USGF Gymnastics - March/April 1981

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~GYMNASTICS VOL. 10 NO.2

" The Official Publication of the United States Gymnastics Federat ion "

CONTENTS--The Mystery of The Romanian Substitution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 (Editori al by Roger Counsi l) I nternational Gy mnastics Classic

p.B

International Gymnastics Classi c ... . .... .. . ... .. .. ............. 8 (Competition Story by Mary Wri ght )

New Zealand Summer Games 1981 ...... . ...... . .. . . .. .. . ...... 12 (By Ron Caso , Men's Coach)

Caesar's Palace Invitational 1981 .. . ....... . .... . ... ..... ..... .. 16 (By Greg Wei ss)

Gymnastics in Fort Worth ............ . ... . . .. . . ... ... . . ... . ... 17 (Interviews by Ward Black)

United States Gymnastics Safety Associati on ..... . . . ... .... . ... 20 New Zealand Summer Games

p.12

(U SGF Member Organi zation)

The Effect of a Gymnast's Height on Vaulting Performance ...... 22 (Bio-Mechani cs Corner by Andrew Daini s, Ph .D .)

Ankle Sprains . .. ........ .. .... .. . .. ..... .. ...... . . .. . . ... . .... 24 (Sport s Medicine View by Hugh W Ratliff, M .D.)

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USGF Calendar and Notes ... . . . . . ...... .. .. .. ........... . .. . . .30

Caesar's Palace Invitational

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United States Gymnastics Federation MEMBERS: Amateur Athletic Union; American Sokol Organization; American Turners; Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women; National Association for Girls and Womens Sports; National Assocation of College Gymnastics Coaches; National Association of Collegiate Gymnastics Coaches/Women; National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics; National Association of Women Gymnastics Judges; National Collegiate Athletic Association; National Federation of State High School AssQ.Ciations; National Gymnastics Judges Association; National High School Gymnastics Coaches Association; National Jewish Welfare Board; National Junior College Athletic Association; United States Association of Independent Gymnastics Clubs; United States Gymnastics Safety Association, Young Men's Christian Association.

USGF GYMNASTICS

ON THE COVE R Am y Koopma n: 1980 Olympian and USA National T eam member from Arlington Heights, Illinois and the Mid-America Twisters of Northbrook. As an international competitor the last 2 years A my has competed in Japan, China and the Federal R epublic of Germany.

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EIGHTH ANNUAL AMF AMERICAN-TSUKARA COACHING SYMPOSIUM Held at Lake Owen Lodge Cable, Wisconsin August 19-23, 1981 Sponsored by American Athl etic Equipm ent Division , AM F In co rporated and Tsukara Inc. Top National Coaches, Judges, Competitors, and Adm ini strators. All Current and Pertinent Gymnastics Topics Di scussed . Demonstrated , and Ana lyzed Program Development and Organization to Biom echanical Analys is of El ementary Through Adva nced Sk ill s - Spec ial Spotting Sess ions, Problem Solving, Dance, Music and Choreographic Sess ions, Film s, Guest Speakers, and Comp li men tary Social Eve nts.

SYMPOSIUM DIRECTORS Mike Jacki - Director, Gymnastics Products and Sa les, AMF Ame ri can - Member USGF Biomechanics Task Force - All -American Gymnast - Co -Director Tsuka ra Inc. Jerry Fontana - Sales Representative for American Ath let ic Equipment Division - Co -Di rector Tsukara Inc. - All-American Gymnast/State Certifier - U.S.G.SA

GUEST SPEAKERS, LECTURERS, AND DEMONSTRATORS INCLUDE: Dr. Chic Johnson - Head Coach , Sou th west Missouri Stat e University. Top Co ll egiate and Elite Coach , Symposium Prog ram Coordin ator.

Mrs. Jackie Fie - Member F.I.G. Technical Committee - Forme r Olymp ian - Olymp ic and World Games Judge.

Dr. Gerald George - Chairm an, USGF Biomechanics Task Force - Past Head Coach , L.S. U. Biom echanics Lab and Research Department. University of Southwestern Louisiana.

Greg Marsden - Women 's Gymnastics Coach , University of Utah , President AIAW Wome n's Gymnastics Coaches Assoc iation , Director Utah Wi nter Gymnastics Clinic.

Terry Skahan - Coach, U. S. Academy of Gymnasti cs , Greenwic h, Conn. , Forme r Head Coach University of New Hampsh ire, specia l sessions on dance and dance wa rm -ups.

Joan & Bob Rice - Coaches and Directors of KEGS , Ed ina , Min nesota. Joan & Bob are both Forme r National Champions and Intern ati ona l Competi tors.

Add itiona l Staff to be added and announced.

TOTAL CLINIC FEE: $175.00 tax incl uded. Fee includes all mea ls, lodging , c linic , and comp li mentary soc ial events.

Pl ease enclose a $35.00 non-refundable deposit to secure your reservation. Thi s $35. 00 will be applied to your c linic fee. Spaces reserved by postmark da te. All app li cations and balance of c linic fee must be received prior to August 1, 1981. If the balance of the clinic fee is not received prior to August 1,1981, your reservation will be considered cancelled.

Pl ease plan your arri va l between noon and 600 p.m. on Aug ust 19, 198 1. Departure - Su nday , August 23 , 198 1, after breakfast. Add it ional informat ion and an app li cation wil l be sent upon rece ipt of requesting depos it.

For add itional informat ion , applications , or reservations, direct all ma ilings after June 1, 1981 to American-Tsukara Coaching Sympos iu m Lake Owen Lodge Cable, Wiscons in 54821 Make check or money order payable to:

Mike Jack i - Director, Amer ican-Tsukara Coaching Symposium

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Editorial

by Roger l. Counsil

1lle Mystery of the Romanian Substitution On January 31 and February 1, 1981, the SCATS in Los Angeles hosted a meet which was primarily made up of outsta nding American gymnasts. Also in attendance were delegations from Japan and Romania. The meet was covered by NBC television .

The potential for a very good event existed and the meet came off seemingly without a hitch. However, some two months after the

IIWe are concerned why the incident happened and why it was sensationalized on NBC television, because we see no logic for the IISza bo Substitution. II meet ended the USGF began to hear rumblings of the fact that one ofthe participants, Ecaterina Szabo, who participated in the meet, was indeed Lavinia Agache, another female Romanian gymnast.

Based on photographic evidence that has been examined from the L.A. event and other meets, and on conversations with the attorneys for defected Romania coach, Bela Karoli, the USGF feels indeed a substitution was made . .. that Lavinia Agache performed as Ecatarina Szabo. When Agache returned to the USA to compete in the '81 American Cup, she was recognized as the Romanian girl who performed in L.A. on January 31. The USGF further investigated, talking to many people who were at the L.A. meet and found that the identity of Szabo was being questioned at that time. However, their minds were put at ease when coach Karoli assured the meet management the competitor was indeed Ecaterina Szabo. In fact, the passport of Ecatarina Szabo was produced to the meet management personnel as evidenced by the Romanian delegation.

Though the USGF had two staff members in attendance at the meet they had not been apprised the identity of Ecatarina Szabo had been in question. What was and still is a mystery to the United States Gymnastics Federation is why a substitution was made?

Both girls are equally outstanding gymnasts. In fact, it has been

USGF GYMNASTICS

conjectured that Agache is a better gymnast than Si abo. Be that as it may, the quality ofthe competition would not have suffered by Agache competing under her own name. Unable to obtain an explanation from Romanian officials, the USGF finds this a mystery which has not been solved.

Because we are convinced there was a substitution made, we as the National Governing Body for the sport of gymnastics in the USA must eliminate the mention of eithel' the girl's name from the final results, and elevate the other finishers by one position to fill the void left by this elimination. I have had conversations with the FIG office in Switzerland, and indeed they concur, this is the appropriate action.

We are concerned as to wh y the incident happened and why it was sensationalized on NBC television because we see no logic for the "Szabo Substitution." Apart from this unfortunate situation, the competition was an outstanding one and the experience had by all participants was a most memorable one.

We hope in the future, the integrity of the sport is maintained by coaches and officials alike and that the reputation of all athletes are not jeopardized by such arbitrary and unprincipaled actions.

PAGE 7

The following article concerning the International Gymnastics Classic was written by Mary A . Wright immediately after the competition in LA last February. The "mystery" of the "Szabo-Substitution," as described

by Roger Counsil in this issue's editorial, came to light many weehs after Mary Wr ight submitted her account of this meet. USGF Gymnastics is publishing h er article in its enti rety. Ho wever, "Szabo-Aqache" has been deleted from the official meet results as per FIG/USGF. .

Earl y in March, 1980, Don Peters, head coach of th e Sou thern California Aero Team had a dream . He envisioned a gymn astics spectacle uneq uall ed in the western United States, w hereby U.S.A .'s O lympi c gymnasts wo uld compete in fri en dl y co mpetition aga inst so me of th e great gymn asti c powers of th e worl d.

Coach Peters, 32, a native Penn sy lva ni an, came to Southern Ca liforni a and Scats in j anuary of 1979, w here he took on the responsibility of continuing th e record-breaking perfo rm ances by Scats gym nasts, of having gymn asts on every Ol ympi c team since 1968 . Thi s feat is unequa ll ed by an y other c lub in th e USA. The Scats organization is a non-profit co rporation run by the parents of the gym nasts, to promote the spo rt of gymn asti cs by in surin g each gymnast pursues their indi v idual potential.

Preparati ons began early in the develop mental stages of thi s meet w ith th e va riou s co mmittees spendin g hundreds of hours workin g towa rd s a com mon goa l - to make th e m eet exc iting and challengin g fo r the participants.

A publ ic relat ion s person, Deke Houl gate, was hired to promo te and adve rti se th e event and Ed Miyash iro, meet director, and Richard McGann, Scats bu sin ess manager, wo rked full time on all as pec ts of promotion.

Th e computer staff affiliated w ith the FIG we re hired to co mpute the scores. NBC was contracted to telev ise th e event and Gordon Maddox was hired to co mmentate for th e l ive au dience. Th e two competin g gym nasts from Sca ts, Trina Tinti and Kris Montera, ass isted in the promotion of such by appearing on te lev ision shows, by tak in g part in press lu ncheon s and by persona l interv iews for T. V., radi o and newspapers.

Donna Ball's hosp itality co mmittee began the seven-d ay marath on of tran sportin g the gymn asts, coaches, judges and official s from LAX to th e Queen Mary, to trainin g, to press co nferences, to sight-see in g endeavours, to th e meet and fin all y back to LAX for departure. Meanwh ile, th ey greeted each person on arri va l, took care of th e hos pital ity com mon to Southern Ca liforni ans, arranged banquets and topped it off w ith a ve ry exc iting "western " ni ght for all those conce rn ed.

Bela Karo li from Rom ani a became an avid sa il or after hi s experience sa ilin g around Long Beach harbor. Abe Gross feld had an exc iti ng-day at Knotts Berry farm w ith the USA, japanese and Roman ian gymn asts and Casey Edwards and Bela Karo li jo ined Don for a da y of hunting and a ca tch of 11 pheasants.

A ll th e gymn asts and coac hes rece ived bags overfl owing w ith gifts fro m th e Sca ts orga ni za tion. Th e girls also recei ved custom-made leotard s, briefs and shorts from Gymn ess made by Ann ie Faber.

Th e first annual Intern ation al G ymnastics Class ic was held at th e Los A ngeles Sports Arena on january 31 st and Feb ru ary 1st, 198 1. Th e format was unique in that both days th e men co mpeted three events and th e women co mpeted two events, w ith each partic ipant competing one at a tim e.

Gymn asts from Romani a, japa n and Canada joined th e best from the United State s to make thi s compe titi o n an exci tin g ex hib;ti o n of gymna sti cs.

Kris MOlltera

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Women's Events Vau lt- The hi ghli ght of wo men's va ulting was Trin a Tinti 's tsukah ara full w hi ch rece ived a 9.70. Trin a executed th is va ult w ith good form , good height, a so l id landin g and perhaps deserved more credit for her effort s.

Julianne McNamara , Oregon , performed a hand spring front w ith a hal f tw ist in th e piked pos iti on to score a 9.70 an d a ti e for first pl ace. A n exce llent layout tsukah ara performed by Marc ia Frederick earned her a 9 .60 and a bron ze meda l.

Uneven Bars - Marc ia Frederick, from Conn ecti cut , thrill ed the au di ence w ith her exc iting bar routine w hich includ es a reverse hecht. Her swin gs to hand stand we re perfec tl y executed and Ma rc ia perfo rm ed like th e World Champion th at she is.

Th ere was a three way ti e for second between Trin a Tinti , julianne McNamara and Ecatrina Szabo (Roma nia) w ith a score of 9.60. Trin a showed dynamic s at its best w ith her sta lder full and stald er hop, and Julianne executed an ex tremely difficu lt ro utine w ith grea t fo rm and endurance. Ecatrina, a tin y ba ll of dynam ite, showed versa tilit y w ith giant swings an d a double fl yaway dismount.

Beam - Th e beam aga in di sp layed its dom in ance of the mind w hereby the athl etes either wo n or lost in th e game of concentrati on. It was interesting to see the psyc hologica l approach made by these gymna sts in both wa rm-u p and compet ition.

USGF GYMNASTICS

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Szabo was very edgy in wa rm-ups because she was having troub le w ith her punch front so mersa ult. In th e competit ion , however, she disp layed unerring concentration and wo n the event w ith a score of 9.55. Sherry H awco from Canada was bril liant on thi s even t. She executed tricks from both ends of th e spec trum from a double turn and an illu sion, to a la yout stepout. Sherry'S exerc ise was dynam ic but her few breaks in co ncentra ti on led to wo bbles and th e deduct ion s in curred resulted in her placing third.

Am}' Koopman was awarded the sil ver medal w ith a stead y performance w hich di sp layed an arra y of tr icks .

Floor Exe rcise - The floor exerci se rout ines were very exciting but fa ll s from Tinti and Szabo cost them a hi gher score in the al l-around. Julianne executed a flawless routin e and her score of 9.65 was enou gh for th e gOld medal.

Kath }' John son's dance to Swa n Lake and her emotion s are fe lt by al l. Her tumb li ng was good and her score of 9.55 for the sil ver was a littl e low for such an excel lent di spla y of move men t to mu sic. Th e bronze was awa rded to Marc ia w ith a score of 9.50. She started out we ll w ith a w hip back through to a double back in piked position and danced w ith fervo r.

USGF GYMNASTICS

Men's Events Floor Exercise -

Marcia Frederick Bart Conner performed an interestin g routine w ith ve ry

fluid and creati ve connecting moves for a score of 9.5 5 and the go ld medal.

Toshiomi N ishikii (japan ), a veteran in men 's gymnast ics, exec uted a tremendously high full- in back out but landed short. He showed ultimate virtu os ity throughout th e routine and hi s score of 9 .50 ea rn ed him th e sil ve r award. Fifteen-year-old Chr is Reig el from Readin g, Penn sy lva ni a, stunn ed the aud ience w ith a tremendou sly hi gh fu ll -in and extremely good co nnec ting moves . Hi s score of 9.45 placed him third.

Pomm el H orse - Jim Hartun g, Nebraska, won thi s event show in g fluid move ments emphasizin g fu ll usage of the equ ipment for a score of 9 .6.1 .

U.C.L .A.'s Peter Vidmar was c lo se behind w ith a 9 .60 and Iv/ario McCutcheon from Connecticut won th e bronz e w ith a Y. 5,) .

Rings - Ca se}' Edwards and Jim Hartung, two exc iting and ex perienced gymnasts, tied for the go ld w ith scores of 9.60. Th ey both di spla yed excel lent sw in g tec hnique and ve rsatility throu ghout to achieve the ir remarkable performan ces. Th e bron ze medal was awarded to ishikii and Vidmar, w ho ti ed thi s event wi th scores of 9.,)5 Vault - Chri s Reigel brou ght a gasp from th e audience w ith hi s hand -

PAGE 9

sp ring piked front va ult. The height and distance he ach ieved, along wi th nea r perfect execution attai ned fo r him the go ld medal and a sco re of 9.85.

Casey was runner-up w ith a score of 9.70 fo r a we ll exec uted hand spring half bac k. Th e bronze wen t to ishikii w ho performed a layout tsukahara w hich was arched and piked down and sco red 9.65.

Parallel Bars - N ishikii showed hi s wo rld class form w ith a 9.60 routine di splayin g prec ision and balance w hi ch culminated in a gold meda l w in .

Mitch Caylord from U.c.L.A. performed an exc iting routin e for a 9.5 second pl ace fin ish and a ti e w ith Dan Hayden (A rizon a) fo r th e sil ver medal. Dan, 15 years old, is th e Junior Na ti onal Champi on.

Horizontal Bar - M itch Gaylord received a 9.90 from th e jud ges and a standin g ovat ion from the spec tators fo r hi s unique bar routin e w hi ch includ ed or igin al rel ease ca tches and unbelievable swing. A three way tie for seco nd pla ce betwee n V idm ar, Wallace Mi ller (Connecticut) and N ishikii w ith scores of9. 70 kept th e crowd bu stling w ith exc itement as they di sp layed their daring moves.

l'This was a meet where peop le with a common interest from different parts of the world came together to enjoy the hosp i ta l ity and friendsh i p offered to them by the Scats, II

Foll owing the meet, everyone returned to th e Queen Mary w hi ch at one time was the most lu xuriou s and largest ship in th e world . Now it is in dry doc k and is a floating mu se um , hotel and touri st facilit y . A banquet was held in the Ball Room w here all th e gymn asts we re given rin gs to commemorate the first annua l A ll -A meri ca n meet, and we re presented w ith a cowboy hat. At thi s tim e th e foot stompin g bega n to the bea t of a "western " band. Diane Jamieson, a Scat parent, had everyo ne on th e floo r lea rning a dance to " Urban Cow boy" and th e fun bega n.

Thi s was a meet w here peopl e w ith a co mmon interest from different parts of the w orld came together to enjoy the hospitality and fri end ship offered to them by the Scats . Politi cs and hi story were set as ide as perso na li ti es too k over.

Aestheti ca ll y, the meet was a tremendous success for all th e participants, the audience, and th e Scats organization, but fi nanciall y, it didn ' t pay for itse lf.

Th e organizational co mmittee we nt throu gh a lea rnin g curve and attained tremendou s experience in tbe runnin g of thi s meet. Nex t yea r they hope for eq uall y outstand in g athl etes, ¡a good location and as much fun and enjoyment as they experienced at the International Gymnastics Classic of 198 1. • INTERNATIONAL GYMNASTICS CLASSIC

The entire contingent pose in front of the Queen Mary where they stayed during the competition.

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2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

GA YLORD , Mitch NISHIKII, Toshiomi McCUTCHEON, Mario EDWARDS, Casey NICULA, Emilian MILLER , Wallace PRADY, Kevin RIEGEL, Chris HAYDEN , Dennis ARNOT, Matt VIDMAR, Peter HAYDEN, Dan HARTUNG, Jim CONNER, Bart

TOTAL 56.700 56.700 55.450 55.350 55.250 54.800 54.650 54.200 54.150 52.950 47.700 36.400 28.350 19.100

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FREDERICK, Marcia McNAMARA, Julianne TINTI, Trina KOOPMAN, Amy JOHNSON, Kathy HAWCO, Sherry MONTERA, Kris ANOMI, Rika GARRISON, Kelly

TOTAL 38.200 38. 150 37.300 37.250 37.150 36.650 36.150 35.350 9.000

USGF GYMNASTICS

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NEW ZEALAND SUMMER GAMES 1981 MEN'S REPORT

Opening Ceremonies Flight # 5, New Zea land A ir wa s sc heduled to leave Los Angeles for A uckland, New Zea land v ia Hono lulu at 7:00 P.M. on Jan uary 18, but delays held us up for 3 '/2 ho urs. \A,le fin all y go t off th e ground at 10:30 P.M. Th e U.S.A. delega tion on board was Rick Atkinson (Jr. tea m member).

Tom Beach (se nior) Chris Ca so (junior team member). Tom Fester , U SA Jud ge and myse lf as USA coac h. Th e wo men's co ntin gent consisted of Juliann e Mc Na m ara, Tracee Talavera, Lisa (pa ssport) Ze is, Lincla Mul vihill , USA women's coac h and Karen Patoile, USA Jud ge. Our manager for both men and women was Eci Zimm er.

A ll pa ssports were co llected at the airport for in spec tion , w ith th e excepti on of Li sa Ze is, the little darling forgot it. No, no one pani cked, we ju st

liTh e boys were serious and wa nted to demonstrate to th e Pac ific world what th e USA juniors co uld do. , ." dec ided to leave her at the airport and run away from the probl em. A ll kiddin g aside, the peop le at LAX Intern ati onal A irport were grea l. W e ca ll ed Li sa's parents and th ey brou ght it to th e Bu ffa lo, . Y. airport for transpo rt to our destination , w here two days later it caught up w ith us. The New Zea land immi gration peop le were most ob li gin g. Th ey let us th rough know ing th e pa ss port wa s enroute. A ll worked out we ll , and dear Li sa w ill never fo rget her passport again - ri ght Li sa?

The Ameri ca n and Canadi an delega tion fl ew togeth er to New Zea land and we re aga in presented w ith a delay in Hawa ii , our first stop on thi s long journey down under. Th is tim e th e plan e had rad io troub le and w as grounded. W e all blamed it on Canad ian Men 's Coa ch A ndre Sim ard. He

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wa nted to play go lf on Wa ikiki - and got hi s chance. Eve ryone on the two teams kidd ed Andre about cutt in g th e w ires to the rad io . New Zealand A ir put us in a hotel fo r 14 hours on Wa ikiki beach for rest and recuperati on but no one wa nted to sleep. Eve ryon e took to th e beach, we nt shoppin g, and you know w ho played golf'!

Th e fin al leg to A uckland , N.Z. took 8 hours, but our hum an time clocks were all un wo und , and no on e kn ew w heth er to sleep, ea t, wo rkou t, or w hat day it w as. Time and da y changes had strange effects on all of us. It too k a day or two to adju st and fin ally everyone ca me around qu ite w ell. \A,lorkouts for the three men and three wO lllen from Ca nada , New Zea land , Japan, Un ited Sta tes, and th e Peopl e's Republic of Chin a (Mexico dec ided not to send a delega ti on) were se t on a 5ta ggered ba sis. Th e USA took its first forma l w orkout since leav in g th e U.S. on Wedn esda y, January 21. Thi s internat ional meet was th e first rea l bi g one for Chri s Caso and Rick Atkin son, but not for O lympian Tom Beach. Th e practice sess ions we re qu ite intense. The boys were se riou s and wa nted to demonstrat e to th e Pa cific \No rlel w hat th e USA juni ors co uld elo. Tom Beach w as a fine ex ample fo r th em. Bo th bo ys looked up to Tom as th e big broth er of th e tour and modeled themselves after him . It was good to co mbin e ou r jun iors w ith th e likes of TOIll Beach. After three days of training and gettin g Li se to th e eq uipment , the USA tea m was read y for Sa turd ay, the 24 th of Janu ary 198 1 prog ralll for Men 's Tea m competiti on and indi v idual al l around.

Ca nada se nt its top juni or A llen Reddon and two outstilnd in g se ni ors Da vid Steefer and Jean Choq uette. Mr. Choq uett e's parall el bar rou tine took top honors. He mounted w ith a peach hand , iron t upri se fron t 1 '/~ swin g reverse pirouette back toss under bar cast back up, back stut z, swin g pirou ette, di amidov stutz to doubl e ba ck. It was clea n and we ll exec uted deservin g 9.65 for prelim s and w ith a few bobbles during fin als a 9.25 for an 18.900 final total. Choqu ette's hi gh bar set was far from shabby, scor in g a 9.75 in final s for a total of 19.400. Hi s double tw istin g double back W,l S awesome' N ew Zea land 's gymn asts Greg Robertson, Dav id Lutt erm an , Robin Hutchin s, l'vialcoillb Ri chard s and Geoff M cN aughton are al l up and COIll-

USGF GYMNASTICS

Va ulting wa s no easy take fo r th e Japanese or th e Peop le's Republi c.

USA's Chri s Caso had so methin g to say thi s tim e w ith two grea t vau lts . hand spring front , and tsuk full. Both va ult s we re landed w ith minor, ve ry Illinor, foo t faults, brin ging hOllle th e bron ze to USA along w ith half to the Peopl e's Republi c Baokang Wu , w hose hand sprin g pike and layo uttsuk ful l ti ed Caso fo r 3rd w ith 18.925 respec ti ve ly. Jun ichi Kit agawa's handsprin g ,/ , and tsuk fu ll brou ght hillltop hono rs wi th 19.425 andtea lllmate Toshiro Kanai 's 18.975 brough t Japan th e sil ver.

Th e awesollle threeso llle from Japa n had a tough time of it on parallel bars w ith the li kes of jean Choquette ea tin g up th e gold , Shujun Gao sllli l in g w ith sil ve r and Baokang W u pack in g th e bron ze. Th eir on ly co nsolat ion was Go to's 4th , Kitagawa's 5th , and Kan ai's 7th . But don' t despa ir. japclJl , that 8 foo t pi ece of glitterin g steel was yo urs for th e taking.

liThe United States of America 's team was bolstered by form er 7976 O lympian Tom Bea ch, Beach has that touch of world class that rubs off on our yo ung gymnas ts ... il

Hori zontal bar thrill s crowds th e wor ld over. 10 different dow n under in ew Zea land . Japa n saw to th at as she always does. Ir. Kitagawa had a good grip on thin gs scoring 19.600 fo r "a ll that glitters" . A 9.90 in fin als was we ll deserved, th e pipe set was awesome. Kitagawa' s Illount cast back up fu ll tw ist reca tch impressed th e Ki w i's . Next ca me hi s kip cas t to hop change blind pirou ette stalder, stoo p, in vert s, stald er in in verted grip , hop out ,/, in II , out 5 feet ove r th e top of th e bar. It was prett y I Th e United States of Ameri ca 's tea m was bo lstered by former 19 76 O IYIllPian Tom Beach - a good dec ision by th e USGF. TOIll Beach has th at touch of world c lass th at rubs off on our yo un g gymn as ts. A lthough Tom did not ace any of th e six, hi s third on fl oo r, and fifth on hi gh bar Illade all of us quite happy . On fl oo r Tom mounted w ith a front step out front hand spr in g 1 Y. round off flip fl op double ba ck to prone positi on - press round off side sO lll i, scale, ro und off flip flop double full brou ght th e U. S.A. tea m 3rd place. ~oth Tom Beach and Ch ri s Caso broke on pOlllm el horse in fin als goin g in w ith an 8.70 for Tom and a 9.05 for Ch ri s. A bad dec ision to change hi s di smount cost Chri s a so li d positi on on pOlll mel horse.

in g gYlllna sts and hopefull y w ill be heard frOIll in \Vorld colllpetiti on in th e near future.

Japa n's delega tion co nsisted of three top se niors Tashiro Kanai , Junichi Kitagawa , and Ki yos hi Goto. The ir coac h w as Kvoj i Itsuka ichi.

Th ese Japanese Illen di spl ayed top level gYlllna sti cs that ca pti va ted th e slllall crowd. Highli ghts of Japan's threesollle inc lude Kita ga\Va's firs t place floo r set co nsisting of a not so illlpress ive full in Illountto back hand sprin g, press, fro nt sOllli pun ch, fu ll tw ist dive , sc al e, side sOlll i, di slllount ing lVith a round off double back.

Kiyos hi Goto siamlll ed hOllle a first fo r Japa n on pomlll el horse \V ith 19.350. Hi s Illount w ith a loop to long itud ina l tra ve l, durham on end , hop to middl e (no pomme ls) trave l down (no pommels) ba ck in to ce nter Ru ss ian (no pommel s) sc isso r break, back out , Ru ss ian wa lk around loop off made tl1P crowd go w ild . The set was awesome, leav ing littl e to be des ired.

Japan 's th ird pl ace w inner on pOllllll el horse, Tashiro Kana i's rou tin e co nsisted of. . ba ck Illoore up, moo re in middl e, ba ck moore dOlVn loo p around , Ru ss ian, loop, back in sc issor brea k, back moore do\Vn , Ru ss ian wa lk around loop off. No t bad for 3rd. Kitagawa took 4th on pomm els to Chin a's Shujun Gao's super set bringin g him sil ver.

Wou ld you bel ieve a three way ti e on rin gs; Japan 's Kanai and Goto , and Peop le's Republi c of Chin a Baokan g Wu all scoring 19.050. Th e hes t set from my va ntage point was by Tashiro Kani. He moun ted lVith a cast back up rise to hand (loc k) giant, giant to hand , fa ll out w ippit cross, di sengage Kip " L", ho ll owback , bail double layout di smou nt.

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.. surpri se and all of them reillarked how much th ey liked it. TOIll Fester, our judge frolll the U.S.A ., sa id all judges gave hilll bonu s point s for it.

The horizontal bar was good to our boys. TOIll Beach and Chris elsa tied for 5th place. TOIll's set consisted of Illou nting w ith a high start , stalder, pirouette, immedi ate G ienger, kip change pirouette, stoop in gerillii ns stalder ca li forn ia hop , pirou ette stalder fu ll out di sillount. He took a few steps on hi s di smount costin g hilll a better fini shin g position.

Chri s's set was ri ght up th ere w ith th e bi g boys . He Illounted w ith a C<lst back up immedi ate stalder, stalder ca l iforn ia hop pirou ett e, gi<lnt fl yaway '12 reca tch (G ienger) kip change (not too illlpress ive) jam eagles, hop p irouette di smountin g w ith a hi gh '/ 2 in '/ 2 out stucki Ri ck Atkin so n had a tough tim e of it on pipe scorin g 8.50 tak in g hilll out of the fin als.

The Peopl e's Republi c of Chin a's W u Baoki1l1g, Gao Shuju n and Su Xin zhi were not left out of the go ld, sil ver and bron ze . Gao took 2nd on floor wi th a so mewhat stock routine. He ca me back on pommel horse to capture th e si lve r aga in w ith a very impress ive set co nsistin g of mou nting w ith loops, to longitudin al travel , Ru ss ian on one, fro nt in , moo re. fl air, sc issor break, back moore down , front in , immed iate ba ck out to end w ith a Ru ss ian wa lk loo p o ff.

Chin a shared th e ring glory w ith Japan tyin g fori st pl ace - Baoka ng Wu fro lll P.R.C. and both Goto and Kanai from Japan. W u's set consisted of pullin g to an inve rted hang, kip to M altese lowe r to cross " L" pu ll out , press, giant ba ck uprise '/ 2 in '/ 2 out. M y illlpress ion was that th is set loo ked ve ry much l ike the 1960 's. A ll strength in one part of th e rou tine, but thi s should no t detract from the CJu al it y of hi s pe rforillance, strength va ri ati ons are in vogue now anyway .

Th e People's Repub lic of Chin a d id not impress me w ith their va ultin g, but nevertheless, shared 3rd place w ith th e juni or from Syracuse, ew Yo rk , Chri s Caso.

Shujun Gao's p-bar set was one of th ose sets th at left a good illlpress ion w ith th e crowd. He mounted w ith a gli de kip , reverse strad dle to a plange, cast support back stutz , swin g hand layaway fro nt uprise stradd le front 1'/ . immediate cut catc h " 1", press to stutz, stut z hand , doub le pike di sill ount scoring 9.30 in prel illl s and 9.45 in fin als. Wu 's set is al so wo rth y of mention. H is cast suppo rt roll to ve ronin , gl ide reverse stradd le cut underbar cast, rear rise cut ca tch " L", press, stut z, ba ck toss, stutz, layaway fro nt upri se Rudd i off - w oke up th e crowd .

Chin a's hi gh bar tea m did not fa re too we ll . Su too k 7th and W u ended up in 11th position.

Team res ults we re as follows: Japa n 1st 11 4 .60 ; Peopl e's Republic of Chin a 2nd 113 .70 ; Ca nada 3rd 111 .60; Un ited States 4th 109.80 and New Zea land 5th w ith 104.90.

MEN 'S INDI VIDU AL ALL AROU ND - SATURDAY, JANUARY 24, 1981

J ulianne McNamara

Rin gs fo r the U. S.A. w as bo lstered by both TOIll Beach (9 .3 0 prelilll s, and 8.950 final s) and Ri ck Atkin son 's 9. 15 prelilll s and 9.25 on final s brought Ri ck to 6th pos iti on after finals.

Va ul tin g w as tou ch and go. Our positi on after prelilll s was tenu ous. TOIll went into fin als w ith a 9.40 o r 2nd pl ace fo r th e 2nd fli ght of finil ls. Chri s had a 9.50 on prel illl s taking 1st fo r our fli ght. W hen fin als we re over and IllOSt gymn asts had experi enced probl elll s, Chri s's 9.425 on fin als stood up and brou ght him to take th e bron ze w hile TOIll took 7th place.

Th e A meri ca n's Beach, A tkin so n and Caso's p-bar se ts were good, but not grea t. Both Chri s Caso and Ri ck Atkin son were severely underscored , and as fa r as I was co nce rn ed, th e wro ng gYllln asts Illade it to final s as .the results cl ea rl y ind icate. Both Ri ck and Chris swung good sets w ith few mi stakes. Th eir d isillounts were stu ck, but the scores did not reflec t th eir efforts. Ri ck rece ived an 8.55 and Chri s an 8.50 w hi ch took th elll out of th e fina ls. Tom Beach on the oth er hand , sco red a 9. 10 in prelilll s w ith a IllOS t origin al set. TOIll Illounted w ith a glide kip , reverse cut catch to hand reverse pirou ette, diaillidov, stutze, fro nt upri se to a "Beach" (Strell i cut ca tch) underbar cast, back up rise, stradd le " L", press double back. He did not land th e double back so l id , los ing . 3. TOIll 's "Beach" took th e jud ges by

PAGE 14

Steefer, David Choquette, Jea n Reddon, All an Baoka ng, W u Shu jun , Gao Kinzhi , Su Kanai , Tashiro Kitagawa, Jun ic hi Goto, Ki yoshi Beach, Tom Caso, Chris Atkinson, Rick Robertson, Greg Lutterma n, David Hutchins, Robin Ri cha rd s, Malcolm McNaugh ton , Geoff

Team CA CA CA PRC PRC PRC JAP JAP JAP USA USA USA NZ NZ NZ 'Z 'Z

Vault Floor P H orse 9.450 8.700 8.700 9.400 9.200 9.450 9.050 9.000 9.250 9.500 9.450 9.500 9.600 9.450 9.600 9.6 50 9. 100 9.300 9.650 9.300 9.600 9.800 9.450 9.550 9.550 9.250 9.700 9.400 9.300 8.700 9.500 9.200 9.050 9.000 9.200 8.150 9.450 8. 100 9.000 8.950 8.500 8.600 9. 1008.8007.400 9.250 8.600 7.850

Rings 1/ Bars H Bar Total Rank 10 9.2008.950 9.050 54.050 6 9.300 9.650 9.650 56.650 10 9. 1008.5509. 10054.050 5 9.500 9.300 9.450 56.700 4 9.450 9.300 9.450 56.850 7 9. 1509.2009.30055.700 9.500 9.300 9.550 56 .900 3 I 9.4509.4009.7005 7.350 2 9.5509.4009.5505 7.000 9.300 9. 100 9.300 55. 100 8 9 9.000 8.500 9.350 54.600 12 9. 150 8.550 8.500 52.550 12 8.700 8.7 50 8.550 52.550 15 8.300 8.200 7.35049.900 16 8.350 7.2508. 90049.800 14 7.350 8.600 8.650 50.300

8.900 8.300 7.400

7.9008. 1008.35048.950

t7

O n Tu esda y, Janua ry 27, th e girl s depart ed fo r Los A ngeles to co III pete in th e Sca ts Invitat ional and th e fo ll owin g day the men departed for Christchurch, N .Z ., for a di spl ay at Cowles Stadium on Thu rsday . Janu ary 29.

Th e crowds in Christchurch were to seatin g ca pac ity as th ey we re in Dunedin at fin als, althou gh a bit reserved, th e 5 teams acti va ted th eir adrenalin and all seeilled to en joy all event s disp layed . Th e fini shin g touch for thi s di spl ay w as a nove lt y event . . doubl e leg circ le co mpetition on pommel horse . . w ith Chin a wi nnin g by onl y a small margin . The USA took 3rd w ith Chri s Caso doing onl y 59 circles.

We th en left for A uck land to di spla y th ere also on Sa turd ay, Janu ary 3 1, fo r a large crowd. Th e peopl e in all th e citi es we vis ited were very wa rm and recepti ve to us, did everyth ing im ag in ab le to make us feel co mfortable. Thi s was accoillpl ished. Eve ryone had a grea t tim e, and th anked th e New Zea land orga ni zin g co millittee fo r a job we ll done.

We departed for home on Febru ary '1, stopp ing off in Figi and th en Hawa ii on our last leg to Los Ange les and th en home for Ri ck, Chri s and myse lf.

USGF GYMNASTICS

II

SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT ,,

~,

Effective , Monday, February 2 , all activities of the USGF Membership Program will be conducted at: USGF/Membership Program c/o Bayly, Martin & Fay/San Antonio P_O. Box 17800 San Antonio, Texas 78217 Telephone: 1-800-531-7205 1-800-531-7224 1-800-292-5721 (Texas only) All records and functions of the Tucson office have been transferred to our above San Antonio office .

â&#x20AC;˘

CAESAR'S PALACE INVIT ATIONAL 1981 or Greg Weiss John Traetta, thru High Bar Productions , has done it ilgil in. He's coord inilted hi s te lev ision co mpan y w ith Nissen and Caesar's Palace to prov ide ten of our top gymna sts and th eir coaches w ith perhaps the most spec ta cularl y-run meet in th e w orld . If you 've ever been to Cilesar's, you wo n't doubt th at it is trul y an ex travaganza .

Kathy Johnson di spl ayed her tal ent , po ise and exper ience to domimte th e fi eld of top competit ors. Julianne McNamara , in il solid seco nd pla ce, showed the fo rm th at has wo n her so man y tens on bars. Tamm y Smith , w ho wo n thi rd, was the surpri se of th e meet, even th ough she' d give n i,li r wa rnin g by w innin g the regiona l elite all -around tria ls.

The event had all th e sparkle and appea l w hich onl y Caesar 's Pal ,1(e in Las Vegas can provide. Jay Geist of lisse n provided th eir beiluti fu l nev" line of appara tu s. Pal ace offi cial s provided 75 ° wea ther alon g w ith surroundin gs, mea ls, and accommod at ion s trul y fit for kin gs, or prin cesses, in thi s case . Into th e Caesa r's Sports Pav ili on marched fo ur O lympi ans, Kath y John son, Julianne Mc amaril , Tracee Talavera , ,1nd Amy Koopman . Joining th em were Shari Mann , Kris Montera , Trina Tinti , an d juni or elites Tamm y Smith, Nanc y Goldsmith, and Cindy Rose nberry .

O n vau lt , th e first event , Kat hy wo n w ith a 9 .6 layou t tsuk ; Shari took seco nd w ith a 9.55 fo r her fu ll -on-fu ll-off, and Juli anne ti ed w ith Tracee for

IIPalace officials provided 75° weather a lon g with surroundings , m ea ls and accommodation s trul y fit for kings , or princesses, in this case, ,

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f

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Amy K oopma.n

PAGE 16

third , w ith 9.5's. Everyone mad e th eir vault , w hich provided a sol id start to thi s telev ised performance. On bars, Juli anne pe rform ed her di fficult hi gh bar uprise mount, cove red an error w ith a bea utiful giant , and we nt on to fin ish w ith a free hip-'l l turn pike back off. Kath y, stea dil y impro ving her bar wo rk , inclu ded a Delchev and doubl e-tw isti ng baby fl YilWil Y fo r 9.65. Trina Tint i, compe tin g onl y in bars, took third and performed il ni ce stal der to fu ll pirou ette seq uence . Other notabl e skill s in cluded N an cy Gold smith 's hecht to stand on low bar, Shari Ma nn 's sta lder drop to hand stil nd to immed iate free hip-B rause-full , Kri s Monteril's hop chiln ge to fli p, ,1nd Tam my Smith's above hi gh-bar level doubl e back fl Yilwa y.

Beam, il S usual, was th e determ inin g event. Kilth y, first up , hit co ld, inc lu ding a back layout and round-off punch ba ck. Fil ii s from four girl s shuffled all -a round scores . I ancy d id a super job, in cl udin g a ba ck rol l to headstand positi on. She ti ed for first w ith Ka th y . Tamm y, w ho took third , included everyth in g but the kitchen sin k in her rou tin e, including il com bin ation of three fli ps, ca ll ed the " Tam i-ilm i." Her rou ti ne hild six fI ips in it.

Free-x w as th e hi ghl ight of th e meet. Kat hy mount ed w ith a full an d ,1 hal f thru to a doubl e full , th en d id a double back pike second , stu ck bea utifull y .

Th e rou tine had elegance; it had fee lin g; it had difficul ty. It sco red a fitt in g 9.8. Juli anne's, a co mpl etely different style, was aggressivp and solid Tamm y Smith , aga in, the surprise meda l ist, did a power-packed tumbling routine w ith w h ip back thr u to a doubl e back , handspring-fro nt to ,1 doub le fu ll , as we ll as cute bal let done to " Tamm y's in Love. " A ll three girl s we re a plea sure to wa tch.

W ith fl owers from th e award presentiltiom ,m d plaqu es ilwili tin g at the post-meet banqu et, th e girl s were int e,v iewed by none other th il n Bart Conner . Treated to a live con cert h Tom Jones il nd beda zz led by il 360 0 omnima x screen show, th e girl s left I <IS Vegas w ith a \Ve il -deserved fee li ng that th ey were trea ted as th e champions they are. A tribut e to th eirs ilnd th eir cO<lches' hard wo rk, and to Joh n Traetta 's talent for milking it ill l poss ibl e.

USGF GYMNASTICS

t-,

Gymnastics In

Fort Worth Interviews with some of the people who have made their mark on gymnastics in the Fort Worth area.

By Ward Black USGF Staff

into helping establi sh th is area as one of th e important sites for gYllln el sti cs in th e w orl d . A lso, w hen I moved here to A rlin gton, th e A rlin gton GYIll Club had one of th e outstandin g gymn as ts in thi s co untry - Li sa Cawth ro n. And bes ides, as you ca n see, th is is an excellent trainin g fac ility to coac h in, and th e club here has good deve lopill ental c lasses and a stron g co ill petiti ve tea lll.

Carol Stablsevski

Carol Stabisevski Carol Stabisevski defected and left Romania (or the United States in October, 7977. From 7973 till the n, he worked forthe Romanian G ymna stics Federation as th eir Na tio n al Team Pianist and also a member of th eir c oach ing staff. H is close association wi th Bela Karoli , Romanian Coach , and man y top Romanian gymna sts, as N adia Comaneci, Teodo ra U ngureanu, and Emi lia Eberle, have given h im a wealth of experience.

Carol began piano at age six, an d b y h igh school had ga ined the proficienc y to enter a specia l school for cla ss ical music. During high school he also part icipated in man y sports - swimming , soccer, and volleyball. A fter graduation he entered the Co llege fo r Sport and Ph ys ical Edu ca tion. \IVhile there, the co ll ege directo r discovered his musica l talent s and Carol decided to p lay piano for their college gymnastics teams. Until 1973 he tau ght , coached, and pla yed piano at the college and also began wo rkin g w ith the Romania n Na tio n al Tea m.

Since coming to the United States, Carol has served as th e Na tional piano player for the United States Na tiona l Team. H e lives in A rlin gton , Texas, and is Director-Head Coach of the Arlington G}/m Club , Inc.

Black : W hen you came to th e U n ited States in October of 1977, w hat werp your rea sons for c hoosing the Fort \l\Io rth area to live and coach in?

Carol: Before I deci ded to stay here in th e U nited States, I was th e Nel ti onal piano pl aye r fo r the Ro mani an gymnasti cs team , and also a member of th e coac hin g staff. From a RO lllani an tour of th e U.S. , I kn ew that A rlin gton , and thi s area , wa s a place w here I ...vo uld use Ill y kn owledge and expe rt ise .

This area had th e fac ilities, and also th e peop le- I li ke Texas, Ili ke Texa ns.

W hen I was Illoving here three yea rs ago , th e people fro lll Fort \l\Iorth , th e Chaillber of CO lll lllerce and sO';le indi vidu als, began pullin g th eir efforts

USGF GYMNASTICS

Black: H ave yo u fo un d th e peop le in the area to be supporti ve of g}' m nastic s?

Carol: Thi s area - A rlin gton, Fort Wo rth , and Dall as - the people, th e wea th er, th e econolll Y are ri ght fo r gymn asti cs. Th ese peop le, th eir interes t in gYllln asti cs was huge, and th at raised th e questi on, ' Is Fort Worth one o f th e best pl aces in the wo rl dI' A nd after the success of th e Wo rl d Championships in December, 1979; th e answer was - yes' Th ey suppo rted th e m ove of the USGF ati onal offi ce to Fort W orth. Thi s area also offe rs Illany programs w ith good gYlllnasts an d coac hes, th e USGF office w ith its future Na ti onal Trainin g Center, and intern ati onal cOlllpetiti on. Here, in thi s gylll a year ago Deceill ber, our USA tea III and also th e Ru ss ian s train ed during th e W orld Ch alllPi onships. A ll those thin gs w ill help Fort W orth to become a major gYllln astics site.

Bl ack: Wha t are some of your personal goals, and tho se for your club?

Carol: I have alw ays tri ed to help as Illu ch as I co uld . People co nsider th at I have so methin g to say and sO llleth ing to co ntribute. A nd I am ve ry proud o f thi s, and also for bein g selected as th e nati onal pi ano player for th e A meri ca n tea lll s at the recent Wo rld Championships. For Illyse lf. I hope to co ntinue helpin g our Na ti onal tealll s here in A meri ca.

However, here at th e A rlin gton GYIll Club, Inc., we hope our prog ram w ill span all areas- good deve lopmental classes , a strong tea m and strong indi vidu al gymn asts. O ur orga niza tion is stro ng; we have a Boa rd of D irec tors, Illonth ly Illeetin gs, and we di sc uss all our probl eill s and needs. I have outstandin g coac hes in thi s gylll , and w ith all thi s, Illy goa l is to have a stron g tea lll , hopefull y one of th e best in th e co untry . I believe through a strong tea m, thi s w ill produce outstand in g indi viduals.

Black: Wo uld you co mment on accusations towards th e Romania n w omen gym nasts and their alleged lack of cla ss ical dan ce train ing ?

Carol: Thi s co mill ent surpri sed Ille. I have been in volved w ith ROlll ani an

PAGE 17

gym nasti cs sinGe 1964, and invo lved in th eir hi ghes t levels since 1973 . I know their system and how they trained to becoille the bes t gYllln asts in th e wo rld. I believe, something was underes tim ated abou t their dance program. I know that for sure. Th e ROlllan ian gymn asts spend at least one hour a da y dan cing; w ith dance lessions in all dance areas.

Black: How about the legend for high school gymna stics in the immediate

Fort Worth area?

Milan: Eight hi gh sc hoo ls in thi s area ha ve gYllln astics, w ith many prograills in th e middle sc hoo ls too. It also looks like three other hi gh

Black: Wha t are your thoughts about orchestra ted floor exercise music?

Carol: It is entertainin g. It's unlilllited. I have mi xed fee lin gs about orchestrated mu sic. Some of th e Illusic I like, and some I do not like.

Black: Is orchestrated music good for gymna stics?

Carol: I think sometimes gymn asts and coaches do not choose the ri ght Illusic, for the right tempo, the ri ght in struillents. Most do not. Orchestrated music is great fo r entertainillent, it is good for th e audience ; bes ides toda y's gymna sti cs is always changin g.

Orchestrated mu sic, good orchestrated mu sic is hard to do. It w ill take a good studio , a I ibrary of Illu sic, and th e tilll e to I isten and research as we ll as a techni ca l know ledge of mu sic. Too many people take one piece of Illusic and go w ith thi s sa me mu sic from beginnin g to end. Yet w ith a pi ani st, th ey can help the gym na st and routine , beca use the mu sic ca n be fa st and slow and soft and aggress ive .

Black: You ha ve worked with a cross -section of the world's top gymnasts.

From this experience, what is the future for America n women 's gymnas tics?

Carol: We have maybe th e stron gest gYlll nasts in th e w or ld . Howeve r, there is a need for a program director to manage the en tire wo men 's program. Thi s should be a perso n w ho has th e support of the coac hes, and also th e mon ey for such areas as resea rch and grea ter medica l ca re fo r th e athletes. Thi s co uld enable a beautiful change in gymnasti cs in the United States.

I also fee l th e future co uld be en hanced by havin g our gYllln ast ics publi ca tion s fea ture mo re about th e A merica n gYlllna sts. The world needs to know Illore about our own gymn asts, and th ose public ati ons cover th e foreign gymn asts more th an is needed.

Emil Milan Emil Milan has li ved in the Fort Worth area and ha s been active/}' in volved in gym nastics th roughout th e State of Texas for close to 50 }'ears.

Through his fa mily and the Soko l orga nization , Emil began gymnastics at age 6, and by 15 was already teaching and coaching.

Emil competed fo r the Fort Worth Soko l and later under Bill Crenshaw at th e Un iversity of Texas. As a volunteer coach he ha s helped numerous programs, and countless people, in cluding the Fort Wo rth Department of Recreation and the do wntow n YMCA in earlier yea rs. Since 1965 Emil has taugh t and coached at L.D. Bell High School in Hurst, Texas, and just prior to that was at No rth Texas State Un ivers it y.

At L.D. Bell, Emil has coached both the boys and girls' teams, while winning 15 Texas State Championships. In one stretch, his bo ys' teams won 7 consecutive state titles, and have never fini shed lower than 3rd. In 1980, both teams at Bell were named All-American Tea ms. Emil is proud of his gymnasts' man y honors and accomp lishments, especiall y the man y athletes who have earned co llege scholarships and who compete after graduating from Bell.

Emil was named in 1980, The Na tional High School Coach of the Year, and has been the Texas High School Coach of the Year in years pa st. He has represented both the AAU and Soko l on th e U.S. G}'mna stics O/}'mpic Comm ittees; is the Executive Director of the Texas High School Gym nastics Coaches Association; and past Presiden t of the Gymnastics Association of Texas - having received the America n Award presented annually by GA T. Black: Describe briefly some of the history of gymna stics in Texas.

Milan: Throu ghout th e 1930's, 40 's and 50's, most gYllln astics in Texas w as ini tiated through either the Sokol or AAU organizations. W ith Soko l we tra ve led all across the state hauling equipment w ith us, w hi Ie doing clini cs, givin g demon strations, helping to establi sh new gYllln astics programs in other tow ns, as we ll as com peting. We wo uld ha ve on e or two, somet illles Illaybe three cOlllpetiti ons eac h year. Durin g those tillles som e of the co ll eges had gYlllnasti cs , as did the Fort Wo rth and Dall as Sokol s, sOllle YMCA's , Crenshaw's in A ustin , and the Maveri ck Boys Club in A ill arili o.

SOllle of the folk s invo lved th en we re Lester Griffith , Wa lter Hose k, and Ben Wi lcox.

In th e 60 's and 70's, the hi gh sc hoo ls and private clu bs accelera ted gYllln asti cs growth , and as an exa illple- in 1969 around th en hi gh sc hoo ls offered gYlllnasti cs; now eighty do.

PAGE 18

" Texas IS becoming now, one of the strongest areas for developmental and competitive gymnastics In the // coun t ry . ..

sc hools plan to start gYlllnasti cs prograill s. Our State Regional here, around Fort Worth , is one of the stron ger in Texas. Th e prograill s at Ri chl and And Bell High Schools coillbined , have won approx illlately twe nty Texas State ChalllPionsh ips. O ve r th e recent years, Illany of our gymn asts have gone on to ea rn Ill any sc hol arships and coillpete at co lleges in Texas and arou nd the country .

Black: Your failli ly has been ver y active in gymnastics for years, and your brother, Jerr y, coaches at nearb y Trinit y High School.

Milan: M y fa illil y has been in vo lved w ith gymna stics through the Sokol s my entire life . Jerry works very close ly w ith th e Sokol organi za ti on toda v .

He and I, thou gh, in our famil y are the on ly ones w ho stayed acti ve ly invo lved in coac hin g.

There is a ri valry between Bell and Trinity High Schools, and if th ere is one between us, it is certainl y a most friend ly one. Thi s year, Jerry has perhaps hi s fin est and IllOSt compet iti ve tealll s.

Black: What are your thoughts as to the future for gym nastics in Texas?

Milan: Texas is beco min g now , one of th e stron gest areas for developIllental and cOlllpetiti ve gYlllnast ics in th e co untry . We have th ousa nd s of ch i Idren in vo lved today in va riou s kind s of prograill s. There are hundreds of pri vate clubs, and gro w th should co ntinue in th e hi gh sc hoo ls espec iall y if thi s yea r's vote all ows gymn asti cs inclu sion into th e UIL in Texas. Th ere is also a need for teacher/coac hes, man y hi gh sc hoo ls are sea rching for people and in man y areas th ere is a need for new gYlllna sti cs prograill s.

A lso, w ith th e presence of intern ation al competiti on and th e USGF Head qu arters in Fort Worth - thi s w ill also be most helpful.

Robert Cowan Robert Cowan ha s been in vo lved in gymnastics in the Fort Worth area for fifteen years . He is an in structor and gym nas tics coach at Richland High Schoo l, and Director and Hea d Coach of the Gyros Gymnas tics club work ing with both the men 's and women 's teams in each program.

Robert's high school tea ms have won six Texas State Championships and the Gyros Club ha s earned seven teen state tit les at va rious competitive levels. He has taken his gymnas ts to Europe twice, being undefeated in junior competition, whi le visiting Fra nce, Be/giulll, Holland, Switzerland and German y. In 1976, his junior team was th e USG F Ir. Olympic Bo ys' Na tiona l Champ ion.

He is married, and his wife, Chris, coaches th e women's co llegiate team at Texas Christian Universit y in Fort Worth . The y have two children; Todd 6, and Courtney 2. Robert is Vice President, Nat ional High School Coaches Association, and Chairman of th e Board of Directors for the USG F Bo ys' Jr. Olympic Program. He has received man }' honors and service awa rds th roughout Texas, and las t year received the Frank Cumiske y Award from the USGF. Black: What benefits did the World Cham pions hips bring to yo ur programs here in Fort Worth ?

Cowan: Bes ides the obv iou s, see in g th e best gymn asts in th e world co mpete, th e success of th e US men's tea m and th e success and exposure of Kurt Thom as an d Bart Conner gave our male gymna sts a rea l and new id en tity .

My gymna sts now have athletes to relate to , other than th e fo reign com petitors.

USGF GYMNASTICS

Robe r t Cowan with hla team.

Th e Champion ships also helped increase interest and parti cipation. A ll the gymnasti cs programs in th is area received a tremendou s boost.

Black: In your fifteen yea rs of gvmnas tics in vo lve ment in the Fort Wort h area, besides growth , w hat comments wo uld vo u like to m ake ?

Cow an: What makes Fort Worth rea ll y spec ial to me is the peopl e. Th e folks invo lved in gymna stic s here are fr iendl y, co ncerned, helpful , and tr.eir spirit and att itude have mad e successful gro w th poss ible. Peopl e like Emi l M il an and Bill Va lent ine lead the way by helping and sharing. Th ey personify th e Fort Worth area people invo lved in gymnastics.

Bl ack: As an educator, a gvmn as tics coach and a former athlete, w hat has so ld }' ou on the sport of gvmnastics?

Cowan: The more I became invo lved in gymn asti cs, th e more I believed gymn asti cs was th e epitome of ath letics. Th ere was so much se lf-di sc ipline in vo lved, a team concept , a team spirit, and ind iv idual prid e and spirit.

" G ymnastics serves a trem endous purpose , , , its carry- over effect involves both th e qualities of ph ys ical and m ental development useful in all sports,"

Gymn asti cs serves a tremendou s purpose. Ma ybe more so th an any other sport. Gym na stics and its carry-over effects in vo lves both the qualiti es of ph ys ical and mental deve lopment w hich is usefu l in all sports.

Black: Describe th e deve lopmental growth of the pri va te clubs in Texas over th e vea rs.

Cowan: When I first beca me invo lved in the sport - fifteen years ago gymnasti cs ma inly ste mmed from AA U, Soko l, and high sc hool program s.

Th ere was one private club in Texa s, Crenshaw'S Ath letic Club in Austin.

Th e growth since has been ph enomenal. Growth , first mu shroomed around the major cities, but now gymna sti cs is found throu ghout the entire state.

There are eas ily over two hundred private club programs alone .

Larry Gerard Larrv Gera rd was raised in Lin co ln , Nebras ka, and competed for th e Universit v of Nebras ka. H e has been a member of the U.S. Na tional Tea m for several vears; making the 7980 U.S. Men 's O IVmpic Tea m, competing pre viouslV in 79 7 9 at th e World Universitv Games, the World Champion-

USGF GYMNASTICS

ships and winning a gold meda l at the Na tiona l Sports Fes tiva l . He has received 74 international awards and represented the U.S. in Ca nada, Mex ico, Ea st German v, West Germ an y, China and England.

Larry started gymnas tics in iunior high and completed high schoo l as th e Ne braska Sta te AA Champion. W hile in co ll ege he eil rn ed Big 8 Conference individu al and team honors, competed for the N CAA Team Champion as a senio r, and wa s an 8 tim e NCAA A ll-America n.

N ow retired from com petitive gymnastics at 25, Larry resides in Fo rt Worth , and is emplo ved b}, th e Continental N ational Bank. He is married , and his wife, Pallv, wa s also a stand-out coll egia te AA G ymn as t at Nebra ska; ea rnin g All Big-8 3 tim es and was a 2 tim e AIAW A ll -America n. She c urrentl y coaches gym nas tics at a pri va te schoo l in Lew isville, Texa s, and is a mother-to-be.

Black: Did the Wo rld championships have anv bearing on vo ur moving to Fort Worth ?

Gerard: The Champion ships had a rea l impact on my employment here.

Of course, they had an impac t on my w ife an d myself ju st in genera l, to co me here to li ve in th e area beca use everyone we met was so ni ce. Th e Champion ships were a grea t sprin gboard for my bu siness ca reer, and al so for gymna stic s in the w ho le Fort Worth area.

Black: Now that yo u are retired from competitive gvmn astics, wh at are vour thoughts abou t the tim e and dedica tion you ga ve to yo ur trainin g?

Gerard : I love the sport. W hen I started , gymna stics was intriguing to me, and my brother was involved at the uni ve rsity. At that time , in hi gh sc hoo l, I did not ha ve any parents so I needed to find a way to go to co ll ege. Th e on ly wa y I th ought I could go was to ea rn a sc hol arship. That was my moti vati on in gymn astic s. Gymn asti cs taLight me com petit ive ness, .has let me travel the wo rld , helped me through coll ege and employment. I fee l th e hard work was rewarded.

Black: As part of th e successful m en 's tea m at the World Champio nships, do vou have an y comments about fu ture success for American men 's gymnastics?

Gerard : The outlook is very good. Even thou gh 4 of the 7 World Champion shi ps team members have retired , there are current ly 5 gym nasts to fil l those spots and ma ny ju n ior gymna sts w ith good potential. I feel it is ve ry important for the u.S. men to bui ld on th e success th e tea ms estab lished in Fort Worth in 1979. Therefore, I see th e next major internat ional competition as an important keyston e, a competition th e u.s. mu st do we ll in as a tea m. The judges are now recog ni zing a continued competiti ve ness from ou r gymnasts and thi s should agai n be re-establi shed to avo id havi ng to rebuild th e program and th at " name" to thi s plateau.

Black: Now that yo u live and wo rk here in Fort Worth , what are }' o ur thoughts about this area and gvmna stics?

Gerard: I think the USGF made a w ise deci sion in mov ing to Fort Worth . I have see n this area as a gymn ast, competin g la st year at the World Champion ships, and now from a bu sin ess v iewpoint. Thi s is a good geographi ca l locat ion , there is a stron g econom y, th e people are fr iend ly and gregariou s, and th ey are w il ling to support gymn asti cs.

PAGE 19

Washington OHlce 2349 Emenold Heights Court Reston, Virginia 703-476-6661

R.leigh AmYl, President

UNITED STATES GYMNASTICS SAFETY ASSOCIATION In view ofthe tremendous growth in gymnastics and the number of participants taking part it is vitally important that all instructors and coaches become USGSA Safety Certified as soon as possible.

Coaches ask why they should become USGSA Safety Certified .

For the benefit of the coaches that have not had the opportunity to discuss certification with Board Members, I will attempt to answer those questions here.

In the event of..a law suit one of the questions any plaintiffs attorney may ask is, "Are you Safety Certified by the USGSA?" If you respond, "No I'm not. But I've read the Manual and follow it's recommendations closely." The plaintiff may use this against you. He may point out that you can't prove you read the Safety Manual nor can you prove that you have the knowledge you claim to have.

CERTIFICATION is the only method acceptable to the courts to prove that you have read and follow ed the recommended procedures. This has become very evident in more than one court case already.

One must understand that the great majority of law suits against instructors and coaches involve no negligence or are borderline situations. Nothing can protect you if you were negligent but USGSA Safety Certification may protect you in the event there was no negligence or if it is a borderline case.

It h as been the opinion of the legal community and the legal counsel of the USGSA that the USGSA Safety Certification will provide an invaluable defense in proving there was no negligence on the part of a coach or instructor.

In a statement from Casey Conrad, Executive Director of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports (PCPFS) he said, "The PCPFS recognizes and endorses the need of the Gymnastics Safety Certification and compliments your association on the progress that has been made."

Mr. Conrad brought out an important point to consider, "No matter what safety measures are applied, there will always be some elements of risk and some accidents. The environment is not going to adjust to an individual. Individuals have to prepare themselves to meet the emergencies.in life."

BENEFITS OF CERTIFICATION "The Gymnastics Safety Certification Program ," explained Mr. Conrad, " provides many benefits. Most importantly, it helps reduce accidents and their severity. Also, it provides an independent professional recognition system for those who are actually qualified to instruct safely. The USGSA has proved to school PAGE 20

administrators that gymnastics has a positive Safety Program.

Safety Certification puts our coaches in a legally defensible position in the event of an unfortunate accident. This makes gymnastics the first organized sport to establish Safety Certification of coaches for the protection of athletes."

I'm certain that no one would consider running a swim program without a Red Cross WSI Certified Staff. The courts will want to know why you would run a gymnastics program without a staff Safety Certified by the USGSA. It's like not having a lifeguard when you send your kids swimming. I wouldn 't let any child participate in such a program and I'm sure no responsible adult would.

As the public grows more aware of the USGSA Safety Certification it is certain they will have second thoughts about letting their children participate in a gymnastics program if it is not r un by competent, USGSA Safety Certified Staff.

Already, many jobs opening up for gymnastics instructors require USGSA Safety Certification. This will become commonplace in the very near future. Even summer camps are now

" Nothing can protect you if you were negligent but USCSA Safety Certification may protect you in the event there was no negligence . .. . /1

setting similar standards for their staffs. Some coaches are hiring only certified instructors for their summer camps . Others are sure to adopt similar standards.

Realizing the importance of USGSA Safety Certification many colleges and universities will be requiring USGSA Certification of all Phys. Ed. graduates.

Many people concerned about the cost should first look at the benefits. Not only do you receive the benefits mentioned above but you will receive very valuable information at the USGSA Safety Course and Test. The very finest and most knowledgeable people in our sport will be conducting these sessions and sharing their knowledge. Certainly a valuable experience.

Contrary to popular belief, the USGSA does not receive large sums of money from the equipment companies. They did make some initial contributions which helped to get things started. It is to your benefit that the USGSA is supported solely through the fees you pay for USGSA Membership and Certification.

By having an association free and independent of any other association, group, and equipment manufacturers, we have much stronger credibility in court. The courts would not recognize us if they felt we were a front for the equipment companies or any other organization. Your support is vital to the continued credibility of the USGSA. The Safety Teaching Certifications by the USGSA are a supplement to a College Degree in Physical Education similar to the Red Cross Swimming and Water Safety Courses. A College Degree in Physical Education with courses in gymnastics does not necessarily meet the standards of Safety Teaching as expected by the courts. An additional course specifically designed for safety is recommended by the USGSA Board of Directors as well as the legal community.

As the USGSA grows and incorprates more and more people, safety in gymnastics will become commonplace. The certification procedure will serve in developing more awareness of the responsibility carried by those who teach and coach.

Thus the Certification Programs are designed for those who are to teach young people; to make them more knowledgeable and qualified in both established and new areas.

Certification is not an immunity to lawsuits, but it is an honest attempt at specialized training to help carry out the duty to discipline, supervise and instruct with reasonable foresight and care.

USGF GYMNASnCS

CERTIFICATION PROCEDURE The USGSA office in Washington, D.C. can provide you with an updated list of approved National Certifiers. You may attend the session conducted by any individual on the list.

Get a copy of the "Gymnastics Safety Manual" as soon as possible. Send $7.95 to the Penn State Press, 215 Wagner Bldg. , University Park, PA 16802.

Anyone interested in becoming a National Certifier may contact the USGSA office in Washington. The procedure will be explained to you.

Without the USGSA Certification Program the insurance companies would not have been so anxious to help the gymnastics community.

The first step to all ofthis is to become a member and get USGSA Safety Certified. For more information contact the USGSA Office a t 2349 Emerald Hts. Ct., Reston, Virginia 22091, 703-476-6660.

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~ Code of Points

Send for your copy today to: USGF P.O. Box 7686 Fort Worth, Texas 76111

SPORTS JEWELRY ~eN~~3 21 West 16 Street, New Yo rk, N.Y.

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FOR AIRMAIL DELIVERY INCLUDE $3.00 POSTAGE. FOR NORMAL 3RD CLASS DELIVERY INCLUDE $1.00 POSTAGE.

~GYMNASTICS The Official Publication of the United States Gymnastics Federation Presently published six times per year by the United States Gymnastics Federation. the internationally recognized national governing body for gymnastics in the United States .

USGF Gymnastics as of January, 1981 is printed and distributed to over 5,000 subscribers, officers and officials of the USGF , member nations of F.I.G., the USGF Women 's Committee and other administrators , coaches and judges of influence in the gymnastics community.

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USGF GYMNASTICS endeavors to be an effective means of communication for the dissemination of information and ideas whereby athletes, coaches, judges and administrators of gymnastics will be accurately informed of the latest developments, techniques, news, rules, and results pertaining to all vital phases of gymnastics. Each issue will be designed to communicate , educate and stimulate the gymnastics community and its decision makers to perpetuate and improve gymnastics in the United States.

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• USGF·Gl02 United States Gymnastics Federation

p,O, Box 7686/Fort Worth, Texas 76111/(817)485-7630

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PAGE 21

BIO-MECHANICS CORNER

THE EFFECT OF A GYMNAST'S HEIGHT ON VAULTING PERFORMANCE

by A ndrew Dainis, PhD. Associate Professor Department of Ph ys ica l Education Universit}' of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742

Gym nasts co me in man y shapes and sizes, w ith differi ng phvsic,l l, phys iolog ica l , and psychologica l attri butes. Perhaps th e most obv ious phys ica l charac teri stic is a perso n's height , a facto r w hi ch ma y va ry cons id erably amon g parti ci pants at th e same level of co mpetiti on. The trend towa rd s sm al ler (and hence yo un ge r) gy mn asts in wo men 's gymn ast ics indica tes that size is an important factor, one th at shou ld be eva luated and understood in term s of bi omec hanica l <1 lxl ph ys iolog ica l prin cip les . Th e b iom echani ca l co nsiderati ons prese nted here di sc uss performance differences based so lely on height. It should be rea li zed that such differences are genera ll y assoc iated w ith age, phys ica l development , and experi ence; th ese bein g fac tors w hich should also be included in th e eva lu ati on and expectation s of perform ance. Th e appli ca ti on presented here is to fema le gymna sts, but the princ ip les hold eq uall y we ll fo r men's gymna sti cs. It is hoped th at thi s di sc uss ion w ill help th e coach and gYlllnast und erstand poten ti al differences between gym nasts, and the mechan ics w hi ch underli e th ese di ffe rences.

A gymn ast's height has probabl y th e largest co nsequence in mount s onto, and di smounts from appa ratu s of fi xed height. Because a vault consists onl y of a mount and a di smount , th e effect of a gymna st's height ca n be ex pec ted to be quite large in thi s event. Let us co nsider tw o gymn asts, one tall , and th e ot her short. A lso let us assuille that they are both ca pabl e of running at th e sa me speed and jump ing to th e sa me height. If they each pe rform ed a hand sprin g va ult , wo uld these va ult s differ in terms of height and length of prefli ght and after-fli ght ? If th e an swer is yes, th en could the gymna sts do identica l looki ng va ult s, an d w hat mod ifica ti ons wo uld be requ ired in th eir ac ti ons?

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PAGE 22

In ord er to di sc uss the effec ts of size on va ulting performan ce we first have to understand a bas ic prin c iple w hi ch is co nce rn ed w ith th e moti on of th e gymn ast over th e take-off board , and th e horse. Th e moti on of the bod y as a w ho le can be viewed as th at of a sin gle point central to th e bod y, th e bod y's center of gravit }'. We w ill abbreviate it by CG. During take-off, th e CG of th e bod y is moving ove r th e take-off board w ith a speed appro ximately equa l to the gym nast's run -up speed . W hen the feet come in co ntac t w ith th e board th ey become stati onary w hil e th e CG co ntinues fo rward, resulting in a rotation bein g initi ated about the CG. Tall and short gymn asts ha ving th e sa me run-up speed w ill acquire d ifferin g amount s of rota ti on beca use of th eir differences in height. That thi s is th e case can be see n in Figure 1. The CG of th e body moves the sa me di stance in th e same ti me for both gymna sts since th ey both are ass uilled to ha ve the sa me hori zo ntal speed. Howeve r, if the feet are held stationary during th e tim e interva l, th e shorter gymna st w ill rotate through a larger angle than th e tall gy mn ast. A larger angle in th e sa me time impli es th at th e small gymnast obtain s a larger rotati ona l speed about the CG during th e take-off.

A simil ar circum stance res ults w hile the gymna sts are in contac t w ith the horse. th e smaller gymn ast attain s more rotation. Th e effec ts of thi s principle Illay be good or bad dependin g upon w hich part of th e va ult , and the type of va ult we co nsider. Let us exa min e the handsprin g va ult w hi ch has acqu ired new importance since being introduced as th e ba sis of all co mpul so ry va ults for th e nex t four yea rs.

D uring take-off th e above pri nciple is helpful to the short gymnast. W hile in co ntac t w ith the take-off board the gymna st IllUSt develop a ce rtain amount of ve rti ca l speed necessa ry to raise the body above th e horse, and a ce rt ain amount of bod y rotati on required to chan ge th e body ori entati on from approx im atel y upri ght ve rti ca l to about 45 degrees short of the hand stand. For a Illore detail ed di sc uss ion on th e releva nt va riab les in va ult in g,

USGF GYMNASTICS

and how th ey interact , th e reader is referred to Tec hni ca l Supplement No . .l of the Internationa l Gymna st, Jul y 1980. If th e horizontal speed during th e prefli ght is th e sa me fo r bo th gymna sts, th en th e time in th e <l ir is determined by ju st th e board-to-horse di stance durin g w hi ch th e spec ific <l mount of rot ation mu st take pl ace . Now a relati ve ly short take-off di stance is desirable beca use it requ ires less ve rt ica l speed from th e take-off; however , a shorter take-off di stan ce di ctates grea ter ro tati on speed. Becau se of th e above principle, a tall gym na st acq uires less rotat ion in pa ss ing ove r th e board , and hence mu st generall y take-off furth er back from th e horse. A long take-off di stance w ithout extra horizontal speed cau ses add iti ona l probl ems sin ce th e ve rti ca l speed mu st be increased and the gymna st is in dan ger of mi ss ing th e horse, or being on the dow n part of th e trajectory at horse contact. Hence, the short gymna st ca n wo rk w ith th e board clo ser to th e horse, co ntac t th e horse ea rl ier in th e prefl ight traj ec tory, <lnd have more rotation about th e w ri sts at horse co ntact.

Before co nsiderin g w hat happens on the horse, let us eva lu ate th e requ irement s of good after-fli ght. In a hand sprin g vault , a hi gh and lon g after- fl ight w ith a stable landin g is of prime importance . Th e <lfter-fli ght di stance is prin c ipally determin ed by onl y two factors; hori zo nt<ll speed during after-fli ght (w hi ch remain s co nstant ), and th e time spent in th e ai r.

Th e tim e in th e air is ve ry much th e sa me for both gymn as ts if th e horse is th e sa me height. Th is is becau se th e CG of both gymna sts mu st fa l l through the sa me di stanc e. The tal ler gymna st's CG start s hi gher but fini shes up hi gher at land ing becau se she is taller w hereas the short gymna st start s lower and fini shes lower. A stron ger PU S:l by one gymna st w hil e leav in g th e horse wo uld res ult in a slight ly higher upwa rd speed at horse relea se, but it is found that even a stron g pu sh has little effect upon th e total tim e spent in after-fl ight. H ence, horizontal speed is th e principa l fac tor determinin g the length of the after-flight. For thi s reason, if th e short gymna st is to ach ieve th e sa me after-flight di stance as th e tal l gymn ast. she mu st have th e same speed over the horse as th e tal l gymn ast. In turn , becau se of our principle, th e shorter gymna st w ill acquire considerabl y more rotation during co ntact w ith th e horse w hi ch w ill tend to be ca rr ied into the after-fli ght.

Durin g th e after-fl ight th e gymna st mu st rotate from approximately th e handstand position to the ve rti ca l stand ing position if th e landin g is to be w ithout ove r or under-rotation. Both gymn asts have th e sa me tim e for th is rotation and therefore mu st both rotate at the sa me speed durin g thi s phase.

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Figure 3 . Th e landing distance in terms of a g ymna st's height. A horizontal forward force of 25% of body weight is exerted in eve,y case.

Thi s requ irement presents a rea l probl em to the shorter gymn ast. She w ill have more rotat ion than necessary to land on the fee t, and mu st so mehow red uce it if she is not to over-rotat e. Th e on ly mechall ism ava il abl e to red uce the speed of rota ti on is to pu sh the shoulder fo rward (in the direction of th e vau lt). Thi s action reduces rotation and has the added benefit of increasing th e hor izo ntal speed becau se th e gymna st is effec tive ly pu shin g herself fo rwa rd by pu shin g back on the horse. Of course , th ere is a lim it to how much pu sh can be given in the short tim e interva l that th e gymn<lst is on th e horse. It is th is lim itat ion w hi ch appears to determine th e ma ximum after-fl ight distan ce a gymn ast may ac hi eve.

By use of th e computer model described in Techn ica l Supplement IG

Continued on page 25.

USGF GYMNASTICS ", .

PAGE 23

In th e last two additions of Gymna sti cs ews, we have di sc ussed problem s deal ing w ith the shoulder and th e knee. The co lullln presented in thi s iss ue dea ls w ith th e ankle sprain , w hi ch is th e most com lllon injury see n in gymn ast ics. As you \,vi II see in thi s artic le th ought fu ll y prepared by my assoc iate, Hugh W. Ratli ff, M.D ., th e simpl e ankle sprain may not be all th at simpl e. Thi s arti cle de<l ls w ith the mechan isms of in jury and touches briefl y on oth er ankle problem s. Earl y management of th ese problems is mentioned bri efl y in thi s arti cle, but w ill be covered in detai l in later issues. Nea l C. Small , M.D.

SPORTS MEDICINE VIEW

ANKLE SPRAINS

by Hugh \1\1. Ratliff. IVI.0.

O ne of the most di sa bl in g injuri es for the gymna st is a sprain ed <l nkl e.

A nkle sprain s occu r most often during di smounts fro m the bea m, or b<lrs, the va ult, and less often from floor routines. Recent publicat ion s by Garrick and Req ua indica te th at ankle sprain s are th e most com mon injuri es for gymnasts.

The most cOllllllon sprain is ca used frolll turnin g th e foot " under" to\v<lrd th e oth er foot (in ve rsion sprainl . In thi s injury. swelli ng occu rs <l round <lnd usuall y towa rd th e front of th e outside ankle bone (fibul a!. The li g<l ment most often torn is th e " anteri or talofibul ar", but so metilll es th e "fibuloca lca nea l", and rarel y th e " posterior talofibular" li ga lllent s are also torn.

(See figure A.)

It is important to differenti ate th is sprain from parti<l l or comp lete di sloc<lti on of th e peron ea l tendons. Th e peron ea l tend ons pass down th e ou tside of th e ca lf and go behind the ou tside ank le bone. (See Figure B. I If they become di splaced from th eir groo ve and sli p over th e ankle bone, swelling occurs w hi ch ma y be co nfu sed w ith a sp rain ed ankl e. Usu<ll ly the ten derness and swellin g are above th e area in vo lved in th e COllllllon invers ion sprain .

If th e foot is fo rcib ly turn ed outwa rd and upwa rd away from the other ioot (eve rsion sprain ). th e " delto id " liga ment may be parti <l ll y or co mpletely torn from th e area around the in side ankle bon e (Illedial Ill<l lleolu si. Thi s result s in swelling on th e inside of th e ankl e. (See figure C.I In th e case of severe sprain s in w hich th e foot is dri ven up\v<lITI and outwa rd as above, th e heavy co nnect ing li ga ments between th e tibi<l and

Posterjor talofibular ligament terior talofibular lig .

Fibulocalcaneal lig.

f -::- -Lateral (outside) view Peroneal tendons Medial malleolus

view PAGE 24

USGF GYMNASTICS

fibula at th e ankle m ay be torn (ti b iofibul ar sy nd es mosis). Thi s is a ve ry seri o us inju ry, res ult ing in seve re swe lling and ca usin g pe rmanent damage to the ankl e if no t d iagnosed ea rly and treated pro perly. Th is injury is ca ll ed " di asta sis o f th e di stal tib iofibul ar jo int". Surgica l treatm ent is o ft en necessa ry.

In trea tin g injuri es o f th e ankle it sho uld be ke pt in m ind th at th e goa ls of trea tment are: 1) to preve nt c hro ni c instability of the ankle, and 2) to re tu rn the athl ete to norma l ac tivity as soon as poss ibl e.

A ny indi v idual w ith ankl e pa in after an injury should be trea ted by e lev ation o f th e ankl e, ice pac ks, and sho uld have evaluati o n by d ph ys ic ian es pec iall y if the ankl e is swol len. The ph ys ic ian w ill determin e by x-ray w heth er th e ankl e is bro ken o r sprained , sin ce makin g thi s decis ion w ith out x-ray is not w ise . If it is determin ed th at th e ankl e is sp rained th e ph ys ic ian w ill presc ribe trea tment depend ing o n th e ex tent of in jury to the li gaments. Thi s w ill ra nge fro m simpl e elasti c suppo rt or tapin g to cas t immobi li za ti o n and sometim es surgery. Th e trea tment w ill almost alwa ys invol ve som e degree o f acti v it y restri ction , usuall y w ith a gradu al return to fu ll athl etic parti c ipation .

•

Bio-Mechanics from. page 23 (j ul y 1980)' it is poss ib le to ca lcula te the d ifferences in action reqU ired by tall and short gymn asts to attain th e sam e after-fl ight di stance . Co nve rse ly, if th e tw o gymn asts exe rt th e sa m e fo rces in relati o n to th eir bod y we ight, the differences in after-fli ght ca n be ca lc ul ated . Fi gures 2 and3 show so me results o f th e co mputer m ode l. In Figure 2, the hor izo ntal sca le shows land ing di stance from th e co ntac t point (in m eters) and th e ve rti ca l sca le indi ca tes th e hori zontal pu sh as a percentage o f bod y we ight required to obtain th e co rrect amo unt of ro tation w h ic h ensures th e co rrec t landin g angle of the body . A force below th e 0% li ne impli es th at th e gymn as t has to push th e sho ulders forwa rd (in th e direc ti o n o f fli ght) in o rd er to redu ce body rotati o n about the CC. A force above th e 0 % li ne is the res ult of . pu shin g th e sho ulders bac k, in c reases rotati o n, and ca uses an arched bod y during th e repul sion from th e horse . Th e four curves are for four d ifferent heights of gymn asts; 5 ' 6", 4 ' 11", 4 ' 4", and 3 ' 9". In ord er to land th e sa me d istan ce fro m th e horse (2.5 m eters say), eac h gymn as t mu st ha ve approxim ately th e same ho rizo ntal speed ove r the ho rse, but the 4 ' 4" gymna st ro tates faster ove r th e ho rse tending to give her too mu ch ro tati o n for the after-fli ght. To redu ce thi s to th e sam e speed o f ro tati on as th e tall er gymna st, she mu st pu sh the shoulders forwa rd w ith force of 65% o f her bod y we ight versus onl y 25% o f bod y w eight required of th e tall gymn as t.

Thu s, a small er gymna st mu st no t o nl y have th e same speed o f trave l ove r the horse, she m ust have more th an tw ice as mu c h hori zontal pu sh as th e tall er gymn ast in ord erto ach ieve th e sa me after-fl ight di stance w ith out over rotat io n. Requiring the sm aller gymn ast to exert a ho ri zo ntal force of 25 % o f her bod y we ight wo uld .d i ctate a lowe r ho rizo nt al speed and wo uld res ult in a stab le land ing at the di stan ce o f onl y 2 .0 meters fro m th e ho rse .

Fi gure 3. il lu strates more c lear ly how landin g di stance depend s upo n height in the situation w here the gymna sts have the sa me ho ri zo ntal and ve rti cal pu sh in relation to bod y we ight. A lth ough th e li ne is not perfec tl y strai ght, it does indi cate a direct relation ship between th e gymnast's height and th e di stance of after-fl ight, i .e., th e after-fl ight di stance is pro porti o nal to the gymn ast's height.

In va ults invo lv in g somersa ults du rin g th e after-fli ght , thi s sa me princ iple aids th e sho rter gymna st in compl eting th e rot ati o n . For hand sprin g fro nt s and Tsukaharas th e gymna st needs all the rotati on she can get durin g the after-fli ght, makin g th e ex tra rotation obtained by th e shorter gymn as t an asset rath er th an a liability. Fo r thi s sa m e reaso n, th e ta ll gymn ast ca n be ex pected to find it hard er to do th e som ersa ulting va ults. Additi o nall y, th e short gymn ast ca n reach th e horse w ith grea ter verti ca l ve loc ity beca use she can have th e board c loser to the ho rse . Th is grea ter ve rti ca l speed assists in rotat ion and passage over th e ho rse.

From the above consid erati o ns it ca n be co nc lud ed th at: 1. The sho rter gymn ast has a definite di sa dva ntage in performin g th e hand sprin g c lass o f va ult s if an abso lute length of after-flight is required . ot o nly must th e sho rter gymn ast have th e sa me hor izontal speed as th e tall gymn ast, but she mu st pu sh fo rwa rd o ff th e horse w ith a fo rce more th an two tim es larger in relati o n to bod y we ight. It is fo r thi s reaso n th at short gymnasts sho uld not, in general, be ex pected to ac hi eve the same length of after-fli ght as th e tall er gymn ast. Thi s is contrary to the jud ging ru les presentl y bein g used for the co mpul sory va ults. Th e bi om ec hani cs o f th e situati o n ind icates that after-fli ght di stance sho uld be propo rti o nal to a gymn ast' s height , e.g. on e and one-hal f bod y length s.

2. Th e tal l gymna st ha s a di sa d va ntage in Tsukahara s and hand sp rin g front va ults beca use of th e lesser ro tation obtained w hen pass in g ove r the board and horse . Thi s m akes it mo re d iffi c ult for th em to compl ete the necessary ro tati on rlur in g the after-fli ght.

•

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