Gangaur – Idols of Bikaner

Gangaur

Idols of Bikaner

Celebrating faith, craft, culture & womanhood

Shah

&

Urvi

| Toy

Game Design Guide : Carmina Fernandes & Sonal Chauhan

Copyright

2018

Digital Publication of student document

For private circulation only

Author - Urvi Shah | M.Des | Toy & Game Design | Batch 2016 National Institute of Design, India

Sources: Mentioned under the photograph Unless otherwise stated.

All rights reserved under International Copyright © 2018 convention. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any other information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author and publisher.

Gangaur

Idols of Bikaner

Celebrating faith, craft, culture & womanhood

Urvi Shah | Toy & Game Design | 2016

Guided by:

Carmina Fernandes & Sonal Chauhan

Dedicated to the innate flair of the craftsmen and the kind hearted people of Bikaner..

Deserts are calling

On an October afternoon while para-gliding over the Thar desert at Jaisalmer in Rajasthan, I was completely blown off not just literally but by the beauty and grandeur of this land. I always thought to myself that I want to appreciate the smaller details and would definitely visit the other parts of the desert state of Rajasthan.

So for the Craft documentation Project, I hence chose to come to Bikaner in Rajasthan which is known for its opulence and glory. The minute I stepped onto the Bikaner Railway station and felt the cool breeze brush my skin, the feeling was just as the winds hissed in my ears that, ”Be prepared for another enduring experience.”

“

Preface

Gangaur idols of Bikaner- Celebrating faith, craft, culture & womanhood”, is a Craft documentation project done during the 4th Semester of M.Des at National Institute of Design. This document is a compilation based on my understanding about the craft of making Gangaur idols and it is composed with the information gathered on the field by talking to people, artisans, local guides, and also by books and all the experiences encountered. This project helped me understand the origin of craft, people, rituals, lifestyle and stories of the region and craft itself. This data collection helped me relate with the people and develop awareness and sensitivity towards artisans and society in general.

The reason I chose this craft was because I had heard about Gangaur from many of my Rajasthani /Marwadi friends and the verbal description of the pomp and festivities was enough to interest me to explore this further. Also, being a woman myself, knowing that there is a festival dedicated especially for women was quite enticing and I wanted to know all about it, so I started out on this journey.

This document is about amalgamation of the women’s faith, the crafts-men’s gifted flair, the vibrant Bikaner and the celebration of womanhood.

Acknowledgment

I sincerely thank Rajkumari Sidhikumariji of Bikaner Gharana for encouraging me on documenting the craft of making Gangaur idols and giving me a direction.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards Shri. Girdharlalji Suthar and Shri Sanwarlalji Suthar and also Suryaprakashji and Chandraprakashji for letting me take a peek into the craft of making the wooden Gangaur statuettes/ idols in their prestigious work studio Shri Ishwardas Art Gallery and answering my questions and helping me with all the details associated with this craft and also letting me know about their lives and culture. I would also like to thank Shri Shiv Swamiji for allowing me to document the art of painting these beautiful idols and bringing them to life quite literally.

I would also take this as an opportunity to thank Usha Suranaji, Ishwarlal Sutharji, Kanhaiyalal Sutharji and all the other gifted craftsmen associated with this craft.

I would also thank Alka and Reena Khatri for serving me with delicious and sumptous Bikaneri food everyday during this craft documentation. I would also thank Monicaji and Raviji for letting me know about all the traditions associated with the Gangaur festival and also showing me their beautiful set of Gangaur idols and their accessories and miniature clothes and I would also take this as a chance to thank their family for the serving hot & delicious Kachoris.

I sincerely thank Bhanupratap Singhji and his mother for telling me how Gangaur is celebrated and also sharing the story of Gangaur with me.

Also, I would thank my parents and Neel Kadia for accompanying me on this adventurous journey and showering their love and unconditional support and exploring this craft together.

I would specially thank and express immense gratitude towards Rajkumarji Khatri, Inderkumarji Khatri and all the members of his lovely family for making me feel at home and being the most hospitable family especially Rahul Khatri for accompanying on the field and planning the day.

I thank Ms. Carmina Fernandes and Ms. Sonal Chauhan for being the most supportive and encouraging guides during the execution of the craft documentation. I would also thank Mr. Amit Sinha for guiding me in the research and planning phase of this documentation.

I am also really thankful to NID for keeping Craft documentation as a part of the curicullum.

Introduction

‘Gangaur idols of Bikaner- Celebrating faith, craft, culture & womanhood’ is a fusion of the women’s faith in Gangaur, another festival which is smaller, yet no less beautiful and is followed with equal spirit in Rajasthan, home to India’s storied former kingdoms and oldest palaces, and some of its surrounding states. It also celebrates the innate skills of the craftsmen, mostly a group of men who make the most beautiful statuettes/ idols especially for women. This document also speaks about the culture and tradition of this festival which is a toast to women who fast for this fortnight long festival and pray to Lord Shiv and Goddess Parvati to bless them with marital bliss. This document is also about the sacred recognition of women & their spirit. The Introduction section covers about NID and its relation with Crafts of India.

NID

National Institute of Design (NID) is one of the foremost multi-disciplinary institutions in the field of design education and research and has been internationally acclaimed for its excellence in Design education.

National Institute of Design was established in 1961 after the Government of India were presented the India Report by Charles & Ray Eames. The Indian Government with the help of the Ford Foundation set up NID and its been 5 decades since then that NID has made it a point to lay emphasis on learning and to pursue innovation led designs through the development of the mind and skills of designers.

Since NID was established one of its basic aims were to serve as an aid to the small scale industries. Craft sector since the post- independence has evolved as on the major small scale industries which supports a large chunk of the Indian economy.

NID has included the course of Craft documentation as an integral part of its education and encourages the to be designers in learning about the different crafts of India and has a vast repository of Crafts documented in last 50 years.

Gangaur idols is also one of such crafts of India and through this document I have tried to shed light on this craft which will be referred to as a tool of information and knowledge in the coming years.

Crafts of India

India is a country that is known for its heritage of culture and traditions. Crafts is one of these legacies which have been traveling through time from one generation of craftsmen to another and the mastery and inherent gift these craftsmen are blessed with makes them say, “What else will we do apart from this? All we have is this craft!”

Every state of India has a treasure of crafts within its boundaries and has created an archive for India and there is no other country like India which has such vivid and unique crafts to call their own.

The crafts of India have been respected with time and lot of efforts have been put in preserving them but even then the roots of these crafts, the craftsmen are in a decline because of multiple factors and hence we at NID are trying to document all these dying crafts before they are extinct and also trying to make people aware of them so that the craftsmen skills get recognition and respect.

At NID we are really blessed to have a chance to witness one of such crafts closely and develop the sense of consciousness towards the crafts and the communities which practice them and society in general.

Rajasthan

Rajasthan, also known as the ‘land of kings’ is the largest state of India by area and also home to the Great Indian Thar desert, located on the north western side of India. Rajasthan earlier known as Rajputana is a land rich in its culture and heritage. Rajasthan is known for ts artistic and cultural traditions that reflect the legacy of the state. The state has a distinctness of its own and stands out from the other states for its grandness in everything, be it art, craft, food, music, history etc. Rajasthan’s divine meenakari work or maybe its delicious dal baati churma, or maybe its classic ghoomar dance or its padharo mhaare desh , all of these will have its own mark on us. Rajasthan is like a mother of all the greatest and unique children whose memories and experiences we can always cherish.

How to Reach

Bikaner is well connceted to other locations by Rail, Road & Air.

Nearest Airport is Jodhpur.

Bikaner

Bikaner Junction is the nearest Railway station and has trains well connected to major cities. Bikaner is connected to most of the state highways and buses are also available.

Bikaner, the famous dusty yet vibrant city in the northwest side of Rajasthan, established by Rao Bika is about 316 kms from the capital city Jaipur, 240 kms from the blue city Jodhpur and 330 kms from golden city Jaisalmer. One of the earlier established cities, Bikaner still exhibits its archaic abundance through palaces and chateaux, built of red sandstone, that have withstood the passage of time.

Bikaner was established on Akhatreej also known as AkshayaTritiya and have been celebrating this foundation day by flying kites and eating Bikaneri foods since 526 years. According to Census 2011 information of Bikaner, the population of this city is 23,67,745, which is roughly equal to the US State of New Mexico in the area of 30247.90 sq. kms. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 41.42%. Bikaner has a sex ratio of 903 females for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 65.92%.

The culture and cuisines of Bikaner are also the source of attraction for the guests visiting India from far flung regions. The top attractions in Bikaner include the Junagarh Fort, Laxmi Niwas Palace, Lalgarh Palace, and Bhandasar Jain Temple, Rampuria Havelis among others. The art and architecture also reflect the ethnicity and intricate detailing that prevailed during the time of royals of India. The snacks, sweets, handicrafts and artifacts are also some of the distinguished attributes of Bikaner.

Bikaner is bounded by Ganganagar to the north, Hanumangarh to the northeast, Churu to the east, Nagaur to the southeast, Jodhpur to the south, Jaisalmer to the southwest, and Punjab Province of Pakistan to the northwest. Since, Bikaner lies in the Thar Desert, the Indira Gandhi Canal, also known as the Rajasthan Canal, runs through Bikaner from northeast to southwest, providing irrigation water for the district.

History

The inception of Bikaner can be outlined back to 1488 when a Rathore prince, Rao Bikaji, founded the kingdom. The saga has it that Bikaji, one of Rao Jodhaji’s five sons, left his father’s Durbar in rage after a derogatory remark from his father, the eminent founder of Jodhpur. Bikaji travelled far and when he came upon the wilderness called Jangladesh , he decided to set up his own kingdom and transformed it into an extravagant & beautiful city.

It is said that when he arrived in the now Bikaner area it was possessed by seven Jat cantons namely Sihag, Dhaka, Punia, Godara, Sran, Beniwal, Johiya & Kaswan . To carve out the space for his capital Rao Bika used the mutual rivalry in between Jat communities. The spot which he wanted for his capital was the birthright of Nehra Jat who would only give it away for the purpose if his name would be linked to the perpetuity with its surrender. ‘Naira’ or ‘Nera’ was the name of the proprietor which he added to his own and thus formulated the existing name ‘ Bikaner.’

Located in the Thar Desert, Bikaner was considered an oasis on the trade route between Central Asia and the Gujarat coast as it had adequate spring water. Bika’s name was attached to the city he built and to the state of Bikaner.

It is said that around a century after Rao Bika, Bikaner flourished under the sixth descender of the throne Raja Rai Singhji and also in his presence the Junagrah fort came into existence, as he was an expert in arts and architecture and his knowledge is reflected in all the small details of the Junagarh Fort. He had accepted the dominion of the Mughals and held a high rank as an army general at the court of the Emperor Akbar and his son the Emperor Jahangir. Rai Singh’s successful military exploits, which involved winning half of Mewar kingdom for the Empire, won him accolades iand rewards from the Mughal emperors. He was given the jagirs of Gujarat and Burhanpur.

Many descendents came and ruled as the Rajas and another famous Raja Bikaner speaks of is Maharaja Surat Singhji after whom the princely state of Bikaner came under the sovereignity of the Britishers. After a few decades came Maharaja Ganga Singhji who was the best- known princes of the state and also the favorite British Viceroys. Ganga Singhji’s grandson Karni Singhji was the last Raja of Bikaner as after 1971 all the royal titles were abolished by the Republic of India. Her grand daughter Siddhikumariji still remains the royal descendent and is also a famous MLA in Bikaner.

Geography

Bikaner is very close to the Great Indian Thar Desert and is also situated to the north of Jaisalmer. Bikaner has the geographical location between 27º11’ and 29º3’ North Latitude and 71º54 and 74º12’ East Longitudes.

To the north of Bikaner is Shri-Ganganagar, to the northeast is Hanumangarh, to the east is Churu, to the southeast is Nagaur, to the south is Jodhpur, Jaisalmer in southwest and Pakistan to the west.

Climate

Bikaner is spread over an area of 30247 Sq. km and is divided into 8 tehsils namely Chattargarh, Bikaner, Khajuwala, Kolayat, Lunkaransar, Nokha, Pooga and Shridungargarh. Bikaner is situated at an average altitude of 797 feet. The city of Bikaner lies within the Western Desert Region of the state of Rajasthan . The scarcity of water has effected the vegetation of the area. Similar to other desert areas, mostly cactus and thorny bushes grow in this region. The soil type of the area is basically alkaline. Saline soil with calcareous base is also seen in Bikaner. Some seasonal dwarf trees, few types of shrubs and grasses also grow here.

Bikaner witnesses extreme temperatures. The summer season in Bikaner begins with the month of March and it ends with June. The temperature during this season ranges between 28°C to 46°C. Hot winds and dust storms further add to the heat. So, the weather during this season remains hot and humid. Bikaner receives average amount of rainfall in the range of 260–440 millimetres (10–17 in) in the monsoon season which begins from July and lasts till November. The weather remains humid during this time of the year. During the winter season, the temperature in Bikaner hovers around 4°C and 23°C. The weather remains cool and pleasant from December to February. However, the best time to visit the place is from October to March when the weather remains cool and pleasant.

Agriculture in this part of Rajasthan includes few Rabi and Kharif crops like wheat, mustard, Bajra and pulses.

Flora & Fauna

The historical city of Bikaner is known all over the world for its renowned heritage and culture but it also houses one of the best flora & fauna the world has ever seen. Bikaner is popularly called as the camel country because its abundant population of camels, which are largely found and bred here.

Bikaner boasts the rarest collection of species which are kept in protection in the Gajner Wildlife sanctuary. Gajner Wildlife Sanctuary is situated approximately 32 kilometers from Bikaner in the state of Rajasthan and one of the most favored tourist destinations for nature lovers. The sanctuary is home to a large number of species of wild animals but the unique factor that drives tourists to this place is that they can watch these species in their natural element and surroundings. The experience is quite different from watching wild animals in a zoo with their movements severely restricted with cages.

Species such as wild fowls, deer, antelopes, nilgais , chinkaras, black bucks, desert foxes and wild boars are some of the common species that can be spotted in the desert forest. One could also see a large variety of migratory birds, especially during the winter season. The most common tree found in the district is Khejra andother trees are Rohira , Ber , and Jal . Some other trees found in area are Shisham Ber , Pipal , and Siris etc.

Economy

Bikaner economy has an adaptablle character that is dependent on several key external forces. Agriculture in Bikaner is a primary sector of the economy and contributes largely to the city’s net revenue. Agriculture also happens to be a means of subsistence of the majority of Bikaner’s populace. The economy of Bikaner district is mainly dependent on agriculture as 61.1 percent workers in the district are either cultivators or agricultural labourers. Water is a major area of concern in the dessicated terrains of northwest. The water for irrigation comes from wells and tanks. The Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates northwestern Rajasthan.

up to 30 meters thick and of the best quality available in India. Simultaneously impure lime stone is excavated all over the district. Glass sand is found near Madh and lignite is available at various places in kolayat tehsil and Palana. Sand stone lime stone, Bajri and grit and Kankar are the main building materials found in the district.

The local canals account for the city’s irrigation. The principal crops that are cultivated in Bikaner include millets, barley and wheat that can survive under harsh and unfavorable physical conditions. Almost the entire district is devoid of rock exposures except near Kolayat and at a few places in the southern parts of Nokha and Dulmera. The district Bikaner is thus vast sandy tracks except Kolayat are covered with sand of Rock locally known as “ Magra ” are found is parts Kolayat tehsil. Also, various types of sand stone, clay and lime stone are found at different levels. Fuller’s earth viz Mulatani Miti, Clay lignite and gypsum, white clay, yellow ochre and grit and important economic minerals being produced in the district. Gypsum beds

The small scale industries came into the limelight in the early eighties and the advances were achieved towards the end of the eighties. Industries based on agricultural products, wool, chemicals and ceramics began in this period. Bikaner is known to be the biggest woolen mart in India as well as all over Asia. The city has acted as a centre of trade for the last 185 years. The wool is utilized for various things like manufacturing high quality carpets, woolen garments, furnishing items and more. Most of the weaving work was done by the inmates at the Bikaner jail and it is still famous for carpet weaving.

Bikaner is world famous for the bhujia and papad . For a normal Indian, the term bhujia is directly proportional to Bikaner and one can easily make a connection between the two. The tasteful Rajasthani food can never be complete without bhujia , which is a namkeen made with the strength of arm. You can find plenty of small and big units making bhujia and papad that generate employment for thousands of people.

Culture & Lifestyle

The real cultural wealth of Bikaner lies in its simplicity and grace. The people of Bikaner believe in one motto which is ‘ सूर्यास्त मधुर मस्त’ (Suryast madhur mast) which means as the sun sets everyone become pleasant & delighted. One can see people working hard during the day but later in the evening you will see people gathered at the chowks and chitchatting with each other. The scenario feels slightly intoxicated where people are in a jovial mood and enjoying each other’s company.

and tradititions of folk life of Bikaner are reflected in it’s

Rammats . People give free expressions to their feelings of pleasures and pains in Rammats . Rammat has come down from early nineteenth century as one of the most popular forms of entertainments. It has it’s own narration, style and methods of presentation. Several Rammats have been standardized as the monopolized presentation of different mohallas in Bikaner.

The regions love for color and joyous celebrations is proved by elaborate rituals and the numerous fairs and festivals of the region. In addition to the festivals celebrated by the Hindus, Muslims and the others ,there are also other traditional fairs.

The tradition of folk dance in Bikaner region is very old. It commenced long before the inception of Rathore dynasty in Bikaner and flourished as the time passed culminating in rich and varied styles of popular dances. The famous dances of ladies are ‘Ghumar’, ‘Saluda’, ‘Bhav’ , and ‘Mataki’ , while men perform ‘Ger’, ‘Patta ’, ‘Tandava’ and ‘ Pisach ’ dances gaily and gleefully on different occasions. A community in this town called “ Jasnathis ” perform something called the “Fire-Dance”.

As the name implies, they literally dance with fire accompanied by the thrilling beat of drums. The tastes

People in modern Bikaner region are also known for their pleasure and contentment. The local language is Rajasthani. Now, people have also started conversing in Hindi and English considering the tourism in the area.

People

The people of Bikaner includes both Hindus & Muslims and are living in harmony. They respect their culture and tradition very fiercely. All the people have great closeness to their festivals and celebrate every occasion with happiness and content. They are the most hospitable & gracious hosts to the travellers that come to this city from around the globe. Bikaner is a land of vibrant colours and true to this, both men and women dress in colourful and traditional attire. The older women are mostly in Ghagra and Choli and their heads are covered with dupattas and the older men are mostly in dhoti and kurta and sport a colorful turban on their heads. The younger generation is seen in casual western clothes.

Religion

Hinduism is majority religion in Bikaner city with 78.67 % followers. Islam is second most popular religion in city of Bikaner with approximately 17.27 % following it. In Bikaner city, Christinity is followed by 0.20 %, Jainism by 2.97 %, Sikhism by 0.73 % and Buddhism by 0.73 %. Even with its religious diversity, people live together in peace and harmony.

Homes

Bikaner has many famous Havelis in its narrow lanes which exhibit amazing architecture and heritage of Bikaner. The most famous one is Rampuria Haveli, constructed in 15th Century and also titled as the ‘ Pride of Bikaner’ a standing example of antiquity and grandeur. Many stories state that years ago the region had Parkota system. The lower and ordinary class of people used to live outside the Parkota and the Royal family and the affluent families lived inside of the Parkotas. But now things seem to be changed and the modern homes can be seen outside the city.

There are many Mohallas in Bikaner such as Chaukunti Mohalla , Thantheron Ka Mohalla , Sutharon ka mohalla , Sonaron ki gavar, Joshiwara , Dagon Ka Mohalla , Uston ka Mohalla, Kote Gate, etc, The various communities based on occupations still live close knit and together in one locality.

Every Mohalla also has it’s uniqueness and there are also four famous gates in Bikaner like the Kote gate, Jasosar Gate, Vishwakarma Gate & Goga Gate.

Bikaneri Food consists of lot of namkeen and variety of sweets. The staple food also consists of milk products used to add richness and taste to lot of food items. Kachoris can be spotted everywhere, right from households to streets, its like the vadapav of Mumbai, people hog on Kachoris at any time of the day. Also the Bhujia is produced on a large scale in Bikaner, similar is the case of Papads. Bikaner also offers the traditional Dal Bati Churma, Gatte ki sabzi, Ghevar, Rabdi, Phirni, Khata, Pakodi & Rasmalai. Also all the food items are covered in Ghee. Also there is the famous Sohan Halva. Also, if one is near the Junagarh fort, the Patiala chaat is not worth missing.

The meals are generally served in a Thaal and some families also share their meals and eat together in one thaal. This is a practice which builts brotherhood and love among one other. Also the typical day begins with Kesar Doodh.

Attractions

Festivals

Bikaner has a lot to offer tourists. Right from the history of the Rajputs ,, to the Havelis, to the temples, to the museums and a lot from the bygone era. One can experience the richness and hospitality everywhere. The most famous attraction is the Junagarh Fort. Also the Lalgarh Fort also having another wing named as the Laxmi Nivas Palace is one of the major tourist attractions. The famous Karni Mata temple of Deshnoke, also known as the Rat temple is located in Bikaner. The Kote gate is one of the most famous shopping areas of Bikaner. Bikaner is also known for its large, magnanimous, extravagant Havelis complete with intricate details of jharokas and carvings, these havelis are no less than palaces. The Rampuria Haveli is one of such famous examples which can leave one spellbound

.A brilliant mosaic of ancient traditions, festivals in Bikaner bring to fore the enchanting past and heartwarming legends associated with religious occasions. The most famous festival in Bikaner is the Camel Festival which is held every year and is organised by the Tourism Department of the State. It is dedicated to the camels that have to survive in the harsh desert conditions. Since Bikaner is the only camel-breeding region, the festival is celebrated with a lot of zeal. There are other smaller festivals such as Karni Mata Fair, Kapil Muni.

The other places worth visiting in Bikaner are Salasar temple, Vaishavdham, Chota Kashi, Dharmik Nagri, Gazer Palace, Laxminathji temple, Bhandaasar Jain Temple, Shivbaadi mandir & Gajner Wildlife Sanctuary.

But, the most extravagant of all festivals of this region is Gangaur. An 18-day festival, Gangaur is celebrated in the Chaitra month (March) every year. According to the Hindu calendar, this month starts the New Year for Hindus. This month also marks the end of winter season and the beginning of summers.

Gangaur

Gangaur ( गणगौर) is one of the most popular, colourful and important festival for people of Rajasthan and it is observed throughout the state with great enthusiasm and devotion by womenfolk. The festival is the celebration of monsoon, harvest and martial fidelity. Women worship Gauri, the consort of Lord Shiva. The word ‘Gangaur’ is literally made up of two words, ‘Gana’ and ‘Gaur’. ‘Gana’ is synonymous with Lord Shiva and ‘Gaur’ which stands for Gauri or Parvati symbolizes Saubhagya (marital bliss). Gauri is the personification of excellence and marital love. Gauri personifies the ideal wife, embodying purity and austerity.

Story/ Origin

Once Lord Shankar and Parvatiji came out to tour with Narada. On the way, they reached a village on the day of Chaitra Shukla Tritiya. Upon hearing the news of their arrival, the village’s elite elite women started making delicious food for their reception. Preparing the food took a lot more time then expected however the women of the lower class reached to offer prayers before the women of the highest could. By accepting their worship, Parvatiji sprayed all the juice of marital bliss on them. They returned after receiving the boon of achieving marital bliss and happiness forever. After this, the women of the upper class came to worship Gauriji and Shankarji. Made of gold and silver, there were various types of substances in their trays.

Seeing those women, Lord Shankar said to Parvatiji: ‘You gave all the juice of marital bliss only to the women of the ordinary family. Now what will they give these women? Parvatiji replied - ‘Dear husband! You do not worry about it. I have only given those women the juice made from superficial material. But I will give my blood to the women of these high castes. This happiness, which will fall in their fate, will be very fortunate like me. When the women finished worship, Parvati jerked her finger and sprinkled on them. According to the drop of blood which fell on these women, similar is the amount of marital bliss showered on them.

After this, Lord Shiva, according to the order, Parvati bathed on the river and started worshiping the sand idol of Lord Shiva. After worship, she made a dish of sand and offer Shivji. After finishing the tilak on the forehead with the soil of the river bank, she offered the two grains of sand to the idol she had made. Parvatiji while doing all this, took a lot of time. After a while, when she returned, Mahadevji asked her the reason for her delayed arrival.

In her reply, Parvatiji lied that her maternal family had got there and she got late because she was talking to them. But Lord Shiv knew that Parvatiji was making up a story and he wanted to have some more fun on this so he enquired again, “Parvati! What did you enjoy by worshiping on the bank of river and what all did you eat? “Husband! Parvatiji lied again- ‘My sisterin-law fed me milk and rice. After eating it I directly came here‘ Upon hearing this, Shivji insisted on going towards river bank in the greed of eating milk and rice. Parvati was in a dilemma. Then he quietly meditated to the Lord and prayed - Lord! If I’m your exclusive one, then keep me away from embarrassment . While praying, Parvati ji kept praying to Lord Shiva in her mind. They saw magical palace on the banks of the river. After reaching inside the palace, they see that there is presence of Shivji’s brother-in-law and sister-in-law. He welcomed Gauri and Shankar. They stayed there for two days.On the third day, Parvatiji asked Shivji if they could leave, but Shiva was not ready. He wanted to stay but hearing this Parvatiji became furiou and walked alone

and walked alone but Lord Shiva had to give in and accompanied Parvatiji. Naradji also walked together. The Sun was setting and suddenly Lord Shankar said to Parvatiji - ‘I have forgotten my garland in your maternal house.’ ’Okay, I will get it.’ - Parvatiji said and went ahead to take it. But Shivji commanded that she will not go and sent Brahmaputra Narada instead for this work. But when there, Narada did not see any palace. But he saw a forest, in which the violent animals were roaming around, Naradaji started wandering there and started thinking that he had not come to any wrong place. But out of nowhere the lightning struck and Naradaji saw Shivji’s garland hanging on a tree. Naradaji took the garland and reached Shivji and explained him the incident. Shivaji laughed and said- “Narada! This is Parvati’s magic.” Parvati was shocked and she questioned “Am I worthy?”. Then Naradji bowed his head and said, “Mother! You are the power in universe . You are the superpower for this society. All this is the effect of your dedication towards your husband. The women of the world can only attain good fortune by taking your name and confidential worship is more powerful and meaningful. I am very happy to see your feeling and miraculous power. As a blessing, I say that women who will secretly pray for their husbands secretly, they will get a long life for thier husband by Mahadevji’s grace.

How is it celebrated?

Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati are worshiped in this festival of Gangaur. This festival is specifically meant for women folks. The unmarried women worship Gauri for blessing them with good husband, while married women do so for the welfare, health and longevity of their husbands and cheerful married life. According to legend, these are the days on which Gauri goes back to her parents home for a few days, until her husband comes to collect her and take her back to their marital home. The departure is marked with colourfully bedecked processions trooping through the streets to the sound of drums. Each city puts its own spin on it, with women lining up on the shores of Lakes in their finest clothes to set off fireworks and as a boat procession moves down the water. In some places the women sing as they carry water and grass in brass pots. also some places there is a winding procession that moves through the city with elephants, horses, folk artists, palanquins and chariots in tow. The festival begins with wooden idols of the godly couple being installed and decorated in every home. Wheat grains are sown in small earthen pots, the grass from which is later used in the rituals.

unmarried women also restrict themselves to one meal a day in the hope of finding a good match. On the second day, known as Sinjara presents arrive from the daughter-in-law’s parents ranging from sweets to clothes and jewellery.

Women and girls observe fast during this festive time and eat only once in a day. Idols of Gauri and Isar (Lord Shiva) are made with the wood and decorated very beautifully. On the other hand, in some of the Rajput families, images are made of clay on the walls every year before the festival they are painted by the famous painters who are called as ‘Matherans’. Women and girls, during the festival, wear new dresses, adorn themselves with jewellery and make designs on their palms and feet by applying mehandi (henna). On the 7th day evening girls carry ‘ghudilas’, which are pots with many holes inside which a lamp is lit, on their heads. They sing songs of Gangaur and are given gifts in the form of money, ghee, sweets, jaggery, etc. by the elders of the family as a token of love.

While newly married women fast for the entire 18 days for the health of their husbands and their marriage,

Why is it celebrated?

The unmarried women worship Gauriji for being blessed with a good husband, while married women do so for the welfare, health and long life of their husbands and for a happy married life. But mainly, this festival is held in the honour of Goddess Parvati as she is regarded as the epitome of marital love, strength, courage, power and excellence. Gangaur is the biggest celebration of faith and family harmony in Rajasthan. In this festival of Gana (Shiva) and Gaur (Parvati), the unmarried girls wish to get the desired husbands. Married women wish for longevity of their husband by worshiping and fasting from Chaitra Shukla Tritiya.The festival is rejoiced in the month of Chaitra, the first month of the Hindu calendar and falls in between March and

April, according to Gregorian calendar. It begins on the very first day Chaitra month, the day after Holi and is celebrated for 18 days. Also, it marks the end of winter season and the coming of spring season. Folk songs sung in the worship of Gangaur are the soul of this unique festival. This festival is worshiped through the songs of Gauriji’s and Isar’s elder sister and brother-in-law, and after those songs, they are named after their families. In many states of Rajasthan, Gangaur Poojan is also popular as a necessary marriage ceremony. In Gangaur

Pooja, the girls and women insist on their good fortune, prosperity of their peers and in-laws and every year from Gangaur to come again.

Significance of the practice

According to Hindu scriptures, Goddess Gauri is the embodiment of austere penance and with her deep devotion she won Lord Shiva as her consort. She took birth on earth in the form of King Daksha’s Daughter Sati. Bewitched with the charm of Lord Shiva as a maiden, she started meditating to beget Lord Shiva in the form of her husband. Immensely pleased by her penance, Lord Shiva appeared before her. According to some legends, Goddess Sati got married to Lord Shiva on the auspicious day of the Tritiya of Shukla Paksha. Even in her second birth as Parvati, she observed an even tougher penance, renouncing all material comforts that came to her as a princess and headed to the forest to meditate like a sage. She meditated for years, not

consuming a single grain of food or water. She braved storms, rains, and droughts to finally attain Lord Shiva as her consort. Hence, Gangaur is celebrated by married women for the welfare and long life of their husbands and a happy marital life and also by unmarried women who wish to seek a compatible husband. is celebrated on the third day of the Shukla Paksha or the waxing phase of the moon in the Chaitra Month, marking the annunciation of the Gangaur festival. The day is dedicated to the worship of Goddess Gauri or Parvati (an avatar of Goddess Shakti). The divine couple of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati are worshiped by a number of devotees on this auspicious day.

Beliefs & Rituals

During 18-day long celebration of Gangaur, women from every parts of Rajasthan keep fast, worship the wooden idols of goddess Parvati and follow other rituals. Their core belief lies in the fact that- due to goddess Parvati’s blessings upon them, they will also enjoy a life full of marital bliss and their husbands will remain hale and hearty forever. In this respect, Gangaur has similarities with other such festivals of India- like Karwa Chauth in North India and Savitri Puja in southern parts of the country, where women perform puja and fasting for the longevity of their husbands.

folk of the household prepare ghewar with much care, go near a well as a part of the ritual, offer the sweet dish as a Prasad to goddess Parvati, and then distribute it among family members. They spend their days gathered together singing & dancing on traditional songs to keep their minds off their empty stomach. Women also perform puja with Wheat grass/ jawara in the pots.

It is believed that centuries ago , Gangaur festival used to resemble a ground of swayamvar or a place where people from opposite sexes could mingle with each other and ultimately select the life-partners of their likes.

Ghewar is one of the symbols that could be associated with the festival of Gangaur. During the period of celebration, ghewar is being made in every household that is taking part in the puja and then offered to goddess Parvati. In Hindu mythology, during the month of Chaitra, goddess Parvati used to visit her parental home from Kailash. As a mark of respect and adoration to Parvati, her female friends made various sweet dishes including ghewar- upon her stay. Right now, women

Unmarried girls begin the worship of Gangaur by smearing some cowdung paste on the floor and making pictures with white sand. Upto the 7th day of Gangaur they make a picture of Gauri, Isar and their child on this floor and they collect the sand in their ghulidas. They collect small presents of cash, sweets, jaggery, ghee, oil etc. this continues for 10 days i.e. up to the conclusion of the Gangaur festival when the girls break their pots and throw the debris into the well or a tank and enjoys a feast with the collection made. The ladies decorate their hands and feet by drawing designs with Mehndi.

The festival reaches its climax during the last three days. The images of Gauri and Isar are dressed in new garments especially made for the occasion. At an auspicious hour in the afternoon, a procession is taken out to a garden, bawdi or johad or well with the images of Isar and Gauri, placed on the heads of married women. Songs are sung about the departure of Gauri to her husband’s house.

The Craft

Traditionally the women performing the Gangaur puja used to bring clay from the Holika dehen and use it to create the idols for Gauri, Isar & Bahiya. But now, wooden idols have replaced the clay idols in most of the homes and these idols are the ones which women now use to pray during Gangaur. The set is like a customised one made especially for these women and they can dress and decorate it in a way they like and the Gauri doll actually resembles the owner and the Isarji is her imagination of her ideal husband and life partner. The wooden idols in Bikaner are made by the Suthar community and painted by the Matheran community. There are various styles of idols, in various sizes and the price range defers accordingly. The unique feature of this craft is that the end user of the product is the women but strangely no woman is actually involved in the making. It is mostly the men who craft these idols out of wood and very rarely one can spot a female in the making process.

Craftsmen/ People/ Community

The two communities involved in this craft are the Suthar and the Matheran community. The Suthar or Sutar is a Hindu caste within the Vishwakarma community of India. Their traditional occupation is that of carpentry. Vishwakarma is personification of creation and the abstract form of the creator God according to the Rigveda. He is the presiding deity of all Vishwakarma caste, engineers, artisans and architects. He is believed to be the “Principal Architect of the Universe” and the root concept of the later Upanishadic figures of Brahman and Purusha.

The Suthars have been making the Gangaur idols from decades now and the Matheran Painters have been painting these idols since then. The entire community of Suthars are traditional involved in wood carving and these skills have been passed down from one generation to another. They reside in the Sutharon ka Mohalla and Matheran Chowk .

Craftsmen Profiles

1. Shri. Girdharlalji Suthar - Girdharlalji has been working with wood since 30 to 35 years now and he learnt this craftsmanship from his Grandfather, Late. Shri Ishwardasji Suthar. He has studied in school till his 9th Grade and then left the school to pursue his career as wood worker. He has a younger brother who is also trained in this area and makes the Gangaur idols as well. They run a workshop/ gallery/ studio named Shri Ishwardas Art Gallery inside the Vishwakarma gate in Bikaner. His elder son Suraj is involved in the business but younger son Chandra is studying and particippates only when he has the time.

2. Shri. Sanwarlalji Suthar- Sanwarlalji is Girdharlalji’s younger sibling and has been working as a wood crafter since 10 to 15 years now and was trained by his elder brother. He has also studied till his 10th grade. Sanwarlalji also showed me the process of making the Gangaur idols and his skills were really extraordinary and the way he handled the material spoke about his love for his work. He also works within the workshop/ gallery/ studio named Shri Ishwardas Art Gallery inside the Vishwakarma gate in Bikaner. They start making the Gangaur idols after October and only make them based on orders now. Initially they did make idols in larger numbers but now they have alternate ways to run their business and only during the Gangaur season they craft these idols. This year they were making 20-25 idols which were orders placed in advance.

Craftsmen Profiles

3. Surajprakash Suthar - Suraj is working with wood craft since a few years now after he finished his 12th Grade. Although he wants to take this forward and not spend his time and energy on hand work and so he specializes in CNC machining and has a CNC installed in the studio as well and he makes wall/ door panels in wood using this technique.

4. Chandraprakash Suthar- Chandra is pursuing his B.A and is in the first year of his degree and wants to focus on his studies and he just spends his leisure time in the workshop but his interest area is elsewhere.

Craftsmen Profiles

5. Shri. Shiv Swami- Shiv Swamiji has studied MFA from the Rajasthan School of Art in Jaipur and he is the painter who gives life to Sanwarlalji Suthar’s Gangaur idols by painting it so beautifully that you can literally feel that the doll can come to life at any moment. He says that his interest towards art has been since school days as he was blessed to have the guidance of a wonderful art teacher and also he took this up as a career choice and finished his education and in 2004 he joined Mahivir Swamiji, a very famous Miniature painting artist and also dwelged into miniature painting art of Bikaner. Sanwarlalji is his friend ans so he paints the Gangaur idols he makes during Gangaur season. Also, he conducts art classes regulary for children and also goes to some schools to teach art.

Craftsmen Profiles

6. Usha Surana - Ushaji paints the Gangaur idols at her mother’s workshop in Matherna chowk and helps her brother in his business. She has been painting the idols since she was 13 years old and she enjoys painting them. She is a housewife otherwise but in afternoons, during the season time, she likes to spend her time at the workshop.

7. Kanhiyalalji Suthar- Kanhiyalalji Suthar is a craftsmen who dedicatedly works on making Gangaur idols all through the year and has been doing so since past 15 years. He is one of the few craftsmen who makes the wooden doll and also paints them.

Workspace

The master craftsman I worked with was Sanwarlalji Suthar and his workspace was the Ishwardas Art Gallery at Vishwakarma gate in Bikaner. Also another master painter, Shiv Swamiji had his own unique space of working. Major difference in the two spaces was that Sanwarlalji’s studio was a space where he would sit with his work object with all the things he would need kept at an arm’s distance and his space was near the window where he would observe the passersby and viceversa and they even stopped by at times. But the workspace had natural light coming in and did not need artificial lighting in the day atleast and Sanwarlalji did all the intricate work sitting in one place. Whereas Shiv Swamiji’s workspace was quiet, damp and also did not have a window. The dampness could be because the studio was not whitewashed or pakka. It had the raw feel to it and also would add as an advantage as the dampness would let the paints stay longer without drying out and the quietness would help him work without any distractions. Even Shiv Swamiji’s tools were not very far from him.

Making the idols

The idols take up to 10-15 days to be made completely ready for delivery. Sanwarlalji Suthar showed me the process of carving the idols in wood and Shiv Swamiji showed me the painting process of these Gangaur idols. The wood carving of the idols majorly use different types of Chisels and Gouges and a strong mallet and using the Chisel in one hand with the mallet in another hand is the way the craftsman carved the idol. There are additional tools such as vice, rough files and sandpapers used apart from the chisels, gouges and mallets.

Wood Carving Tools

Thaapi - Mallet

Reti - Rough File

Seeli - Grind stone

Shaar Kabani- Hand held drill

Batlari- Fish Tail Chisel

Navla - Straight Gouge Chisel

Patassi- Straignt Chisel

Painting Tools

The painting of the idols is a 4-5 day long process where in Shiv Swamiji uses different kinds of brushes Flat and Round and sandpapers. There is also a rough cotton cloth used to wipe the brushes and also a plastic pallette to put some oil paint for shading and also a spare container for poring water for sanding.

Brushes

Pallette

Kapda - Cloth

Rejmar- Sandpaper

Raw Materials

Wood work

The materials used in the word carving was just the block of wood which is called as Sagwan Wood which is also known as Teak wood.

Painting work

Wood work Process

Making the body of the Gangaur Idol

Sagwan wood block is cut into a smaller block and then Sanwarlalji demonstrated the further process of transforming a wooden block into a beautiful wooden idol. The process of carving takes about 5-6 days.

Step 1: The work area is marked on the block using a ball point pen

Step 2: Tracing the ferma / stencil of the side profile of the idol over the wooden block

Step 3: Cutting the side profile on the wooden plank using a jigsaw cutter.

Step 4: Tracing the ferma / stencil of the front profile of the idol over the already cut side profile wooden block.

Step 5: Carving the chest and the other frontal details of the body using the Patassi.

Step 6: Carving the shape of the face using the Navla

Step 7 : Drawing the facial features using a ball point pen.

Step 8: Carving the basic facial features using the Batlari & Thaapi.

Step 9: Carving out the basic shape for the eye using Batlari & Thaapi.

Step 10: Sharpening the nose area with the Batlari & Thaapi.

Step 11: Removing the uneveness of the wood by using Patassi.

Step 12: Further the same process is repeated until the basic structure of the face is carved out.

Step 13: Drawing the shape of the eye & eyelids on the circular area defined for the eyes

Step 14: Carving the shape of the eyes using the Navla.

Step 15 : Drawing the other side of the eye after one eye is carved out.

Step 16 : Sharpening all the basic facial features and body including feet is done using the Navla, Btlaari, Patassi & Thaapi to achieve the elegance and gracefulness and then finsihing done using Reti & Rejmar.

Making the hands of the Gangaur Idol

A small cube is cut out in Sagwan wood and then the ferma of the hand is used to trace the side and front profile of the left and right hands. Then the jigsaw cutter is used to cut out the basic shape of the hand and then carving of the hands is done. Each set of hands take around two hours to be carved from scratch to finish. Step

Making the arms & hair of the Gangaur Idol

Sagwan wood block is cut into a smaller block and then the ferma of the arms is traced onto the block and then it is cut using the jigsaw cutter. After the form is achieved then carving is done using the patassi, navla, batlari & thaapi. The arms are then finished using the Reti & Rejmar just like other parts.

Sagwan wood block is cut and the front and side ferma of the braid is traced onto the block and then the outer shape is cut using the jigsaw cutter. After that each section of the braid is carved using the patassi, navla, batlari & thaapi. The hairstyle is then finished using the Reti & Rejmar just like other parts.

Fixing the arms & hair onto the body of the Gangaur Idol

Step 1: Chiping off the extra and uneven portions around the shoulder to get a clean and even surface using Patassi.

Step 2 :Cleaning the areas around the neck and nape area using Patassi.

Step 3 :Finishing using the Reti .

Step 4 :Drilling a hole into the centre portion of the shoulder using

Step 4 :Attaching the arms to the body using a screw.

Step 5 :Fixing the Hair to the head using a screw.

Shaar Kaban i.

Painting & Finishing Process

The process was divided into five major segments which included Primer, Putty, Sanding, Painting and Lacquering. Shiv

Swamiji demonstrated the method of Painting & Finishing while giving life to a beautiful doll.

Step 1: Applying Primer and allowing it to dry for 12 hours.

Step 2: After it dries applying the layer of putty prepared earlier.

Step 3: The Rejmar to be soaked in water for sometime

Step 4: Sanding the idol using the wet Rejmar till it is smooth and shiny.

Step 5: Preparing the oil paint according to the number of dolls to be pain

Step 6: Painting the doll after it dries off completely applying varnish with brush.

Cultural Significance

Gangaur is celeberated all over India by the Rajasthani /Marwadi people. But the cultural relevance this festival has in Rajasthan is completely different. In Urban cities, the festival is celebrated in four walls of the home by women and for them the idol does not have much significance. There are many homes in other parts of India who would offer the prayers to the photo of Shivji & Parvati as they do not have the time and place for organising the puja in their homes. So, for Bikaner and its people or for the people anywhere in Rajasthan this festival is not just a mandate, they enjoy the festivities and they find pleasure in decorating the idols and doing the puja. Gangaur is a celebration of the faith of the women for believing that by performing the puja, their married life will be filled with happiness and bliss. Gangaur’s significance is really high for the craftsman who depends on this season of the year for his livelihood and income. In Rajasthan, the cultural significance of this festival is much more than it comes across. It is a festival that celebrates the power of a woman and its a festival dedicated to women in this patriarchal society. The best part of it is that it takes a man or maybe multiple craftsmen to create something that will mean everything for a woman during Gangaur and through he lifetime till she retains the idol with her.

Evolution

The craft of making the Gangaur idols has evolved tremendously over the span of time. Earlier, the women used to get clay from the ashes of the Holika Dehen & make the idols out of it each year. After the span of 18 days they used to immerse these idols in the well/ lake. Again, for the next Gangaur they would repeat the same process again. Now, as the new generation has come into the picture, it has given rise to the whole new craft which has been written about in this document. With the evolution of time, there was a need for this craft of making wooden idols to be evolved because women did not have that much patience and time to create new dolls each year and they also wanted something new, which would be more realistic and customized according to their requirement, with which they could be creative while decorating and enjoy the festival more. Also, with these wooden idols the water pollution has reduced and now people have started reusing everything right from the clothes to the accessories and are not minding it. The craftsmen have also evolved with time. The craftsmen who would be otherwise making 100-150 dolls per year are now only making dolls as per the orders they receive in advance before the festival commences. They have other sources of income and they do not focus as much as they used to earlier. But there are a few craftsmen who even with great difficulty of sustaining themselves are still making the idols through the year.

Cost

The cost of the idol ranges from Rs. 300/- to Rs. 15000/- depending on a craftsmen to another. The cost is highly dependent on the size, amount of detailing and also the market. Sanwarlalji makes the idols only based on orders while lot of other craftsmen make the idols in bulk and start selling them in the market during the season.

Distribution

The distribution and sales of these idols is also again dependent on the craftsmen. Lot of craftsmen display the idols outside the workshop in Matherna Chowk while lot of them also sell them near the main markets.

Opportunities

Since the craft has already started becoming commercial and holds sentimental value in the heart of the owner, the markets can be expanded. These idols can be used as dolls in the other parts of the country by young girls and they can customize it according to their likes. Although it has a religious value to them, but they become an idol in the owner’s eyes only when the Pranpratishtha is done. These dolls can actually replace the Barbie trend and become the very own Indian dolls made by the craftsmen of Rajasthan. Also if the size of the doll is reduced then it will be very handy to transport and package. According to the craftsmen, the new generation is not much interested in making these hand crafted items and are more keen on using the technology in wood working. So, expanding the markets will also encourage the newer generation to step in and hence help in keeping this craft alive.

Difficulties

The difficulties in the craftsman’s share is more as he gets only one chance to sell his craft and make money because each year only during Gangaur these idols have a value. So, the craftsman whose only product are these idols suffers a great loss in the other span of the year. This is a major setback for many craftsman whose craft is dependent on the festival. Also, due to this reason new craftsmen do not want to be a part of it. They are finding other ways to run their family.

Other crafts of Bikaner

Since Bikaner is located on a strategic road route of travelling to Central Asia it was the ideal spot for lot of travellers to stop by the early years of its foundation and hence Bikaner is a confluence of Crafts and with time they have expanded. The other crafts of Bikaner apart from Gangaur craft are Usta kaam, Meghwal Embroidery, Bhitti Chitra, Miniature Painting, Sandalwood carving, Silverware, Meenakari & Kundan jewellery.

Usta Kaam

Bhitti Chitra Meghwal Emboidery

Miniature Painting Silverware Meenakari

My Experience

As I mentioned at the beginning of this document, there was a calling which invited me to the Country of Camels, Bikaner. I was totally mesmerized by the kind people I met and staying with the Khatri family was a pleasure and their hospitality actually swept me off my feet. Also Craft documentation in itself was altogether a very different experience as it taught me so much about life, respecting the resources, staying grounded and also lessons like fighting the odds, giving in all that you have to create the best piece of art and also the passion in keeping the craft alive. Bikaner will always remain close to my heart as I met many new people and they will always be embedded in my memories. Bikaner as a whole is a city which celebrates love, faith and passion towards the smallest thing they do. I would be eager to go and explore many other crafts like these in the years to come and document them and preserve them in my memories forever.

ConclusionThe Craft Documentation of Gangaur idols of Bikaner was a very enriching experience for me as I was always very curious to know about the significance of the festival and that brought me closer to this craft. The course gave me an opportunity to experience the life of Bikaner, the relevance of the craft, the craft setting and also gave me a visual treat of watching how the talent craftsmen transformed a wooden block to a beautiful and elegant idol. It enhanced my understanding of communities, their lifestyle, culture, traditions, and the environment they live in.

We can say that Gangaur is of value to Rajasthan and very few parts of India and experiencing these places during Gangaur can have an enthralling effect on a person. I end this journey of Craft documentation with one thought, “It’s easy to think that craft can’t change but important to remember that all craft process was at some point new, at some point challenged conventionnot to be contrary, but enabled by some breakthrough, some newly discovered principle, or sometimes some wonderful accident.”