Technique Magazine - September/October 1994 by USA Gymnastics

AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF USA GYMNASTICS

September jOctober 1994 Vol. 14, #9

Inside Getting Started in USA Gymnastics Online Lowering To A Back Bend External Reaction Forces Experienced By The Lower Extremities During The Take-off And Landing Of Tumbling Skills 1994 Congress Report and Ceremony of Honors Professional Development Program 1994 Gymnaestrada Fear Is Our Friend Parent Education Is The Key To Increased Enrollment In Preschool Gymnastics What Is Club Gymnastics?

1rÂŤGA GYMNASTICS

Educational Matenals .

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YMNASTICS.

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September/October 1994 Volume 14, #9 Publisher Editor Designer Design Assistant Men's Program Director Women's Program Director Rhythmic Program Director

Kathy Scanlan luan Peszek

Contents

Julie T, Janes Stephanie Amick

Telecommunications Getting Started in USA Gymnastics Online!

Ron Galimore

Tumbling

Kathy Kelly

Lowering to a Back Bend External Reaction Forces Experienced by the Lower Extremities During the Take-off and Landing of Tumbling Skills

Nora Campbell

10 USA GYMNASTICS BOARD OF DIRECTORS Chair: Sandy Knapp; President: KalhyScanlan; President Emeritus: Mike Donohue; Amateur Athletic Union: Stan Alkinsan; American Sokol Organizotion:JerryMilan; American TrampoASEP C h- P - -I line &Tumbling Association: Wayne Dawning; American Turn- W,~':!..-~o~a!!c=m~g...!..!.r!!;m~c/~p:!!e~s___________________________________~ 17~____

Coaches Education

ers: 8elly Heppner; Jewish Community Centers: lori Kalz; PDP Level II: Grandparenting Application 22 National Association of Collegiale Gymnastics Cooches for - Men: Abie Grassfeld; National Association of Collegiate Gymrofessional Development Program 24 Mastics Coaches for Women: Gail Davis; National Association for Girls and Women in Sport: Dr. Mimi Murray; National PDP Level II Experience Verification Form 30 Association of Women' s Gymnastics Judges: Yvonne Hodge; NationaICallegiateAthleticAssociation:Jane8eHs,lou8urkel; lr;,= "'-'''-''-'''-=='---_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ ..c3~1'______ National Federation of Stote High School Assodations:Suson "'T True; National Gymnastics Judges Association: Harry Bjerke; National High S,hool Gymnastics Coaches Association: John 8rinkworth; Special Olympics, Inc.: Kale Faber-Hickie; U.S. 1994 Congress Report 18 Rhythmic Gymnastics Coaches Association: Suzie DITullio; 1994 Ceremony of Honors 20 U.S. Association of Independent Gym Clubs: lance Crawley; U.S. Elite Coaches Association for Men's Gymnastics: Peler Kormann; U.S. Elite Coaches Association for Women' s Gymnastics: Tony Gehman, Roe Kreutzer; U.S. Men's Gymnastics Gymnaestrada 26 ~oaches Association: Marc Yancey; U.S. Sports Acrobatics .'ederation: Bonnie Oovidron; Young Men s Christian Association 01 the USA: Rick Dodson; USA Gymnastics National Membership Directors: Men's: JimHoh, Ray Guro; Women s: Parent Education is the Key to Increased Enrollment in Preschool Gymnastics 32 lim Archer, Julio Thompson-Arell; Rhythmic: Alia Svi~ky, Ule AIt(arberry Athlete Directars:Wendy Hilliard, ,hair; (hrisWaller, vi,e chair;Tanyo Service Choplin,sec; Dione -Dee- Foster, Krislen Keno yer Woodland, Karyn lyan Glover, Peler Vidmar, (onrad Voorsonger; What is (/ub Gymnastics? USCC Athlete's Advisory (auncil: Mi,helle Dus.. rre_

1994 Congress

General Gymnastics

Preschool

Club Gymnastics

USA GYMNASTICS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Chair: Sandy Knopp; Special Advisor to the Chairman of the aaard: Roe Kreulzer; President: Kalhy S,onlon; Secretary: Mike Milidonis; Vice Chair Women: lianey Mo~holl; Vice Chair Men: Tim Daggell; Vi,e Chair Rhythmic: Norma Zabka; FIG Women' s Technical Cammittee:Jo,kie Fie; FIG Rhythmic Technical Committee: Andrea Schmid-Shapiro; FIG Men's Technical Committee: 8ill Roelzheim; At large Members: Jim Hartung, Joan Moore, Athlete Diredors:Mi,helie Dus.. rre, WendyHilliard, PelerVidmar; President Emeritus: Mike Donohue. ASSOCIATE CONTENT EDITORS SPORTS SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE WiliiamSonds, Ph,D" Chair, Sports Advisory (ommillee Polly Hocker, Ph,D" Choir, EducalionSub路commiHee Slephen W.Whitlock, liaison Unless expressly idenlified 10 Ihe <Dnlrary, all articles, slalements and views prinled herein ore ollribuled solely 10 Ihe aulhor and USA Gymnastics expresses no opinion ond assumes no responsibility Ihereof. CHANGE OF ADDRESS AN DSU8SCRIPTIDN INQUIRIES: In arder 10 ensure uninlerrupled delivery of TECHIIJQUE magnzine, noli" of ,hange oladdressshouldbemadesixloeighl weeksinodvan", Far fostesl service, please enclose your present moiling label. Oirecl oll subscriptian mail 10 TECHNIQUE Subscriptions, Pon American Plaza, 101 S, (apilol Ave" Suile 300, Indianapolis, IN 46115, TECHNIQUfIISSN 0748路599991 is published 10 times per year by 'ISA Gymnaslics, Pan Ameri,an Plaza, 101 S. (apilol Ave., Suile DO, Indionopolis, IN 461151phone: 317-137-5050), Thirdcloss poslage paid 01 Indianapolis, IN _Subscription prices: S1S.0D per year in Uniled Sioles; all olher <Duntries S48,OD per year. 11 availo ble, back issue single copies S4.0D plus posloge/ handling, All reasonable care will be loken, bUI no responsibilily <Dn be assumed for unsolicited malerial; enclose return postage. Copy路 righl1994 byUSAGymnaslics and TECHNIQUE. All righis reserved, Prinled by Sporl Graphics, Indianapolis, IN,

Men's Gymnastics Championships Status of NCAA Men's Program

Women's Gymnastics IntrodUCing P.R.f.P. Optional

Women's Minutes Women's Administrative Workshop. July 30, 1994, Indianapolis, IN Women's Technical Committee, August 1-8, 1994, Palm Springs, (A

Rhythmic Minutes Difficulty Elements for the Composition of Exercises with Five Gymnasts, May 1994

William Sands, Ph_D_ discusses the emphasis that shauld be made when teaching and performing a bridge position_

Jill McNitt-Gray illustrates how to produce larger impulses during the take-oil phase in order to produce a successful landing during tumbling_

Patti Komara gives advice and shows her own club's examples on how to continually educate and inform parents for preschool classes.

Departu

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Introducing the first in a series of three vid eos that focus on the physical, mental and nutritional requirements needed to be a healthy athlete !

PLEASE NOTE: The videos listed in this magazine are provided for educational and historic purposes. While every effort is made to produce videos of the highest quality, it should be noted that some of the videos are produced at events utilizing handheld cameras from vantage points in the stands by non-professional volunteer teclmicians. Only limited editing and production enhancements are utilized in order to provide a timely product at a reasonable cost to the USA Gymnastics membership.

NurR"'ONAL READINESS VIDEO #2444 S4.95 A video with the healthy athlete in mind .. .featuring Dr. Dan Benardot, USA Gymnastics National Team Nutritionist an d Mary Lou Retton, 1984 Olympic Gold Medalist

ro order any of these videotapes, use the USA Gymnastics order form on page 2.

This video was designed to educate athletes about proper nutrition and to explain the h azards of eating disorders. Learn how you can create an environment that fosters high self-esteem and p ositive body image among young gynm as ts!

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Salt Lake City, Utah-August, 1993. Seniors: Roethlisberger-III.30, Umphrey-II 0.20, Keswick109.20, Waller-I08.25, Hanks-I07.25, Roth-I06.50, Bagiu-I05.90, Huston-I05.85, Grace-I05.25, Simons-I04.85, Masucci-I 04.75, Meadowes-I04.70, Durbin-I04.60, Harrison-I04.45, McCain103.40, Stein-I 03.35, Yee-I03.20, Denucci-I 02.70. Juniors: Bryan-99.15, Thornton-95.75, Klaus94.05, Sfibel-93.10, Kinison-91.05, Michel-89.40, Stein-86.05, Juguilon-81.45.

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Salt Lake City, Utah-August, 1993. Seniors: Miller-78.41, Oawes-77.33, Strug-76.57, Borden75. 145, Campi-74.95, Fontaine-74.09, Oavis-73.865, Beathard-72.485, Roehelli-72.34, Bhardwaj72.305, Reid-72.26, Muhleman-71.93, Arnold-lI.915, Fitzpatrick-71.895, Gianni-71.74, Young71.655, Ellsberry-71.655, Liehey-71.635, E. Reid-71.4 15, Fry-lI.27. Juniors: J. Thompson-74.70, Maiers-74.38, Meduna-74.005, Teft-73.765, O. Thompson-72.98, Liehey-72.925, Moeeanu-72.895, Oial-72.895, Kinkaid-72.845, Kullikowski-72.60, Pickens-72.395, Marfini-72.355

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TECHNIQUE

Telecommunications

GETTING STARTED IN

USA

• at 300 bps, type the letter o when you see "pLEASE TYPE YOUR TERMINAL IDENTIFIER," or when you see a string of random characters.

Signing on using SprintNet 1. Dial your local SprintNet number. uppercase D and <RETURN>.

3. At PLEASE LOG IN, type DELPHI and press <RETURN>.

(300 and 1200 bps, press <RETURN> then Dand <RETURN» .

4. Type your Username and Password at the prompts.

2. Once connected, press @, then

3. When TERMINAL= appears

press <RETURN>.

4. When @ appears, type C DELPH I and press <RETURN>. 5. Type your Username and

Password at the prompts.

Signing on using Tymnet 1. Dial your local Tymnet num-

ber.

Moving around and using commands

FORWARD <username>-Cop-

There are a cou pIe commands you can use at almost any menu prompt:

• at 1200 bps, wait until a group of X's appear, then type the letter O.

When <RETURN> is shown below it indicates pressing the <RETURN>, or <ENTER> key on your computer.

FILE <Folder Name>-Store

In most menus on USA Gymnastics Online! and Delphi, you select your choice by merely typing the first two, three or four letters of the item. To select the Business Office, just type BUS.

GYMNASTICS ONLINE! Signing On

The next section describes the commands you can use at prompts within USA Gymnastics Online!

Finding USA Gymnastics Online! At DELPHI main menu type GR USA (Groups & Clubs menu item, selecting USA Gymnastics Online!). You can stack" commands as above on Delphi to save navigation time. II

Once in USA Gymnastics Online! you can return to Delphi at any time by either selecting • at 2400 bps, wait 5 sec- DELPHI from the main menu, onds after connecting then or typing GO MAIN at the USA type the letter O. Gymnastics Online! main menu. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _• _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2. Tymnet's log-in procedure varies with speed of modem:

EXIT or /EXIT will move you back to the previous screen. So will holding down your <CONTROL> ley and pressing Z. The <CTRL>Z combination is also used to signify you have finished writing an Electronic Mail letter, a Forum Message and several other "word processing" functions online. It's a great "panic button" when you don't know what to do.

Communications Center In the Communications Center, you can send electronic mail (MAIL choice on menu) or a FAX, or take care of several other communications opportunities-including managing your own workspace, a place to store files you've uploaded for distribution as MAIL or to the FILE LIBRARIES.

Electronic Mail <RETURN>-Press <RETURN> upon entering Mail to read new messages if any. If there are no new messages the system will say so. that BACK-Displays message precedes the one you're currently reading.

Obtain your local SprintNet number by calling 1-800-877-5045 extension 5, or your local Tymnet number is available at 1-800-336-0149 (Canada, 1-703-442-0145) DELPHI customer service number 1-800-695-4005. Outside the USA call 1-617-491-3393.

displayed message in a file in your workspace you've named in <Folder Name> . ies the message and sends it to another user whose name you insert. or <ENTER>-Displays the next message.

REPLY-Following a message you can type REPLY to answer the message. The system will type in the liTo: line for you. II

First step in transmitting an e-mail message to someone. After you type SEND, the system will prompt you liTo: and you type in the Username of the person you're sending it to.

SEND -

<Filename>-Sends a file you've uploaded to your workspace to the Usemame you insert at the li To: line. If using SEND and writing a message while online you press <CTRL-Z> to actually send it once you've written it.

SEND

SENDLAST-Send just-sent message to another person.

Forum Messages generally consist of the initial replies, then others adding their thoughts on the same subject. These are called threads which refers to "threads of conversation. On USA Gymnastics Online! and Delphi, you can FOLLOW threads of subject matter easily. II

To leave messages or read messages left by others: ADD-- Start new message with a

subject different from the one you're in and categorize it according to topics available. Type ? to see designated topics . BACK-Read the previous message in a thread.

DELETE-Deletes the message you've just read, or follow DELETE with a numb er ( DEL 1) to delete a p articular message.

DELETE-Remove a message written by you or addressed to you.

DIRECTORY-(or DIR) lists summary of mail messages.

DIRECTORY-Displays directory of messages.

EXIT- Return to previous message.

FILE-Place copy of message in your workspace.

September / October 1994 TECHNIQUE

., 9

Telecommunications

., I

A 6

FOLLOW-Follow message thread reading only those messages designated within that subject. FORWARD-Send a copy of an interesting message via email. HIGH-Show highest message number. MAIL-Enter electronic mail, while holding your place in the Forum. NExT-Read next message (pressing <ENTER> does same thing). READ # #-Follow with a message number to read a certain message. READ NEW-Read messages left since you last read them. REPLY-Respond to a message.

Special control characters Control-z-Ends input or exits to previous menu. Control-S--Suspends sending. Control-Q-Resumes sending. Control-o-Skips to the end of a file or message. Control-u-Cancels input for current line. Control-R-Re-displays the current line (used a lot in

SIGNING UP FOR

USA

GYMNASTICS ONLINE! Dial, with your computer / modem: 1-800-365-4636. Press <ENTER> a few times.

CONFerence).

When the system asks for USERNAME: just enter JOINDELPHI

Control-X-Cancels everythingtyped ahead butunsent. Control-C-Cancels current activity and starts over. Questions about signing up on Delphi / USA Gymnastics Online! may be addressed to USA Gymnastics 201 S. Capitol, Suite 300, Indianapolis IN 46225 or call (317) 237-5050.

When the system asks for PASSWORD: enter GYMNASTICS Follow the menus to signup procedures. Call 1-800-695-4005, by voice phone, the next day to have your account activated. Then when signing on in the future type GR USA at Delphi's main prompt to access USA Gymnastics Online! Information on pricing and local telephone number in your area are given during the signup process.

USA Gymnastics Is pleased to offer Its member clubs a "golden" opportunity. Beginning January 1995. our new re.t all sales program will offer member clubs the chance to provide the most fashionable Reebok'" active wear distinguished with USA Gymnastics' insignia. This exclusively designed product line will be sold to clubs atwholesale prices. making this special program a profitable fundralslng opportunity. USA Gymnastics has a renewed dedication to member services. Take advantage Of our commitment to club promotion and feature USA Gymnastics apparel and fitness clothing In your club and pro shop.

JA.NUA.RY 1995 DEBUT!

WHY SEL..L.. OFFICI~L..USA GYMN~STICS ~PP~REL.. IN YOUR CL..ue?

<@\ Raise f!Jnds for your dubs <@\ Provide your club members the opportunity to

associate with the image and success of the u.s. National Teams <@\ Support the U.S. Olympic and National teams and training programs WIL..L..

I GET SUPPORT

FROM USA GYMN~STlCS?

Yes! In addition to offering this exciting program and exclusively designed product, USA Gymnastics will help you with your merchandising business. Your first order will contain a marketing packaged designed with you, the club owner, in mind. We'll include posters and point-of-purchase materials that are designed to grab the attention of your buyer. We'll send you periodic updates regarding the Club Sales Program. You'll also receive notices of special promotional merchandise and sales. September/ October 1994 TECHNIQUE

JOIN USA GYMNASTICS ONLINE! USA GYMNASTICS has joined with DELPHI in a great new partnership. USA Gymnastics Online! is the new DELPHI Custom Service offering you the world of gymnastics through your computer and modem. In addition to USA Gymnastics Online!, you can access DELPHI itself, and explore the Internet. Join USA Gymnastics Online! now and get 5 hours of evening or weekend access to tryout the Internet for free! Use DELPHI's Internet mail to exchange messages with over 10 million people at universities, companies and other online services such as CompuServe and MCI Mail. Download programs and files using FTP or connect in real-time to other networks using Telnet! It's all yours when you "hook up" to USA Gymnastics Online and Delphi. It's easy to sign up, and even easier to get online once you've signed up, through more than 600 local access telephone numbers nationwide. Exp lore it all from the comfort of your own computer. Get USA Gymnastics Online! and access to DELPHI and The Internet. You'll be amazed by what you discover!

5-HOUR FREE TRIAL! Dial By Modem 1-800-365-4636 Press Return 3 or 4 times At Password, enter GYMNASTICS Free time must be used on evenings and/or weekends Some restrictions apply. Complete details are provided during the toll-free registration.

Questions? Call 1-800-695-4005. USA Gymnastics' online address for electronic mail is USGF .

Tumbling

LOWERING TO A BACK BEND Wm A. Sands, Ph.D. Department of Exercise and Sport Science University of Utah

A 8

Fig. , Back Bend

Figures 1 and 2 depict two graphic sequences of lowering to a back bend or "bridge" position. The purpose of these two illustrations is to draw attention to the emphasis that should be made when teaching and performing this skill. The primary emphasis is actually one of preventing the majority of the arch (hyperextension of the spine) from occurring. In the lower back (lumbar spine). Although the spine is anatomically limited in the amount of arch that can occur in the thoracic spine (upper back), it remains the place where the arch should begin. The lumbar spine is anatomically better suited for the arching (hyperextension) movement, but it is not as well suited for supporting the entire weight of the body in a hyperextended position. Moreover, because repeated stress ofthe lumbar spine and its associated structures has been linked to stress fracture, spondololys thes is and spondololysis you should be very cautious about the development of this skill. Care taken during the early stages of learning how to perform this skill, and later stubborn insistence on impeccable technique, can help the athlete avoid the typical overuse injury problems frequently seen in gymnasts. Figure 1 shows the images lowering to a back bend by beginning the "arching" action (hyperflexion of the shoulders and hyperextension of the spine) at the top of the body and working downward. The idea in Figure I is that the athlete should begin the lowering by Fig. 3 emphasi z ing the shoulder and upper back arch rather than using the lower

back immediately. Some of the hyperextension ofthe spine will ultimately end-up in the lower back, but preserving the lower back by reducing the degree of hyperextension in this region can assist in preventing future problems. Moreover, it is likely you will find that back bend skills such as walkovers, limbers, and so forth will be more stable due to the nature of the

Fig. 2 Poor Back Bend

shoulder and upper back position of the gymnast. Unfortunately, it is still relatively common to see accomplished gymnasts lower to a back bend position using variations of the movements as shown in Figure 2. The performance of the back bend shown in Figure 2 is typical of gymnasts who learned the skill without systematic coaching. A flexible young gymnast can often lower to the back bend in this fashion and be successful in landing on his / her hands, but require considerable retraining later. It is important that gymnasts learn from the very begin-

ning that backward rotation movements are performed using the entire body rotating as a single unit. It is a common error to see gymnasts try to resolve the learning of rotational movements by "throwing" the head, or "leading" with the head . Encouraging this by allowing movements like those pictured in Figure 2 can be a disservice to the gymnast's later learning. Sadly, the nature ofthe" arching" in Figure 1 can only be shown to a small extent because of the limitations of the computer drawing package. The torso arch should proceed

September / October 1994 TECHNIQUE

from the shoulders and work its way downward toward the pelvis. A useful teaching concept is thatthe arch should proceed vertebrae by vertebrae rather than a sudden folding in only one area of the spine. The head of the gymnast should follow the arms (See Figure 1 ) rather than lead the movement as shown in Figure 2. The gymnast should not allow her neck to hyperextend so that she can take an early look at the floor. Usually, if the gymnast allows her head to lead the skill; the arch (hyperextension) of the spine will shift to the lower back. Moreover, allowing the head to lead the movement as shown in Figure 2 often leads to " whippy" backward somersaulting movements. One of the primary limitations of gymnasts in performing the back bend properly is his / her shoulder flexibility. Several flexibility exercises are shown in Figure 3 that may assist the gymnast in acquiring the necessary flexibility and skill knowledge to perform the lowering to a back bend eaSily.

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Tumbling

Introduction

.A 10

To remain competitive internationally, gymnasts must continue to develop and master techniques for safe and successful execution of aerial gymnastics maneuvers involving multiple rotations. As more difficult aerial skills are learned, larger impulses during the take-off phase are needed to produce the linear and angular momentum necessary for successful completion and landing of the skills. The generation of these larger momenta also tends to produce larger impact peak forces and impulses during the landing phase of these skills. Landings of a single back tuck somersault have produced peak vertical reaction forces of eight times the body weight (BW) of the gymnast, whereas, tucked double back somersaults have produced peak vertical reaction forces exceeding 18 BW (Panzer, 1987). The magnitude of these impact forces during landings tend to increase as the impact velocity (Hyoku et aI, 1984; McNitt-Gray, 1989) and skill complexity increase Panzer, 1987; McNitt-Gray, et aI., 1991) and the level of control decreases (Panzer, 1987; Bruggemann, 1987).

EXTERNAL REACTION FORCES EXPERIENCED BY THE LOWER EXTREMITIES DURING THE TAKE .. OFF

LANDING OF TUMBLING SKILLS

AND

Jill L. McNitt-Gray, Barry A. Munkasy, Michelle Welch, and Jacki Heino USC Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0652

Figure I Location of forc, plalform "/aliv, 10 spring floor lumbling strip and foam landing pit 01 Ih, Unll,d SIal,s Olympic Training ',nl" gymnasllcs facllily.

results in a reduction it performance score. U.S. gymnasts have demonstrated a high incidence of performance errors associated with tumbling pass performance during competition (Sands, 1993). In addition, performance errors associated with landings often differentiate Olympic Medalists from non-medalists (McNitt-Gray, 1992).

The high forces encountered during the take-off and landing phases of aerial gymnastics skills FOlm may be responsible for the high landing PH Force'"' PLtUor. incidence of acute and overuse type injuries experienced in gymnastics. Results from a surIn this study, techvey of published literature on niques used to generate gymnastics injuries by the Reand attenuate the mosearch Committee of the Amerimentum during the takecan Orthopedic Society for off and landing phases Sports Medicine (McAuley, were hypothesized to be Hudash, Shields, Albright, systematically modified Garrick, Requa, & Wallace, 1987) indicate that higher injury rates f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - - - ' when performing skills requiring greater momentum. appear to be directly related to the advancement of skill level injury (Andrish, 1985; Lowery patingin the floor exercise event. Identification of technique modiand the associated increase in & LeVeau, 1982; Weiker, 1985). During a floor exercise routine, fication was achieved by I) detime spent in practice. Injury to The floor exercise event is gymnasts typically perform signing, installing, and testing a the lower extremities accounted associated with the greatest three or four tumbling passes. measurement system at the for 50% to 66 % of all reported number of injuries (Garrick & Each tumbling pass consists of a USOTC which measures relative injuries (McAuley et al., 1987). Requa, 1978; NCAA, 1986,1990; series of high speed tumbling forces applied to feet during the Results from Weiker (1985) in- Riccardelli & Pettrone, 1984). The skills concluding with a difficult take-offs and landings of a sedicated that 42.9% of the injuries NCAA Injury surveillance data aerial maneuver which must be ries oftumbling skills performel encountered were overuse in from 1986-1990 indicates 23 % of landed by bringing the velocity on a spring floor, and 2) collectnature with 80 % of these occur- all injuries in men's gymnastics ofthe body mass to zero without ing, processing, and analyzing ring in the lower extremities. The and 37 % of all injuries in any additional steps or hips. Fail- kinematic and kinetic data acankle and knee of the gymnasts women's gymnastics occurred ure to complete the skill or sat- quired during tumbling skills were the most common areas for while the gymnasts was partici- isfy these landing requirements performed by members of the

t.'' ' "'AKJ

September / October 1994 TECHNIQUE

Tumbling

U.S. Junior and National Teams. This paper will focus on differences in the force-time characteristics of the reaction forces observed during the take-off of back tucked saltos, back layout saltos, and double back saltos and ten landings of back tucked saltos and back layout saltos performed on a s pringfloor tumbling strip.

Experimental Design Subject Selection Twelve healthy male gymnasts currently on the Men's Junior National and National Teams served as subjects during the August 1992 training camps at the U.S. Olympic Training Center (USOTC). The mean (standard deviation) height of these team members was 1.67 m (0.048 m), the mean weight was 601.2 N (88.1 N), and the mean age was 15.75 years (0.87 years). The mean number of competitive years in gymnastics was 8.9 years (1.85 years) and the average number of training hours per week was 19.6 (4.9 hrs./wk.) . In addition, five gymnasts in residence at the USOTC served as subjects during both piloting and data collection.

Experimental Protocol Data collection was divided into two sessions on two different days of the training camp. In the first data collection session, the gymnasts were asked to land a series of progressively more difficult backward tumbling skills on a spring floor tumbling strip. The goal of the task was to successfully land using their

normal landing strategy. Landings performed with a single placement of the feet were considered to be successful (no performance deductions for steps). Gymnasts were encouraged to use their normal landing strategy and strive for successful landings. Successful landings performed on the spring floor unsupported by the force plate were considered to be successful from a performance point of view. Force data reported reflects only the successful landings performed on the spring floor area fully supported by the force plate. As expected, the number of successful landings of those performed varied between subjects. All gymnasts performed landings of single back saltos and backlayouts. The trials were blocked by skill and performed in order of difficulty. In the second data collection session, the gymnasts were asked to successfully perform the take-off phase of backward tumbling skills on a spring floor tumbling strip and land into a landing pit at the end of the runway. Trials were again blocked by skill and progressed in difficulty. Single back tuck saltos, single back layout saltos, and double back tuck saltos were performed by the majority of subjects. Only those subjects comfortable with performing double back layout saltos and twisting double saltos take-offs proceeded to perform more difficult skills. Prior to collection, each subject was asked to warm-up using their normal procedure and practice their approach (run-

------------.--------------1 The floor exercise event is associated with the

greatest number of injuries (Garrick & Requa, 1978; NCAA, 1986,1990; Riccardelli & Pettrone, 1984). The NCAA Injury surveillance data from 1986-1990 indicates 23% of all injuries in men's gymnastics and 37% of all injuries in women 's gymnastics occurred while the gymnasts was participating in the floor exercise event.

Figure 2

Example of trial information pro~ided to coaches and athletes the day after the completion of data collection. S i ngh Ba!:k Tu ti:

...

Il1;1u l59

'IJ

....

A ,---.,.roo

hurdle- round-off backhandspring) to insure both feet would contact the spring floor area supported by the force plate. Unnatural "targeting" of the force plate was minimal in that these skilled gymnasts were able to consistently predict their take off and landing locations.

Data Collection and Analysis During data collection, each subject performed landings or take-offs on a spring floor (0.9 m by 0.6 m) fully supported by a force plate (Kistler; 0,9 m by 0.6 m) (Figure I). The long axis ofthe force plate was oriented in the primary direction of movement on spring floor tumbling strip to provide the greatest probability of the gymnast making contact with the spring floor section mounted on the force plate. The reaction forces at the floor-plate interface was quantified for both feet using a Kistler force plate (800Hz). The take-off phase was defined by first foot contact with the spring floor during the completion of the back handspring until both feet left the spring floor. The landing phase was defined as 50 ms after contact. The reaction force da ta were used to determine the force-time characteristics of the impulse applied during the take-off and landing phases of the skills. Segment kinematics were recorded simultaneously using high speed video (200 fps; NAC

September / October 1994

+ POllthe

Ma. = 14 .93

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TECHNIQUE

i~ 11

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l~ulll

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Motion Analysis System). A second high speed video camera (200 fps; NAC Motion Analysis System) was used to locate the position ofthe feet relative to the force plate and to monitor the deflection of the spring floor during foot contact. The reaction forces and kinematics were synchronized by sending a manually triggered pulse to an LED observable in the field of view. Body landmarks of the gymnast were manually digitized using a video data acquisition system (Peak Performance, Inc.) . Each coordinate of the digitized body landmarks (Zatsiorsky & Seluyanov, 1982) was digitally filtered independently using a fourth order Butterworth Filter (Saito & Yokoi, 1982) with a cut-off frequency derived by the method of Jackson (1979). One day after the take-off data collection, each subject participated knee flexion and extension isokinetic concentric muscle testing (Cybex) at velocities of 120, 180, and 300 degrees per second. During both the knee flexion and extension muscle tests, the hip was fixed at 90 degrees of hip flexion. Four days after the take-off data collection, each subject participated hip flexion and extension concentric isokin etic muscle testing (Cybex) at velocities of 120, 180, and 300 degrees per

Tumbling

Figure 3A

During the round-off, the gymnast changes

Transition between round-off and backhandsprlng with body center of mass located behind the feet_

GOAL:

the orientation of the body from a forward to a mv b

Increase borizontal momentum Increase angular momentum

backward position, continues to increase

Iem w

Initial Contact

linear momentum, and begins to generate angular momentum about the medial lateral

axis of the body (salto axis).

Iemw

Fh_

Fv Figure 3B

Transition between round-off and backhandsprlng with body center of mass located In front of the feet_ Initial Contact

GOAL: Increase borlzontal momentum Increase angular momentum

mv b

Iem w CM"

Iemw

Fv second. All isokinetic tests and standardiza tion procedures were performed by the research staff at the USOTC.

fied reaction force characteristics, and tumbling objectives, a basic review of tumbling mechanics is provided.

Results

Basic Review of Tumbling Mechanics

The reaction force results of this study were provided to the athletes and coaching staff within two days of the data collection. General results and a basic review of tumbling mechanics was provided in a 45 minute session during an evening meeting. Individual questions and interpretation of each gymnasts data were discussed in conferences with each individual the next day. An example of the force-time data summary sheet obtained for each trial is provided in Figure 2. To better understand the relationship between the quanti-

A typical tumbling pass in the backward direction is comprised of steps, a hurdle, a roundoff, back handspring(s), and an aerial skill. The objective of the step and hurdle to increase the horizontal body momentum in the primary direction of movement. During the round-off, the gymnast changes the orientation of the body from a forward to a backward position, continues to increase linear momentum, and begins to generate angular momentum about the medial lateral axis of the body (saito axis)

(Figure 3ab). The objective of the back handspring is to continue to increase linear and angular momentum. The objective of the transition between the back handspring and aerial skill is to change the direction of the linear momentum (blocking action) to include a vertical and horizontal components while maintaining sufficient angular momentum to successfully complete the skill (Figure 4). The height of the eM and the vertical velocity of the eM at take-off will determine the amount of time in the air the gymnast will have to complete the aerial skill. The blocking action initiated during the transition between the back handspring and aerial skill also serves to generate angular momentum. Once the gymnast is airborne, the angular momentum of the body will remain constant (unless acted on by an external force a distance from the body center of mass, e.g. "bumped" by a spotter). During flight, the gymnast controls his / her speed of rotation (angular velocity) by changing the resistance of the body to rotation (moment of inertia

about the body center of mass). Increases in angular velocity is achieved by reducing the resistance of body to rotation. Resistance to rotation (moment of inertia) is typically reduced by moving to a tucked or piked body position. Decreases in angular velocity is achieved by increasing the resistance of body to rotation. Resistance to rotation (moment of inertia) is typically increased by moving to a more stretched body position (layout). Resistance to rotation (moment of inertia) is typically increased by moving to a more stretched body position (layout). The objective of the landing phase to reduce the body angular and linear momentum with a single placement of the feet. The linear horizontal momentum is reduced to zero by applying a horizontal force over time in the opposing direction (blocking action) (Figure 5). The horizontal velocity at take-off of the aerial skill will be equal to the horizontal velocity at contact with the landing surface. The linear vertical momentum is reduced to zero by applying a vertical force over time (vertical impulse). The difference between the maximum height of the eM during the flight phase

The objective of the transition between the back handspring and aerial skill is to change the direction of the linear momentum (blocking action) to include a vertical and horizontal components while maintaining sufficient angular momentum to successfully complete the skill.

September/ October 1994 TECHNIQUE

Tumbling

Figure 4

Transition be/ween back hone/spring one/ sa//o. Movement Direction

GOAL: Increase vertical momentum

mv y

(time in the air)

R<>ference System

Increase angular momentum

L:-

(rotation)

Icmw

1 ~

Departure Contact

mvy

mv y

â&#x20AC;˘

mVb g

mVb~

Icmw

Fv and the height of the CM at contact will determine the vertical velocity of the CM at contact. The blocking action created by the horizontal reaction force will also increase the angular momentum, however, the vertical reaction force will act to decrease the angular momentum at contact. The changes in linear and angular momentum described above are achieved during hand and foot contact with the tum-

Since the objective of the steps-hurdle-roundoff is to increase the horizontal momentum in the direction of the tumbling pass, the gymnast must strive to maximize the horizontal forces in the direction of movement (propulsive forces) and minimize horizontal forces opposing the desired direction of movement (breaking forces) . Greater horizontal forces in the direction of movement (propulsive) may be achieved by increasing the pushing force applied against tumbling surface opposing the direction of motion. The harder the push on the surface the greater the" equal but opposite" reaction force applied to the body. This horizontal reaction force applied to the body in the direction of movement (propulsive force)will increase horizontal momentum of the body center of mass . Reduction of

bling floor (Figures 3-5). To change horizontal momentum of the body center of mass, a (net) horizontal force must be applied to the body during contact with the tumbling floor. To change vertical momentum of the body, a (net) vertical force must be applied to the body during contact with the tumbling floor. To change angular momentum ofthe body, a force must be applied a distance from the body center of mass during contact with the tumbling floor.

POSITION AVAILABLE USA GYMNASTICS EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT/OFFICE MANAGER

horizontal forces opposing the direction of desired movement may be achieved by reducing "braking" forces applied against tumbling surface. Reduction of these "braking" forces may be achieved by initiating contact with the mat with the body leaning toward towards the end of the tumbling strip. To achieve this body position, the gymnast must rotate the body during the "snap down" phase so that the body center of mass is located behind the feet (body lean backwards towards end of tumbling strip) (Figure 3a). A common error is to "snap down" the feet without rotating the entire body, leaving the feet behind the body center of mass (Figure 3b). This orientation of the body at initial contact during the roundoffbackhandspring transition period contributes to the applica-

This position, which reports to the President of USA Gymnastics, serves as Executive Assistant to the President, as administrative liaison with the Board of Directors and the National Gymnastics Foundation and as office manager. To apply, please submit a letter of application and resume by October 28th to Kathy Scanlan,

pushing force applied against tumbling surface

President of USA Gymnastics, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capitol Ave ., Suite 300,

opposing the direction of motion.

Indianapolis, IN 46225. (317)237-5050.

(propulsive) may be achieved by increasing the

September / October 1994

TECHNIQUE

Tumbling

Figure 5

Figure 6

Forces applied during Ihe landing phase of aerial skills under dlfferenl Inillal condilions: a. sallo Iravellng backward and rolallng backward, b. Iraveling backward and rolallng forward, c. Iravellng forward and rolating backward, d. Iraveling forward and rolating forward.

Typical reaellon forces presenl during a layoul single back sallo performed on a sprlngfloor. r---------------------~// /

-i

Backward Rotation

~------

Take-off

Landing

~ Vertical Reaction

Force, ~

0 ~ Horizontal

-2

r:: r

{)

Reactio n Force ~

-4 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

1.0

1.4

1.2

1.6

Time (s)

Forward Rotation

---"-

A common error is to "snap down" the feet without rotating the entire body, leaving the feet behind the body center of mass. This orientation of the body at initial contact during the roundoff-

:ravelin g Forwards

_ \ o t a t l n 9 Backwards

Bacl<ward Rotation

back handspring transition period contributes to the application of breaking forces (opposing the desired direction of motion).

F:\j-F-

Figure 7

Range of reaelion force impulses experienced during Ihe lake-oH and landing phases of lumbling skills.

-----

12~-------T-ak --~--ff-P-hrure----------.-----~L~a=n=d~in~g~p~b=a=~=-------

f.\ V

Traveling Forward

mV H

Rotating Forward

mvv

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~7 /'

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Reaction Force-time Characteristics Force-time characteristics of the vertical and anterior-posterior reaction forces experienced during the take-off and land-

Positive Vellical ~lse

0t------------------+----~----------~ -2

tion of breaking forces (opposing the desired direction of motion) .

I I

I I !

ings of back TSB tucked saltos, back layout saltos, and double back saltoswere quantified and compared between tasks. Since the momentum of the body prior to the take-off phase and landing phase are considerably different, reaction forces observed during each phase are presented separately.

LSB

Negative Horizonlal Impulse

IDB

I Tumbling Skill

Take-off Phase Reaction force-time characteristics during the take-off phase were not significantly different between tumbling skills (Figures 6-9). However, as skill

September / October 1994 TECHNIQUE

TSB

LSB

difficulty increased (TSB-LSBTDB), the range of vertical reaction force impulses (Figure 7) and landing phase durations decreased (TSB: 0.039- 0.061 s; LSB: 0.054-0.060 s; TDB: 0.041-0.058 s) . The range and magnitude of

Tumbling

peak vertical forces observed during the take-off phase also decreased with increases in skill difficulty (Figure 8). Immediately after contact, a posterior directed (+) horizontal reaction force relatively was applied for a short time. The horizontal impulses (+) applied during this interval were relatively small and ranged from 0 - 0.2 BWs. Peak positive horizontal reaction forces ranged from 0.1 to 1.4 BW. Much larger anterior directed (-) horizontal impulses and reaction forces were observed during the remainder of the take-off phase (Figures 7-8).

Landing Phase Reaction force-time characteristics, quantified at the springfloor-force plate interface, were not significantly different between tumbling skills (Figures 6-8). However, as skill difficulty increased (TSB-LSB-TDB), the

range of vertical reaction force impulses decreased (Figure 7). The range and magnitude of peak vertical forces observed during the landing phase also decreased with increases in skill difficulty (Figure 8). Immediately after contact, a posterior directed (+) horizontal reaction force was applied. The horizontal impulses (+) applied during this interval were relatively small and ranged from o 0.7 BWs. Peak positive horizontal reaction forces ranged from 0.1 - 1.4 BW. Much larger anterior directed (-) horizontal impulses and reaction forces were observed during the remainder of the landing phase (Figures 7 & 8).

Discussion The force-time characteristics observed during TSB, LSB, and TDB take-off and landing phases are similar to forces and impulses

observed by Bruggemann, 1987 (take-off) and Panzer, 1987 (landing). The hypothesis that progressively more difficult tumbling skills would produce different loading conditions during the take-off and landing phases was not supported. However, it was noted that as skill difficulty increased the range of peak reaction forces and impulses observed decreased. Although the impulse during the take-off was similar between skills, the initial conditions present at contact for the takeoff phase may have been different. Finally, although high forces and impulses in gymnastics tumbling landings are well respected, the results from this study indicate that equally high forces and impulses are experienced during the take-off phase. In general, the reaction force and impulse characteristics observed during take-offs and

landings performed in this study were in line with those measured during previous studies at similar velocities (Bruggeman, 1987; McNitt-Gray, 1991; McNitt-Gray et al, 1993) (Figure 4). Although the objectives and the mechanics of take-offs and landings are considerably different, the peak vertical reaction forces recorded during these two phases were similar in magnitude. Although the magnitudes of the peak vertical reaction forces during takeoff and landings are similar in magnitude, the differences in segment motion between these two phases will most likely result in different load distribution among structures of the musculoskeletal system. Greater segmentation of the body, as observed during landings, most likely requires greater work done by the muscles as compared to the bone (Zatsiorsky and Prilutsky, 1994). Greater body rigidity, as observed dur-

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September / October 1994

TECHNIQUE

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A. 15

Tumbling

Figure 8

Range of peak reaction forces experienced during the take-off and landing phases of tumbling skills.

Take-ofT Phase

20.0

The hypothesis that progressively more

Landlog Phase

-,--------------r--------------

17.5

different loading conditions during the

15.0

take-off and landing phases was not

12.5

i~ 16

10.0 70S 5.0

2.5

-5.0

supported. However, it was noted that as skill difficulty increased the range of peak reaction forces and impulses observed decreased.

0.0

-2.5

difficult tumbling skills would produce

I I References TSB

LSD

IDB

ing the take-offs, most likely requires greater load diSSipation by the bones as compared to the m u sc1es (Za tsi or skyan d Prilutsky, 1994). As one may expect, the contact durations during take-offs are shorter than during landings. The primary horizontal reaction forces applied tothe body during backward tumbling take-offs and landings opposed the direction of travel during the tumbling run (negative, Figure 4). As was observed for the vertical component of the reaction force, the magnitudes of the peak negative horizontal reaction forces recorded during the take-off and landing were also found to be comparable were found to be similar between these two phases.

Implications for Coaches and Athletes Large forces are applied to the lower extremity of gymnasts during both the take-off and landing phase of tumbling skills performed on spring floors. Exposures to forces of these magnitudes needs to be systematically controlled to insure the critical limits of the soft and boney tissues are not exceeded. Failure to balance exposure with rest may result in acute or overuse type injuries. The high inci-

Tumbling Skill

TSB

LSD

dence of injuries observed during transition periods (Sands, 1992) may reflect a rapid increase in load exposure and fatigue of the soft and/ or boney tissues. Unfortunately, the causal relationship between load and injury has not been clearly defined, however, respect for these loads and common sense may assist in reducing injuries. When designing practices consider controlling for load exposure. Account for each take-off and landing performed during a practice or training cycle and balance load exposure with rest periods. For example, if a gymnast performs ten tumbling passes into a foam pit he is experiencing approximately 10 exposures of 9-11 times his body weight. If he begins this workout after a vacation period, this is an extremely large change in load exposure. Similarly, if in the next week, the gymnast performs ten tumbling passes on the springfloor, he now is experiencing approximately two times, or 20 exposures (10 take-offs and 10 ]landings) of 9-11 times his body weight. Practice schedules that encourage gradual increases in exposure balanced will avoid sharp increases in load exposure and may permit adequate tissue adaptations. Planned load exposure maybe particularly important during transition periods associated with higher incidence of injury (Sands, 1992).

Andrish, J. T. (1985). Knee injuries in gymnastics. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1, 100-120. Bruggemann, G. P. (1987). Biomechanics in gymnastics. Medicine and Sport in Science, 25, 142-176. Federation Internationale de Gymnastique. (1984). Code of Points. International Gymnastics Federation, Bericht, West Germany. Garrick J. G., & Requa, R. K (1978). Injuries in high school sports. Pediatrics. 6. 469-481. Jackson, KM. (1979). Fitting of mathematical functions to biomechanical data. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 26.122-124. Lowry, C. B., & Leveau, B. F. (1982). A retrospective study of gymnastics injuries to competitors and non competitors in private clubs. American journal of Sports Medicine, 10,237-239. McAuley, E., Hudash. G., Shields. K, Albright, J.P., Garrick, J., Requa, R, & Wallace, R.K. (1987). Injuries in women's gymnastics-the state of the art. The American journal of Sports Medicine, 15, (6), 558-565. McNitt-Gray, J.L., Yokoi, T., & Millward, C. (1993). Landing strategy adjustments made by female gymnasts in response to drop height and mat composition, journal of Applied Biomechanics, 9 (3),173-190. McNitt-Gray, J. L. (1993). Kinetics of the lower extremity joints during drop landings from three heights, journal of Biomechanics, 25, 1037-1046. McNitt-Gray, J. L. (1991). Kinematics and impulse characteristics of drop landings from three heights. International journal of Sports Biomechanics, 7, 201-224. National Collegiate Athletic Association (1986, 1990). NCAA Injury Surveillance System Reports. Mission, KS. Panzer, V.P. (1987). Lower extremity loads in landings of elite

September / October 1994 TECHNIQUE

gymnasts. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon. Riccardelli, E., & Pettrone, F. A. (1984). Gymnastics injuries:The Virginia Experience 1982-83. Technique, 2,16-18. Sands, W.A., Hauge Barber, L.S., Abramowitz, R.E. (1992). Systematic observation of error distribution of a successful collegiate gymnastics team. 1992 USGF Sports Science Congress Proceedings, 46-53. Saito, S., & Yokoi, T.(1982). Basic programs of cubic spline smoothing and digital filtering. Bulletin ofHealth and Sports Science. University of Tsukuba. 5,201-206 Weiker, G. G. (1985). Injuries in club gymnastics. The Physician and Sports Medicine, 4, 63-66. Zatsiorsky, V. & Seluyanov, V. (1983). The mass and inertia characteristics of the main segments of the human body. In H. Matsui & K Kobayashi (Eds.) Biomechanics VIllB, 1152-1159. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL.

Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Ron Brant and Hideo Mizoguchi and their athletes for participating in the project. In addition, wewould like to thank Sarah Smith and her team of research assistants, Carla Coughlin, Tanya Porter, Dave Pease, and Steve Fleck of the USOTC and the undergraduate research assistants of the USC Biomechanics Laboraton) for their invaluable assistance throughout the project. We would also like to thank Lam) Fie and AAI for the donation of equipment necessan) to complete the project and the USOC and USA Gymnastics for their financial support of the project.

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NOVEMBER '8·'9

12:00pm ·4:00 pm, 5:00·9:00 pm Eastgate Holiday Inn, 4501 Eastgate Blvd., Cincinnati, OH 45245 Course Dir.: Dove & Steve (317) 237·5050 local Contact: Vicki Haggard (513) 489-7575

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To more occurotely reflect their current progroms ond future efforts, ACEP is now ASEP, Americon Sport Educotion Progrom. In oddition, the Sport Science Course is now titled "Cooching Principles Course." USA Gymnostics feels this is 0 positive chonge which indicotes more specificolly the content oreos covered in this comprehensive course curriculum. Use the form belowto pre-register for the course of your choice. To guorontee your registrotion, 0 completed form must be received by USA Gymnostics th ree weeks (21 doys) prior to the published course dote.

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1994 Congress

1994 CONGRESS REPORT Jennifer Gallahue Lee

The 1994 USA Gymnastics Congress was very successful with more than 2,000 attendees. The combination of Congress and the National Championships provided something for everyone, from the excitement of competition to the emichment of a variety of educational presentations.

Congress offered a variety of sessions including topics on women, men, rhythmic, preschool, alternative gymnastics, business, and ed ucation. As many as 12 sessions took place simultaneously each hour and a total of 137 sessions were given over the tlu'ee-day event.

As always, the women's sessions were filled w ith a variety of educational topics and lectures covering everything from the evaluation of composition, to nutrition, to imagery, to motivation and much, much more!

Men's Sessions The new Men's Program Director, Ron Galimore, brought a variety of new lecture topics to the men's sessions this year. The attendees learned a lot about speed and power, developing strength, designing a boy's program, and apparatus specific events. Many of the sessions were not only geared toward men's coaches, but for everyone!

Rhythmic Sessions Rhythmic sessions continue to grow. The sessions were designed to enhance the development of the w hole athlete. Specifically, the topics covered nutrition, the pilates method, implementing rhythmic gymnas tics in the public schools, plyometrics, and choreography.

Preschool Sessions The preschool sessions keep growing every year. This year, we had presenters from all over the United States and one from Australia. Whether you're getting new ideas for this year preschool classes or brushing up on the latest teaching approaches, everyone walked away with something that they could actually use in their gym on Monday.

September/ October 1994

TECHNIQ UE

1994 Congress ~--------------------

. tt

The business sessions were really a hot topic at Congress this year. Each year we have Presenters with new and unique ideas to enhance your business. Every session was filled with fantastic ideas for fund raising, public relations, advertising, employee and parent management, and much more.

Educational Sessions This new "vein" was added because of the amount of educational topics that are essential in the development of the USA Gymnastics membership. The outcome was great-we received a plethora of ideas for the Bes t Little Book of Gymnastics Games and Activities; a supportive response for the PDP III and Preschool Accreditation Program; an interest in how to detect and deter sexual abuse; a new understanding for developing flexibility and; new ideas about how to direct our attention to schoolage classes.

Alternative Sessions You ask for it, we've got it-cheerleading, wall climbing, satellite programs, general gymnastics, the Gymnaestrada, water cross-training, Special Olympics, swim programs, Tumbl-Trak, Aussie Gymfest. A little bit of everything was offered in the alternative sessions. This area is constantly expanding and becoming more common in gymnastics clubs. To compliment this spectacular event, the Opryland Hotel provided the perfect all inclusive site for the Congress with several restaurants, entertainment, shops, and boutiques. Overall, Congress was a success and we plan to make it better each year. See you next year in New Orleans, August 17-20! For those of you that missed this terrific event, you can purchase this year's Nntionnl Congress Proceedings Book for $5.00 or order videotapes of selected presentations through the USA Gymnastics Merchandise Department, (317) 237-5060.

September/October 1994 TECHNIQUE

1994 Congress

USA GYMNASTICS

SPORTSPERSONS OF THE YEAR

NATIONAL CONGRESS

1994 CEREMONYOF HONORS SA Gynmastics has long recognized outstanding individuals and contributors to the sport of gymnastics during the annual Congress. Bu t,for only the second time in history, USA Gymnastics created a special event to h elp highlight these outstanding contributors to our sport-the Ceremony of Honors. Stormy Eaton, coach of Desert Devil Gymnastics in Scottsdale, Ariz., served as the Master of Ceremonies for the 1994 Ceremony of Honors, held during Congress in ashville, Tenn. at the Opryland Hotel.

Women

Men

Dominique Dawes

Scott Keswick

PRESIDENTIAL MEDALLION

Rhythmic Vanessa Vander Pluym

HALL OF FAME Sharmon Miller

SPIRIT OF THE FLAME

Kathy Jolmson and Joan Moore

Roe Kreutzer

September/October 1994 TECHNIQ UE

1994 Congress

SERVICE/STAR AWARDS ATHLETES/ COACHES OF THE YEAR Volunteer and Event Administration Event Volunteer

Program Development and Judging

Janice Cooper

Jon Culbertson

Rene Niccollai

Women's Athlete of the Year Shannon Miller

Judging

1993路94 Club of the Year

Ted Muzyczko

Cynthiana Gymnas tics Club

Men's Athlete of the Year Women's Coach of the Year Men's Coach of the Year

Paul O' Neill

Donna Strauss and Mary Lee Tracy

Mark William s

Rhythmic ( oach of the Year Catherine Yakhimovich /Lana Lashoff

Rhythmic Athlete of the Year Tamara Levinson

September/October 1994 TECHNI QUE

Coaches Education

GRANDPARENTING ApPLICATION

IrIllA GYMNASTICS

<Y ~

EEJ -

COACHES EDUCATION

Nome

SS#

Address City

State

Phone (day)

(night)

Birthdate / / Safety Certification: PDP level Accreditation: ACEP Sport Science Course: Please select:

Yes Yes Yes Womens

USAG Professional No. expodote site/ dote site/ dote o Rhythmic

Grad Yr.

School/College/University

Degree

Major Area

Univ. Grad.

Coaching!Administration Experience From

." rPPI r-

o o o O Mens o

Educational Background Inst

< PPI

Age

o No o No o No

Zip

Employer

Position Description

# of Athletes/Boys or Girls

Other

Team Coaching Year

Upon comple!ion of this form send to: USA Gymnastics 201 S. Capitol Ave. Suite 300 Indianapolis, IN 46225 Alln: PDP

Level

Additional Information (certifications, courses completed, additional experience, etc.) (please prinl or Iype)

T994

September/Oc tober 1994 TECHNI Q UE

CONSIGNII NT PROGRAM Our consignment program has already helped hundreds of pro shops across the country become successful and profitable. Why not choose the GK consignment program for your pro shop and start earning extra profits with. ..

NO INVESTMENT! and NO RISK! Our consignment program offers packages for: PRO SHOPS • MEETS • SUMMER CAMPS With each consignment package... You will receive a new assortment of prints and solids from our variety print collection. Your packages are specifically tailored to your gym's needs such as quantity, sizes and styles.

And. .. Since you only pay for what you've sold and you may return the rest of the package there is...

NO INVESTMENT! and NO RISK! Plus... In addition to receiving consignment merchandise at wholesale prices, you'll be able to purchase all GK products including team apparel at our low wholesale prices too. {fo'@f! [fiJi)@f!@ O[JiJ(!@f![fiJi)&JaO@[JiJ @[JiJ ffD@W!l Sf@(Jf/ ©rm[JiJ @@a ~arm!lf1@@ @[JiJ @(Jf/f! ©@[JiJ~O@[JiJrtiJiJ@[JiJa [pJf!@@f!&J[fiJi)51 g(Jf/~a ©rmUU @(Jf/f! ©(Jf/~a@[fiJi)@f! ~@rrwo©@ @@[pJ&J!lf1[fiJi)@[JiJa rma 11 ""fffJ@@jc 3J4J©",,4J@fffJ'fa OJ

Elite Sportswear, L.P. • 1230 Spruce Street • Reading, PA 19602

Coaches Accreditation

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT I

PROGRAM

opment of Lesson Plans are some of the topics covered in the Rookie Guide. To complete this component of Level I and receive a recognition certificate, coaches are required to read the book and successfully pass a short multiple choice examination.

SEQUENTIAL GYMNASTICS

2. Offer program components that are cost efficient, flexible, and easy to implement and administer. 3. Develop a recognition system to acknowledge participation and program achievements.

Written by the USA Gymnastics Educational Sub-com-·D-av·e-M-o·sk·o·V·i·t·Z------------------~ mittee chaired by Dr. Patty Hacker, this book presents the Assistant Director gymnastics skill specific portion Department of Educational Services and Safety of the information provided to Level I coaches. Skills are preThe following descriptions sented in a progressive order and represent current requirements are grouped according to moveUSA Gymnastics, theNational for accreditation. Coaches and mentcategories. To complete this Governing Body for gymnastics administrators are reminded component of Level I and receive in the United States, is commit- that these components represent a recognition certificate, coaches ted to providing high quality pro- MINIMUM standards and are required to read the book and grams and materials for coaches, should not be viewed as defini- successfully pass a short multiple judges, competitors, and gymnas- tive recognition of anyone choice examination. tics enthusiasts. The Professional coach's competence, experience, Development Program (PDP) effectiveness, and/or limita- 3. LEVEL I VIDEO CUNIC This component requires the was designed and implemented tions. coach to attend a 2 Y2 to 3-hour as a step-level system of coaches clinic presentation conducted by education. As a developmental a Level I Instructor. The video education, recognition, and acclinic provides the opportunity creditation program, the PDP Objectives to summarize previous ma terial, provides coaches and instructors 1. Provide general and present additional information, with resources to enhance their sport specific informaand participate in an interactive knowledge of teaching gymnastion critical for perforvideo + workbook + discussion tics skills successfully. mance as entry level format. No test is requiredThe step-level system begins gymnastics coaches coaches complete an application with an introduction to teaching and teachers. form which is signed by the inbasic gymnastics skills and structor and returned to USA 2. Offer program compoworking with young athletes, Gymnastics. nents that are cost effiand continues with more sophiscient, flexible, and easy The components may be comticated information for training to implement and adpleted in any order. There is no athletes moving into the comminister. time limit requirement for petitive experience. A variety of completion of the Level I com3. Develop a recognition courses, self tests, and verified ponents. experience is required to achieve system to acknowledge participation and proaccreditation. As the program Upon successful completion gram achievements. develops, more comprehensive of all three components, the components will be included to coach is entered into the USA 4. Provide a general proaddress specific coaching and Gymnastics coaching database gram for coaches and training concerns for the gymand receives a certificate acinstructors of all gymnastics coaching professional. knowledging "Successful nastics diSciplines. Completion of All Requirements Recognition, in the form of for PDP Level I Accreditation". accreditation certificates and Component Requirements published name-recognition, is viewed as a primary step to- 1. ROOKIE COACHES GYMNASTICS GUIDE ward the development of gymThis text was developed in Objectives nastics coaching as a profession. At each level in the program, conjunction with the American 1. Provide general and coaches are encouraged to work Sport Education Program (ASEP) sport specific informabeyond the minimum compe- and offers basic information relation critical for perfortency requirements and apply tive to teaching sport in general mance as recreational their knowledge at training and gymnastics in particular. and competitive gymcamps, clinics, workshops, and Philosophy, Communication, nastics coaches and Class Organization and Develseminars. teachers.

4. Design a program with attention to the special needs of coaches involved in the specialized gymnastics disciplines of women's artistic gymnastics, men's artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, and preschool/ developmental gymnastics.

General

Levell Accreditation

Level II Accreditation

September / October 1994

TECHNIQUE

Component Requirements

USA GYMNASTICS PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIP

At Level II it is essential that coaches have membership in USA Gymnastics, the primary professional gymnastics organization. Professional Members receive Technique and USA Gymnastics magazines, the official publications of USA Gymnastics.

USA GYMNASTICS SAFETY CERTIFICATION

The importance of safety in gymnastics is well recognized. The USA Gymnastics Safety Certification Program is considered a standard in sport for the body of information provided by this program. Courses are offered nation-wide by a cadre of National Safety Certifiers; course schedules are published in Technique and USA Gymnastics.

ACEP LEADER LEVEL SPORT SCIENCE COURSE

This 8-hour course focuses upon basic information from the sport sciences. The text, Successful Coaching, was developed and updated by Dr. Rainer Martens. USA Gymnastics, in conjunction with ASEP, has trained gymnastics professionals as ASEP Instructors. USA Gymnastics sponsors courses throughout the country. Coaches who successfully complete the course and examina tion are entered into the

Coaches Accreditation

USA Gymnastics and ASEP coaching databases . Coaches should also provide USA Gymnastics with a photocopy of their ASEP certificate.

COACHING EXPERIENCE VERIFICATION FORM

Basic information regarding previous and current coaching experience is obtained through a questionnaire. This requires verification by current or past employers or supervisors and a listing of at least three professional references.

5. PDP LEVEL I ACCREDITATION Level I Accreditation is strongly recommended. The following additional components designate Level II Accredita tion for Men's, Women's, or Rhythmic gymnastics coaches.

JUNIOR OLYMPIC PROGRAM EXAMINATION

Written examinations assess familiarity with the competitive program (M, W, R). Similar to the examinations for judges' certification, these exams focus upon information that is key to understanding program requirements, compulsory exercise content and judging concernsfrom a coach's pOint-of-view. Competitive coaches should have a complete and thorough knowledge of these areas. Further, recreational coaches should also have an understanding of the specialized needs of the competitive program in order to best design and implement programs and curricula that are necessary to adequately prepare Junior Olympic competitive athletes.

BASIC SKILLS The 1993 Technique Training Guides for Men's and Women's Gymnastics supply the recreational and competitive coach with information regarding skill training, conditioning, and flexibility necessary for preparation of the intermediate to advanced level gymnasts. Information in these areas has been contributed by numerous authors to USA

Gymnastics publications such as

Techniquemagazine.lnaddition, these publications provide a continual update of important technical information. Completion of this component for Men's and Women's coaches requires successful completion of a multiple choice examination. For Rhythmic coaches, a workbook/examination is provided covering some of the technical material included in the Technique Guides as well as basic skills as described in the Rhythmic Gymnastics Levels 1-2 and 3-4 Instructor's Manuals and accompanying video tapes . Completion of this component for Rhythmic coaches requires the successful completion of the workbook/ examination.

Materials ROOKIE COACHES GYMNASTICS GUIDE 1992, USGF / ACEr, 80 pp. #3608

58.95

SEQUENTIAL GYMNASTICS /I 1992, Hacker et aI, 108 pp. #3604

513.00

LEVEL IINSTRUaOR'S STARTER KIT 1992, USA Gymnastics (includes video and 15 workbooks) #3609

560.00

LEVEL I CLINIC WORKBOOKS 1992, USA Gymnastics (1S / pack) #3610

520.00

1993 TECHNIQUE GUIDE TO WOMEN'S TRAINING 1993, USA Gymnastics, 190 pp. #3633

525.00

1993 TECHNIQUE GUIDE TO MEN'S TRAINING Note:

1993, USA Gymnastics

Attaining Level II Accreditation is a ONETIME effort-as long as a coach meets all the above components, they will earn Level II "active" status. In order to MAINTAIN "active" vs. "inactive" status, the coach must simply maintain those components which have renewal requirements. It is expected that most Level II coaches will continue their ongoing education by participating in PDP Level III and other educational activities.

Complements to PDP Accreditation 1. CPR certification

#3634

525.00

1.0, COMPULSORY TESTS 1993, USA Gymnastics Men's, Women's, or Rhythmic ]es's

RHYTHMIC COACHES WORKBOOK-TBA

Other Coaches Education Material DEVELOPMENTAL GYMNASTICS 1990, O'Quinn, 218 pp. #3605

519.95

GYMNASTICS: AGUIDE FOR PARENTS AND ATHLETES 1992, Feeney, 171 pp. #3612

515.00

I CAN DO GYMNASTICS: ESSENTIAL SKILLS FOR BEGINNER GYMNASTS 1992, Hacker et al #3611

513.00

I CAN DO GYMNASTICS: ESSENTIAL SKILLS FOR INTERMEDIATE GYMNASTS

2. First Aid training / certification

1993, Hacker et aI, 179 pp.

3. Continuing education-clinics, workshops, training camps, seminars, etc.

ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS: ACOMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO PERFORMING AND TEACHING SKILLS FOR BEGINNERS AND ADVANCED BEGINNERS

4. Other certificationsstrength and conditioning, aerobics, cheerleading, etc.

1991 , TuroH, 413 pp.

5. University degree programs

#3600

#50

514.95

521.95

To order any of these publications, use the order form on page 2. To receive a Technical catalogue, call USA Gymnastics merchandise department at 317-237-5060.

September / October 1994 TECHNIQUE

.A 25

General Gymnastics

Merchandise information

'Event Coordinator: Amy Oler USA Gynm astics, Pan American Plaza, Suite 300 201 S. Capitol Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46225 (317) 237-5050

J{ost J{ote[,Palm Springs Hilton Hotel 400 East Tahquitz Canyon Way Palm Springs, CA 92262 (619) 320-6868

Right to participate in Team/Club display

Entry into all even t sessions

, ' Pa[i!i 'Sprmgs, # HQ ted by.

Rate information to follow

Jldditiona[ J{ote[S: Information will be provided upon receipt of entry

Participation Jee(s): Basic fee - $20 per participant. This includes: Gynu1aestrada T-shirt .

Accreditation card/badge

.. Jlwards:

Pa[m Springs Loca[ Organizing Committee (LOC) ana U5Jl (jymnastics

The USA Gymnaestrada is NOT a competition, however, the LOC will present some special "fun" awards. In addition, every credentialled participant w ill receive a Participation Certificate, a Gynmaestrada T-shirt, and other sponsor give-aways.

Credentia{s: All registered participants

The City of Palm Springs participated in a competitive bid process to be considered will receive a credential permitas the "host city" for the 1994 Gymnaestrada. USA Gymnastics is excited to award this ting entry to all Gynmaestrada event to Palm Springs and is confident that the City and the Lac will do everything events and activities as well as possible to make this truly a memorable and enjoyable experience for all participants! other "bonus" values to be anThe Lac includes city representatives, hotel participants, the Convention and Visitors nounced by the LOC. Bureau, local gymnastics clubs, as well as loco Isponsors and celebrities. All participants can be assured of fantastic hospitality and VIP treatment in 1994! The Lac also reminds rJic/(g. t S a[es: The LOC will sell tickets to USA Gymnastics of their beautiful setting, enviable climate, and outstanding tourist the general public for selected attractions and amenities.

Pa[m Springs 1Jesert Museum Open daily 10am-4pm, Fri. Ipm-8pm, Closed Mon. $5 Adults, $2 Children 617yrs., $4 Seniors 62+ yrs. Ar t Galleries

7'fie Living 1Jesert (Wildlife & Botal1ical Park) Open daily 9am-5pm General Admin. $7, group rates avail. for 15+ w/adv . reservations

Natural Science Galleries

Guided and self-guided tours avail.

Performing Ar ts Galleries (Annenberg Theater)

Colorful gardens, rare exotic animals

hosts world class dance, theater & musical performances

15 miles East of Palm Springs, 11/2 mi. S. of Hwy. 111 at 47-900 Partola Ave., Palm

Desert,CA Mesquite (jolf & Country C[uo 1Jream !JCigfits 18 hole championship golf course

Putting & chipping greens, driving range & pro- shop Snack bar & restaurant

(Hot Air Ballool1 Advel1tures) Group rates available by quote.

'X!-n 's Cafe/Bistro

All the features of a private country club & open to the public.

Open Tue.- Sun.

In the heart of Palm Springs, 2700 E. Mesquite Ave., just off Farrell Dr.

Located: 68-369 E. Palm Canyon, Cathedral City, CA 92234

Dilmers from $8.95-13.95 plus tax

September/October 1994 TECHNIQUE

Inaian Canyons Open daily 8am-5pm $5 Adults, $1 Children 612 yrs., $2.50 Seniors 62+ yrs. Group reservations, and guided tours available Beatiful canyons, hot springs, hiking trail, birdwatching

Wa[[y 's 1Jesert 7'urde Open for dinner 7 days & lunch on Fri. Continental Cuisine Dinner & Nightly Entertainment Entrees from $16.50-30.75 Located: 71775 Hwy 111, Rancho Mirage, CA 92270

General Gymnastics

(jenera[ Scfiedu[e NOTE: This tentative schedule is subject to change. Watch for notification in future issues of Technique.

%.ursia!f Daytime 1:00 PM 5:00·9:00 PM

:FrUfa!f Daytime

4:00 PM 5:00 PM 5:30 PM 7:00 PM

Saturia!f 8:00· noon 1:00·4:00 5:30·6:30 6:30·8:00 9:00 Sunia!f 8:00·noon 12:00·1 :30 1:30·2:00 2:00-4:00 Evening :Mania!f

For "early arrival" groups Tours and other socialization and fun! Golf Outing-Mesquite Golf Club. Tee·time at 1:00 PM. Info will be prOVided to all who complete the form on page 26. Gymnaestrada groups will be featured guests and performers at the downtown Palm Springs "Village Fest". More information to follow. Groups arrive in the morning. Practice times will be available. Special educational workshops are planned. Early "Tee·time Gymnaestrada Golf Scramble" for the adults. Tours and special activities planned for the youth participants. Official Group check·in Opening Ceremonies Workshop sessions Social activity for all participants Group rehearsals and workshop sessions Group performances and workshop sessions Rehearsal for Gala Showcase Gala Showcase Dress Rehearsal Performance Social activity Moss display training and workshop sessions lunch Preparation for Gala Showcase Gala Showcase performance Departures for some groups .. . Social activity Departures for remaining groups

performances to be announced later.

J{ost airfine: To be announced.

Performance Parameters 1. Perfonnance area-one (1) 42' x 42' competition-type spring floor will be provided centered in a basketball floor . There will be a "stage-front. " The " stage-back" area will be draped. Groups will be able to utilize the floor areas to stage right and left of the spring floor. length 2. Performance (time)-Displays are to be a maximum of 15 minutes . This includes entrances / exits and the placement / re-

moval of any additional equipment or props. 3. Number in group-Suggested number is 10 or MORE per group, but groups of 6 or more will be accepted. 4. Music-Each group must provide a cassette to the LOC and an individual who can direct and assist the AV personnel. 5. Equipment-the LOC will provide the basic spring floor, and sound system. At this time, the member LOC gymnastics clubs have agreed to provide additional equipment (skill cushions, landing mats, etc.-please advise us of your needs so that we can begin work on this!).

All other equipment and props must be supplied by the Groups. (Remember that you will need to get all of this on and off stage quickly!) In General Gymnastics (GG) "equipment" might include traditional artistic gymnastics equipment as well as nontraditional equipment such as ladders, chairs, parachutes, and so forth. 6. Theme-Please focus on American and regional themes in the selection of your program music and characteristic movement choreography. This event is somewhat of a selection opportunity for Groups desiring to represent USA Gymnastics at the 1995 World Gymnaestrada in Berlin, Germany. All groups who plan to attend the World Gymnaestrada should focus on showcasing American themes or unique regional themes. 7. Staging-Prior to each group's performance, they will be provided with a warm-up and staging period just prior to their performance.

yymneastraaa Sliowcase ya[a Performance(s) • The Gala Performances will be open to the public. All registered groups will participate. In order to keep the Gala Showcase within a 1.5-2 hour time-frame, gro up s should be prepared for a five minute presentation. This can either be an excerpt from the 15 minute program or a program that is specially choreograph ed for the Gala. • If possible, USA Gymnastics

would appreciate receipt of a videotape of your group when you register. This does not need to be your Gymnaestrada performance piece, but just somethingthat

Sep tember / October 1994 TECHNIQUE

gives us an idea of what you do! This will assist us in form ing the program for the Gala • All participating groups participate in the Opening Ceremonies and the Gala March-in. • Based upon the review ofthe videotapes sent to USA Gym nastics, some groups may be asked to provide a longer pro gram for the Gala-this will be at the discretion of the LOC an USA Gymnastics.

Wliat is yenera[ yymnastics ana tlie yymnaestraaa? General Gymnastics is the term used by the FIG to describe that aspect of gymnastics that is leisure-oriented and offers a range of exercise programs. The Gymnea strada is the world event conducted every four years by the FIG where nations come together to celebrate ten days of gymnastics performances and exhibitions. The FIG has given permission for national Federations (like USA Gymnastics) to use the term Gymnaestrada when conducting one (1) nationally organized event each year.

Wliat are tlie Objectives of tlie yymnaestraaa Sliowcase? • To promote the value and diversity of gymnastics to public community. • To increase participation in gymnastics irrespective of age, gender, or ability. • To provide an incentive and motivation for recreational gymnasts to display their talents. • To provide an opportunity for sharing of knowledge, ideas and new developments. • To assist in the general and tec hnical education of coaches.

,------------------, . .. '. ,, ..~ ....... ~Y-' , l lUUU "

;, :-fl '

\, ...

. ' Jrrorm I n) orma~u:rn To be a "stepping stone" towar d s participation in a World Gymnaestrada.

P[ease a(M my name or (jroup to tne (jymnaestraaa :MaiCing List Contact name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Title _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ State _ _ _ _ _ __

Zip _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Night _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Phone: Day _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Organization you represent _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ State _ _ _ _ _ __

Zip _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Please fill out and return to:

I GYMNASTICS Attn: Amy Oler, USA Gymnastics, Pan American Plaza, Capitol, IN 46225 _S._ _Suite _300, _Indianapolis, ___ _ _ _ _ ---1I L _ _ _ _ _ _201

Wnat 'l(jnas of Peiformances (ei'(niGitions) are PermissiG{e? Almost anything! Large and small group displays. Ar tistic gyrrmastics, ed ucational gyrrmastics, dance, rhythmic, aerobics, clown, and many other possibilities exist. Group participants may be male, female, or mixed groups of all ages- children to seniors. This can be a fantastic activity for many of your Club members who don't get the chance to h'avel and otherwise p articipate in USA Gyrrmastics Junior Olympic programs. The participants don't need to be high level competitive athletes! Involve your total group

in this ac tivity, even the parents! This is "Gynu1astics for All!" Each group that responds to the accompan ying Information Form, will receive a free videotape to give them an idea of the wide range of possibilities. Interested gro ups may purchase additional videotapes through USA Gymnastics Merchandise of prev ious Worl d Gymn aestrada events.

Yes, we are interestea! Wnat snouM we ao nei'(t? Don't procrastinate. Use the form on this page to add your Group's name to o ur Gymnaestrada mailing lis t to receive additional information. If yo u have a computer and a modem, join USA Gyrrmastics Online! to receive up-to-theminute information regardin g General Gymnastics and the Gymnaestrada.

USECA United States Elite Coaches Association-Men Membership Application Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Team Name Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Telephone (Day) Dues:

$50.00

Active-Open to coaches w h o have place a gymnast in the top 48 at the U.S. National Championships an yone of the two previous years as well as coaches of top 16 Junior Elites at U.s. Nationals any of the tow previous year. (Voting Privileges.)

$25.00

Associate-Open to anyone who wishes to receive information distributed to the membership. (No voting privileges.)

Membership dues are renewed annually at USA Gymnastics Congress. Late applications send to: Mark Williams Secretary /Treasurer USECA University of Oklahoma Gymnastics 325 W. Imhoff

Norman, OK 73019-0646 September/ October 1994 TECHNIQUE

Coaches Education

_lA

GYMNASTICS

LEVEL

II EXPERIENCE VERIFICATION

Nome

References

ss#

lotherthon your "rrent employerl

/ -- / --

Birthdote

One

Age

Address

<:5> «JQ ,

ffi -

Nome

City

Zip

Stote (night)

Phone (doy) Sofety Certificotion:

Position

Relotionship exp.dote _ _

Yes

CO A CH E S EDU C A T ION

PDP Accredicotion: 0 level 1 Completion dote _ _ _ _

»0 <0 •0 • • • • • "•••,

Job D escription

• ••

'" ==0 ••• Z

Z-.... I~

2.o

•

;

Iplease printer type)

Two Nome _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Position _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Relotionship _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

I coach and/ or teach the following: I,heckollthot opply)

o o

Mom &Tot Cheerleading

Women: Men:

0 Preschool 0 Tumbling

Developmental

0 levels 1-4 o levels 8-10

o o

levels5-7 Elite

0 Closs 5-7

Rhythmic 0 levels 1-4 o levels 8-10

Closs1-4

Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Phone _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Elite

0 levels5-7 0 Elite

Three Nome _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ Position _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Do you actively coach at competitions?

0 No 0 Yes

I<heck ollthot opply)

Relationship _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

If yes, list number per year. o locol

#-4L.

o C)

Phone _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Lb-

...,

Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

o Upon completion of this form send to: USA Gymnastics 201 S. Capitol Ave. Suite 300 Indianapolis, IN 46225 Alln: PDP

Regional

0 State _ _ _ __ 0 Notional _ _ __

Address_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ Phone _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Additional information (certifications, courses completed, etc.)

Employer's Verification

Iplease print er type)

I, _ _ _ _ _ _ , acknowledge that this information is true and accurate for the period which the above listed coach has been employed _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

T994

Signature _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ September/ October 1994 TECHNIQ UE

dote _ __

Coaches Education

if she attempts the skill and is successful, some of the fear will be

FEAR IS OUR FRIEND

washed away. But if she attempts the skill and is unsuccessful, the fear will be set more deeply. Fear, like any other strong emotion, tends to be self-fulfilling. It prevents a fully confident attempt thereby making failure more likely. 3. Have the gymnast perform an easier step which does not induce fear. 4. Pay close attention to the gymnast's technique while performing

Kent Lewis 1414 Palmnold Circle West Fort Worth, TX 76120 (817) 460-8216

the easier drill. Do not accept weak or sloppy technique. Have the gymnast strive for true mastery. 5. When the gymnast has mastered the easier drill, test to find out if the original skill still induces fear. 6. If it does continue to cause fear, construct an intermediary step

ear is our friend. It tries to keep us safe. It looks after our well-being. Fear, particularly in gymnastics, manifests itself when we are not adequately prepared. When we lack the requisite resources to safely perform a drill, skill, or combination, then fear intervenes and tries to stop us. Fear has positive intentions. It wants what is best for us. It wants us to address our weaknesses before they hurt us.

But most of us respond to fear as if it were our enemy. We try to conquer it. We try to banish it. We try to run from it. Whenever we can, we avoid fear inducing activities or situations. We feel ashamed of our fear and try to hide it. We don't understand that fear is a wonderful teacher. It is loud and demanding when necessary. And it is persistent ifit needs to be. Also, it knows when to quietly slip into oblivion. As we heed its warnings, fear always disappears. I say again, fear is our friend.

How to Respond to Fear 1. Express the idea that fear has positive intentions, that fear is trying to keep the gymnast safe.

2. Stop the specific fear inducing activity. Do not belittle the gymnast or attempt to coerce the gymnast into trying the activity. Yes,

between the original skill and the mastered drill. Again, pay close attention to technique and do not accept weak or sloppy technique. 7. When the gymnast has mastered this intermediary step, again

test for fear with the original skill. 8. Construct as many intermediary steps as necessary. In the imaginary perfect gym there are enough mats or pits or spotting rigs or whatever is needed to construct as many steps as are needed. However, most coaches and gymnasts have to do their work in imperfect gyms where equipment is limited. Nevertheless, it is better to have the gymnast continue to work on a progression which does not induce fear than to force her to attempt too large a jump.

If you follow these steps, fear will not inhibit your gymnasts. It will actually serve to make them superior gymnasts because mastery of each little step creates confidence and builds a solid base. Furthermore, understand that fearful gymnasts make you a better coach because they force you to understand more thoroughly how to break a skill down and teach it safely. Also, they force you to be sure that each step is actually mastered before pushing them into subsequent steps.

II ~~~N~STIC~ Ii Curriculum Poster Reward System o

RAM

Proven Effective in Building Enrollment Retention • Provides a SAFE and Progressive Teaching System • Sets ACHIEVABLE Goals OUR liCENSEES INCLUDE... • Motivates Parents and Students Dynamo Gymnastics - Steve Nunno • Keeps Records a/when Skills are Passed • Valuable/or Measuring Teacher Efficiency Gymnastics Unlimited - Paul Mayer

TM.

HOW IT WORKS...

" For infonnation and samples, call (800) 800·3162

Upon emollment every student receives a Poster TO TAKE HOME. The whole family can monitor the students progress and share in the excitement as stars are awarded for skills learned. Includes training videos, curriculum cards, award certificates and more.

Great American Gymnastics Academy Al Fong Rhode Island Gymnastics Doug Southworth Gymnasticks Unlimited - Tom Curtis Currelltly licellsed INl'ERNA110NA/.I.Y to Over

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September/ October 1994

TECHNIQUE

Preschool

PARENT EDUCATION IS THE KEy TO INCREASED d ENROLLMENT IN PRESCHOOL 1~ GYMNASTICS Patti Komara

very pre~cho?1 gymnashcs In structor knows that preschool gymnastics programs have two customers: the parent and the student. Unlike school age programs where the students tell other perspective students about our programs, preschool classes survive on the parents telling other parents. If the parents aren't fully aware of the gym's philosophy, the objectives of the lessons, the basic purposes behind the curriculum, then they can't completely appreciate why they need to make an extra effort to get their child to class. The instructors know the reasons why the program is so important to a child's growth and development, but do the parents?

Parent education doesn't stop with the information in your club brochure; that's just the beginning. In order to affectively educate the parents, you must plan on educating them before, during, and after their child participates in gymnastics class.

Before Class Let's examine exactly what you can do in a parent and tot class to educate the parents about the program and about some activities you're doing in class. First, before the parents even walk into a class make sure they have received and reviewed a parent handbook. The handbook should contain information that

will help the parent feel more knowledgeable and therefore more comfortable about the class. The handbook should contain the following information: • Philosophy of the gym • Class objectives • Class description • Parent role • Student role • Basic child development • Class / Gym rules Parents will feel more involvedifyou provide them with this valuable information that they can apply to their child's gymnastics experience. Sending letters to parents who enroll their child in a class is another form of effective parent communication. See Figure 1 on page 34 for an example letter that explains the parent's role in a parent and tot class. Prior to starting class, the parents need to understand that each child matures differently and some students in the class are older than their child. Don't allow, parents to compare their child with another child in the class. Also, if one child has been in the program for any length of time they're going to recognize the names of skills and directions more easily than a new student. Help the parent realize

at this age most children are selfdirected and will take instructions from the parents before they listen to an instructor. Explain to the parents that stations are created that are success-oriented. We do this by positioning hand prints and other objects and use them as visual cues. By following the hand prints, the children can succeed at the station by following the cues. Let the parents encourage their child to attempt the station at least three times. Your aim should be to teach with comfort. Customers will return to the businesses that makes them feel comfortable. Often, parents expect too much out of a toddler preschool gymnastics classes. If you haven' t explained the objectives of your class, parents will expect you to teach their child actual gymnastics skills. A parent may think if they're coming to a gymnastics school, then why wouldn't their child learn gymnastics? You have to educate them to understand the realistic goals for the program. At my gym, we use the following phrases in our written material to explain our objectives: quality time with your child; promotes reading readiness through perceptual motor skills; teaches children to be a

member of a line; enhances motor development, coordination, poise, and agility; increases selfconfidence as a mover; makes new friends for parent and child; improves listening skills; improves ability to move to vocal instruction; prepares them for kindergarten testing by teaching motor skills, and; it's FUN! These are some of the benefits of the class that parents should know about. Always sell the benefits. In advertising it's called, " selling the sizzle, not the steak." Educating the consumer about why he or she would want to try your product is the key to advertising this type of class. Promotion and advertising is an important component in the educational process. Educating the parents is how you'll keep them corning back and telling their friends about your innovative, beneficial program for young children. Figure 2 on page 35 shows how we list the different classes for pre-

Educating the parents is how you'll keep them coming back and telling their friends about your innovative, beneficial program for young children. September/ October 1994 TECHNIQUE

school and their objectives so the parent knows exactly what to expect before their first class. The key to customer service is to exceed their expectations. But, if you don't even match what they expect, you'll never make them happy. Use written material to explain the program and then, just deliver.

During Class You can educate the parents during class, especially during the parent and tot classes where you have the parents as a captive audience. You can talk to the parents over the half wall of your gym during the classes for four and five year olds. Most importantly, you should talk to the parents particularly about their child' s progress. Remember, parents LOVE to hear how their child is doing in class. YOU are the only one that provides them with feedback about their child's progress. It can also be through written explanation sheets that you give out at the end of the class explaining what was accomplished and why the particular activities were chosen. When you have the parents there in with you, use that opportunity to explain what you're doing. For example, we start every class with music. We explain to the parents that it improves their child's motor coordination and helps them to understand the beat and rhythm or music and movement. And, it always seems put a smile on the kids' faces . It's also a signal to everyone, even the late-comers, that class is starting. Secondly, we do the positions . Explaining that these static moves : squat, straddle, pike, bridge, butterflies, lunge, V-sit, and Tada! are the basic body positioning for all gymnastics moves, the parents then realize the importance of their weekly review. Animal walks are a great way to teach kinesthetic awareness to a child. Tell the parents if a child can understand how it feels to keep a straight leg extended in a camel walk compared to a bent leg in a bear walk, they'll

have a much easier time when they're upside down and we tell them to straighten their leg in a cartwheel. Kinesthetic awareness is merely understanding where the body is in space. A young child once upside down has no clue where their legs are and where they should put their hands. A great drill for understanding where the legs are while the child is upside down is called straddle switch. Have the child in straddle stand and hands on the floor in front of them. With all the weight on the hands swing the legs right and left. As the child is swinging the legs side to side call point or flex and see if they understand what to do with their feet while they're upside down. Drills such as these help the children develop knowledge of their own position in space and it also helps the par'ents understand the objective.

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After Class

TIna Holden, A shtabula, OH .

Parent education doesn' t just stop when class is over, it continues to build upon the already cultivated educational growth of the parent gained before and during class. You can continue to educate the parents in a variety of ways: Provide take-home information sheets

"Your products, your proQrams, your philosophy are terrific!:' Gal)' H e/mbo/d, Gilb'Grt, Az

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Patti's Gymnastic & Fitness Center 1530 Joliet Street Dyer, IN 46311

• Plan parent/instructor conferences Provide skill review sheets Conduct a parent meeting

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group

• Review the child's progress Parent education is the key to increasing your enrollment. It's certainly worth the effort. Take time to talk to the parents, write them notes, send explanation sheets home with the students, have a welcoming-parent party at the beginning of the session and personally explain the why' s behind your program. Don't be afraid of the parents. They are your biggest resource. They are your personal advertisers. It's your responsibility to make them aware of your philosophy, your objectives, your goals, and your hopes for your classes.

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_ ______ ::.....JI

Preschool

., i

A 34

TA-DA

Figure 1: Sample Parent Education Letter

SQUAT

To Parents in the Parent and Tot Program: Our program is designed to help your child physically, mentally, and socially, plus, the added parent i child interaction with no interruptions from phones, doorbells, or other children is an added benefit for you and your child. A toddler's coordination of manual skills are very difficult and frustrating at this age; therefore, the smallest achievements for your child should require praise from you. This will reinforce their selfesteem. We try to make our classes very cheerful and fun, more like play than work. As a parent, be positive about your child' s' successes and sympathetic about their failures. Parent' s role in a gymnastics class: First and foremost, you must not compare your child to another child. Each child is an individual and will develop differently. Each child will also react differently to different situations in the class. Two very important points to rememberis the age of your child, and how long your child has been in the program. A child who has been in the program is be able to react to situations much easier than a child who has just started. Also, even a few months difference in age will mean a lot in how each child compared to another reacts and meets the challenges in the class. During the class, you need to give your child" situations." Don't just tell them what to do. Get into the situation with your child. If your child sees you, for example, walking on the balance beam, they might decide that looks like fun and want to try. Don't be alarmed if your child is not participating in a group activity and is off somewhere else doing what they think is more interesting, rather than yelling at them, go share their curiosities. Ask them questions. Act interested in what they are doing. Pretty soon whatever they' re doing won' t seem so interesting and they'll come back and join the group. If they don' t, that's OK, too . Your child needs positive reinforcement which will develop selfconfidence. One form of communication at this age is touch. If they accomplish something whether big or small, give them a hug. You need to talk to your child all the time during class. Also, at this age, repetition is very, very important. So, week after week, they need to accomplish some of the things many, many times. At this age, your child is very self-directed, depending on maturity level, and will respond mostly to you before they will an instructor. Do not set a mood for your child as if they have to perform, but let them explore on their own. Don' t be too quick to help them, you will be amazed at what they can do. In our classes, we set up equipment differently every other week in order to give your child different situations and goals to meet, but, not so hard that they cannot accomplish them. Make this class a fun and learning experience for your child, and it will be a rewarding experience for you.

BUnEAFLIES September/ October 1994

TECHNIQUE

Preschool

(;

A 35

Figure 2: Sample Class Description Patti's Gymnastics & Fitness Center Class Descriptions for Tumblebear Gym & Preschool Gymnastic Classes at Patti's Gymnastic & Fitness Center TUMBLEBEAR GYM Our philosophy for our program for children ages 1-5 is to teach them gymnastics and fitness in a fun, safe environment and raises the child's self-esteem. We believe in a success oriented program that achieves perpetual motion and shouts FUN. Our curriculum is based on gymnastics and fitness, but we also sprinkled it with fun themes such as Hollywood Week, Outer Space Week, and Hawaiian Week. This provides us with a fun environment where we can teach the basic physical skills while stimulating little minds to crave more learning and movement. Parent and Tot classes, Toddler Gym (one year old) and Mini-Gym (two year olds) - brings the parents onto the floor and amidst the excitement in this child directed program. It makes for a special time for the family. Toddler Gym (age I) - This class for one-year-olds and their parents is primarily for fun and parental/ child bonding. Quality time for both is the key. Music and movement exploration is a major part of the curriculum. A 12:1 student / teacher ratio is kept for personal attention. Mini-Gym (age 2) - Even though we focus on parental! child bonding, music and movement exploration in this class, we also add tumbling and basic preschool gymnastic skills for the two year olds. Hand / eye coordination and ball handling skills are developed along with small motor development. A 12: 1 student / teacher ratio is the norm. Pre-Nursery Gym (age 3) - This specially designed class for three-year-olds is much like Nursery Gym. The child attends by himself with a 5:1 student / teacher ratio. A great deal of personal attention is achieved for the development of gymnastic skills along with movement to music utilizing small motor equipment such as hoops, balls, ribbons, sticks, and foam shapes. Nursery Gym (age 4) - Four-year-olds have a 6:1 student / teacher ratio in this class designed for development of gymnastics, hand-eye coordination, ball handling skills, movement to music, and overall fitness. Kinder Gym (age 5) - This class for five-year-olds concentrates predominantly on gymnastic skills along with an emphasis on overall fitness. Still utilizing small motor equipment, these students learn and have fun. Pre-School Gymnastics (ages 4 & 5) - This class is a more structured approach to teaching preschoolers gymnastics. Not an over-all fitness development program, this class focuses strictly on bars, beams, tumbling, and vaulting.

September / October 1994 TECHNIQUE

Club Gymnastics

A36

WHAT IS CLUB GYMNASTICS? Club Gymnastics is a brand new fan-based membership opportunity that has been developed by USA GYl1mastics. This new club is designed to increase the interest and involvement in gymnastics by offering its members excellent benefits and insights into the world of gyl1mastics.

WHO CAN JOIN CLUB GYMNASTICS? Club Gymnastics was designed for anyone, from the fan to the competitive gYl1mast. In Club Gymnastics, members will enjoy great benefits from USA Gymnastics. For the introductory price of $19.96, Club Gymnastics members receive: ReebokjClub Gymnastics t-shirt.

USA Gymnastics magazine subscription.

Hilton Hotels coupon.

•

•• •

CLUB G'Ttl1n~~cs J

Club Gymnastics Newsletter. Club Gymnastics membership card -that entitles you to 10% off all Reebok/USA Gymnastics apparel sold through the USA Gymnastics department.

WHY PROMOTE CLUB GYMNASTICS IN THE CLUBS? Club Gymnastics was developed to increase the interest in the sport of gYl1mastics. doing so, USA Gymnastics hopes that it will also increase the participant involvement in gymnastics. This opportunity is likely to entice children to become more active in your club.

CAN THIS BE USED AS A FUNDRAISER? Yes, in tune with the renewed dedication to member services, USA Gymnastics has developed a Club Gymnastics State Fundraiser. USA Gymnastics will give a rebate of $1.00 per member to the state fund where a new Club Gymnastics member resides. This rebate will continue until the end of 1994, at which time each state will be sent a check from USA Gymnastics. In order to qualify for the rebate, simply fill in the "St. Code" blank on the form on the following page with your state's abbreviation and mail it to USA Gymnastics. We encourage you to distribute copies of the form to those you feel may be interested. It is important to remember to fill in the appropriate state abbreviation to take advantage of this fund raising opportunity. If you need additional brochuresl flyers or have any questions, please contact your state chairperson or call us at 317/237-5050.

HELP NAME THE NEWEST MEMBER OF CLUB GYMNASTICS! The USA Gymnastics mascot is the newest member of Club Gymnastics. He?, she?, it? needs a name! Write your suggestion and send it to USA Gymnastics, cl 0 mascot, and become eligible for great prizes from USA Gymnastics.

September/October 1994

TECHNIQUE

~~~.JUUU:

•

• • •• • •

•

: Special Offer to : Athlete Members!

INTRODUCING A GREAT NEW CLUB FOR : GYMNASTS AND FANS!~

For $12.50, you can receive:

Official R T-shirt eebokl Club

• • • •

"frio.aY's Are free •• certificate" from •• Hilton Hotels .

•• • • •• •

,t.] I: t.X','jand

•

•• ••

••

Club Gy mnastics Membership card ,1\'(\'(\

• (,\0'0

••

here's what you'll get:

••

This card entitles you to 10% off all Reebok/USA Gymnastics apparel sold through the USA Gymnastics merchandise department.

¥ USA Gymnastics Magazine. One year subscription to the official magazine of USA Gymnastics . ¥ Club Gymnastics News. Get a fun , inside look at the world of gymnastics. ¥ Valuable Fridays Are Free Certificate from Hilton Hotels! Enjoy a free Friday night when your stay at a participating Hilton includes a Saturday night at standard corporate rat s. Valid at more than 150 participating Hilton Hotels . inc~"~~MlI a nd Hilton Suites.

JOIN NOW for only $19.96 - - - - - - - - - - - - - %:c.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fill out this order Jorm and receive your Club Gymnastics membership Jor the special introductory price oJ $ 19 .96 ($ 12. 50Jor Athlete Members). Malee all checles payable to USA Gymnastics.

Date of Birth

Name

Sex:

Address

City

State

Are you curre nt ly a mem be r of a gymnas tics club? Yes

Zip No

I f so. n ame o f club: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Are you a n Athlete Member? Yes S

~1i/~ 0

¥ Official ReebokjClub Gymnastics T-Shirt. ¥ Club Gymnastics Membership Card.

T·Shi rt size:

a0'(1) C

MC/Vlsa # _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Expiration Da te: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

St. Code ..S ignatu re of Cardholder ----

SimplY

cut this card out, and mail to us: USA Gymnastics Pan American Plaza 201 South Capitol Avenue Suite 300 Indianapolis. IN 46225

September / October 1994 TECHNIQUE

••

•••••

USA GYMNASTICS ROPICS: THE NEXT JUMP FORWARD IN FITNESS

EDUCATIONAL ~

.A 38

PUBLICATIONS

To order any of these publications, use the USA Gymnastics order form on page 2. To receive a Technical catalogue, call USA Gymnastics merchandise department at 317-237-5060.

A great fitness program for all. Includes 34 basic to advanced rope techniques and variotions.

#3621

512.95

MARKETING HEALTH/FITNESS SERVICES A marketing guide showing how to enhance the business side of an operotion and achieve optimal profit with minimal financial risk. It takes the reoders step-by-step through writing and implementing a marketing/ business pion.

#3616

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SENIORS ON THE MOVE Selected exercises and helth/ fitness program for seniors.

#3620

526.00

NUTRITION

STRENGTH & CONDITIONING

COACHES GUIDE TO NUTRITION AND WEIGHT DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONDITIONING FACTORS IN EI.ITE GYMNASTICS This booklet was originally developed for the men's events, but also has broad applicability to the women's events.

#1212

516.00

MEN'S 1993 CONDITIONING PROGRAM A comprehensive conditioning plan designed for the demands of men's gymnastics. The components of the plan include the Calisthenic Strength Program, the Flexibility Program, and Iniury Prevention Exercises. Periodization chars and illustrations of all of the exercises are included.

#3632

CONTROL Good nutrition allows athletes to maintain energy levies during training and safely regulote their ratio of fat and lean weight. Coaches Guide to Nutrition and Weight Control is a practical guide to sports nutrition which translates the sciences of physiology, biD-chemistry and nutrition into easily applied information. Includes an excellent chapter on the signs of eating disorders.

#17

522.00

HELPING ATHLETES WITH EA TING DISORDERS This practical guide explains how sports medicine specialists, sport psychologists, sports nutritionists, and coaches can identify, manage, and prevent the three maior eating disorders in athletes: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorder not otherwise specified.

#3631

525.00

56.00

THE FIFTH EVENT A comprehensive conditioning plan designed for the demands of women's gymnastics. The components of the plan include the Calisthenic Strength Program, the Flexibility Program, andlniury Prevention Exercises.

#3613

512.50

JUMPING INTO PL YOMETRICS How to develop a sofe plyometric training program. Features 90 fully illustrated example plyometric exercises.

#3616

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GS800\( OCIID\" during all the GIlISS pll r or lost your b~oks Book for your

, 9 9 ~n~~~itto 'o::~i:~pt~~~J~ong~;Sd ~;o~:~~~~s presenters. FITNESS LEADERS HANDBOOK For exercise leaders with little formal trainng but who ore responsible for leading safe and effective fitness classes. Includes: evaluation, practical competencies, forms, helpful hints, iniury prevention strategies, and much more.

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If yOU (ou (an purchase th~ Ilinformation proVI e /un .. 路You I filled with use u very own. . Subjects include: nee Sports S(le 路 e Interests Altern atIV pres(hool BusinesS . Edu(a tlon Women Men . RhythmIC

S5.1l1l

September/Oc tober 1994 TECHNIQUE

Men's Gymnastics

CHAMPIONSHIPS STATUS OF NCAA MEN'S PROGRAM TO:

Professional Members

FROM:

Ron Galimore, Men's Program Director, USA Gymnastics

DATE:

September, 1994

A review committee, convened by the USA Gymnastics Board of Directors, has been working to resolve this issue. Yo u can help by writin g to the president(s) and athletic director(s) of your local university (who will vo te on this issue in January) to voice your concern. I encourage you to take the time to write. Your efforts have an impact on the NCAA's final decision. In order for us to document these efforts, please send a copy of your correspondence to me at USA Gymnastics: Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capitol Avenue, Suite 300, Indianapolis, IN 46225 .

As many of you may already know, the Championships Status of the NCAA Men' s Gymnastics Program is currently in peril. Every NCAA sanctioned sport must have at least 40 participating schools in order for the sport to condu ct a Championships. Currently, there are 32 collegiate institutions which sponsor a men's varsity gymnastics program. There has been a moratorium in place for the past four years which has protected the Championships Status of the Program. USA Gymnastics is seeking to have the moratorium extended through the 1995/96 school year.

Thank you for your concern and for assisting us with this very important issue.

USA

MEN'S PROGRA.M NATIONAL COACHES WORKSHOP December 8-11, 1994 Olympic Training Center Colorado Springs, CO

• Featuring prominent Guest Staff Topics include:

Sports Science • Technical Presentations • Sports Management • Judging Registration Deadline is November 1, 1994 Workshop enrollment is unlimited, however, housing availability at the O.T.C. is limited to the first 50 . registrants (first come, first served) To be held in coniunction with the Junior National Team Camp (December 4·11, 1994)

• To register, send a letter to: Dennis Mcintyre, Asst. Men's Program Director USA Gymnastics Pan American Plaza, Suite 300 201 S. Capitol Avenue Indianapolis, IN 46225 (317) 237-5050 September/October 1994 TECHNIQUE

Women's Program

mobility requirements from Level 6 or 7 to enter Level 8.

INTRODUCING

P.R.E.P. I

OPTIONAL (POISE, RHYTHM, EXECUTION AND PRESENTATION September 1994

III.

P.R.E.P. Optional competitions must follow the current Women's Rules and Policies in regards to the Equipment Specifications, using as a minimum standard the specifications for compulsory competitions.

IV.

P.R.E.P Optional competitions must be judged by JCI/USAG officials certified with a minimum of Level 5 rating. If Compulsory rated officials are assigned, it is recommended that they be assigned to judge with an Optionally rated official.

P.R.E.P. Optional-Specific Event Regulations: I.

The purpose of this program is to provide an Alternative Optional program to serve any or all of the following:

Difficulty Value Parts: A.

FIG Values will be used.

"B" elements

0.4

"A" elements

0.2

*"N" elements

0.1

• Athletes who have qualified to Level 8 but need a more basic introduction to optional competition.

*These are elements that are "Not listed in the FIG code or USAG Element Supplement and are below "A" value. (Example: Pullover mount on Bars)

• Compulsory level athletes who would like to experience a basic optional program during their" off" season. • Jr./ Sr. High School athletes who want to participate in the club programs, but are not competitive at Level 8 or do not wish to commit to Level 8 training hours. • Athletes who have" retired" from competing in the J.O. Optional program but wish to continue competing in "fun" gymnastics in a less demanding / competitive environment.

Any gymnast who has previously competed at an J.O. Optional Level 8 may compete in the P.R.E.P. Optional program and may return to the J.O. level system according to the mobility rules in the R & P.

II.

VAULT: Only A & B Vaults from Group 1 (Handspring, Yamashita, Cartwheels with or without twists) will be allowed. The maximum value is 9.50. The Squat, Stoop, Straddle and 1/2 on-Repulsion off vaults used at Level 8 are also allowed. If any other vault is performed, the event would be Voided.

III.

Special Requirements:

• Athletes who have not entered the USA Gymnastics program yet and are involved in programs that have not traditionally used the USAG Jr. Olympic program.

BARS • 8 Elements • 1 Bar Change

General Regulations: I.

• Turn on one foot (minimum of 180°)

Athletes must be registered with USA Gymnastics.

• Gymnastics(Dance) series of at least two elements

a. Limited Membership: as Level 4, Recreational Optional or TOP athlete b. Full membership for LevelS and above.

II.

• An Acrobatic element with or without flight C.

Since this program is an alternative program that is outside of the J. o. developmental system, there is NO OPPORTUNITY FOR MOBILITY into or within the Jr. Olympic Levels. A.

BALANCE BEAM-Time: 0:45 -1:30

If a gymnast has never competed in the USAG Jr. Olympic program (Levels 4-10) but wishes to compete in the P.R.E.P. Optional program, she must register as a Recreational Optional (Limited Membership). If at a later time she wishes to move into the J.O. Level system, she must complete the Level 1-4 requirements and may enter the competitive program as a LevelS. If a LevelS, 6 or 7 gymnast chooses to compete in the P.R.E.P. Optional program , she must still meet the

FLOOR EXERCISE-Time: 0:45 -1:30 • Two (2) Acrobatic (Tumbling) series, each with a minimum of 2 elements with flight • A salto or aerial element • A Gymnastics (Dance) series of at least two (2) elements

IV.

Considerations/decisions to be made by the USAG State Board for State-sponsored Competitions·· ** If the State-USAG does not organize a P.R.E.P. Optional program, individual clubs and/or leagues may use this program to suit their needs (and sanction their competitions), provided that they adhere to the General and Specific Event Regulations as listed above.

September/ October 1994 TECHNIQUE

Women's Program

DIVISIONS AND REQUIREMENTS: 1. What athletes are targeted for this type of program? GYl1masts w h o h ave not participated in USAG J.O. Programs before? Com p ulsory level athletes? High School athletes?, etc. 2. Different divisions based on compe titi ve ex perience? 3. Specific entry regulations? Exam ple: a State could choose to require that only athletes w ho have competed previously at a minimum of LevelS are eligible.

QUALIFYING PROCEDURES

AGE DIVISIONS

DIFFICULTY REQUIREMENTS: TWO CHOICES1. Require a specific number of "B's", "A's" and "N's" (Example: 1 "B" x 0.4 0.4 5 "A" x 0.2 1.0 2 "N" x 0.1 0.2 Total difficulty value

1.6

2. Determin e a total value for difficulty and add the value of the elements performed to fulfill the difficulty requirement. (Example: Require 1.6 in difficulty and the gymnast may arrive at that total by performing any combination of elements which would total 1.6, i.e., 8 "A" elements at 0.2 = 1.6) E.

START VALUE: 10.00?, 9.0? ETC.

ALLOWANCE OF "C" GYMNASTICS AND/ OR ACRO/STRENGTH ELEMENTS ON BEAM AND FLOOR 1. If a State decides to allow these elements, they have two choices a. An y "C" Gymnastics (Dance) or Acro Strength-Balance element would receive "B" value part credit of 0.4, OR b. It could receive a Bonus of 0.1 for additional difficulty. 2. If a State decides that "C' GYl1U1as tics and/ or Acro-Strength-Balance element will NOT be allowed, then they also have two choices: a. If performed, Value Part credit would NOT BE AWARDED, or b. The performance of such elements would VOID the exercise.

Note: The fo llowing elements ARE NOT ALLOWED and ifpeljo1"l11ed, would void the exercise. 1. "C" Acro elements and "C" Bar elements. 2. Any "D" or "E" elements. G.

TIMING ON BEAM AND FLOOR The State may decide w hether to enforce the penalty for time infractions (0.2 for undertime or overtime).

The 1994 NationsBank Women's Gymnastics World Team Trials With Special Exhibitions By: 1976 Gold Medalist-Nadia Comaneci 1984 Gold Medalist-Bart Conner 1992 Gold Medalist-Trent Dimas

Richmond Coliseum Saturday, Oct. 15, 6-8 pm Sunday, Oct. 16,4-6 pm Special Discount For N ationsBank Customers For tickets call: 804-780-4970 This event will be broadcast on ESPN October 23 from 8-9:30 pm EDT.

NationsBank"

September/October 1994

TECHNIQUE

July 30, 1994 Indianapolis, IN Members Present:

Region I

FLIPOVER

s You'll flip over USA Gymnasticsl This magazine covers important national and international events leading up to, and including, the 1996 Olympic Games. Get to know the gymnasts through interviews, profiles and competition results. USA Gymnastics gives comprehensive gymnastics coverage in six, full color issues for only $15.00. Foreign subscriptions $32.00. Don't miss what USA Gymnastics has to offer!

,-----------------, Please enter my subscription immediately. Enclosed is my check or money order for six issues of USA Gymnastics. Name Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _

Denise Porrazzo

Region II

Laurel Tindall

Region III

Cori Rizzo for Carol Hillenburg

Region IV

George Grainger

Region VI

Kathy Ostberg

Region VII

Jan Greenhawk

Region VIII

Hoylene Noble

AB Chairman

Kathy Feldmann

WPA

Kathy Kelly

JOPCC

Tom Koll

EPCC

Roe Kreutzer

JOPC Connie Maloney State Chairmen from all states except N.Cal, ME, LA, and Sc. Absent:

Region V

Kathy Koeth

Recommendation to change the processing fee for Meet Director Certification to $10.00. Motion - S. Garman Second - T. Preston PASSED

Recommendation that the fee for an emergency Meet Director Certification exam (request received less than 5 working days prior to the date of requested return) will be $25.00 plus the processing fee of $10.00. If the Meet Director exam answer sheet IS received by FAX the payment must be sent by overnight delivery.

State _ _ __ Zip _ _ _ __ Phone _ __ _ __

Motion - D. Houlton Second - B. Martin PASSED

Check one:

Recommendation to continue to use A-I Awards' medals, redesigned to be larger and thinner, but for the same price.

D Gymnast/ age_ D Coach

D Parent D Other_ _ __

USA GYMNASTICS

Motion - V. Clarkson Second - B. Martin PASSED

A pproved In; Kn thy Scanlon, President August 23, 1994

Pan American Plaza, Suite 300, 201 S. Capitol Avenue T994 Indianapolis, ______ _ _ _ IN _46225 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ --1I

September / October 1994 TECHNIQUE

Women's Minutes

WOMEN'S TECHNICAL COMMITTEE August 7 - 8, 1994

Palm Springs, CA

Roll Call Meeting was called to order and roll call was taken at 8:30 AM by chairperson, Marilyn Cross.

Region I Joanne Pasquale Karen Wi sen Region II Region III Carol Bunge Region IV Linda Beran Region V Carolyn Bowers Region VI Cindy Sielski Region VII Cheryl Hamilton Region VIII Marian Dykes NETC Audrey Schweyer NABC Kathy Feldmann NEPCC Roe Kreutzer NA WGJ Judy Grenfell (proxy for Y. Hodge) NCAA Debbie Yohman Connie Maloney NJOPCoord. WPD Kathy Kelly Absent: NJOPCC Tom Koll II. Jr. Olympic Technical Concerns A. Recommendations to WTC from the Jr. Olympic Program Committee were presented. Recommendation to allow the State Board to decide if Open Scoring will be used at Optional Level 8, 9 and/or 10 State Meets. Motion - M. Dykes Second - C. Sielski PASSED Recommendation to adopt the following FIG changes for the Jr. Olympic Program, beginning August I, 1994: a. Floor Exercise #7.202 Flyspring description - Handspring forward with hecht phase before hand support - take-off from both legs - landing on both legs. b. Vault Deduction: Second Flight Phase: Late open/extension of the body before landing - up to 0.50 (Delete "No stretch ... up to 0.30) Motion - C. Hamilton Second - L. Beran PASSED Recommendation to allow up to 180 judgments per paneVper day for Level 4 competitions, with a maximum of 80 per session. Motion - M. Dykes Second - K. Wi sen PASSED Recommendation to allow up to 160 judgments per paneVper day for LevelS, 6 and 7 competitions or any meets combining Level 4 with Levels 5-7.

Motion - C. Bowers Second - C. Sielski PASSED B. Element Evaluations / Clarifications Recommendation that the Front Giant with 1/1 tum after handstand (optional grip) be awarded "0" Value Part credit for the 199495 season. Motion - C. Bowers Second - J. Pasquale PASSED Recommendation to accept the values of the following new elements which were performed at the Jr. Olympic National Championships. These elements will be listed in the new J. O. Element Supplement, which will be available in September, 1994. Motion - C. Hamilton Second - M. Dykes PASSED New Elements to be added to the Element Supplement (1994 edition): Vault: 10.00 Handspring with 2 1/ 2 twists (Boniforti)

Bars: "0" Back Uprise to Handstand, hop grip change in Handstand phase (McCalla) "0" Front Stalder with overgrip (wrong way stalder) (Boniforti) "Ell

"E" Beam:

Swing down between the bars with mixed grip, Backward swing to a piked front saito, catch HB (Garrett) Flyaway Dismount with Triple twist (Somerville)

"D"

Jump with 3/ 4 turn to Shushunova (Campanioni) Split Leap forward with change of legs to finish in a tuck position with one leg extended (Langevin) "D" Dismount- Take-off from two feet, Front Saito stretched with 11 h twist (Sabatini) "C" Tsukahara Dismount in tuck, pike or layout with or without additional turns " D" Straddle Jump with 3/ 4 turn "C" Tuck Jump with one leg extended with 3/ 4 turn Floor Exercise: "C" Pike Jump with 111 turn Changes in the 1993 . 96 Element Supplement (Effective August 1, 1994): Vault: Page 4 Correction - Change B-Vault #S-1.310 to S-1.210 Change E-Vault #5-1.411 to 5-1.510 Bars: Change 108 0 to 180 0 Page 19 #5-6.412 "C"

September / October 1994 TECHNIQUE

Women's Minutes

Beam: Page 35 Delete #S-2.412 - now in FIG Code #2.403 (Switch leg leap, }14 turn with 180 split sideways) Page 40 #S-6.110 - Delete illustration-new one to be included in 2nd edition. Add #S-6.211- Garrison forward roll with hand support (illustration will be used from S-6.110) Page 41 Change #S7.220 to S-7.112 Valdez with} /2 turn is now an 0

A 44

"A"

Floor Exercise: Page 47 Change S-1.320 to Change S-1.321 to Page 49 Change S-1.327 to Change S-l.4lO to

S-1.221 S-1.222 S-1 .223 S-1.320

IV. Elite Technical Report A. Schweyer reported that all Regions have conducted an Elite Compulsory Review Course and that the RTC's will receive all course materials in order to be able to continue with additional courses in their Regions.

V. Women's Administrative Board Report

B B B

K. Feldmann reported on the State Chairman's Workshop conducted in Indianapolis July 29-31. She reminded the RTC's that Regional Board meetings will be held at National Congress on Saturday, Aug. 27 from 1:30 - 4:30 PM. Regional Committee positions will be up for election in the Spring of 1995.

VI. Elite Program Committee Report

Element Clarifications: Bars: If, from a near Handstand position, a forward swing on HB is taken to within 10 of Handstand, it is considered a "B" Giant circle rather than a counterswing with increased amplitude. #2.301 sole circle} I 2 turn on HB to a direct drop glide on LB: The body must be extended outside the High Bar at the point of release and immediately drop to LB glide. Supplement-# 6.311 (will be #4.326 in 1994 edition): }/2 Forward Giant Circle to backward straddle over LB to hang. Must begin in Handstand to receive" C" credit. Beam: Omelianchik with additional} I 2 turn (Miller) must show hop turn in handstand to receive "E". C. Composition There are no mandates for specific compositional deductions. It is the responsibility of each individual judge to make that determination. D. Level 9 C. Hamilton voiced the concerns of the State Chairmen regarding the performance of "D" and "E" elements in relation to the evaluation of composition for Level 9. The WTC stated that execution and amplitude deductions should be taken consistently, regardless of the difficulty value of the skill. On Bars, if a "D" element is performed, it is considered a "e" and therefore must have either flight or a LA turn of at least 180 in order to be eligible for bonus in a Special Connection. Example: Back Uprise to Handstand + Counterswing to Handstand on LB = "D" receives "e" + "e" - NO BONUS since Uprise to HS has no flight or turn. If a "D" or " E" element is performed and is recognized as a devalued "e", it will receive "C" Value Part but will not be eligible for bonus. E. Technical Clarification: If a handgrip breaks during the course of an Uneven Bar exercise, it is not considered as equipment failure; therefore, the gymnast would not be allowed to repeat the exercise. 0

III.

Motion - L. Beran Second - M. Dykes PASSED

Judges Certification - Delene DarstlYarina French

K. Kelly presented JCI with some of the concerns from the State Chairmen workshop. The State Boards are in need of up to date information in regards to Active Status in order to assign State Meets. JCI will send Active Status lists to the National Office on a quarterly basis. The office will then disperse this information to the State and Regional Chairmen. JCI explained if a judge has a change in last name, address, etc., she should notify USA Gymnastics, NA WGJ and JCI. The Active Status Coordinators should also update their lists so that the JCI computer lists are accurate. Maloney suggested thatJCI use Social Security numbers in order to facilitate the record-keeping. The WTC would like JCI to consider Test Administrator honorariums at their next meeting. The necessity of having specific Level 10 TA' s was also questioned and K. Feldmann will address this in the form of a letter to V. French. Recommendation that after a judge tests at a higher level, she must show proof of her new rating by means of the Certification card or other written verification from JCI.

R. Kreutzer reported on the Talent Opportunity Program, International assignments and Classici Championships.

VII. Judging Issues K. Kelly reported that the 1994-97 Judges' Fee Structure is completed and has been distributed. The overwhelming number of responses to the Judges' survey are being entered in the computer and the results will be discussed at the National Congress (The Good, the Bad and the Ugly -Feldmann & Kelly)

VIII. NAWGJ Report J. Grenfell reported for Yvonne Hodge. The N AWGJ has purchased nine of the FIG Technique videos. A new directory of Elite and above rated officials is now completed and an updated "Operating Guide" is presently at the publishers. NAWGJ also recently held its SJD/ RJI:l workshop in conjunction with the National Judges' Cup in Houston.

IX. NCAA Report D. Yohman reviewed the new rules for NCAA, which can be found in the 1994-95 Rules and Policies in the Apparatus section. Open Scoring and flashing of Start Values will be required at all collegiate meets. The Collegiate Coaches Association has discussed the process of assigning officials and officials' fees during the regular collegiate season.

X. Judges' Training Videos C. Maloney reported that the Level 8 video is completed and will be sent

to all RTC's, RC's, RJD's and RJTC's. It is available for purchase through USAG Merchandise for $19.95. The Level 9 video has also been completed and the committee assisted with the proofing of the script. This video will also be sent to the above mentioned persons and should be available for purchase by early September. The Level 10 video is in production and will be available by late September.

XI. J. O. Technical Handbook The committee proofed the second edition of the]. O. Technical Handbook, which will be available for purchase through USA Gymnastics merchandise department by early September.

XII. Future projects/goals The following ideas for future projects were discussed: a. WTC Symposium to be held in conjunction with the J.O. Master workshop in 1997. b. Elite Course c. Judges' Training video for Elite Optionals d. Level 10 Judges' Training video e. "To Give or Not To Give" video

XIII. Next meeting is scheduled for March 3路4, 1995 to be held in conjunction with the McDonald's American Cup (Site to be announced). Meeting adjourned at 10:30 PM. Approved by Kathy Scan/on, President August 23, 1994

September/ October 1994 TECHNIQUE

Rhythmic Minutes

DIFFICULTY ELEMENTS FOR THE COMPOSITION OF EXERCISES WITH FIVE GYMNASTS Rhythmic Sportive Gymnastics Technical Committee Egle Abruzzini, President Maria Szyszkowska, SecretanJ May, 1994

., I

Ex.: ailS gymnasts participate in the exchange with a throw and rethrow

Proposal of apparatus difficulty elements for the composition of exercises with five gymnasts: one with 5 hoops, and one with 3 balls and 2 ribbons, as specified in the 1995-1996 program for Rhythmic Sportive Gymnastics.

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I. Apparatus norms

Identical to those required for individual exercises. The 5 hoops and the 3 balls must be of the same material and diameter. The 2 ribbons must also have the same characteristics and length. Only the colors may differ.

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jl. General Composition Requirements Ex.: exchanges by sub-groups

To facilitate comprehension of the exercise, both for judges and public, the compositions must include: A. Technical elements belonging to the fundamental groups of the apparatus used which must be well represented, must be performed simultaneously or successively, in rapid succession (in cannon), whether it is in the exercise for a single type of apparatus or the exercise for 2 different types of apparatus. B. Even the difficulty elements of body movements must be performed simultaneously or in rapid succession (in cannon) by ailS gymnasts.

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III. Requirements regarding elements of difficulty for exchanges of apparatus Exchanges are considered as difficulties whether they are performed among apparatus of the same type or apparatus of different types. All exchanges follow the general norms provided in the Code of Points.

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IV. Possibilities of exchanges among 5 gymnasts An exchange difficulty is only valid if ailS gymnasts participate in both actions of an exchange, that is: • passing or throwing an apparatus • receiving the apparatus from a partner Exchanges may be performed simultaneously or in rapid succession. Exchanges may be performed by sub-groups and by 5 gymnasts A. General examples Ex.: all 5 gymnasts participate in the exchange simultaneously or successively.

Note: An exchange perfonned by 4 gymnasts cannot satisfy the Code requirement regarding the 4 difficulty exchanges, but may be considered as a general difficulty in the following cases: •

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2 couples or the 4 gymnasts together perform an exchange of

difficulty A and the 5th gymnast performs a difficulty A or B: the difficulty is A 2 couples or the 4 gymnasts together perform an exchange of difficulty B and the 5th gymnast performs a difficulty A: the difficulty is A 2 couples or the 4 gymnasts together perform an exchange of difficulty B and the 5th gymnast performs a difficulty B: the difficulty is B (j"--···O" : 0 \", Off A-8

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TECHNIQUE

Off A-8

Rhythmic Minutes

B. Some examples for the exercise with 3 balls / 2 ribbons Ex. : all 5 gymnasts participate in the exchange simultaneously or successively 1. Handling of apparatus: throws Distance between gym.: 6 meters Body movements of the 5 gym.: B.M.' Result: Difficulty B , Body Movement

2. Handling of apparatus: throws Distance between gym.: less than 6 meters Body movements of the 5 gym.: Diff. A Result: Difficulty A Body movements of the gym. Diff. B Result: Difficulty B

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3. Handling of apparatus: throws Distance between gym.: 3 gym., 6 meters 2 gym., less than 6 m Body movements of the 5 gym.: Dill. A Result: Difficulty A Body movements of the 5 gym.: Diff. B Result: Difficulty B

8. Handling of apparatus: throws Distance between the 5 gym. : 6 meters Body movements of the 5 gym.: B.M. Result: Difficulty B Distance between the gym.: 3 gym., 6 m 2 gym., less than 6 m Body movements of the gym: Diff A Result: Difficulty A Body movements of the gym.: Diff. B Result: Difficulty B

Nole: Specific cases, not valid as exchanges but only as difficulties (see the 3 possibilities below). 1. Handling of the 4 apparatus: throws Distance between the 4 gym.: 6 meters Body movements of the 4 gym.: B.M. Single gymnast: Diff. A Result: Difficulty A Single gymnast: Diff. B Result: Difficulty B

4. Handling of apparatus: ribbons, throws balls, bounces Distance between gym.: 6 m. or less Body movements of the 5 gym.: Diff. A Result: Difficulty A Body movements of the 5 gym. : Diff. B Result: Difficulty B Examples: exchanges by sub-groups: goes with 5-8

5. Handling of apparatus: ribbons, throws balls, bounces Distance between gym.: 6 meters Relationship bet. gym.: 3 with balls / back to back Body Movements of gym.: with ribbons: B.M. with balls: Diff. A Result: Difficulty B

6. Handling of apparatus: ribbons, throws balls, bounces Distance between gym.: ribbons, 6 m. balls, less than 6 m Relationship between gym.: the 3 with balls back to back Body movements of gym.: with ribbons: B.M. with balls: Diff. A Result: Difficulty A Body movements of gym.: with ribbons: B.M. with balls: Diff. B Result: Difficulty B

Body movements of gym.: with ribbons: B.M with balls: Diff. A Result: Difficulty A Body movements of gym.: with ribbons: B.M. with balls: Dill. B Result: Difficulty B

2. Handling of the 4 apparatus: throws Distance between the 4 gym. : less than 6 m. Body movements of the 4 gym. : Diff. A Single gymnast: Diff. A Result: Difficulty A Body movements of 4 gym.: Diff. B Single gymnast: Diff. B Result: Difficulty B

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3. Handling of the 4 apparatus: passing Distance between the 4 gym: less than 6 m Body movements of the 4 gym.: Diff. A Single gymnast: Diff. A Result: Difficulty A Body movements of the 4 gym.: Diff. B Single gymnast: Diff. B Result: Difficulty B

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Note: if the ribbon is used as decoration, this element can be tolerated 3 times maximum. After 3 times, the penalty applied will be 0.20 point each time, as specified in the Code of Points for apparatus used as decoration. For the balls there will be no tolerance (0.20 Point penalty each time the ball is used as decoration).

V. Criteria for judging the level of exchanges For elements of difficulty by exchange, all the requirements specified in the Code are valid: see the 1993 Code: Chapter X, § 7, including all the specific cases for the apparatus used.

VI. Elements of left hand difficulties 7. Handling of apparatus: ribbons, throws balls, rolls Distance between the 5 gym.: 6 meters

Both compositions must have a left hand difficulty of level B performed by the 5 gymnasts. The compositions must also have a balance between the right and left hand work for all apparatus.

VII. Composition of the e.ercises For the general requirements of composition, see the 1993 Code 01 Points. September / October 1994 TECHNIQUE

Calendar Date

Days Discipline

Event

Location

(ontad

Phone

Asian Games Safety Certification (10:00 a.m.-4:00 p.m.) Safety Certification (11 :00 a.m.-3:30 p.m.) Safety Certification (9:00 a.m.-l :00 p.m.) Safety Certification (12:00 noon- 5:00p.m.) Rhythmic World Championships Safety Certification (Time: TBA) Safety Certification (9:00 a.m.-l:00 p.m.) OOP National Evaluation & JR Team Selection NationsBank World Championships Team Trials Safety Certification (11 :00 a.m.-3:30 p.m.) Safety Certification (Time: TBA) Safety Certification (6:00 p.m.-9:00 p.m.) Safety Certification (Time: TBA) Safety Certification (1 :00 p.m.-5:00 p.m.) Safety Certification (9:00 a.m.-l :00 p.m.) Broadcast NationsBank World Championships Team Trials Region VI Congress Safety Certification (6:30 p.m.-l 0:00 p.m.) Catania USA Gymnaestrada Safety Certification (9:30 a.m.-3:00 p.m.) Safety Certification (9:00 a.m.-l :00 p.m.) ASEP Coaching Principles (time: TBA)

Hiroshima, JPN Cherry Hill, NJ New York City, NY Westminster, MO Pittsburgh, PA Paris, FRA Battlecreek, MI Marlboro, NJ Colorado Springs, CO Richmond, VA Jackson, CA Chicago, Il Greeenville, SC Richmond, VA Normal,ll Augusta, GA ESPN/8-9:30 pm EDT Boxboro, MA Boxboro, MA Catania, ITA Palm Springs, CA livingston, NJ Cincinnati, OH Richmond, VA

Galimore/Kelly Cathy Finkel Joan Hicks John Perna Michael Rizzuto Nora Campbell Jerry Reighard Phil Frank Ron Galimore John Kirchner Michael Taylor Monte Kimes Bob White Billy Bob Taylor Monte Kimes Mike Goodale Julie Bejin Kathy Feldmann Kathy Feldmann Kathy Kelly Steve Whitlock Cathy Finkel Vicki Haggard linda Johnson

317-237-5050 201-586-1808 203-924-8666 410-848-2771 814-238-1577 317-237-5050 402-296-2326 609-786-3977 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 415-858-3480 312-347-6770 803-268-77 40 304-344-3279 312-347-6770 706-738-6678 317-237-5050 617-784-5830 617-784-5830 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 210-586-1808 513-489-7575 410-721-5853

Safety Certification (8:30 a.m.-12:30 p.m.) Safety Certification (6:00 p.m.-9:30 p.m.) Olympic Congress of the USA Safety Certification (6:00 p.m.-l 0:00 p.m.) Team World Championships Safety Certification (1 :00 p.m.-5:00 p.m.) Safety Certification (Time: TBA) Safety Certification (1 :00 p.m.-5:30 p.m.) Safety Certification (9:00 a.m.-12:00 noon) National Group Training Camp Safety Certification (10:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m.) Chunichi Cup

Portland, OR Minot, NO NashVille, TN Keene, TX Dortmund, GER Clearwater, Fl South Burlington, VT Denver, CO Knoxville, TN Colorado Springs, CO Pittsburgh, PA Nagoya City, JPN

Ruth Sandoz Bill Allen Becky Riti Jan Eyman Galimore/Kelly Karl Bishop Woody Clifton Betsy Sprague Billy Bob Taylor Nora Campbell Janette Jay Galimore/Kelly

503-646-8455 605-393-1848 317-237-5050 817-694-4214 317-237-5050 813-447-2108 802-863-4714 303-750-9821 304-344-3279 317-237-5050 412-279-4344 317-237-5050

T.O.P. Training Camp ODP Jr. National Team Camp Coaches Workshop Pacific Alliance Championships Safety Certification (6:30 p.m.-9:30 p.m.) Safety Certification (8:00 a.m.-12:00 noon) National Group Training Camp Broadcast World Championships-TEAM OTB Pokal

Tulsa, OK Colorado Springs, CO Colorado Springs, CO Auckland, NZl Sumter, SC Hawaii Colorado Springs, CO NBC Stuttgart, GER

Kathy Kelly Ron Galimore Ron Galimore Galimore/Kelly Kim Domagalski Beth Ann Arnold (Kee) Nora Campbell Julie Bejin Galimore/Kelly

317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 803-452-6525 808-638-7456 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050

First Elite Regional Safety Certification (1 :00-5:00 p.m. New/2:00-5:00 p.m. Renewal) USAG Winter Cup Challenge Second Elite Regional Reese's World Gymnastics Cup Safety Certification (Time: TBA) Safety Certification (Time: TBA)

Various Sites Decatur, GA Colorado Springs, CO Various Sites Portland, OR RI Winter Springs, Fl

Kathy Kelly Christine Calvert Ron Galimore Kathy Kelly John Kirchner Mike Franco O.J. Milem

317-237-5050 404-377-0241 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 401-789-8096 904-641-9966

Safety Certification (1 :00 p.m.-5:00 p.m.) Rhythmic Challenge Safety Certification (1 :00 p.m.-5:30 p.m.) Pan Am Games Triah/American Classic Gymcarolina Classic

Chicago, Il TBA TBA Oakland, CA Raleigh, NC

Monte Kimes Nora Campbell Betsy Sprague Kathy Kelly Barbara Blidden

312-347-6770 317-237-5050 303-750-9821 317-237-5050 919-848-7988

OCTOBER 1994

2 2 2 2 2 6 7 9 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 23 23 27 27 27 28 28 30 TBA

15 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 6 3 1 1 1

MW MWR MWR MWR MWR R MWR MWR M W MWR MWR MWR MWR MWR MWR W MWR MWR W MWR MWR MWR MWR

NOVEMBER

5 5 9 10 11 12 13 13 13 17 20 TBA

1 1 4 1 10 1 1 1 1 11 1

MWR MWR MWR MW MWR MWR MWR MWR R MWR MW

DECEMBER

*1 4 8 15 16 18 27 *31 TBA

4 9 4 7 1 1

W M M MW MWR MWR R MW MW

JANUARY 1 995

5 7 27 27 21 TBA TBA

3 1 2 2 1 1 1

W MWR M W MW MWR MWR

"EBRUARY

4 *8 9 16 24

1 5 1 3 3

MWR R MWR W MW

*tentative September / October 1994 TECHNIQUE

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Non-profi t O rga ni zation U.s. Postage PAID Permit No. 7867 Indianapolis, IN

!1M SAFETY CERTIFICATION COURSES OCTOBER 2

Cherry Hill, NJ 9:30am-4:00pm The Gymnastics Academy(Cabrielles) 5 Larwin Rd. Course Oir.: Cathy fin kel (201) 586-1808 New York, NY 11 :00am-3:30pm Sullon Gymnastics 20 Cooper Square, 10003 Course Oir.: Joan Hicks (203) 924-8666 Local Contact: Joanne Sotres (212) 533- 9390 Westminster, MO 9:00am-l :OOpm Perna Gymnastics Club 3100 Lilliestown Pike, 21157 Course Oir.: John Perna Local Contact: Liz Perna (410) 848-2771 Pillsburgh, PA 12:00 noon- 5:00pm Gymkhana, 7501 Penn.Ave., 15208 Course Oir.: Michael Rizzuto (814) 238-1577 Local Contact: Elliot Sonh (412) 247-4800 Balliecreek, MI Time: TBA Branch Gymnastics Course Oir.: Jerry Reighard (402) 296-2326 Marlboro, NJ 9:00am- l :OOpm World Cup Gymnastics 404 Timber Lone, 07746 Course Oir.: Phil frank (609) 786-3977

Local Contact: Bill Oalogh (90B) 7BO- 2543 Jackson, CA 11 :00am-3:30pm Performance Gymnastics Course Oir.: Michael Taylor (415) B58-3480 Local Contact: Walt or Trish Conrad Chicago, IL Time: TBA Harrison Park, 1824 S. Wood St., 60608 Course Oir.: Monte Kimes (312) 347-6770 Greenville, SC 6:00 p.m.-9:00 p.m. Course Oir.: Bob White (803) 268-7740 Normal, IL l:OOpm-5:00pm Gymnastics Etc., 409 Kays Dr., 61761 Course Oir.: Monte Kimes (312) 347-6770 Local Contact: Teresa Millmore (309) 454-7654 Richmond, VA Richmond Colisieum Time: TBA Course Oir.: 8i11y 80b Taylor (304) 344-3279 Local Contact: Linda Johnson (410) 721-5853 This course is to be held in con;unction with the Region VII Mini-(ongress. Augusta, GA 9:00am-l :OOpm Augusta YWCA Course Oir.: Mike Goodale (706) 738-6678

,---------I Participation Registration Form I Name: Mr. /Mrs./Ms. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ I I Soc. Sec. # - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I Ad dress: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I City: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _State:_ _ _ _Zip, _ _ _ __ II Telephone: (H) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (W) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I Course Director:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I Course Location:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Da te: _ _ _ __ : Organization Represented: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Boxboro, MA 6:30pm-l 0:00pm Region VI Congress, Host Hotel 80xboro, MA Local Contact: Kathy feldmon (617) 784-5830 This course is to be held in con;unction with the Region VI (ongress. Boxboro, MA 8:30am-12:00noon Region VI Congress, Host Hotel Boxboro, MA Local Contact: Kathy feldman (617) 784-5830 This course is to be held in con;unction with the Region VI (ongress. Livingston, NJ 9:30am-4:00pm Maplewood Gymnastics of Livingston 355 Eisenhower Pkwy., 07039 Course Oir.: Cathy finkel (201) 586-1808

NOVEMBER 5

Portland, OR 8:30am- 12:30pm Multnomah Athletic Club, 1849 SW Salmon, 97207 Course Oir.: Ruth Sandoz (503) 646-8455 Local Contact: Doug Hills (503) 639-5388 Minot, NO 6:00pm- 9:30pm Minot Magic Gymnastics 1212 fourth Ave. NW Course Oir.: Bill Allen (605) 393-1848

--------, Please make checks payable infull to USA Gymnastics Safety Certification Mail Registration Form and Payment to: USA Gymnastics Safety, Pan American Plaza, Suite 300,201 S, Capitol, Indianapolis, IN 46225

DO NOT WRITE BELOW THIS LINE . FOR OFFICE USE ONLY

I If USA Gymnastics Member, List Type and Tumber_ _ __ _ _ __ Registration Fonn Received: I Form of Payment: o Check o Visa o Mas tercard I Name on Card: _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _" Confirmation Mailed: I I N umber: - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - -- - - - -- : I Expi ration Date: Signature:_ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _

T994 L _____________________________

Local Contact: Donna Doepke (701) 462-1222 Keene, TX 6:00pm-l 0:00pm Southwest Adventist College Course Oir.: Jan Eyman (817) 694-4214 Local Contact: Jennifer Galland (800) 433-2240 Clearwater, fL 1:00pm-5:00pm Apollo School of Gymnastics 2140 Range Rd. Unit G, 34625 Course Oir.: Karl Bishop (813) 447- 2108 South 8urlington, VT Time: TBA Champlain Valley Gymnastics 21 Berard Dr., 05403 Course Oir.: Woody Clihon (802) 863-4714 Knoxville, TN 9:00 a.m.-12:00 noon Knoxville Gymnastics Training Center 5331 Western Ave., 37921 Course Oir.: Billy Bob Taylor (304) 344-3279 Local Contact: Lisa Collins (615) 588-2105 Denver, CO 1:00pm-5:30pm Site: TBA Course Oir.: Betsy Sprague (303) 750-9821 , (303) 750-3356 Pillsburgh, PA 10:00am-3:00pm National School of Gymnastics, 2101 Greentree Rd., 15220 Course Oir.: Janelle Jay (412) 279-4344, (412)429-8879

DECEMBER 16

Sumter, SC 6:30 p.m-9:30 p.m. Sumter YMCA Conference Room Course Oir.: Kim Domagalski (803) 452-6525

All courses are 3rd Cycle courses. All materiaJs (including the new Safety Handbook) for 3rd Cycle courses are provided at the com se and are part of the course fee. Certification is good for 4 years.

The co urse/ examina tion is $100 USA Gy mn as tics Profess ional Members and recertification is $75. Retestcos t is $25. For groups of a t least 10, contact the USA Gymnastics Department of Educa tional Services and Safety.