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Home & Garden Gardening...

...with botanist Dr Dave Aplin Why some plants survive the frosts and others jack it in

It was going to be an early spring, record high temperatures were recorded at the end of March, then, April’s incredible run of consecutive frosts placed the season on pause. Frost poses a life-threatening phenomenon to plants. As water freezes its molecules become more spaced than in liquid form. This causes it to expand by around 10 per cent. If ice crystals form within the cells of plants they rupture with lethal consequences –killing cells, whole leaves and potentially entire plants. Many plants can adapt by protect themselves from environmental threats, such as frost. This protection is only triggered when the plant perceives the threat, because changes within the plant incur a cost. Unsurprisingly, they are unable to predict cold weather, so sudden drops in temperatures, as we have experienced, can damage native plants that would otherwise be robust in all weathers. Over the past month the sharp-eyed amongst us may have noticed stinging nettles and red campion frosted in the countryside. The price paid for luxuriant growth during warm weather followed by a sudden cold snap. Of course, these plants will recover, but some garden plants won’t. Plants are often divided into either ‘hardy’ or ‘tender’. This refers to their cold tolerance. Hardy plants normally withstand temperatures well below freezing whereas the same conditions make tender species curl up and die. The main factor for these differences relates to where they grow naturally. Those from warmer climates never experience a frost, so have no mechanism to avoid it. How do hardy plants survive the freeze? As plants sense cooling conditions, they gradually remove some of the water from their cells. This increases cellular concentrations of dissolved sugars and salts (solutes) and consequently lowers the freezing point, a bit like gritting highways with rock salt to reduce the threat of ice on roads. Many plants also produce an antifreeze protein, which further increases their cold tolerance. Some plants can even undergo supercooling, where the sap within cells remains liquid at temperatures well below freezing. ‘Hardening off’ is a phrase gardeners use – it means gradually acclimatising plants that have had protection from life outside. This often refers to temperature but is equally important for strengthening the entire plant. The idea is simple, protected plants need to gradually experience cooler conditions before initiating the responses that will safely bring them through cold weather. Gradually placing them in cooler conditions: from heated greenhouse to coldframe, followed by; coldframe with the tops off during the day; tops open partially at night; fully open at night, will prepare plants for outside temperatures. A few sheets of newspaper or horticultural fleece placed over plants provide good protection from spring frosts. If you forget and your prized plants get frosted you may still have a chance if you’re quick. Wash the frost off with cold water before the direct rays of the sun hits them, it doesn’t always work but sometimes it will save your plants. That said, all plants have their own tolerance limit for cold. Plants from the tropics and sub-tropical regions, which includes many of our summer bedding plants, will never tolerate frost. So don’t be tempted to rush out and plant your summer bedding after an unusually warm spell because, as we have learnt cold weather returns with vengeance. Next time, why do plants have tonguetwisting scientific names? soilvalues.com.

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