Hai-Yin Kong MArch Urban Design Bartlett School of Architecture 2011 UD4 Anna Rose, Bernhard Rettig
yin’s missio
to examine PROCE & IMPLEMENTATION of design in DEN DEVELOPING AREAS explore design f HUMAN ORGANIZATION learn solutions f other half of the
“Ha the of eve is
on:
ESS ION ENSE S, to from ION, to from the e world
abiting and the inhabitant play no role in eir decisions. Decisions are placed in the hands decision makers. Activity withdraws to the eryday, to static space, to the reification that initially endured, then accepted� -Henri Lefebvre The Urban Revolution
An Anthropological Look at the Built Environment: Investigating Culture-Specific Forms for Sustainable Solutions in Dai and Tibetan Villages Research Essay on Sustainability
In the flash construction of urban areas common to the global south, unorganized generic environments appear. As a response to the great pressure for construction, the ideals of the globalized city are heavily borrowed from. Mutated adaptations of post-industrial lifestyles promote inefficiencies such as car dependence and decentralized living. Context of local geography and culture have been lost; the balance of society and ecology have been broken.
What if
f we learn from cultures which have retained the spirit of their habitat?
The Collective Spirit
If we are to will value a
Industrializa resulting in
giving the MDF board the grain of wood... a soul rings that focus around knots
o deliver a sustainable built environment, we must create places that people and to which they can connect emotionally.
ation and the assembly line has subdivided process and knowledge the impotence of the individual to affect change.
The Collective Spirit
WHAT IF?
individuals are able to control building, expanse, collapse, and m settlements are able to be cognitive or feeling?
thinking about the village as an organism humans that focus their energy around centers... spirit centers
a place where urban organization responds to the land where instead of minimizing contact with the land humans affect the land positively
mobility of their own dwelling?
as designers we understand different perspectives of human responses and motivations in relation to the built environment?
London’s Financial Centres how 2 very different processes
created 2 very different typologies of the same function London/Istanbul Comparative Research: Typology
organically grown medieval city, commerce/
manufacturing/ residential...
london Wall,fire,
rebuilt,
unyielding medieval street pattern crisscross streets/ triangular plots “Adopt a
variety of historic styles in order to achieve an air of authority and distinction�,
residential exodus to the suburbs, finance and law, the
blitz, rapid
reconstruction,
larger developments
Historic city: City of London
“The future large cities will be agglomerating mainly white-collar workers. These quaternary activities need to be close to one another, and their growth feeds the rise of the larger metropolis�
- jean Gottman, Since Megalopolis
from Tabula Rasa, Special
Enterprise Zone,
tax incentive for developers
Strategy to gain critical mass,
Masterplan,
big name architects, Global architecture, big bank offices,
Manhattan style grid, square, regular, new
underground station, public squares,
underground mall, tower
apartments built nearby, franchises and chain businesses, supermarket
research: london typology
the unyielding medieval grid
1593
1677
today
1666 The great Fire destroyed 80% of the city
though new plans were proposed, citizens rebuilt on their own plot of land, maintaining the same street pattern
1940 the Blitz
larger developments built in between the same streets
research: london typology
revivals & neo’s Neo-classical, Gothic Revival, Neo-Palladianism, Renaissance Revival, Georgian Revival
1834
1836
a conscious decision for a historic ima
“Adopt a variety of historic styles in order t achieve an air of authority and distinction”
1899 1883
age
to
1890
1881
research: london typology
e s ri
p r e t e n n E zo
& UG D L I P gR AY L p
research: london typology
global architecture
this could be anywhere!
Norman Foster SOM
ins tan cit t y!
Cesar Pelli
HOK
e m a big n s t c e t i h c ar
research: london typology
typologies of london and istanbul combined
“During this vast process of transformation, space reveals its true nature as a political space, the site and object of various strategies�
--h. lefebvre
What is heterotopia? Recombinant Urbanism Workshop East London
“Urban heterotopias are specialized patches, acting as testbeds of change” -Grahme Shane Rec Graffiti begins as illegal fringe art, then it is recognized as a cultural commodity.
“Its a Bansky”- Street art being put behind glass and recognized as high art
“Ni Hao Berlin”- my own sticker graffiti
Next, it is exploited for commercial value.
Street art being used as an ad for Converse.
combinant Urbanism
.
- is it a sexual utopia?
Graffiti becomes locally mainstream, and is replicated
Are we looking into insanity?
Or are we living in it? Cabbages from Beijing to Berlin, London, San Francisco, New York, DC. My own sticker street art, more to come...
Artists on Vyner Street debate where heterotopia. Using installations, they explore how heterotopia is relative depending on ones perspective.
“Space, as product, results from relationships of production that are taken control of by an active group.”
-Henri Lefebvre The Urban Revolution
“If an experiment is successful, actors can export the new model, copying (and altering) it so that it becomes, overtime, a new norm” -G.Shane
with ISTANBUL’s
URBAN
building height (in stories) streetfront facade (in meters)
spacing between buildings (in meters)
Analysis: Istanbul
irregularity in facade length (by percentage deviation from mean)
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
L
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
L
mush urban fabric lacking cohesion and identity, the product of flash development then adaptation “Generic City” -Koolhaas 1.6 The Generic City is the city liberated from the captivity of center, from the strait jacket of identity...If it gets too small it just expands. “6.9 The writing of the city may be indecipherable, flawed, but that does not mean that there is no writing; it may simply be that we developed a new illiteracy”
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
3 7
3 6
3 5
5 5
5 11
4 4
5 5
3 11
3 3
3 6
2 6
5 26.3
4.5 23.7
4 5 21.1 26.3
8 4 5 7 3 4.5 19 42.1 21.1 26.3 36.8 15.8 23.68 15.8 100 Key (Black)
10.7 6.3 5.4 4.7 9.8 9.7 4.5 9.6 9.2 7.8
16 8.2 8.2 8.6 8.8 16.4 21.2 10.6 25 9.8
9.3 8.9 9.4 25.5 14.3 10 13.4 23.8 11.5 16
23.6 11 10.4 33 20.5 14.9 23.2 20.6 13.7 19.6
7.77 24.3
13.3 41.5
14.2 16.2 44.4 50.7
19.1 12.6 14.5 14.2 14.3 14.13 97.5 32 59.5 39.3 45.1 44.2 44.7 44.13 100 100 Yellow
2.93 1.47 2.37 2 37 3.07 2.03 1.93 3.27 1.83 1.43 0.03
2.72 5.08 5.08 5 08 4.68 4.48 3.12 7.92 2.68 11.7 3.48
4.91 5.31 4.81 4 81 11.3 0.09 4.21 0.81 9.59 2.71 1.79
4.55 8.05 8.65 8 65 14 1.45 4.15 4.15 1.55 5.35 0.55
2.04 25.7 38.9
5.1 96 97.3
4.55 0.93 84 0 86.9 17.7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 3.9 0 1.4
0 0 0
0.6 1.82 6.16
5 5.6 2.6 3.9 2.6 4.9 4.6 5.1 1.1 4.5
17 17.1 18.1 15 14.8 16.4 15.9 17.2 15.9 14.9
0.77 0.87 1.87 1 87 1.23 1.43 0.17 0.33 0.97 0.33 1.33
2.5 3.9 3.8 2.5 3.6 5.3 1.7 2.3 3.2 3.3
3.99 3.21 12.1 9.74 41 33
10.9 11.4 9.1 8.7 28.2 17.7 11.9 11.8 8 8
1.67 1.17 3.47 3 47 3.87 15.6 5.13 0.67 0.77 4.57 4.57
15.4 17.8 10.2 20.8 9.6 12.5 22.4 8.6 15.4 11.8
0.95 3.35 4.25 4 25 6.35 4.85 1.95 7.95 5.85 0.95 2.65
13.6 13.2 19.2 9.9 14.8 9.1 11.1 9.9 17.1 23.7
0.56 0.96 5.04 5 04 4.26 0.64 5.06 3.06 4.26 2.94 9.54
15.3 18.4 13.3 12.7 13.5 13.4 17.2 12.9 12.3 14.1
0.99 4.09 1.01 1 01 1.61 0.81 0.91 2.89 1.41 2.01 0.21
19.9 15.4 9.6 11.4 18 13.2 11.6 20.7 10.1 11.4
5.77 1.27 4.53 4 53 2.73 3.87 0.93 2.53 6.57 4.03 2.73
36.6 146 57.8 142 96.7 127 77.1 97.6 80 115
48.3 39.7 39 7 44.7 0.82 29.1 20.4 0.08 17.5 17.3
L 15 building height 23 (# levels)
27.6 30.5 28.8 30.5 32 24.1 40.4 39.7 28.4 st.front façade 38.2 (m)
4.42 1.52 3.22 3 22 1.52 0.02 7.92 8.38 7.68 3.62 irregularity 6.18 (%)
5.24 4.15 3.91 3.63 1.59 3.496 24.2 4.45 100 74.8 69.1 62.7 15.4 59.54 81.6 100 79.2 74.6 69.3 30.4 66.72 100 84.9 Magenta 10.9 10.2 13 6.5 4.7 5.6 6.7 5.7 3.9 5.8
1.9 0 0 2.2 1.6 3.4 2.5 3.5 0 1.6
2.6 1 1.4 1.6 0 1.7 0 0.7 0 3
3.2 2.3 1.9 1.6 4 0 2.6 1 2.7 0.7 0 0 4.6 15 5.3 21.1 5.1 1.9 3.5 3.8
4.9 3.2 0 1.6 5.7 19.1 2 16.3 0 4.2
26.7 19.2 7.8 7.6 3.4 13.1 14.1 20 14.9 7.4
40 30.1 28.8 24.8 43.7 41.4 34.5 36.4 23.6 spacing 26.4 (m)
7.3 1.67 1.2 3.29 4.74 5.7 13.4 33 22.1 5.07 3.64 9.98 14.4 17.29 40.7 100 75 17.2 12.3 33.8 48.7 58.56 100 100 Cyan
Analysis: Istanbul
“An evolutionary process engenders the notion of an organic force. The city becomes a ‘beast’: powerful, disaggregated, intractable, operating according to a logic of its own, and without reference to an operator. districts become organs, highways arteries, urban growth the expression of a distinct and monstrous will.” -Neville Mars, Chinese Dream
Ist
1990’s 1980’s 1970’s PRE 1930 1960’s
tanbul’s Expansion of Urban Fabric
Design by Process for the Generic Dissertation/ Design Project
“We can be the producers of new conceptions of citizenship in the reorganizing of resources and collaborations across jurisdictions and communities… We could be the designers of political process, of alternative economic frameworks.” —Teddy Cruz (via DIY Grad School)
Dissertation/ Design Project
“The designer now works on the level of the hyper-meticulous microplanning-- while the system itself remains undesigned. Instead the city is the spatial derivative of Market-Driven Unintentional Development�
-Neville Mars The Chinese Dream
1) Roads, public schools, parks, bazaar are planned by the government
2) Large parcels are bought by developers to build large housing complexes
The process of building mush in
ÇekmekÜy
public school private school mosque bazaar grounds weekly street bazaar
3) Leftover land is parceled into small plots
4) Private schools are built. Mosques are built on remainder scraps of land by private entities.
Dissertation/ Design Project
addition home for landowner’s family
home for landowner
builder’s insvestment in community
+ flats to rent
DIY DEVELOPMENT
SINGLE PLOT DEV
land owned by family building financed by family
land owned by developer flat owned by a differe
individual’s capability to change own built environment based on ownership
VELOPER
CORPORATE DEVELOPER
r each ent family
land owned by developer each flat owned by a different family
Dissertation/ Design Project
strategy existing commercial corridor
plan to strength commercial & community activity along these corridors plan to connect green spaces along these corridors
nodes where activity corridors will intersect, a key place to initiate development
understanding through development typologies
DIY housing
deciphering cekmekoy underused lot
w/ addition
landscaped park desire lines on greenspace mosque business bus stop schools
developer built
other/ car dealership/ office/gas station bazaar
384m
Dissertation/ Design Project
WHAT IF?
CDF is involved with the development of several plots of a neighborhood, strategically focused on central nodes
What if developers invested in neighborhoods rather than just small plots of land. By creating a network of projects within the community, the developer could capitalize on the syner of densified plot by plot development.
rgy
[community development facilitator] (CD F) a for profit entity who invests in an area over a long period of time; a broker between the community and investors
CDF identifies investor’s concerns
$ CDF identifies community’s needs
+
Urban Design can no longer afford to be a singular vision. It must be humble and soft at times. Though not always form based, urban design is not about regulations, but rather of new potentials.
Dissertation/ Design Project
Community Development Facilitator’s Tools Community bank targeting under developed residential areas, allowing for incremental growth
1-1 Development used to stimulate commercial activity along main corridor
Area initially affected by seed placed on both ends of the corridor
specify financial mechanisms in direct area of investment
Changes under th effect of the CD Tools (10 years)
he DF’s )
outside current capabilities
in 10 years building w/ new style of facade
newly designed architecture
x 11 new buildings/ additions
today
chain stores local business
people urban seed
garden
informal business
Dissertation/ Design Project
chain store popular local eatery which attracts customers outside of neighborhood
urban garden
local bakery
gathering of informal business
propane gas v low-end start
incremental chan
vendor t-up business outdoor seating
high-end coffee chain
Community bank targeting under developed residential areas, allowing for incremental growth
nge initiated by the landowners
$
mmunity/ ndowners
facilitator
community/ landowners
$+%
+
facilitators broker contract between investors and landowners. in essence it is a loan
community bank
$ investor
+
community bank
$+%
384m
facilitators broker contract between investors and landowners. in essence it is a loan
investements are more focused around seed
Dissertation/ Design Project
newly designed architecture, beyond generic city’s building capabilities of today
quicker deve of outside i
Area initiall
Ur
temporary sp uses, investme Chain of effects rise in real estate value
seed
community better qua
investment
introduce invest to the area
seed grows certain le
-foot traff -commercial -use throug
market? nightlife? food monitor seed
the popular hub of informal businesses accumulating around the urban seed has attracted the attention of a developer who builds a commercial centre to house the vendors rise in real estate value
1-1 Development community ammenities/ better quality of life
development
ly affected by
1 d
investor
investment
$
introduce investor to the area
+
FACILITATOR STRATEGY
FACILITATOR STRATEGY
investor
elopment with the help investment
$
investor selects specific site and program
in sp pr
+
community & development facilitator
community & seed grows to attract development certain level of: facilitator
rban Seed
s to attract evel of:
fic l activity ghout the day 384m 384m
ngs
community?
PROGRAM TENANTS DENSITY
TENANTS
tor
start-up/local established business global
CDF role
landowner
start-up/local established business global
adjust use or location of seed
tall buildings
ammenities/ ality of life
residential commercial community
plant seed
PROGRAM
monitor seed
landowner
residential commercial community
-foot traffic -commercial activity -use throughout the day
paces to test ent attractor
d/leisure?
used to stimulate commercial activity along main corridor 1-on-1
seed
investments are focused around seed locations, program also is dependant on seed type, lots may combine
in fo lo pr de ty lo
te lo es ne al si
tenants of combined lots are global or established businesses. start ups also occupy smaller sites
de gi ar
Dissertation/ Design Project
To deal with the macro scale of the generic city, t urban designers must shift from the hardware of arc design into the software of economic and political
Following suit, urban scale models must also addres conflicts of a site. Just as traditional architectu are used to test hypothetical spatial decisions, th multi-actor role-playing game will test the sum of spatial decisions based on a new process of develop
the role of chitecture processes.
ss the ure models his dynamic the actors pment.
“Critical phase. Black box. The architect and the urbanist, sometimes confused as partners in an ambiguous duo, sometimes as twins or warring siblings, as distant colleagues and rivals, examine the black box. They know what goes in, are amazed at what comes out...� - H. Lefebvre