous edge/ Retail, Author Fig. 53. Organizational structure of retail on threshold- 01, Author Fig. 54. Organizational structure of retail on threshold- 02, Author Fig. 55. Organizational structure of retail on threshold- 03, Author Fig. 56. Organizational structure of retail on threshold- 04, Author

Reinterpreting the generic

Cover page, Enid Gomez Fig. 57. Issues/ Problems with the threshold, Author Fig. 58. Issues/ Problems with the threshold-02, Author xii

Fig. 59. Design strategy for the threshold, Author Fig. 60. Existing condition, Author Fig. 61. Urban renewal plan, Author Fig. 63. 90’ street- Existing, Author Fig. 62. 90’ street- Proposed, Author Fig. 64. 90’ street- Key plan, Author Fig. 65. 60’ street- Existing, Author Fig. 66. 60’ street- Proposed, Author Fig. 67. 60’ street- Key plan, Author Fig. 69. 45’ street- Existing, Author Fig. 68. 45’ street- Proposed, Author Fig. 70. 60’ street- Key plan, Author Fig. 71. Designing for transitions, Author

Conclusion

Cover page, Enid Gomez Fig. 72. Conceptual diagram juxtaposing generic and temporal- Ganesha festival, Author Fig. 73. Conceptual diagram juxtaposing generic and temporal- Dahi handi festival, Author Fig. 74. Axonometric Diagram of detailed design, Author Fig. 75. Collage of threshold- Garden, Author Fig. 76. Collage of threshold- Commercial, Author Fig. 77. Collage of threshold- Residential, Author

7 Bibliography Cover page, Enid Gomez

xiii

Introduction

Threshold. A threshold is an in-between ambiguous bor-

derline area when one passes through two disparate spaces. The word ‘threshold’ is often used to describe a neutral space on the boundary demarcating inside and outside of the property. For this thesis, I will be focusing on the threshold between the street and the building i.e. between Public and Private realm.

The area of study of the thesis is Mumbai Metropolitan

region, India. The thesis problem is centered around the idea of a generic city with monotonous gated communities and how one can tackle the growing standardization by studying the everyday life around the generic developments. The objective of the thesis is to eventually improve and enrich the life on streets, in wake of rising popularity of gated communities.

The book is broadly divided into three parts: Under-

standing the generic, Study of the threshold and Reinterpreting the generic. The first part of the thesis is understanding the generic. It includes the literature review related to the idea of ‘generic city’ by Rem Koolhaas, its appearance and reasons behind it. It also highlights the duality of conditions in the city like Mumbai where generic development and local, temporary architecture coexist. In this part, the book provides documentation of ephemeral, temporary and everyday aspects of the thresholds in the city. The second part of the thesis focuses on the study of the threshold. The thesis investigates behavior, organizational patterns, and tax1

onomy of physical elements focusing on the threshold between streets and buildings. The aim is to understand the role of a threshold as an everyday convenience as well as a cultural entity, softening the hard edge between public and private. The project intervenes in a neighborhood of Thane city in Mumbai Metropolitan region.

The third part is about the reinterpretation of the Generic.

The study area in Thane city is used as a case study for the application of the thesis research. Two primary design strategies are explained in the design development. First: instead of designing every piece of the threshold, designers/ Architects should provide a robust framework for temporary markets to flourish. Second: instead of focusing on absolute solutions, they should explore an attitude that recognizes increments and transitions in urban conditions. The idea of designing for transitions helps to consider the flux in the population and space utilization with respect to time and seasons.

So, the design solutions primarily provide a framework

for sustainable growth of street markets through urban renewal and redevelopment, without being too prescriptive. The design ultimately aims to provide incremental strategies to sustain and enhance the efficacy of informal markets as a threshold in dense urban environments.

1 Understanding the generic Is contemporary city like contemporary airport- â&#x20AC;&#x153;all the same?â&#x20AC;? - Rem Koolhaas, S,M,L,XL

Global same-ness

Understanding the generic

Today many cities across the world are often criticized

for being generic, thus, lacking character and identity. Cities like Hongkong, Mumbai or Beijing are characterized by new high-rise commercial and residential developments, exhibiting similar visual appearance. The same-ness could be attributed to the flow of materials and technology across the world, coupled with global aspirations of multi-national corporations. The effects of global same-ness are not uniform all around the Fig. 01. Image showing generic skyscrapers in countries across the world, featured in Venice Biennale, 2014

world. Public participation, democratic systems, and politics play an important role in shaping the urban environment with respect to the effect of generic development.

The Indian economy began a fundamental shift in the

economic policies when it opened to liberalization and globalization in the early 1990s. The shift in the policy had a big impact on the urban form of the major cities across India. The most noticeable change is the large-scale deployment of high rise buildings and skyscrapers, what the anthropologist Arjun Appadurai calls “weapons of mass construction”1. Many cities saw a large amount of land being redeveloped as gated comFig. 02. Illustration showing identity of a place expressed through buildings over the period of time

munities with residential and commercial high-rise towers.

However, in the case of Mumbai, global flows have not

1 Vyjayanthi Rao, “Proximate Distances: The Phenomenology of Density in Mumbai,” Environment 33, no. 2 (2007): 248. This idea is also explored in Rahul Mehrotra’s recent Architecture in India Since 1990 (Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz V) 5

been able to erase the then existing landscape but are forced to occupy and negotiate the same space. The then existing landscape, say Pre-1990s landscape, was essentially low to mid-rise houses, slum-like informal settlements, temporary markets, shopping streets etc. The contrast between existing landscape and new development created bizarre adjacencies and thresholds across the city making it hard to discern for architects and

Fig. 03. Generic looking residential buildings in Hong-Kong

planners.

Thus, it requires a deeper study and documentation

of the co-existence between existing Pre-1990s condition and new global imagery. The thesis will focus on mixed-use residential high-rise buildings to study the generic typology and informal neighborhood market as an existing condition.

The idea of ‘generic’ could be traced back to Rem

Appearance of generic

Koolhaas’s writing- ‘The Generic City” from the book S,M,L,XL. Koolhaas in his writing often provides a satirical, humorous and existential view of the contemporary urban life. As he describes ubiquity and monotony in the generic city, he says,

“The generic city is fractal, an endless repetition of the

simple structural module; it’s possible to construct it from its smallest entity, a desktop computer, maybe even a diskette.” 2

2 Rem Koolhaas and Bruce Mau. S,M,L,XL. New York: The Monacelli Press, 1994. 6

The city of Mumbai could be characterized as a

generic city, at least thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s what it aspires to be with the new large-scale infrastructure and private developments. There are many types of generic residential architecture in the city of Mumbai. In the early 1900s, Mumbai was an industrial city. Many people from rural areas moved to the city in search of jobs and upward mobility. Industry or factory owners built Fig. 04. Residential skyscrapers in Mumbai

low-cost housing units for the workers then.

These buildings were a collection of small G+3 or G+4

units with single loaded corridors but without elevator and overlooking into a courtyard (referred to as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Chawlâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; typology). Choice of material was initially load-bearing brick masonry and in later years reinforced cement concrete frames & brick infill. All these characteristics had developed a kind of visual appearance which was ubiquitous across the city.

1990 onward with the influx of new technology, the

city started experiencing many high-rise buildings; predominantly, private projects. Such high-rise buildings for residential use were usually built as cast in-situ reinforced concrete buildings, sometimes with shear wall system or moment resisting frames. The standardization was amplified by rigid development control rules instituted by city administration (setbacks, ground coverage, balcony regulations etc.) These buildings respond to a very specific set of constraints like several parking spaces, dimensions of the bay, floor space index etc. Eventu7

ally making it quite generic.

If the building was of commercial typology, it had a

similar concrete frame structure but wrapped with glass. If the form of the building was complicated, high tech curtain wall glazing and metal facades were a popular choices of materials.

There are few exceptions to the trend of generic and

Resistance to generic

standardized buildings viz. Kanchenjunga by Architect Charles Correa. It is one of the interesting examples of region- sensitive high-rise building in the city. Though it is a 25-story, a reinforced concrete structure like any other high-rise building in the city, there is a great variety of floor plan units reflected in the faĂ§ade of the building.

The explorations in the plan and sections not only

create rich spatial qualities but respond to region-specific climatic condition. The building utilizes movement in residential units to harness daylight and enhance natural ventilation.

Although the building is responsive to climate and the

region overall, the focus is on the designing and refining the building as an object. The building doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t necessarily address the issues on the ground or in the surrounding urban condition resulting in an uninteresting isolated interface between such building and its context.

For this thesis, I would like to study a threshold

between a street and building, instead of focusing on build-

Fig. 05. Kanchenjunga residential skyscraper with the context 8

ings. In cities like Mumbai, the space of mediation between public and private realm is heavily used for everyday activities like shopping, sitting, loitering, chatting, walking etc. The thesis will eventually explore techniques and methods of the understanding the architecture of the threshold.

Fig. 06. Section of Kanchenjunga showing level difference within individual units

Fig. 07. Elevations of Kanchenjunga 10

2 Ephemeral, Temporal, Everyday A temporal articulation and occupation of space which not only creates a richer sensibility of spatial occupation but also suggests how spatial limits are expanded to include formally unimagined situations in the dense urban environment. - Rahul Mehrotra, Negotiating the static Wand kinetic cities

Modes of production- Generic and Everyday

Ephemeral, Temporal, Everyday

Today the form of contemporary urbanism in Mumbai

could be defined by two strikingly different interpretations, one of these are implied by Koolhaas in his writing. The first is the generic urbanism based on global flows, monotony, and standardization whereas the other is everyday urbanism that describes the realities of the unidealized, non-utopian populist city but essentially not a design movement. Koolhaas in his writing champions the efficacy of generic as being genuine and desired urban condition. At the same time Koolhaas recognizes the opposing forces to the generic condition. As he describes this co-existence of identities:

“In the Generic City, because the crust of the civiliza-

tion is so thin, and through its immanent topicality, the vegetal is transformed into Edenic residue, the main carrier of its Fig. 08. Juxtaposition of variety of building types on Mumbai streets

identity: a hybrid of politics and landscape. At the same time refuge of the illegal, the uncontrollable, and subject of endless manipulation, it represents a simultaneous triumph of the manicured and the primeval. It’s immoral lushness compensates for Generic city’s other poverties.”3

Author Mary Macloed in her seminal work ‘ Everyday

and “Other” spaces’ traces legacy of Architectural theories related to, both and generic and everyday. She broadly divides contemporary architectural theories into two categories. 1. 3 13

Koolhaas, Mau, S,M,L,XL,

Idea of ‘other’ or ‘otherness’, mostly described and practiced by likes of Peter Eisenman, Bernard Tschumi, Mark Wigly etc; advocating novelty, creation of new Architecture which is something totally ‘other’4. 2. Idea of heterotopia by Michel Foucault, focuses certain cultural, institutional and discursive spaces. After 1970s most of Architectural production was invested in novelty, eventually overdoing it and turning it into a commodity. In today’s condition, now the notion of novelty, Architectural genius is judged on the basis of angle of facades “3 points for sloping backward, 12 points for sloping forward”5, essentially making it ‘Generic’. Both the schools of thoughts do allude to ‘other’ spaces, but doesn’t necessarily focus on normative conditions of everyday. As Macloed describes the role of everyday life as an antidote.

“Transgression and shock have themselves become

part of commodity culture (grunge, deconstructions clothing, the “junky” look, MoMA exhibitions, Decon coffee-table

Fig. 09. Picture showing threshold used as a shopping strip in front of residential building

books); deconstruvist practitioners are firmly entrenched members of cultural establishment. In this light, it appears that a reconsideration of everyday life might serve as an antidote not only to the solipsism and implicit biases in much contem-

4 Mary McLeod, “Everyday and ‘Other’ Spaces,” Architecture and Feminism, eds. Deborah Coleman, et al. (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1996) pp. 1-7. 5

Koolhaas, Mau, S,M,L,XL, 14

porary architecture theory but also to the commodification of ‘avant-garde’ rebellion.” 6

Generic buildings are standardized, monotonous and

built for permanence, designed by architects and other design professionals. On the other hand, everyday life in Mumbai is dominated by informal, temporary architecture. The temporary architecture includes neighborhood markets, food carts and structures built for festivals. The temporary structures are usually built with recycled, cheap and lightweight materials like plastic sheets, scrap metal, canvas, waste wood etc. These temporary conditions are nothing but essential artifacts of everyday life and have an important role to play in the process urbanization and making of Architecture. Everyday Urbanism

The idea of everyday urbanism could be traced back

to 1930s, that reflects off the sociologist Louis Wirth’s famous essay and description “Urbanism as a way of life”.7 The framework focuses on the primacy of human experience as the fundamental aspect of any definition of urbanism.

The notion of everyday space outlines the physical

realm of everyday public hustle. Present in between amongst

Mary McLeod, “Everyday and ‘Other’ Spaces,”

7 Louis Wirth, ““Urbanism as a Way of Life.” American Journal of Sociology 44, no. 1: 1-24. (http://www.jstor.org.proxy.libraries.uc.edu/ stable/2768119,1938) 15

Fig. 12. Plaster of Paris decorative casing around the steel columns

Fig. 10. Close-up photograph of the stage where the idol is placed

Fig. 13. Decorative pavilion constructed with steel and fabric

Fig. 11. Entry gate of the temporary temple for festival

Fig. 14. Rickshaw stand repurposed as a festival pavilion for 10 days 16

such defined and physically identifiable realms as live, work and study; everyday urban space is the mesh that weaves our daily lives together. Everyday space stands in complete contrast to the carefully planned or designated spaces and is often organic, sporadically used in different ways throughout the day. Ambiguous like all in-between spaces, every day represents a zone of social transition: and the possibility with the potential for new social arrangement and forms of imagination.8

Although the ambiguity of everyday space might seem

to diffuse any conceptual or physical order, the concepts of everyday life as analyzed by Henri Lefebvre, Guy Deboard, and Michel de Certeau serve as an introduction to the rich collection of everyday and urban meaning. Subsequently, in recent years, authors and architects like Margaret Crawford, John Chase have argued for recognition and analysis of everyday urban life as a basis of design and planning.

In an effort to simplify and unfold the ambiguity of

everyday urban space, Lefebvre explains a categorization within everyday life; The quotidian- the timeless, humble, repetitive natural rhythms of life and the modern- the always new and constantly changing habits that are shaped by tech-

8 K. O. L. Burridge, Oceania 39, no. 4 (1969): 331-32. http://www. jstor.org.proxy.libraries.uc.edu/stable/40329824 17

nology and worldliness.9

This thesis would analyze both these aspects and con-

centrate on the threshold between street and buildings as the everyday urban space. Elements of the threshold could be broadly divided into two parts- Static and temporary. In subsequent chapters, we would delve into definition, analysis, and anatomy of the threshold.

9 Henry Lefebvre, Everyday Life in the Modern World (Athlone Contemporary European thinkers, 1971) 18

3 The threshold A place for walking, sitting, standing, lying down, sleeping, panhandling, cooking, eating, smoking, washing and cleaning, grooming, preaching, praying, playing music, playing games and sports and so on. -Vikas Mehta, Incomplete Streets: Processes, practices, and possibilities

Visualizing the threshold

The threshold

There is a significant difference between the produc-

tion mode of static and temporary architecture that makes the study of the threshold between these two disparate entities interesting. There are many such kinds of thresholds in a city; For e.g. between buildings and informal markets, between the railway track and residential units, water edge and parks etc. This thesis will focus on the threshold between residential or mixed-use residential buildings and neighborhood informal markets. Fig. 15. Miniature festival pavilion on the threshold

There is a wide variety of threshold conditions within

residential building and street. For example, A compound wall of the residential building which appears insignificant is used as a backdrop for the informal vegetable kiosk. As this pattern of space usage is repeated throughout the street, the compound completely disappears; giving a unified appearance to vibrant local shops punctuated by entry gates.

The phenomenon of informal markets (Bazaar) in

the Victorian arcades of the fort, Mumbaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s historic district, is emblematic of this potential negotiation between static and temporary. 10The original intent of these arcades designed by the British was to form portico around the building to pro-

Fig. 16. Vegetable market on the threshold 21

10 Rahul Mehrotra, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Negotiating the Static and Kinetic Cities: The Emergent Urbanism of Mumbai,â&#x20AC;? in Other Cities, Other Worlds: Urban Imaginaries in a Globalizing Age, ed. Andreas Huyssen, Book,Section (Duke University Press, 2008),

tect it from harsh sun and rain. Today, with the reinvented threshold, the spaces are consumed and reinterpreted for new uses i.e. Markets, local vendors etc. Space is essentially indigenized by the local vendors for new, everyday functions.

The use of a threshold is not limited to activities of

transactions between buyer and seller at these informal mar-

Temporary Architecture as a threshold

kets. Combination of residential and commercial uses generate a variety of activities throughout the day.

“Non-commercial activities of day-to-day living juxta-

posed with commercial related activities. The street space is a place for walking, sitting, standing, lying down, sleeping, panhandling, cooking, eating, smoking, washing and cleaning, grooming, preaching, praying, playing music, playing games and sports and so on.” 11

The study of activities in such case explains robust-

ness and adaptability of physical elements. Simple elements like protruded edges on the wall, collection of steps between levels, movable flaps on food cart are extensively used for different activities throughout the day. This multiplicity of uses gets amplified at the time of public festivals like Ganesha,

Fig. 17. Festival pavilion in between the private property and street

Dahi handi, Navaratri etc. Each festival requires a different 11 Vikas Mehta, “Lively Streets: Determining Environmental Characteristics to Support Social Behavior”. In Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, ( Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 2007), Vol. 27(2), p. 165-187 22

type of physical form and arrangement. As these festivals are celebrated at different time periods in succession throughout the year, the structures are relatively lightweight (predominantly bamboo or metal frames) and leave no trace behind. In these festivals, the whole streets are spanned by temporary, lightweight canopies, giving it an appearance of the urban living room.

Fig. 18. Everyday street- Early morning

Fig. 19. Traffic junction- Early morning

Fig. 20. Everyday street- Morning

Fig. 21. Traffic junction- Morning

Fig. 22. Everyday street- Evening

Fig. 23. Traffic junction- Evening 24

4 Threshold analysis As the physical domain of everyday public life, threshold is the connective tissue that binds our daily lives together. It is an unmarked serpentine public place between the street and private property

Fig. 24. Mumbai metropoltian region 27

Threshold analysis

The study area for the thesis is Mumbai and Thane

Study area

region. Mumbai and Thane are two different cities, governed by the independent municipal corporation but are part of larger Mumbai metropolitan region. Although there are independent administrations for the city, they are governed by a similar set of development control rules (D.C.R) prescribed by the city for e.g. Setback, ground coverage, minimum open space etc.

As the development control rules are similar in

the region, the informal architecture (houses, markets, festival infrastructure) also tend to exhibit similar characteristics. These characteristics range from a choice of materials, scale, organizational pattern and occupation of space over the period. In the next few chapters, these characteristics are explained in more detail, eventually establishing design princi-

Fig. 25. Mumbai metropoltian region

ples for future design interventions.

The design principles and strategies derived from

the research will be applied to a specific neighborhood in Thane region. Thane is a predominantly a residential suburb in Mumbai metropolitan region. It sits exactly in between Mumbai and Navi Mumbai, making it a valuable location for ease of travel and connectivity to major highways. The chosen site for design interventions is the neighborhood â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Kopriâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in Thane east. Fig. 26. Study area 28

Demographics

Kopri is a multi-cultural and multilingual neighbor-

hood in the city. There are four major spoken languages spoken in the neighborhood i.e. Marathi, Hindi, Sindhi, and Gujarati. If one looks at the evolution of the neighborhood from the 1800s, bureaucrats and government officials were the first ones to move into the west part of the neighborhood. Initially, there was a set of twelve large houses (bungalows) built at that time as a place of residence for the officials. (ColloquiFig. 27. Study area in 1910

ally known as â&#x20AC;&#x153;Bara Bungalaâ&#x20AC;? Area)

Introduction of railway and national highway in 1880

and 1900 were important catalysts in the rise of population in the area around Kopri. In 1947, the Indian subcontinent was partitioned into two countries, India and Pakistan. This partition generated acute refugee crisis, forcing people to move in between the two countries. Kopri was one of the five neighborhoods in the Mumbai region, selected by the central govFig. 28. Study area in 1953

ernment to build a refugee colony in 1953. Most of the refugees settled in the neighborhood had come from the Sindh region of Pakistan to Mumbai.

The location of the refugee colony is between the

border of the Mumbai city and Thane railway station. The street connecting these two major points of connectivity quickly became popular. In the next few years, both sides of Fig. 29. Study area in 2018

the street were incrementally utilized by local shopkeepers, street vendors making it an informal marketplace now known

as Sindhi market.

From the 1960s, the neighborhood experienced a

rise in the population with migration from Gujarat, South Mumbai, and Uttar Pradesh. All the new migrants spoke different languages and were slowly assimilated in the neighborhood, eventually densifying the informal market with a variety of businesses- right from convenience shops, maintenance shops to eateries, vegetable markets etc. The thesis will focus

Fig. 30. Migration from Sindh, Pakistan

on the study of the informal market as a threshold condition between the street and these buildings.

Fig. 31. Migration from Uttar pradesh, Bihar

Fig. 32. Migration from South Mumbai 30

Fig. 33. Street collage

Fig. 34. Linework

Fig. 35. Buildings- Static

Fig. 36. Threshold retail- Static

Fig. 37. Threshold retail- Temporary

Fig. 38. People

Fig. 39. Collage

Fig. 40. Variety in retail

Threshold layers

If one were to look at the images of the Sindhi market,

all the parts look very similar in terms of appearance. But with closer inspection, it is apparent that the market has four major zones i.e. Meat and dairy in the west, Vegetables, fruits in the north, Restaurant or eateries in the east and other commodities like hardware, mobile repair etc. in the south.

The illustration shows zone with predominantly veg-

etable and fruit vendors. Elements of the street, in this case, can be divided into 2 types viz. Static and mobile. In the static layer, there are buildings and their property wall. The wall segregates public and private property. The second layer is informal kiosks to sell vegetables, fruits etc. Although the kiosk itself is built with temporary materials like bamboo, synthetic fabric, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s usually static. The next layer is movable vending carts and people with hand-held selling containers. In this layer, vendors only set up their shops at a certain time of the day. Combination of all these layers along with people, make the experience of the street rich, engaging and multi sensory.

The set of illustrations show the use of space on the

street at a different time of the day. In the early morning, the small steps and ledges are utilized by milk and newspaper vendors. As soon as they wrap up their work, the same is occupied by a few vegetable vendors. As the day progresses further, street vendors utilize this small strip of space on the side35

walk to set up shops. In the evening, the market experiences the highest thoroughfare with people returning home from their work.

Mobile food vendors are open for business from eve-

ning to late night, effectively capturing a large customer base. Utilization of the spaces on the street intensifies even more at the time of festivals in the city.

At the Ganesha festival procession, thousands of

people move through the streets of the neighborhood on the premeditated routes. Festivals also extensively utilize the internal private courtyards for public use for a few days, blurring the boundaries between the street and private property. The study highlights how the same space on the street is utilized and re-purposed to suit different uses.

The collection of pictures shows a variety of uses

Ingredients of the threshold

found on the Sindhi market streets. Vegetables, fruits, meat, general grocery, eateries, hardware and electronics shops are major categories.

Most of the shops exhibit similar physical appearance

as they occupy the physical space on the sidewalk. The proportions of the static shops are governed by the strength of spanning material, weather covers etc. Material use is limited to aluminum or steel frame and bamboo for structure and synthetic fabric, metal sheets as non-structural elements. The thin36

Fig. 41. Street- Early morning

Fig. 42. Street- morning

Fig. 43. Street- Late evening

Fig. 44. Street- at the time of Ganesha festival

Fig. 45. Ingredients of the threshold- Uses 39

ness of the structural element allows vendors to utilize every inch of the frontage to showcase the products. When one looks at the market in totality, the structural elements of the shops disappear to form a continuous array of variety of product exhibits. These qualities make the street very lively and visually engaging.

Practice of everyday

The pictures show the movement and behavior of the

people in the everyday scenario. The activities range from walking, chatting, waiting, standing, buying, exchanging etc.

Every moment and activity show the way people

interact with physical elements. These physical elements range from milk crates and a wrought iron stool to chairs and precast concrete benches. Documentation of the postures explains robustness of the horizontal surfaces used as seats.

These observations can be effectively used to design

street furniture, edges, kiosks responsive to everyday activities. The temporary architecture constantly transforms itself to address and accommodate functional variations. The functional need of the place determines the form and perception. So, the same space is consumed by doodhwala (Milkman) in the morning, used by the vegetable vendor in the evening and utilized for late night food kiosk too.

It is indigenous urbanism that has â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;localâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; logic. It is not

necessarily the city of the poor, as most of the images might 41

suggest; rather, it is a temporal articulation and occupation of space which not only creates a richer sensibility of spatial occupation but also suggests how spatial limits are expanded to include formally unimagined situations in the dense urban environment.12

12 Rahul Mehrotra, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Negotiating the Static and Kinetic Cities: The Emergent Urbanism of Mumbai,â&#x20AC;? in Other Cities, Other Worlds: Urban Imaginaries in a Globalizing Age, ed. Andreas Huyssen, Book, Section vols. (Duke University Press, 2008), 42

Fig. 46. Ingredients of the threshold- Activities 43

Fig. 47. Postures on threshold

Fig. 48. Street furniture on the threshold

Fig. 49. Threshold taxonomy- Enclave 47

Enclave/ Courtyard

Threshold taxonomy

Courtyard typology along the street is relatively rare

today. Currently, only old Chawl typology or government housing schemes feature courtyard typology. Sometimes these courtyards are open-ended towards street or completely private, enclosed by a building block.

Floorplans are usually simple with single loaded cor-

ridors accessing each unit. Units itself are relatively small ranging from 220 to 400 sq. ft. Most of these buildings do not have elevators as they are ground+ 3 or 4.

When the courtyard is open-ended, it forms an inter-

esting relationship with the street. It is common for street vendors in such cases to align themselves to the compound wall of the building. Throughout the day, one can observe different patterns of activities and changing density. Ever-changing nature of the street vending pattern makes this threshold vibrant and lively.

For festivals like Ganesha, Navaratri, this relation-

ship completely changes where the courtyard becomes part of the street procession, where many people move in and out throughout the day.

Fig. 50. Threshold taxonomy- Hard edge/ Gated 49

Hard edge- Gated

This is the most common threshold condition in the

city of Mumbai. The buildings in such cases are usually midrise with stilt parking. (Stilt parking is building on Pilotis and space is utilized as parking, the idea could be traced back to Le Corbusierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Unite dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Habitation, France). There is usually a clear setback from the edge of the property line to the building. The setback is used for open to sky motorbike or car parking. The end of the private property is marked by 4 to 6 feet masonry wall or metal fence (or a combination). Most of the informal architecture including markets and street vendors use the property wall as a backdrop.

Fig. 51. Threshold taxonomy- porous edge/ Retail arcade 51

Retail arcade

Retail arcade is quite a unique feature in the Mumbai

region. The most famous retail arcade is a fort, South Mumbai. The original purpose of the arcade when it was built by the British, was to shield the building from rain and sun and create covered walkways. Today the arcades are appropriated as neighborhood informal market along with circulation space.

A similar idea of a shopping arcade is replicated in

Hiranandani Gardens, Powai. Arcade is planned at the center of the largely residential community. The scale of the Arcade is close to a shopping mall. But the free access and lightweight roof design allow this arcade to be perceived more porous with the street edge. Arcade has two faces of frontage (One facing towards the main street and one to residential) makes it unique retail typology.

Fig. 52. Threshold taxonomy- Porous edge/ Retail 53

Multi-level retail

Multi-level retail is a rare typology in the city. This

typology is found in case large mixed-use campus. The first 2-3 floors are allocated for parking to support high rise residential building above. A retail block is pasted in the front of parking which essentially faces the street. This long block of formal retail is sometimes punctuated by mezzanine floor or a shorter double story.

The threshold, in this case, is based on very deliberate

and specific design decisions. The one-story rise from the street towards the commercial strip sometimes creates a visual barrier, reducing the effective use of the open space in front of the shops.

Fig. 53. Organizational structure of retail on threshold- 01 55

The previous chapter explained the detailed taxonomy

Anatomy of Temporary retail

of how different types of buildings interact with the threshold. This chapter will delve into uses and taxonomy of temporary retail on the threshold. The diagrams illustrate the appearance of the kiosks and shops as well as organizational attributes. There is a spectrum in terms of the level of permanence in these shops: Diagram 1 to 5 are mobile in nature, whereas Diagram 6 to 10 being essentially static are dismantlable.

Diagram 1 is a street vendor, the most mobile of all.

These vendors are seen mostly from 5-6pm to late at night. They sell a wide range of food items from roasted peanuts, popcorns to tea. The vendor, in this case, has visibility of 180d or more as itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s easy to move. The container to hold the raw material and finished products are made up of thin sheet metal or boxes of reclaimed wood etc.

Diagram 2 is a street vending cart. It is relatively more

sophisticated than a hand-held container. The handcart, in this case, has more capacity than hand-held containers. These vendors usually sell food items like Pani-puri (English), Ice cream, sandwiches etc. The carts two or four wheels, depending on the type of business. There are local fabricators which make these hand-carts; materials range from sheet metal, standard steel angles and laminated plywood, Composite metal sheets as covering. The organization, in this case, is unidirectional, where the vendor has a designated place and people move 56

4 Fig. 54. Organizational structure of retail on threshold- 02 57

around on the other side of the cart.

Diagram 3 is yet again a street vending cart, slightly less

sophisticated than diagram 2. This cart is more geared towards the movement of goods like a vegetable, fruits but also used for sale due to open top. The visibility of the products for customers, in this case, is much better as they can touch and feel the product before buying. These handcarts are usually wooden, made with standard pieces, many of them built with the materials from construction sites.

Diagram 4 and 5 are mobile shops but most of the

times the wheels of the kiosk are concealed, making it look like a static shop. Because of the size of these kiosks they can accommodate cooking equipment as well as a bit of cold storage. These shops sell sandwiches, Vadapav (Indian burger), Fruit Juice etc. Diagram 6,7,8 are static vegetable and fruit vending platforms. These platforms range from a small single platform and fabric on top to shelves for storing vegetables with a plastic cover on top of the shop. Diagram 9 and 10 are static shops, usually becoming a bigger eatery with a small dining area and selling counter. Some of them are grocery stores, pharmacy etc. These shops exhibit lots of systematic shelving systems to maximize the space for storage.

6 Fig. 55. Organizational structure of retail on threshold- 03 59

Fig. 56. Organizational structure of retail on threshold- 04 60

5 Reinterpreting the generic Most of the design solutions for the threshold and street from the Architects and planners are predicated on the idea of permanence. It rarely accounts for the change of time, seasons, use. To accommodate this flux, the design interventions should be imagined in increments and for transitions.

Fig. 57. Issues/ Problems with the threshold 63

Reinterpreting the generic

Most of the previous chapters dealt with the positive

Issues

aspects of the threshold. It included behavioral analysis of people and how they interact with the street furniture, the temporarily of space in terms of use, the taxonomy of physical conditions and organization attributes. All the studies showed the environmental and social benefits of having a spontaneous and temporary market which is an integral part of everyday life on the streets. Does that pose the question is there any need of an architect, planner or any kind of intervention from the city?

In the case of the study area, most of the residen-

tial development was public housing which was not heavily guarded. That created more permeable edge condition, eventually allowing more fluid movement of people through the threshold. The thesis research also highlights how gated communities create a hard edge between the street and private property, creating restricted public space at the threshold. Architects and Planners could play an important role in creating a more permeable edge condition between the private properties and the threshold without violating or transgressing into private properties.

There are numerous issues Architects and Planners

could resolve in terms of physical infrastructure and conveniences for the residents and local vendors. 64

Fig. 58. Issues/ Problems with the threshold-02 65

The issues with current threshold conditions could be

divided into four major categories; 1. Inadequate public infrastructure on the sidewalk- that includes inadequate width, lack of clear walk path, accessibility, lack of maintenance. (Diagram 1-6) 2. Lack of water management system- both surface and stormwater management systems. (Diagram 7) 3. The hard edge between private property and the street. (Diagram 9,11) 4. Unsafe conditions for pedestrians and street vendors because of Vehicular traffic (Diagrams 8,10,11)

Fig. 59. Design strategy for the threshold 67

The design strategies explained in this chapter are

Design strategies

ideas of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;soft touchâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; urbanism where Architects and planners are not very prescriptive and are not providing absolute solutions. But These solutions are moreover a framework or a backbone for everyday life to flourish sustainably.

The design strategies are broadly divided into three

categories- 1. Expanding the public realm by envisaging a wide spectrum of places for people to sit, get together and interact with each other (Diagram 1-4) 2. A robust framework for building a wall system to integrate water supply, electricity as well as surface and storm-water management (Diagram 5-9) 3. Subtle level differences to designate street vending, walk path and parking (Diagram 10).

All the design strategies are aimed towards creating a

more permeable edge between the street, threshold and the private property. The strategies also attempt to solve issues related to physical infrastructure by integrated design and incremental architecture.

Fig. 61. Urban renewal plan Existing condtion

Urban renewal plan 0 200’ 400’

200’

400’

Fig. 60. Existing condition

The study area for the thesis has numerous old build-

Design Application

ings at the end of their life cycle. The city of Thane has proposed an urban renewal plan for the neighborhood in 2018. The urban renewal project is part of city-wide effort to redevelop and re-zone parcels with higher Floor Space Index (F.S.I). The plan also has also incentivised redevelopment of slum areas with transferable development rights (Citation). Fig. And Fig. Show existing and proposed plans for the neighborhood. The urban renewal plan shows new street layouts and block structure. Most of the neighborhood now uses single-use zoning, making it a perfect place for the application of this thesis.

With the single-use zoning, the residents and travelers

will have to unnecessarily travel longer distances for conveniences. So, in the near future, there will be lots of temporary retail propping up along the major streets. The findings and design strategies from this thesis could be effectively used to mitigate issues and challenges explained in the last chapter. The design strategies could be useful in designing and building a more robust infrastructure for temporary markets to grow sustainably.

To apply this thesis on site, I have identified three

main streets. 70

Fig. 62. 90’ street- Proposed

Fig. 63. 90’ street- Existing

1. 90’ Collector street- This is a peripheral street of the

neighborhood. This will ideally carry lots of vehicular traffic. It will also have large pedestrian movement with people traveling to and from the railway station.

2. 60’ Thoroughfare street- It is relatively smaller

street, usually operated in a perpendicular direction to the orientation of the railway station. That makes the street a perfect place for static and temporary retail.

3. 45’ Neighborhood street- This is a narrow street,

which might have mobile retail on the threshold. As a case study, I’ll be showing an open space (Public Park) condition

Fig. 64. 90’ street- Key plan

for the 45’ Neighborhood street.

The design interventions for all the streets have a few

common strategies. All the streets would see an expansion of the threshold as effective public space for multiple uses. The interventions would also try to include conveniences for everyday activities like sitting, chatting, street vending etc. There are few specific strategies that apply to residential edge condition, where the wall between private and public property is used organizing element to anchor shops. The same wall is also used to provide infrastructure support like water supply, electricity and storm-water management.

Fig. 66. 60’ street- Proposed

Fig. 65. 60’ street- Existing

At the commercial strip edge, the large seating with

multiple steps is designed to encourage interaction and many places to rest and watch the street. The design of the steps is based on famously stepped wells in the northern part of India. Multiple folds and turns on steps allow people to use it in different as they see fit.

Fig. 67. 60â&#x20AC;&#x2122; street- Key plan

Fig. 68. 45’ street- Proposed

Fig. 69. 45’ street- Existing

In the case of Public park edge, the seating is designed

in a specific arrangement to form smaller alcoves. These alcoves are used as permeable spaces for the exchange of food and other items across the park to a threshold.

The part of the thesis research was focused on under-

standing uses of the threshold over a period. Sometimes the same was being used for a different purpose with respect to different time of the day. The use of space significantly expands with respect to the festivals as the places experience a large number of people in a short amount of time. Fig. 70. 60â&#x20AC;&#x2122; street- Key plan

Fig. 71. Designing for transitions

Most of the design solution for threshold and street

Transitions

from the Architects and planners are predicated on the idea of permanence. It rarely accounts for the change of population or use. To accommodate this flux the design interventions should be imagined in increments and ready for transitions.

The diagrams show various phases of development

on the street in the process of urban renewal. The idea of designing for transitions also creates a feedback loop for designers to accommodate the use of space on an everyday basis. The first diagram shows the existing conditions on the street with the threshold being used a temporary market.

In the process of realizing the urban renewal plan, the

street will go through the demolition and rebuilding of the street. The city, in this case, can build parts of the sidewalks incrementally as shown in the diagram. The last two diagrams are speculated based on the thesis research where one of the mobile kiosks starts using the parking area for its operation. Eventually, the kiosk forms its constituency and customer base. But without any demarcation of space, the kiosk and vehicles created traffic issues and conflicts on a daily basis.

In this case, the city can start formalizing the space by

demarcating the profile of a curb bulb by painting it on the street, to start with. Eventually, space can be built into the sidewalk with level differences to accommodate street vending. 78

6 Conclusion In case of city like Mumbai, one can never deploy a singular strategy within highly pluralistic democratic system. There are many localized identities: market towns, temple towns, port towns, industrial towns and so on. The challenge in my view, is getting into the DNA of these towns or parts of the city and reinterpret them.

Conclusion

In the case of a city like Mumbai, one can never deploy

a singular strategy within a highly pluralistic democratic system. There are many localized identities: market towns, temple towns, port towns, industrial towns and so on. The challenge in my view is getting into the DNA of these towns or parts of the city and reinterpret them. The study of threshold was an effort to understand the DNA of a place. Also, this thesis utilizes the activity and vitality of everyday life on the threshold as a catalyst to reinterpret the generic. Instead of focusing on buildings, the thesis looked at the threshold between streets and building as a generative force for imagining place-sensitive designs.

For this thesis, I only studied a small neighborhood on the

periphery of the Mumbai region. The city of Thane is a major suburban residential hub of Mumbai. Also, Thane is one most heavily used railway station as itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a junction point for traveling between Mumbai and Navi Mumbai (New Mumbai). That makes the area around the station filled with a variety of retail from Static to temporary, providing everyday conveniences for residents around the vicinity.

The thesis research delved into various aspects related to

the everyday life of the threshold for this site. The analysis included a study of behavior, Physical elements, Organizational attributes of the threshold. The study highlighted genuine instances of the spontaneity of interaction between people, imaginative use of materials 81

and space. The aspects included social benefits apart from architectural and physical space analysis.

The design interventions of the thesis were based on

enhancing the current positive aspects of temporary markets and at the same time-solving issues of physical infrastructure. The thesis used Urban renewal plan provided by the city as a speculative or future condition to apply design strategies of the thesis.

The most important design invention strategies were rooted

in creating more permeable threshold conditions in the wake of the rising popularity of the gated communities. The thesis used research on everyday life as a backbone of design, utilizing past experiences of use and interactions of people to design details related to landscaping, street furniture etc. In the case of the commercial edge, condition thesis showed a variety of ways to soften the edge between the sidewalk and private properties by providing modular seating to accommodate a large number of people.

The other important design strategy for the thesis was

designing infrastructure as a framework to anchor temporary markets. A simple wall between private and public property, if designed well, could be instrumental in ensuring sustainable growth of the markets. Most of the strategies in the thesis emphasize on designing for transitions. These places experience so much flux of population and use throughout the day and seasons. It requires a unique lens to look beyond absolute solutions. Designing in transition allows the city to create feedback loops between different disciplines like 82

Fig. 72. Conceptual diagram juxtaposing generic and temporal- Ganesha festival

Fig. 73. Conceptual diagram juxtaposing generic and temporal- Dahi handi festival 85

product design, landscape design, and planning. It also enables them to accommodate issues related to demolition, displacement and community engagement.

I look at this thesis as not only an exercise about research

and design interventions in the city but call for action. There are many such places in the city of Mumbai which require deeper engagement and study in an effort to derive more place-sensitive planning and design ideas. I will be continuing my explorations and advocacy by presenting some of the design solutions to the city in the coming months. It will also give me the opportunity to get feedback from the city, making the design interventions more realistic and grounded in the reality of local administration and politics.

7 Bibliography

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Reinterpreting The Generic: Study of Threshold between Static and Temporary

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