STUDIO AIR CHEN HAN 387246
Contents 1.1. Expression of Interest 1.1. Case for Innovation 1.1.1. Architecture as Discourse .................................................3 1.1.2. Computing in Architecture ............................................11 1.1.3. Parametric Design .............................................................17 Case for Innovation Conclusion ..............................................21 1. 2. Research Project 1. 2.1.Scope of Possibilities 1.2.1. Input/Association/Output Matrix ................................23 1.2.2. Reverse-Engineered Case-Study ..................................31 1.2.3. Material Effects ...................................................................33 Research Project Conclusion......................................................39 2.1 Project Proposal....................................................................................41 3.1.1. LEARNING OBJECTIVES.................................................................69 3.1.2. LEARNING PROGRESS.................................................................70 3.1.3. LEARNING OUTCOME....................................................................71 3.1.4 . FUTURE LEARNING.........................................................................73
1.1 CASE FOR INNOVATION
1.1.1 ARCHITECTURE AS DISCOURSE 01. PERSONAL PROJECTS 02. THE ABSOLUTE TOWER 03. DANISH PAVILION EXPO 2010
01. PERSONAL PROJECTS
This design is the proposal for a new apartment building in Naning, China. The basic concept of this project is from the thinking of social and urban development. As the development of urban, we have gave too much pressure to the “city�, such as population, pollution,etc. Our city become crowded and dirty. Our city is like a spring, it is pushed down by human hardly. This is the first real-worlding designing project done by me and my partner. Unfortunately, this work has not become the winning entry at the end.
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PROJECT NAME:
Baoan Apartment Proposal
ARCHITECT:
Guang Xu & Chen Han
FIRM:
UrbanHand Studio
COMPLETED:
2012
OPPSITE: Computer Render-
ing
LEFT : Structrual Display BUTTOM LEFT: Design Con-
cept Drawing
BUTTOM RIGHT: Computer
Rendering II
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02. THE ABSOLUTE TOWER
The Absolute Tower was the winning entry the international competition to design a landmark condominium tower. MAD’s spectacular design for a 56-storey residential tower was selected from among six finalists, which were drawn from entrants from across the globe. The as-yet-unnamed tower is scheduled to be completed in 2009 at a cost of USD 130 million. MAD’s design topped the list among the three groups asked to judge the six finalists: a nine-member international expert panel, the 6,000 residents of Mississauga who cast ballots at a preview held downtown, and the brokers and agents invited to comment on which design they found best suited to buyers’ needs. This building not only aroused enormous reverberate in community of architecture, but also became a chatting topic in Canada. Some people think it looks like ‘Marilyn Monroe’, it has a nick name ‘Monroe’ tower, that is the myth of landmark, arousing the topic, let the builing itself become a ICON.
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PROJECT NAME:
The Absolute Tower
ARCHITECT:
Ma Yansong
FIRM:
MAD Ltd.
COMPLETED:
2010
OPPSITE: Building Photo LEFT TOP: Day View (Computer Rendering) LEFT BUTTOM: Niaght View (Computer Rendering) RIGHT: Plan Layout ALL IMAGES: From MAD ltd. Website
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03. DANISH PAVILION EXPO 2010
The Danish Pavilion does not on exhitbit the Danish virtues. Through interaction, the visitors are able to actually experience fome of Compenhagen’s best attractions - the city bike, the harbor bath, the playground and the picnic The building is designed as a double spiral with pedsrian and cycle lanes taking you from the ground and through curves up to a level of 12 metres and down again. In thi wast you can experience the Danish exhibition both inside and outside at two speeds - as clam stroll with time to absorb the surroundings or as a bicycle trip, where the city and city drift past. Tha Danish atist Jeppe Hein has designed a ‘socail bench’ that will run alongside the bicycle lane. In some places , the bench adapts to its environmrnt elastically and different functions are added such as a bar for food and drink. The idea of encourage visitor to experience the architect make this project quite suscessful, and the idea of different speed, which can translate into the Gateway project.
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PROJECT NAME:
Danish Pavilion EXPO 2010
ARCHITECT:
Bjarke Ingels
FIRM:
B.I.G
COMPLETED:
2010
OPPSITE: Model of Dainish Pavilion TOP: Real Construction MIDDLE: Design Concept Diagram BUTTOM: Structure System
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1.1.2 COMPUTING IN ARCHITECTURE 01. WEST COAST PAVILION 02. ESTONIAN ACADEMY OF ART
01. WEST COAST PAVILION
In 2006 she was invited to design the West Coast Pavilion representing USA at the Beijing Biennale in the Chinese Millennium Museum.Atelier Manferdini’s West Coast Pavilion, utilizes self-similarit to generate it tessellated surface. It is perhaps one the most comprehensive digital-fabrication projects because it used a variety of tools to make the layered enclosure. The base structure is a diamond-shaped lattice made of MDF, cut with CNC router from 2D AutoCAD templates. It is in the filigreed surface, however that design intentions are most elaborated. Like the suppleness of Elena Manferdini’s laser cut clothing, the material property of the pavilion’s metal sheets is drawn out by virtue of slicing and letting it take on a three-dimensionality. Making perforations usually requires a cutting rechnique that drops residual material from the cur holes. This project is showing an interdisciplinary design approach that utilises computer fabrication to explore materiality innovatively. This intricacy permeate of this work, which shows the efforts of architects to cultivate an expanded language of surface subdivision and modulation. In this case, that exopanded lanuage is coupled with performance criteria, whether constructional, structural, material, spatial, perceptual, programmatic, or - a combination thereof. The very synthesis of these concerns realized through the digital creation and ultime surface definition of the schemes, is what supports the technological implications of pattern. As this project demonstrate, the computing design reaches far and wide.
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PROJECT NAME:
West Coast Pavilion
ARCHITECT:
Elena Manferdini
FIRM:
Atelier Manferdini
COMPLETED:
2006
OPPSITE: Structure Photo (Elevation) TOP: Atelier Manferdini, Cheery Blossom
Collection
RIGHT: Structure Photo (Angle) ALL IMAGES: from Atelier Manferdini’s Website
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02. ESTONIAN ACADEMY OF ART
Estonian Academy of Art, designed by Gage/Clemenceau Architects,via use the computionskill and a series software to help the design, with its dynamic looking, this project automatically become the most eye-catching project during the competion. The facede, apertures, and large courtyard manifold opinfs of this project were designed using the software package Alias Studio, which is typically used for automotive design. by creating in experimental alliance with the software manufacturerm Autodesk, the design team misused the software with the express purpose of cross-pollination automotive and architetcural design tactics in the service of new directions and technologies for design and fabrication. Instead of relying on platonic geometries which typically guide architectural design decisions, the facade of the project is entirely, and tautly, wrapped in waht the automotive industry refers to as “Class-A� surfaces - surfaces which produce the minimum of mathematical description. The building contains both purely aesthetic effect fluid ripples and contours, as well as performative scoops, tunnels and vents that funnel fresh air to all areas of the building - from the lobby to the interior courtyard, to the 5th floor central manifold featured in the center of the overall composition.
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PROJECT NAME:
Estionian Academy of Art
ARCHITECT:
Gage +Clemenceau
FIRM:
Gage/Clemenceau
COMPLETED:
2010
OPPOSITE:
The Elevation TOP:
The prototype Panel BUTTOM:
Perspective View
ALL PHOTOS: From Gage/Clemenceay Architect Website
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TOP: Interior Courtyard BUTTOM: Site Plan
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1.1.3 SCRIPTING CULTURES 01. DRAGONFLY WING 02. FIBRE TOWER
01. DRAGONFLY WING
Towads the technology, towards the nature. The complexity within nature is too hard for human to rebuilt. Therefore the “rationality� is taking the lead of architecture.As the time goes by the tradional method of architecture is not longer suit for human living today. The discipline of architecture need to be able to evolve with the changing times rapidly and reflect certian cultures and ways of thinking. Structures that could change constantly, but retain their equilibrium through a complex geometrical logic. Buildings can be envisaged as envelopes made of complex flexible foils, abstracting the geometrical logic of the dragonfly wings. The property of rigid quadrangular geometry and a more flexible polygonal geometry could be used to build a surface with a very strong load-bearing capacity. The experiment was focused on deriving the different morphologies that could be obtained by passive deformation under uniformly applied loads.Specialization of different areas for support and deformability is nearly universal in insect wings. The dragonfly wing is divided into various shape areas that are designed to handle force very differently, quadrilateral, pentagonal and hexagonal.
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PROJECT NAME:
Dragonfly Wing
ARCHITECT:
Maria Mingallon
FIRM:
AA Research Team
COMPLETED:
2007
In the words of the team “the morphology of the dragonfly wing is an optimal natural construction via a complex patterning process, developed through evolution as a response to force flows and material organization. The wing achieves efficient structural performance through a nonlinear variation of pattern, corrugations and varied material properties throughout the structure.� ____________________________ Maria Mingallon 18
02. FIBROUS TOWER
Kokkugia is an architecture practice generative design methodologies developed from the complx self-organizing behavior of biological, social and material systems. The formation of this project operates through multi-agent behavioral design processes based on the logic of swarm intelligence. These processes encode design intent within agents that interact locally to give rise to comples order and emergent behavirior at macro scale. “This project compresses the structural and tectonic hierarchies of contemporary tower design into a single shell whose articulation self-organizes in response to an often conflicting set of criteria.� The shell is at once performative and ornamental. It operates as a non-linear structure with load being distributed through a network of paths, relying on collectively organized intensities rather than on a hierarchy of discrete elements. The load-bearing shell and thin floorplate enables the plan to remain column free. This project has been invited to lots exhibition, like Beijing Biennale, FLUX Exhibition, Xian Parametric Prototype, etc. This project shows me the new way of generating idea, the idea of self-generating structure, the parametric tools help exporling the new, unique structre, and easily go beynong the structure verging into the realm of performance and ornament.
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PROJECT NAME:
The Fibrous Tower
ARCHITECT:
Roland Snooks + Robert Stuart-Smith
FIRM:
Kokkugia
COMPLETED:
2008
OPPOSITE:
The Rendering of Fibrous Tower LEFT:
Perspective Section RIGHT FROM TOP:
The Study Model Frame Structure(Computer Rendering) “SwarmMatter” by Kokkugia
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Case for Innovation Conclusion Architecture is the three-dimensional expression of the culture of a society. According to this definition, society and thus also architecture is becoming ever more complex as a result of growing globalization. Architecture is a design discipline that is always confronted with new design tasks. It searches fr new solutions or already known design tasks. It is the expression of the continuous advancement in given social challenges as well as the conceptual, formal nad methodological means of coping with these challenges.
“New Solutions must be sought, while simple solutions are no solutions at All” Wolf D.Prix
SITE - B
Geometry is the base of structure and architecture. Standard geometries have been widely used in past construction projects. However, more frequently non-standard geometric solutions are demanded, with architects and engineers challenged to resolve complex geometric problems. As the Gateway Brief itself mentions that in regards to Wyndham: “Art has become woven into the fabric of everyday life and a central thread connecting people and place”. The gateway project, in my opinion, should be ‘eye-catching’ and ‘topic arousing’, and it will become an icon of Wyndham. Therefore, we should induce the new designing method. High level computational and programmatic tools are required to address these kind of geometrical issues; not only during the design stage but also throughout fabrication. Linking the design stage with manufacturing has pushed the development of architectural and engineering software from simple drafting to relational tools that incorporate parametric design and a wide range of analytical capabilities. Computational technologies open up non-standard mass customization design and production perspectives that clearly differ from traditional methods based on standardized mass produced sizes. Apart from facilitating non-standard production, these new techniques offer communicative means to streamline the traditionally slow and low-res dialogue between the different parties involved in construction and fabrication projects.
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SITE - A
SITE - C
0
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50
100
200 KM
1.2 RESEARCH PROJECT
1.2.1 SCOPE OF POSSIBILITIES 1.2.1. CUT MATRIX 1.2.2. REVERSE-ENGINEERED CASE-STUDY 1.2.3. MATERIAL EFFECTS
CUT DEFINITON MATRIX I
Extrusion factor=0.5
Overlapping Patterns_Multiple Maths Functions_Data Driven Extrusion
Min Radius =0 Max Radius =10
Min Ma
Using Surface Normals_Streaming Text Files_Data Driven Rotation
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Extrusion factor=1.0
n Radius =10 ax Radius =0
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Extrusion factor=3.0
Min Radius =10 Max Radius =10
CUT DEFINITON MATRIX II
Upper S Buttom
Upper Surface Offset=0 Buttom Surface Offset =0 Overlapping Patterns_Maths Functions_Data Driven Rotation
Slider of
Slider of Domain= 0 Boolean Patterning_Using Sets_Data Driven Rotation
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Surface Offset=10 Surface Offset =0
Upper Surface Offset=10 Buttom Surface Offset =10
f Domain= 4
Slider of Domain= 10
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------------------------- - - - - - - - - - DEVELOPMENTAL MATRIX LEANNE WONG / CHEN HAN / RYAN WEYBURY
REVERSE ENGINEERED CASE-STUDY
“The masonry of the vineyardfacade looks like an enormous basket filled with grapes. At closer view in contrast to its pictorial effect at a distance the sensual, textile softness of the walls dissolves into the materiality of the stonework. The observer is surprised that the soft, round forms are actually composed of individual, hard bricks. The facade appears as a solidified dynamic form, in whose three-dimensional depth the viewers’ eye is invited to wander.” We focus on the effects of texture and camouflage while using ORIENT & IMAGE SAMPLER, creating these effects are not very diffculit, however the idea of exploring the texture of material might be a new direction for us.
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PROJECT NAME:
Gantembein Vineyard Facade
ARCHITECT:
Gramazio & Kohler
FIRM:
Gramazio & Kohler Office.
COMPLETED:
2006
Digital Model of Facade by group member: Ryan Weybury
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CUT / DEVELOP MODEL
The target of this model is to investigate how changing the properties of materials can modify solutions further from the initial stage of the computation process. The possibile outcomes are more than our exprect, via pulling the material, the sheet deformed respond to the load that we appied, however due to the retangler shape ot the paper, it appers that this model will stretch easiliy in on direction rathern than the other, we used pins to hold the parts of model, it just added more ourcomes to us. However, we didn’t stop at this point, our group try to damage the sheet, in order to creats more dynamic looking, due to the case study of “Vector Wall�, we cut the big panel into two small part, then joined them together to model a similar geometry to the Vector Wall,(Fig 1&2), as you can see the results are quite good.
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1
2
3 4 5
Figure Indicator
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CUT / DEVELOP MODEL
These two model are using the same definition with an ‘eye’ shape cut, the uniform apperture were perforated into a 1mm box board(fig.1&2) . We thought that 1mm box board is quite thin that will allow us to deform of the sheet, however, as the model in this scale (on A4) the 1mm thinckness is ‘super’ thick,the box board remaind completely rigid when we attempted to stretch the material. At this point, we think we can apply our design into different material, the sotfer one, or we could increase the size of the box board, or larger the cutting shape. In order to get the obvious result, group make another model with larger scale(600mm*900mm, fig 3&4), using the thiner and softer material ivory board and mount paperplus the lager size of the opening. The model responded to twisting and wrapping around on itself. A direction for further exploration could take the patterning from a uniform layout to something more non-uniform and random.
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2 1
3 4
Figure Indicator
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CUT / DEVELOP MODEL GALLERY
EOI CONCLUSION FROM MATERIAL INTELLIGENCE TO DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR . -- Emmanue Ruffo This quotation would describe our research quite well, through this research, experimarntation. We have the new concept and technique for the Gateway project, and for the architecture design. Our proposal is concerned according to Kaley’s writting will be “dialogue”. While using the conventional material to create unconventional structure. It is our goal to create an immersive installation which travellers pass through rather than pass by, and ameliorates the high-speed experience across the site. The EOI is focus on and exploreing the texture of material via doing the case study of Gantembein Vineyard Facade. At this point, I will say the architects are the only group that can do this job well due the scale of the project plus the better understanding of materials.Our interpretation of materiality has delivered a range of developments that we feel are not just innovative but also exciting for the Wyndham City Project.
‘ART HAS BECOME WOVEN INTO THE FABRIC OF EVERYDAY LIFE AND A CENTRAL THREAD CONNECTING PEOPLE AND PLACE’ – Wynaham City Council Through this EOI, I’m getting a new aesthetic that can address the entire specturm of architectural peformanca. LikeGerg Lynn said “ aesthetic shift from a modernist paradigm of identical, modular elements that emerged in the context of mechanizaion, toward compositions of varying, complexly linked individual elements.” 39
2 PROJECT PROPOSAL
DEFINING THE BRIEF Wyndham City Council’s brief aspires for a design which is engaging, experiential and explores place-making aspects and abilities. The challenge therefore, was to create a form which attempts to speak to the community in a manner which is meaningful, and thus integrates Wyndham’s specific aspirations and the unique location of the site to create a memorable, immersive experience for passer-by’s along an otherwise forgettable highway. In order to achieve this, our contention is to show the innovative nature and wealth of possibilities involved in combining materiality and digital tools. We are designing a behaviour; resulting in a form which is responsive, thoughtful and thus desirable, for the Gateway brief. The design approach was exploring the manner of the material, like the research project that we’ve done before, creating the opening through the cutting and deforming via the structural weakness. At this stage, our approach has been slightly changed, instead of using regular pattern, our ambition is making the cut more complex, more parametric nature simulation. Simulation of the wind, in other words, air current.
Opening created by cutting and deforming.
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In order to archieve the simsulation of air current, grasshopper is not longer suitable for the design at this stage, that is why our group using a different s cripting tool - Processing.
AIR CURRENT SIMULATION
Processing is a graphic design tool base on Javascripting, which is totally different to grasshopper, while grasshopper visualising the code and parameter, processing is only operate on computer language. Say, grasshopper is a mouse-based tool, Processing is a keyboardbased tool. The result of processing drawing was very satisfactory for us. But the beautiful, smooth curves are not fabricateable, then we sub the drawing back into grasshopper to reduce the number of curves as well as increasing the length of curves.
SIMPLIFY OF AIR CURRENT (CURVE REDUCATION)
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PROCESSING DRAWING
ASSOCIATE WITH SITE
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After we consider the real world construction possible, we can nor hava a singe big panel to cover the site. Again, never compromise to the simplicity, using the parametric tool (grasshopper)to create the small panel layout for the project.
PANEL LAYOUT 19713 4624
2000
11117
28420
2000
5751
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10238
28420
2341 2009 1717
5860
600
10956 19714
1000
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PANEL DETAIL
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This set of drawings is not accurate, in this case, w our group try to simulate the this circumstance of material behavior via using Kangaroo Physics, but we couldn’t useKangaroo Physics to simulate the structure as this scale, probably too detail to Kangaroo Physics to deal with. We might need more powerful engineering tool to achieve this circumstance, CATIA, PRO-E,UG etc. However, we don’t have time to learn these kind of high-end software, therefore the structure simulation is fail in this case. 52
SKETCH BIRD VIEW
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SECTION DRAWING OF ONE STRUCTURE
3318 8345
5250
9540
7083
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84 5918
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7734
FABRICATION
The material that we choose is aluminium .Aluminium is a relatively soft, durable, lightweight, ductile and malleable metal with appearance ranging from silvery to dull gray, depending on the surface roughness.Aluminium has about one-third the density and stiffness of steel. It is easily machined, cast, drawn and extruded. With the 0.6mm aluminium, we think it will behave elasticity as well as plastic. But the result of is was disappointed, the aluminium alloy is too rigid to bend, to stretc, therefore, we can only deform it with hammer(Photo on the oppsite page). Which obliterate the beauty of the smooth opening. Then, we try the steel mesh with plaster, but the mesh is too high in plastic, after plaster it deformed in wrong way. At this point, at this scale, we think we can only back to the the origin, using the ivory card, wo achieve this.
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To be honest, we couldn’t get the effect that we want by using paper-based material. After discussion, matels are still the best choice if we have industry device to deforming it.
“Material constraints do not have to be understood as limitations to the design, but rather as sets of rules complementary to the geomrtric constaints defined by architectural itention. Form and material work hand in hand to process various load conditions; deformationi of form and the distribution of material are reciprocal methods of design that helo ‘digest’ the flow of force imposed upon the architecture. Freedom of design arises from the balancing of these two principles” Michael Weinstock, 2012
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In this project we understang that materials themselves are instilled with innate sensory qualities, capable of evoking feelings and responses unique to the observer. However, by also understanding their technical potential and enriching materiality with digital characteristics, it is possible to design in accordance with architectural parameters, conditions and relationships. The synthesis of these two distinct realms – the digital and the material – gives rise to new opportunities, of allowing new possibilities for efficiency and fabrication, whilst retaining the natural uniqueness of the material. As a group, we have thus sought to investigate the use of materials so that they do not appear primarily as texture or surface, but in their whole depth and plasticity.
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3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES
3.1 SCOPE OF POSSIBILITIES 3.1.1. LEARNING OBJECTIVES 3.1.2. LEARNING PROGGRESS 3.1.3. LEARNING OUTCOME 3.1.4 . FUTURE LEARNING
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.GET THE IDEA OF PARAMETRIC Don’t fall behind of the world, I always want to know what parametric is? I’ve heard this term so many times, but I can only have a vague definition, and it is always hard to get start with, I want to gain the knowledge of new architectural philosophy as well as new designing approach. That is why I attached importance to this course. I treated this course as a staring opint of approach the parametric design. 2.LEARN THE SKILL More and more architecture firm are requiring their staff have certain level of computaional design skill, unlike the computation drawing, the computaional design works in different logic, to understand the logic behind it, for today’s architectual society, it is quitr important. We can see there are more and more designs enter architecture competition, which indicated the future of the architecture, therefore to get the background of computaional design is very important especially for young ‘architects’ like us.
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Design Studio Air has been the toughest subject, at the same time the best design studio that I have. I through this course, I really learn the new concept and new technology that I ever learn before, throgh the simple parametric tool - grasshopper, this subject really lead me toward the thinking of parametric design. In fact, I’m planning to go to learn high level programming course at the end of this semster and looking forward to applied all the staff that I’ve gain in this subject .
The contemporary digital architectures appear to reject and notion of urban and structural typolopy, continuity and morphology, and historic style and perspectival framework - they represent an ideological, concept and formal break much like Walter Gropius’s Bauhaus in Dessau,Germany. That seem to prefigure and entirely new way of architectural thinking, onr that igonres conventions of style or aesthetic altogether in favour of continuous experimentation based on digital generation and transformation of forms that respond to complex contextual or functional influences, both static and dynamic. --- Kolarevic 70
LEARNING OUTCOME 1. DESIGN THINKING In this course, the new way of design has been shown to me, as well as the critical thinking in realation fo the cotemporary architecture theory and practice. I have to say, now, we are facing the new age of the arhchitecture thinking, the ideas beyond the tradition, using the logical, abstract thinking with new language brings new culture. At the end of the course, I accept the idea of parametrism, and help me re-thinking of architecture, this will direct my design in future for sure. 2. ARGUMENT MAKING This course helps me to develop innovative solution. Making a persuaaive argument is very important in your design, that’s what I’ve learn in this section, you cannot only provide a deisgn without a meaningful thinking. As the parametrism, like Patrik Schumacher, Gerg Lynn, they are not only thinking the design of architecure, but also future of architecture, without the suessful argument making you cannot achieve this. 3. DESIGNING TOOL As I said before, compution brings the new design thinking. And the parametric tool help us to think, the parameteic difference to the tradirtional CAD software is instead of dawing, its actually calculating. Which is not quite direct to human’s brain. Compution can also help us to do the impossibles, like the morphology and simulation. 71
4. FABRICATION Rather than the traditional pure hand-craft model, the model that produce under omputation is far more accurate and, in my opinion, more beautiful. The beauty of rationality, preciseness and detail. I’m happy with the outcome of the laser cut model. CAM computer aided manufacture could be the only way to achieve the physical of parametricism. As the design become more and more complex, the demand of compution fabracation increasing dramatically.
Patterns have been covering architectural surfaces since times immemorial - in the same way as such patterns have been spread all over the domain of human artefacts. The human body was perhaps the first surface that received designed patterns. Architectural patterns thus have a broad and deep lineage. With such a widespread practice one should not expect a well-defined, unitary function. As practices evolve they acquire new functions and loose their prior functions, or new functions are superimposed upon older functions. Patterns might serve purposes of decorative enhancement, feature accentuation, camouflaging, totemic identification, semiotic differentiation, or any combination of those. ---Patrik Schumacher 72
FUTURE WORK For the future, not matter in study or career. I will continue to use the parametric in design. In fact, after the failure of the model making, I started to learn CATIA, and try to apply it to the futrue work and study. Now, I have some background of computation desgn, even though, it’s ‘only’ grasshopper and processing , like I writted before, I believe it’s only a starting point, not only CATIA, I’ve started to learn JavaScript as well. I’m looking toward that one day, I can apply all the staff that I’ve learn during this semster.