Severe Clear, Part 1: On the phenomenology of a systemic crisis, from the Athens Biennale to documenta

5 Eirini Karamouzi, ‘The argument that Greece was granted EEC accession prematurely ignores the historical context in which the decision was made’, LSE Blog, 25 November 2014; https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2014/11/25/the-argument-that-greece-was-granted-eecaccession-prematurely-ignores-the-historical-context-in-which-the-decision-was-made/

6 See Emma de Angelis and Eirini Karamouzi, ‘Enlargement and the Historical Origins of the European Community’s Democratic Identity, 1961–1978’, Contemporary European History, vol. 25, no. 3, Special Issue: European Integration, 2016, p. 441; and Eirini Karamouzi, ‘The argument that Greece was granted EEC accession prematurely ignores the historical context in which the decision was made’, LSE Blog

7 Karamouzi, ibid.

8 Ibid.

9 See iLiana Fokianaki, ‘Documenting documenta 14 Athens’, MetropolisM, 5 May 2017; https://www.metropolism.com/en/opinion/31387 _documenting_documenta_14_athens

10 “Such countries were and are living paradoxes: they are nominally independent, but that independence comes at the price of a sometimes humiliating form of effective dependence.” Michael Herzfeld, ‘The Absent Presence: Discourses of Crypto-Colonialism’, South Atlantic Quarterly, 2002, 101(4), pp. 900–901

11 Reuters Staff, ‘Greek communists try to fell Truman statue in Syria protest’, Reuters, 16 April 2018; https://www.reuters.com/article/usgreece-unitedstates-statue-idUSKBN1HN1E2

12 Mark Yeisley, ‘Bipolarity, Proxy Wars, and the Rise of China’, Strategic Studies Quarterly, vol. 5, no. 4, 2011, p. 80

13 Milestone Documents, ‘Truman Doctrine (1947)’, National Archives and Records Administration; https://www.archives.gov/milestonedocuments/truman-doctrine, accessed 20 September 2022. See also, ‘Address of the President to Congress, Recommending Assistance to Greece and Turkey, March 12, 1947’, National Archives: Harry S. Truman Library and Museum; https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/researchfiles/address-president-congress-recommending-assistance-greece-and-turkey?documentid=NA&pagenumber=3

14 ‘About Us Greece’, citi; https://www.citigroup.com/citi/about/countries-and-jurisdictions/greece.html

15 ‘The EU: Made in America’, The Economist, 17 June 2021; https://www.economist.com/europe/2021/06/17/the-eu-made-in-america

16 Ibid.

17 Ibid.

18 Milestone Documents, ‘Truman Doctrine (1947)’

19 Dieter Plehwe, ‘The Origins of the Neoliberal Economic Development Discourse’, in The Road from Mont Pèlerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective, Philip Mirowski and Dieter Plehwe eds, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2009, p. 245

20 But the impact of these discussions, Plehwe writes, “was not widely noticed until the late 1970s, and not before the 1980s did neoliberal expertise attain the status of authoritative development knowledge.” Plehwe, ‘The Origins of the Neoliberal Economic Development Discourse’, in The Road from Mont Pèlerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective, p. 240

21 Plehwe, p. 239

22 Mark Berger, ‘After the Third World? History, Destiny and the Fate of Third Worldism’, Third World Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 1, 2004, p. 30

23 Berger, p. 16

24 See Vincent Bevins, ‘What the United States did in Indonesia’, The Atlantic, 20 October 2017; https://www.theatlantic.com/international/ archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/

25 Plehwe, p. 247

26 Plehwe, p. 254

27 Carl Friedrich, ‘The Political Thought of Neo-Liberalism’, The American Political Science Review, vol. 49, no. 2, 1955, p. 509

28 Plehwe, pp. 254-55

29 Plehwe, p. 255

30 Ibid.

31 Plehwe, p. 257

32 Plehwe, p. 246

33 Maria Christina Chatziioannou, ‘Greek Sovereign Debt and Loans in 19th-Century Public Discourse’, The Journal of Economic History 2, 2019, p. 28

34 https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1836/jul/28/greek-loan-act

35 George Tridimas, ‘When the Greeks Loved the Germans: The Political Economy of King’s Otto Reign’, Tafter Journal, no. 95, 2017; https://www.tafterjournal.it/2017/07/15/when-the-greeks-loved-the-germans-the-political-economy-of-kings-otto-reign/

36 Aristides N. Hatzis, ‘The Short-Lived Influence of the Napoleonic Civil Code in 19th Century Greece’, European Journal of Law & Economics, vol. 14, no. 3, 2002, p. 254

37 Tridimas, op cit.

38 Figaro in London, v. III, 1834, pp. 85. Quoted by Maria Christina Chatziioannou, ‘Greek Sovereign Debt and Loans in 19th-Century Public Discourse’, p. 28

39 Tridimas, op cit.

40 Hatzis, p. 254

41 Tridimas, op cit.

42 Ibid.

43 Ibid. “…made space for local elites to hold positions of power, and granted universal suffrage to men above age 25 in possession of a job or land”

44 Richard Clogg, A Concise History of Greece, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 53

45 Tridimas, op cit.

46 Clogg, p. 53

47 Ibid.

48 Hatzis, pp. 254–255

49 Michael Hatt, ‘Sculpture, Chains, and the Armstrong Gun: John Bell’s American Slave’, Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 15, no.2 , 2016; http://www.19thc-artworldwide.org/summer16/hatt-on-sculpture-chains-and-the-armstrong-gun-john-bell-american-slave, accessed

1 November 2022

50 Jeffrey Auerbach, ‘Introduction’, in Britain, the Empire, and the World at the Great Exhibition of 1851, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge 2008, p. xv

51 As noted in an email exchange in 2014

52 Vassos Argyrou, ‘Is “Closer and Closer” Ever Close Enough? Dereification, Diacritical Power, and the Specter of Evolutionism’, Anthropological Quarterly, vol. 69, no. 4, 1996, p. 211

53 Ibid.

54 Ibid.

Severe Clear, Part 1: On the phenomenology of a systemic crisis, from the Athens Biennale to documenta

55 See Immanuel Wallerstein, ‘The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 16 no. 4, 1974, pp. 387–415

56 Roderick Beaton, ‘The significance of the 1821 Revolution for Greece and the world’, Kathimerini, 14 January 2021; https://www. ekathimerini.com/culture/261016/the-significance-of-the-1821-revolution-for-greece-and-the-world/

57 See ‘Independence Days’ website entry; https://www.maryamjafri.net/indepDay.htm

58 Henry Chu and Anthee Carassava, ‘Greek move for bailout referendum returns Europe to crisis mode’, Los Angeles Times, 2 November 2011; https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2011-nov-02-la-fg-greece-debt-fallout-20111102-story.html; and Helena Smith and David Gow, ‘Papandreou scraps Greek referendum as open warfare erupts in his party’, The Guardian, 3 November 2011; https://www.theguardian.com/ world/2011/nov/03/papandreou-scraps-greek-referendum-euro

59 Helena Smith, ‘Former anti-Nazi Greek resistance fighter and MEP Manolis Glezos dies aged 97’, The Guardian, 30 March 2020; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/30/former-greek-nazi-resistance-fighter-and-mep-manolis-glezos-dies-aged-98

60 ‘December 10, 1958, Selection: Michalis Katsigeras’, Kathimerini, 10 December 2008; https://www.ekathimerini.com/opinion/61007/ december-10-1958/

61 Iliana Magra, ‘Manolis Glezos Dies at 97; Tore Down Nazi Flag Over Athens’, The New York Times, 1 April 2020; https://www.nytimes. com/2020/04/01/world/europe/manolis-glezos-dead.html

62 Helena Smith, ‘Greece’s wartime resistance hero denounces EU-backed cuts’, The Guardian, 18 February 2012; https://www.theguardian. com/world/2012/feb/18/greece-wartime-hero-denounces-cuts

63 Here, the dying of the Third and—as it was conceived by cultural critic Arthur Moeller van den Bruck—the final of the German Reichs; then, the dissection of Germany into the liberal democratic West (FRG) and socialist East (GDR); and finally, the absorption of the latter into the former upon reunification in 1990, to create the Federal Republic. See ‘Detonation Deutschland’, Exhibition Announcement, AzW, 2001; https://www.azw.at/en/event/detonation-deutschland-2/

64 Diana Baldon, ‘1st Athens Biennial: Various venues’, Artforum, vol. 86 no. 5, 2008, p. 276

65 Panos Kompatsiaris, The Politics of Contemporary Art Biennials: Spectacles of Critique, Theory and Art, New York NY: Routledge, 2017, p. 137

66 Zoe Charaktinou and Alkisti Efthymiou, ‘The Athens Biennale: A Reflection Towards the Future’, Seismopolite, Issue 6, 28 December 2013; www.seismopolite.com/the-athens-biennale-a-reflection-towards-the-futurehttp://www.seismopolite.com/issue-6/

67 Kompatsiaris, p. 132

68 Ibid.

69 AGORA: The 4th Athens Biennale Guidebook, Athens Biennale, 2013, p. 270

70 Destroy Athens: The 1st Athens Biennale Guidebook, Athens Biennale, 2007, p. 16

71 Athena Skoulariki, ‘The Rhetoric of Resistance’, ANTI: The 5th Athens Biennale Catalogue, Athens Biennial, 2018, p. 61

72 Skoulariki, p. 64

73 For an excellent dissection of documenta 14 in Athens, see Despina Zefkili, ‘Sustained: Learning from Artworking (and Artwashing) in Athens’, Field Journal, 2022; https://field-journal.com/conjunctures/sustained-learning-from-artworking-and-artwashing-in-athens

74 ANTI: The 5th Athens Biennale Catalogue, p. 33

75 Bianca Heuser, ‘Advertising Advocacy: Athens Biennale 7: Eclipse’, Spike, 14 October 2012; https://spikeartmagazine.com/?q=articles/ advertising-advocacy&page=21

76 For more, see: Zefkili, ‘Sustained: Learning from Artworking (and Artwashing) in Athens’

77 Peter Halley, ‘Notes on Abstraction’, Arts Magazine, vol. 61, 1987; https://www.peterhalley.com/notes-on-abstraction