Technique Magazine - February 1995 by USA Gymnastics

February 1995

AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF USA GYMNASTICS

Vol. 16, #2

Inside Book Review: Feel No Fear: The Power, Passion, & Politics of a Life in Gymnastics Principle Release and Catch Moves on Bars Level of Competitive Trait Anxiety and Sources of Stress Among Members of the 1993 TOP Team Cheerleader Gymnastics: Cheernastics Rings Specifications 1995 Congress RSG Code of Points: Questions and Answers Developing a Multipurpose Facility: Increasing Programs, Profits & Fun with Kids A Better Way to Evaluate Difficulty in Gymnastics/ Point-Counterpoint 1994 Technique and USA Gymnastics Index

([ÂŤGA GYMNASTICS

Educational Materials

It-.JA GYMNASTICS

POSITION AVAILABLE

WOMEN'S PROGRAM SECRETARY Provides administrative and logistical support to the Women's Program Director and the Elite and Junior Olympic Programs.

JOB DESCRIPTION: Preparation of correspondence Maintenance of files Mailing, copying, computer data entry

QUALIFICATION: Computer knowledge essential: familiarity w ith word-processing and data base program Ability to work unsupervised Detail oriented Ability to work in a multi-task environment Energetic, enthusiastic, flexible, and positive attitude toward job challenges and co-workers

GREAr GAMES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE '99' • Gustalson, Wolfe & King. paper· '52 pp

Add creativity and lun to physical education classes and after-school activities with Great Games for Young People. Wri"en by physical education experts, this refreshing and challenging resource contains games and relays for upper elementary, middle school, iunior high, and senior high students. Use the games on an impromptu basis or as a planned and integral part of your daily program.

Fax resume to: Kathy Kelly 317-237-5069

Great Games for Young People contains complete descriptions of 69 games. Most also include a diagram of the game and suggestions for modifications.

CORRECTION

The games encompass a wide range of interests and abilities. To help you find the game or relay you need quickly, the Game Finder grid /ists all the games along with grad guidelines, group sizes, gross motor ratings, and the types of skills involved.

WOMEN'SWORLD UNIVERSITY GAMES SELEGION PROCEDURES:

Great Games for Young People is a wonderful collection of tried-and-true, change-of-pace games and relays lor today's physical educator or recreation instructor.

#3623

Item #

Size

The site and dote given for the World University Gomes Trials/U.S. Classics is incorrecl as printed in January Technique. The tentolive dote is now July 21-23, 1995 and the site is pending contract negotiolions.

512.00

Demiption

Quantity

Price

Total

To order anyof these books, or other educational materialsand videos presented in this issue, please complete this order form.

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publisher Editor Designer Men's Program Director Women's Program Director Rhythmic Program Director

Kathy Scanlan Steve Whitlock Julie T. Jones

Contents Book Review

Ron Galimore

Feel No Fear: The Power, Passion, & Politics of a Life in Gymnastics

Kathy Kelly

Uneven Bars

Nora Campbell

Principle Release and Catch Moves on Bars

USA GYMNASTICS BOARD OF DIRECTORS (hair: Sandy Knapp; President: Kalhy S(Onlan; President Emeritus: Mike Donahue; Amateur Athletic Union: Sian Alkinson; American Sokol Organization: Jerry Milan; American Trampoline & Tumbling Association: Wayne Downing; American Turners: Beny Heppner; Jewish (ammunity (enters: lori Kalz; National Association of (ollegiote Gymnastics (oaches for Men: Abie Grossleld; National Association of (ollegiate GymnastilS (oaches for Women: Gail Davis; National Association for Girls and Women in Sport: Dr. Mimi Murray; National Association of Women's Gymnastics Judges: Yvonne Hodge; National (ollegiote Athletic Association: Jane Bells, lou Burkel; National Federation of State High School Associations: Susan True; National GymnastilS Judges Association: Harry Bierke; Notional High School GymnostilS (oaches Association: John Brinkworth; Special Olympics, Inc.: Kale fober路Hickie; U.S. Rhythmic Gymnastics (oaches Association: Suzie DiTullio; U.S. Association of Independent Gym Clubs: lance Crowley; U.S. Elite (oaches Association for Men's Gymnastics: Peler Kormann; U.S. Elite (oaches Association for 'men's Gymnaslics: Tony Gehman, Roe Kreutzer; U.S. .n's GymnaslilS (ooches Association: Marl Yancey; U.S. Sports Acrobatics Federation: Bonnie Davidson; Young Men's (hristian Association of the USA: Rick Dodson; USA GymnastilS National Membership Directors: Men's: Jim Hall, Roy Gura; Women's: Jim Archer, Julio Thompson-Arelz; Rhythmic: Alia Svirsky, Ule AllCarberry Athlete' s Advisory (ouncil: Wendy Hilliard, choir; Chris Woller, vice choir; Krislen KenoyerWoodlond, sec; Tanya Service Choplin, Dione "Dee" fosler, Karyn lyon Glover, Peler Vidmar, Conrad Voorsonger. USA GYMNASTICS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (hair: Sandy Knopp; Special Advisor to the (hairman of the Boord: Roe Kreulzer; President: Kalhy Scanlon; Secretory: Mike Milidonis; Vice (hair Women: Nancy Marshall; Vice (hair Men: Tim Doggell; Vice (hair Rhythmic: Candace feinberg; FIG Women's Technical (ommittee: Jackie fie; FIG Rhythmic Technical (ommittee: Andrea Schmid-Shapiro; FIG Men' s Technical (ommittee: Bill Roelzheim; At Large Members: Jim Hartung, Joan Moore; Athlete Directors: Tanya Service Choplin, Wendy Hilliard, Peler Vidmar; USO( Athlete Representative: Michelle Dusserre; President Emeritus: Mike Donahue. Unless expressly idenlified to Ihe conlrary, all arlicles, Ilale路 mentl and views prinled herein are ollribuled ,olely 10 Ihe aUlhor and USA Gymnaslicl expresses no opinion and assumes no responsibility Ihereol. CHANGE Of ADDRESS AND SUBSCRIPTION INQUIRIES:In order 10 enlure uninlerrupted delivery 01 TECHNIQUE magazine, nolice 01 change 01 address Ihould be made lix 10 eighl weekI in advance. for fOllesl service, please enclose your presenl moiling label. Direct alilubsuiptian mail 10 TECHNIQUE Subscriplionl, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capilol Ave., Suile 300, Indionapolil, IN 46225. TECHNIQUE IIS5N 0748路599991 is publilhed 10 limes per vear by USA Gymnaslicl, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capilol ,., Suile 300, Indianapolis, IN 46225 (phone: 317-237.50). Third class posloge paid 01 Indianapolis, Itt 5ublcriplion prices: S25.00 per year in Uniled 5lales; all olher counlries S48.00 per year. If available, back issue lingle copies S4.00 plul pOllage/handling. All reolonable core will be loken, bUI no relponsibilily (On be ollumed lor unloliciled maleriol; enclose relurn poslage. Copyrighl 1995 by USA Gymnollics and TECHNIQUE. All righls reserved. Prinled by Sporl Graphics, Indionopolil, IN .

5 6

Sport Psychology Level of Competitive Trait Anxiety and Sources of Stress Among Members of the 1993 TOP Team

Alternative Programs Cheerleader Gymnastics: Cheernastics

Still Rings Rings Specifications

1995 Congress General Information

Rhythmic Gymnastics Code of Points: Questions and Answers

Business Develaping aMulti-purpose Facility: Increasing Programs, Profits &Fun with Kids

Coaches Education ASEP Coaching Principles

Code of Points ABelfer Way to Evaluate Difficulty in Gymnastics Point-Counterpoint

32 34

Administration APlan for the Future

Announcements 38

1994 Index Technique Index USA Gymnastics Index

This s,ucly's purpose was cle'ermine 'he tevel of compe,itive s'ress among young female gymnas's ancl ascer'ain 'heir worries mee's.

Cheernas,ics combines 'he spiri' of a,hte,icism wi,h 'he compe,itive or' form of gymnas,ics by encorpora,ing gymnastics skills.

This ar,icle tis's 'he aclvan,ages of cleveloping a mutti-purpose gymnastics facili,y.

GYMNASTICS WOMEN'S rRAINING rAPE

EDUCATIONAL VIDEOTAPES

PLEASE IOTE: The videos listed in this magazine are provided for educational and historic purposes. While every effort is made to prod uce videos of the highest quality, it should be noted that some of the videos are produced at events utilizing handheld cameras from vantage points in the stands by non-professional volunteer technicians. Only limited editing and production enhancements are utilized in order to provide a timely product at a reasonable cost to the USA Gymnastics membership.

ro order any of these videotapes, use the USA Gymnastics order form on page 2.

NEW FEATURES

A good look into the troining styles of some of the top teams in the world. You will see such teoms os Romania and Russia from the time they walk into the training gym up through Podium Training. (SLP 5:00)

#2411

519.95

WOMEN'S COMPULSORY PODIUM rRAINING This was the first time the teams trained on the podium. You will see mostly compulsory routines from the top countries. (SP 2:00)

#2412

516.95

WOMEN'S OPflONAL PODIUM rRAINING This was the second time the teoms were on the podium. You will see mostly optional routines in 0 training mode. (SP 1:57)

#2413

#16.95

WOMEN'S COMPULSORY COMPEflflON Compulsory routines on 011 events feoturing the USA team and selected other top routines. Please keep in mind that the USA team was, by for, the best compulsory team at the World Championships. (SP, 2:00)

#2414

516.95

PARr I: WOMEN'S PRELIMINARY COMPEflflON

1 994 WORLD TEAM CHAMPIONSHIPS, DORTMUND, GERMANY WOMEN'S VIDEOS The following is a brief explanation of each 1994 World Team Championship Tape.

This is the first round of optionals featuring the USA team on 011 events with several other routines from other countries. (/:34) Part II: Women's Team Finals-This is optional competition of the top six teams from the combine score of compulsaries and preliminary optionals. You will see all of the USA routines with other selected optional routines. (/:36) (2 SP tapes)

#2415

With all five tapes, you will be able to see routines of athletes from all of the top countries either in competition or training. COCA-COlA NAflONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS 8/94, Nashville, TN. Senior Women's Optionals and Event Finals. (SP 2 tapes, 2:56)

#2142

THEUSA GYMNASTICS VIDEO MAGAZINE! A visual tour behind-the-scenes of gymnastics! The USAG Video Magazine will feature: Product Previews, Competition Reports, Interviews, Training Camp News, Congress Summaries, Club Tours, Coaching Spotlight, New Equipment Demos, Conditioning & Training Tips, & Parents' Q& A. The Video Magazine will be offered by subscription on a quarterly basis. February 1995

524.95

TECHNIQUE

524.95

Book Review

No FEAR: THE

"I am challenging the system, challenging their sweet mediocrity... Alii am • • saying IS that you must push hard. And tOU must ave the highest standards."

FEEL

POWER, PASSION, & POLITICS OF A LIFE IN GYMNASTICS

-Bela Karolyi

Bela Karolyi & Nancy Ann Richardson

Feel No Fear is the unforgettable and enthralling story of the most influential, charismatic, and controversial gymnastics coach in the world, who, for the first time, shares the secret strategies that have contributed to his success. Karolyi has created more gymnastics champions than any other coach in the sport-in both his native country, Romania, and his adopted country, America.

lated malice of Romania's secret police. Forced to defect from his native country, he left behind his six-year-old daughter whom he might never see again. Once in America, Karolyi struggled to master a new language and a new cui ture, all the w hile working to create a life for himself and his family. As a U.s. gymnas tics coach, Karolyi proved that American gynmasts could be internationally competitive - an accomplishment that American coaches had ye t to achieve .

The following comments are from the book cover:

Feel No Fear is the unforgettable and enthralling s tory of the mos t influential, charismatic, and controversial gymnastics coach in the world, who, for the first time, shares the secret strategies that h ave contributed to his success. Karolyi has created more gymnastics \ampions than any other coach in the sport-in both his native co untr y, Romania, and his adopted country, America. His fierce determination and unique

vision enabled him to redefine the entire spor t of gymnastics from the unforgettable grace of Nadia Comaneci to the powerful explosive strength of Mary Lou Retton and Kim Zmeskal. But his story is not jus t about creating gymnastics superstars. Bela Karolyi's story is about facing and overcoming tremendous adversity. It's about fighting for w hat's right, and pounding your fist and raising your voice against injustice. Karolyi fou ght against the constraints of Communism, and the calcu-

Karolyi and his gymnasts ha ve won 10 American Cup Championships . In addition, he has created Olympic Champions both in his n a tive country and his adopted h omeland, gymnasts who have won over 176 medals in European and World Championships as well as the Olympic Games. Karol yi currently resides in Houston, Texas, with his w ife, Martha. When not in Houston, Karolyi can be found on his ranch in New Waverly, Texas, along with his dogs, camel,

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

llama, donkeys, steer, chickens, turke ys, raccoons, pigeons, wild pigs, and horses. Nancy AIm Richardson is a freelance writer who has written for Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, LucasArts, and University of California, San Francisco. Se currently resides in Boulder, Colorado. Item No. 3645, 522.95 1994, Hyperion, 114 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10011. Hard caver, 239 pages ~

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _•

Bela Karolyi's story is about facing and

overcommg tremendou s adversity. It's about fighting for what's right, and pounding your fist and raising your voice against injustice.

0 .A 5

Uneven Bars

PRINCIPLE RELEASE AND CATCH MOVES ON BARS I

A 6

This article is reprinted by permission from the Association of British Gymnastics Coaches ~ 6th issue, 1994. For information on this news leffer, write to Meg Warren, Sherwood House, Hinckley Road, Burbage, teicestershire, LE 10 2AG, Great Britain.

Meg Warren I have drawn several release moves which I copied from the French magazine Gymtecnic. It is sometimes confusing when in the FIG Women's Code of Points these skills, originated on the high bar by male gymnasts, are called after the first women performers. I hope that these figures help you with skill recognition.

COMMON NAMES FOR BAR SKILLS Men's skill name (Code No.)

Women's skill name (Code No.) Illustration s of skills from FIG Women's Code of Points: Hristakieva (5.501) - sometimes incorrectly called a Gienger

17t \

1/1 twist

rfiiiH Mo Saito (6.501)

\g~~ r;J'~ ' '-. ~ . '-- ' ../ I.

Gaylord 11 (VI. 110)

Xiao Ruizhi (VI. 74)

Counter-Kim (#3.503)

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

f.,d e;:P

Uneven Bars

Men's skill name (Code No.)

Women's skill name (Code No.) (not in Women's Code)

.A Jaeger 1/1twist (not in Women's Code)

IlLu stration s of skills from FIG Women's Code of Points: Gienger (VI. 83)

Gienger (5.403) /'"

Jaeger (VI. 48)

Jaeger (3.403)

Markelov (VI. 8)

Tkatchev (2.415)

Tkatchev (VI. 13)

February 1995

TECHNIQUE

Uneven Bars

Men's skill name (Code No.)

Women's skill name (Code No.)

Voronin hop (VI. 27)

W enningIVolpi (6.302)

[Markelov with additional 1/2tum] (VI. 10)

Schuschunova (2.505)

• The Gaylord I, the Deff, and the Xiao Ruizhi have all been performed by female gymnasts along with standard release and catch skills: Gienger, Jaeger, and Tkatchev. • The Markelov is not so standard inwomen's gymnastics-as far as 1know this has only been performed by Chorkina (Russia) [6.401] of Russia to date.

• Schuschunova (USSR) performed the Markelov with an additional1h turn back in 1988. This is called a Schuschunova [2.505]. • The Voronin hop has also been performed by an Italian, Volpi, although it was not so true to the original.

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Sport Psychology

LEVEL OF

The sport psychology literature on competitive stress has

COMPETITIVE d TRAIT ANXIETY ~ AND SOURCES OF STRESS AMONG MEMBERS OF THE

focused on older athletes or you th sport participan ts involved in recreational team activities. Our knowledge about stress in the lives of elite child competitors, especially girls who participate in individual sports such as gymnastics, is limited.

1993 TOP TEAM

Measures and Procedure

Joan L. Duda, Ph.D. USA Gymnastics Women's Program Sport Psychology Consultant; Professor, Oepts. of HKLS and Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 ompetitive stress occurs when an athlete p erceives that her/ his abilities are in sufficient when compared to the demands of a competition and that the possibility of not meeting those demands is psychologically threatening. Both anecdotal and research-based evidence indicates that all athletes experience stress before, during, and after competitive events. Sport competitors vary, however, in the degree of anxiety that they usually feel (or their level of competitive trait anxiety) and what causes them to feel s tressed.

Th e sport psychology litera ture on comp etiti ve stress has fo cused on older athletes or yo uth spor t participants invo lved in recreational team ac ti vities. Our knowledge a bout s tress in the lives of elite child compe titors, especially g irl s who participate in indi v idual s ports s uch as gymnas tics, is limite d. Consequ entl y, one purpose of this s tud y was to determine the level of competitive s tress amo n g yo ung tal ented fem.ale

gymnasts and compare those results with those from prev ious investigations of you th sport team athletes. A second purpose was to ascertain what these yo ung gymnasts worry about in terms of their involvement in gymnastics meets.

Subiects The subjects were 90 girls who were participants in the 1993 TOP Training Camp in Birmingham, Alabama. Their mean age was 9.7 + 1.02 yea rs (range = 8 through 12 years).

The girls were administered a multipart questionnaire in a group setting (2045 girls per group) by the investigator. The questionnaire, which was filled oui anonymously, to ok approximatel y 10 minutes to complete. The directions and each item were read orally and the girls were encouraged to follow along as well as ask questions at any time. Coaches and other members of the USA Gy mnastics Staff were not present during questionnaire administration. The girls first responded to the Sport Competition Anxiety Test or SCAT (Martens, 1977). This instrument measures competitive trait anxiety or the tendency to find competitive sport (in this case, gymnastics) threatening and to respond to the experi-

Table 1: Mean and standard deviations for competitive trait anxiety

(as assessed with the Sport Competition Anxiety Test) reported in the present and previous studies of young athletes. Present Study

Passer (1983)

90, 8-12 yr old female gymnasts

216, 10路12 yr old male soccer players

Smith (1983) 80, 10-13yrold baseball or football players 79,10-13 yr old female sohball or volleyball players Girls

Boys X

19.6

3.3

17.0

3.2

19.1

4.2

19.8

3.7

February 1995

TECHNIQUE

Brustad & Weiss (1987) 55, 9-13 yr old male baseball players 58, 9-13 yr old female sohball players

Boys

Girls

17.1

4.9

19.5

4.0

Sport Psychology

ence with heightened state an xiety. Specifically, the girls were asked to consider each sentence "about how girls and boys feel when they compete in gymnastics" and indicate how often they tend to feel this way (i.e., hardly ever, sometimes, very often) when competing in gymn as tics. Exemplary items include "Before I compete my muscles usually get tight" and "Before I compete I feel relaxed." SCAT scores range from 10-30 with a higher score reflecting higher competitive trait anxiety. The girls also responded to a 20-item measure assessing their perceived sources of stress in gymnastics (adapted from their perceived sources of stress in gymnastics (adapted from previous wo rk by Gould, Horn, & Spreeman, 1983) . In p articular, the girls were requested to rate each of the statements (on a 4 point scale from " really agree that this makes me worried" to "really disagree that this makes me worried") in terms of how much they are concerned about this w hile competing in gymn astics .

Results Competitive Trait Anxiety In general, the members of the 1993 TOP ream were found to be moderately competitive trait anxious although SCAT scores ranged from 13 (very low competitive trait

an xiety) to 27 (very high competitive trait anxie ty). As can be seen in Table 1, the observed mean SCAT score for the present sample was comparable to the average competitive trait anxiety scores found amon g girls involved in recreational team sports. Based on subsequent analyses and previous research in this area, the 20 "source of stress" items were collapsed into seven areas of concern for TOP Team gymnasts: 1. Th e psychological factors related to performance (the gymnast worries about her pre-meet level of anxie ty or her ability to concentrate), 2. Th e adequacy of performance (the gymnast worries about making mistakes or not performing well), 3. Losing (the gymnast worries about the competitive outcome of the meet), 4. Injury (the gymnast worries about getting hurt), 5. Weight and ap pearance (the gymnas t worries abou t how much she weighs or how attractive she is), 6. The judges' scoring (the gymnast worries abou t h ow h er routine w ill be scored), and 7. Significant others (the gymnast worries about disappointing and/ or the reactions of her parents, coach and tecumnates).

Figure 1 depicts the mean level of concern reported for the seven s tressor categories. On the average, the gymnasts indicated that they experienced little or some worry about each source of stress. Among the members of the 1993 TOP team, the most potent causes of anxie ty were performance-related concerns, the judges' scoring, their psychological state before and during competition, and the possibility of becoming injured. It also should be noted that there was considerable variabili ty among this group of gymnasts in terms of how worried they were abou t each source of anxiety (see standard deviation bars). There were a number of girls w ho expressed great concern in terms of specific stressors. Figure 2 displays the perceived degree of worry associated w ith the expectatio ns and reactions of the gymn as ts' coaches, parents, and teammates specifically. As a group, the girls did not find the significant others in their lives to be a salient source of stress. They did perceive their coaches to be a more potent stressor, however, and once again considerable variance was observed among individual team m embers.

Conclusion Drawing from the present study, it seems that the yo ung talented gymnasts who were part of the 1993 TOP program do tend to

Figure 1: Mean Level of Worry Associated with Different Types of Stressors o

No Worry I

Lillie Worry 2

Performance Losing

".' ~ .'.~_

Injury

路._2..!.路.!l.;.<',."

h:'.. ,_

Weight/Appearance Judges' Score Significant Others

February 1995

TECHNIQUE

Some Worry 3

Really Worry 4

Sport Psychology

Figure 2: Mean Level of Worry from Significant Others No Worry 1

lillie Wo rr y 2

Some Worry 3

Some of the girls reported Really Worry 4

association with competition. These

Parents

gymnasts are in particular

.A 12

very high levels of stress in

need of developing stress (oothes

management skills if we wish to maximize their

Teamma tes

competitive experience and maintain their involvement in the sport. find gymnastics anxiety-provoking although not excessively so. Some of the girls reported very high levels of stress in association w ith competition. These gymnasts are in particular need of developing stress management skills if we w ish to maximize their competitive experience and maintain their involvement in the sport. Information was also gathered concerning what causes athletes at this competitive level to become anxious during meets (as well as the aspects of their sport which are not deemed particularly stressful). It is important that we kn.ow what specifically leads

to stress among young gYl1masts if we hope to help them learn to control their competitive anxiety, enjoy gYl1mastics more, and perform up to their ability.

Relevant References Brustad, R., & Weiss, M. (1987) . Competitive perceptions and sources of worry in high, medium and low competitive trai t anxious athletes. JO!lmal of Sport Psychology, 9,97-105. Gould, D., Horn, T., & Spreeman, J. (1983). Sources of stress in junior elite w restlers. Jou mal of Sport Psychology, 5, 58-78. Gou ld, D., Jackson, S ., & Finch, 1. (1993). Sources of s tress in Na tional champion fig-

ure s ka ters. Joumal of Spo rt and Exercise Psychology, 15, 134-159. Martens, R. (1977) . Sport Competition Anxiety Test. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Passer, M. (1983) . Fear of failure, fear of evaluation, perceived competence and self esteem in competitive h'ai t-anxious children. Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, 172-188. Scanlan, T., Stein, G.L., & Ravizza, K. (1991). An in-dep th study of former figure skaters: II. Sources of sh·ess. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13,103-120. Smith, T. (1983). Competitive trait anxiety in youth spor t: Differences according to age, race and playing status. Perceptual Motor Skills, 57,1235-1238.

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Alternative Programs

(" i~ 14

Flexibility is essential to successfully integrate tumbling, jumps, and dance moves into a cheer, sideline, or performance routine.

CHEERLEADER GYMNASTICS: CHEERNASTICS

Designing a program which combines Cheernastics eledoes not have to be a troublesome

Karen Bucaro, M.S. f you love to participate in cheerleading, or if you are just dying to try, Cheerleader Gym nastics or Cheernastics offers a blueprint for making the most out of yo ur cheerleading experience. Cheernastics combines the spirit of athleticism with the competitive art form of gymnastics. It helps to improve a cheerleader's performance by incorporating gynmastics skills including, tumbling, jumps, dance, partner stunts, pyramids, and choreographed acrobatic routines. Such skills give anew look to any cheerleading program by arousing excitement and interest for both participants and the crowd. While Cheernastics adds new dimensions to a cheerleading program, safety in performing any gymnastics skill must be emphasized first. Therefore, prior to developing new Cheernastics skills a basic foundation needs to be established . Begin by determining individual or team goals and objectives. Once intentions are establishe d , outline steps for achieving the desired results. For example, high school cheerleading tryou ts req uire compulsory skills to make most squads. These compulsory skills range from spread eagle jumps and a tumbling pass to a cheer, sideline chant and an eight-count dance sequence. However, if the goal is to compete at a National Championship, the compulsory skills become more complex, including a choreograph ed acrobatic routine with

Cardiovascular endurance is important for leading the crowd throughout an event while executing a m yriad of other cheerleading skills.

to learn, develop, and master the skills within each category. Specifically, if yo ur goal is to put a back handspring into a cheer, the objective is to perform the skill with precise accuracy prior to its implementation. This process of properly placing a mastered skill into a cheer, fight song, or sideline chant is called incorporation. Listed below are tactics for correct! y incorporating Cheernastics skills: 1. Safety is the number one pri-

ority. Practice safety! 2. Be creative.

multiple jumps, cheers, tumbling series, dance sequences, music and partner stunt combinations. In either case objectives should be targeted to achieve end results. To assist you with your goals and objectives, lets review the elements required for developing Cheernastics skills: A significant amount of muscular strength is necessary to p e rform partner stunts and pyramids. An illustration of the strength needed to perform these skills is a double-based extension, which requires two cheerleaders as bases and another as a partner who steps into their hands and is extended to a free stand over their shoulders.

chore. Simply adhere to the guidelines outlined in the quick reference E.D.C.E. chart that identifies the:

Essential Cheernastics categories, Developmental know-how, Gym practice time, and Competitive Edge for improving your cheerleading performance. After the Cheernastics categories are understood, a sufficient amount of time is required

Cheernastics combines the spirit of athleticism with the competitive art form of gymnastics. It helps to improve a cheerleader's performance by incorporating gymnastics skills including, tumbling, jumps, dance, partner stunts, pyramids, and choreographed acrobatic routines. Such skills give a new look to any cheerleading program by arousing excitement and interest for both participants and the crowd. February 1995 TECHNIQUE

3 . Replace motions with clean and precise skills (jumps, tumbling, stunts, etc.) like those motions. 4. Decide the best angles or for-

mations for showing off a skill. 5. The rhythm of the cheer, chant, fight song, or acrobatic rou tine is not changed or broken. 6. Skills should add to a cheer, chant, fight song, or acrobatic routine rather than distract from it. 7. Voice projection should remain strong enough to be heard and understood while adding a skill. 8. Maintain crowd invol ve ment when performing, building, and dismounting all skills.

Reaching your full cheerleader potential demands a tenacious effort to improve the skills listed in each category of the E.D.C .E. Program. Once skills are mastered, proper incorporation requires strategic placement into a cheer, chant, fight song, or acrobatic routine . Uniting these devices assures a presentation dynamic enough to please any crowd. Remember, whether you are '\... first time cheerleader or a veteran participant, Cheernastics skills are additional goodies for spicing up your cheerleading performance.

Alternative Programs

E EssENflAL CHEERNASflCS

CArEGORIES

MOTION TECHNIQUE

DANCE

JUMPS

TUMBLING

PARTNER STUNTS

PYRAMIDS

DEVELOPMENfAL KNOW-HOW

GYM PRACflCE

E COMPEflflVE

EDGE

Cheer terminology Cheer pose/stance Basic cheer motions: a. Hands: blades, fists, buckets, candlesticks b. Legs: ready stance, lunges, squats c. Arms; angles, diagonals, T1I10tions Motion synchronization

Total body strength training Body awareness classes Private lessons Critique in front of mirror Video critique

Tryout skills learned, developed, and mastered Dynall1ic showmanship Sharp precision Strong motions Good motion diversity Good rhythll1 and flow of 1I10tion

Spotting and safety procedures Basic techniques: a. Feel and leg positions b. Hand and arm positions c. Tum s, kicks, leaps, and jumps

Dance classes (jazz, ballet, funk, etc.) Choreography classes Body awareness classes Gymnastics classes Dance camps Competitions (state, regional, national)

Tryout skills leamed, developed, and mastered Reduce COll1lnon dance injuries Dynamic showlI1anship Good rhythm and music interpretation Creative choreography Good incorporation

Spotting and safety procedures Common cheer jumps: a. Novice: tuck, spread eagle, double hook b. Intermediate: Herkie, toe touch, side hurdler c. Advanced: front hurdler, double nine, pike d. Jump series

Total body strength training Plyometric exercises Flexibility drills Leaming to fall correctly Jump workshops Sumll1er & one-day cheer Cn/llpS

Tryout skills leamed, developed, and mastered Redu ce injuries associated with jumping Dynal11ic showmanship Good execu tion skills Jump diversity Clean and soft landings Good incorporation

Spotting and safety procedures Common tUll1bling skills: a. Round-off (with variations) b. Back handspring series c. Round-off back handspring d. Aerials, fron t and back saltos e. Back layou t saltos

Total body strength training Abdominal strength Body awareness classes Tumbling classes Leaming to fall correctly GYll1nastics camp SUll1111er cheer call1p

Tryout skills leamed, developed, and lI1astered Reduce injuries associated with tUlnbling Dynamic showmanship Smooth tUlI1bling passes Clean and soft landings Good body alignment Good incorporation

Base and partner positions Clill1bing techniques Dismollnting Fundamental partner stunts: a. Pony mount b. Straddle press c. Twin towers

Total body strength training Body awareness classes Leaming to fall correctly Acrobatic classes SUinmer and one-day cheer camps

Tryout skills learned, developed, and lI1astered Redu ce injuries associated with climbing Dynamic showmanship Good incorporation Clean building skills Clean dismounts Nice variety

Spotting and safety procedures Base and partner positions Climbing techniques Disll10unting Fundamental pyramids: a. Pony mount b. Straddle press c. Twin towers

Total body strength training Body awarelless classes Leam ing to fall correctly Acrobatic classes SUllllller and one-day cheer camps

Tryout skills learned, developed, and mastered Reduce injll ries associated with clill/bing Good incorporation Clean building skills Clean dismounts Nice variety

February 1995

TECHNIQ UE

layered Half Zip Ja.,L,et A unique combination 01 red sweatshirt and navy nylon jacket that imitates the popular layered look- without the bulk. USA Gymnastics logo embroidered on Iront, Reebok logo embroidered on hood and Iront. Adult sizes: S, M, L. #69412 119 $52.00

Full Zip Striped Ja.,L,et Navy, aqua, white and purple stripes on prewashed Iully-lined cotton twill jacket. USA Gymnastics logo on Iront and embroidered Reebok logo on sleeve and Iront. Adult sizes: S, M, L, XL.

Corporate Crew V-notch neck sweatshirt with embroidered Reebok logo on chest and USA Gymnastics script on back. Adult sizes: S, M, L, XL.

#69413119 $52.00

#69411 50 $26.00

T ri Lea~es Tee 100% cotton ash tee swished with black brush strokes and filled with delicate textures 01 deep lake, magenta and purple. Adult sizes: S, M, L. #9426040 $15.00

BiL,eSl.orl Availabla in black heather or deep lake ivy print. Adult sizes: S, M, L. #39459 49 (black) $24.00

I~y Full Zip Wind Ja.,L,et

#39491 A40 (ivy) $24.00

Deep lake jacket with black ivy print. Adult sizes: S, M, L. #39463 A40

'1Jftifl ....... .

Zippered ankle and drawstring waist. Adult sizes: S, M, L. #39309l A40 (deep lake) $20.00 #39409l49 (black) $20.00

ColorLlo.,L, Ho.,L,ey Crew Adult colors: Navy, aqua, white and purple. Adult sizes: S, M, L, XL. Youth colors: Navy, aqua, white and purple combination. Royal, orange and white combination. (not shown) Youth sizes: YM, YL. â&#x20AC;˘ 19404 T19 (Aduit) . 7940t 119 (Youth navy) #79401118 (Youth royal)

$36.00 $30.00 $30.00

Plaited Logo Sl.orl Navy poly/cotton shorts Adult sizes: S, M, L, XL. 119406 T19 S18.00

Corporate Mesl. Sl.orl Aqua nylon mesh short. Youth sizes: YM, YL. #79400 TIS

S15.00

$40.00

Solid Wind Pant

The locker room brings a new look to USA Gymnastics' merchandising operations. It is bright and fresh and embodies the athletic spirit in all of us. Look for the "locker r oom" mark on future advertisements, catalogues and select lines of clothing.

Graphic: Jac:kel Wild! Fun! Bold! Nylon taffeta jacket in orange, aqua, white and royal with embroidered Reebok and USA Gymnastics logos. Youth sizes: YM, YL. #79411 T18

534.50

Splic:ed Short Perfect match with Graphic jacket. Orange, aqua and royal panels bolt across slightly longer shorts. Youth size: YL. #79401 TIS

S15.00

No ... elty Warm-up Bright orange stripe charges down front and back of hooded jacket. Royal pants are fully-lined with zippered ankles and drawstring waist. Youth size: YM. #79408 TIS

552.50

merchandise

I ... .,. Bra Top T-back nylonJIycra top with embroidered Reebok logo and USA Gymnastics logo in black on front. Adult sizes: S, M, L. #39490 A40 520.00

Colorbloc:k Hm:ke.,. Hood Popular Property of USA Gymnastics design on purple and aqua sweatshirt. Adult sizes: S, M, L, XL. Youth sizes: YM, YL.

Your sport of choice. Gyrnnastics is the epitome of pride, quality and spirit in the pursuit of athletic excellence.

#19403 Tl9 (adult) #79400 Tl9 (yauth)

536.00 530.00

Solid Wind Short Favorite basic for many athletes. USA Gymnastics brush script logo printed in super shiny black on deep lake nylon. Adult sizes: S, M, L. #39206l A40 (deep la ke)

515.00

USA GYMNA.SllCS ORDER FORM I I I I I

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Crinkled nylon jacket lined with quilted grey heather jersey. Embroidered Reebok logo and contrasting USA Gymnastics logo on front. Adult sizes: S, M, L, XL. Adult colors: White with blue embroidered logo; navy with white embroidered logo, red with white embroidered logo (in L & XL only). Youth sizes: YM, YL. Navy with white embroidered logo; purple with white embroidered logo. Adult: 560.00 #69308 50 (white) #69308 Tl9 (navy) #69308 TI 0 (red) l & Xl Youth: 548.75 #79305 Tl9 (navy) #79305 T20 (purple)

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USA GY MNASTIC S MERCHANDISE DEPT. SHIPPING & HANDLING: Oi.W.SSISA.~DU.~ Dli.I.DO PO Box 5562, INDIANAPOLI S, IN 4 6255- 5562 S4,SIS.OI-SSOM:lISS,smOl路S100}.D{lS6,O'IUSIOO.Oll!{JS9 317-237-5060

USA GYMNASTICS

INDIANA RESIDENTS ADD S% SALES TAX

TOTAL AMOUNT PAYABLE Tl95

L _________________

USA Gymnastics

opportunity to see the latest and the best in equipment, apparel, and services.

1 995 COCA-COLA NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS

., I

i~ 18

1995 CONGRESS USA GYMNASTICS

THE FACTS Host City: New Orleans, LA Congress Dates: Pre-Congress Sessions . August 16 Congress Sessions . August 17-19 Post Congress Sessions â&#x20AC;˘ August 20 Coca-Cola National Championships Dates . August 16-19

CONGRESS HOTEL The New Orleans Hilton Riverside and Towers Poydras at the Mississippi River New Orleans, LA 70140

RATES AND REGISTRATION DATES This information will be announced later

CONGRESS PRESENTATIONS The biggest and the best! Watch Technique for more specific information on the Congress schedule, presenters, and topics.

JUDGES TRAINING AND THE CODE OF POINTS Sessions will be conducted to assist both judges and coaches in understanding and applying the Code of

Points. Explanatory and practice sessions w ill be offered.

CLUB BUSINESS Experts and entrepreneurs will be available to assist gym c lub owners in a wide range of business offerings. The focus wi ll be on utilizing new techniques to make your business more efficient and profitable.

TECHNIQUE AND SPORT SCIENCE SESSIONS Informative sessions w ill be offered for coaches at all levels-beginner, intermediate, advanced, and elite.

PRESCHOOL/ DEVELOPMENTAL Once again, a full program will be offered in these important areas featuring outstanding movement educat ion specia lists.

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT The PDP program will be offered at all completed levels: PDP I and II. The ASEP Coaching Principles course w ill be conducted as a preand post-Congress session. The new preschool accreditation program will be introduced at the 1995 Congress.

EXHIBITION HALL The Exhibit Hall will provide Congress participants with the

Congress attendees will be able to enjoy one of the most important competitions of the 1995 season - the Coca-Cola U.S. Championships for men and women will be held in the New Orleans Superdome. Information on session times and ticket prices will be announced in a later issue of Technique.

HOST HOTEL INFORMATION The New Orleans Hilton Riverside and Towers hasthe perfect location, right on the banks of the mighty Mississippi River, in the center of scenic New Orleans. The Hilton is in the heart of the central business district, and only a short stroll away from some of the best jazz, food, shopping, and sight seeing that New Orleans has to offer. Visit the Riverwalk Marketplace, a dazzling array of shops and boutiques wh ich shares the riverfront with the hotel, or catch a ride on the Paddlewheeler Creole Queen orthe RiverboatCajun Queen. Walk or ride the Riverfront Streetcar to the city's brand new Aquarium of the Americas. Justa few blocks away, of course, you can visit the historic and charming French Quarter which is brimming with things to do and see. You'll never be far from the action.

HOST HOTEL RESTAURANTS, LOUNGES AND CLUBS Le Cafe Bromeliad features superb lunch buffets. Friday night is the Cajun seafood buffet and on Sunday, a Champagne jazz brunch. The French Garden Bar is located in the sunlit atrium amid lush greenery. Meet, unwind, catch the news on TV while you enjoy the beverages and snacks. Open daily, 10 am-2am.

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

Kabby's offers the freshest local seafood and a fantastic river view through the 200foot glass wall. Every Sunday between 10 am-2:30 pm, Kabby's presents a beautiful seafood brunch. It's a seafood lovers delight - pirogues filled with boiled shrimp, chilled oysters on the halfshell and soft shell crabs piled high, Jambalaya, Seafood Newburg, Seafood Lasagna, omelets made to order and much more! Dinner is served 6-11 pm. Kobby's Lounge is open Monday through Sunday 10 am-midnight. Horizons, one of the hottest new jazz clubs in New Orleans is situated atop the Hilton overlooking the great Crescent City and the Mississippi River. Pete's is the showcase for the "The King of New Orleans Jazz," Pete Fountain , where he performs five nights each week. The English Bar offers intimate atmosphere perfect for business or personal conversation. Street Car Desires, located just inside the front entrance, is the perfect spot to get a wide variety of cold drinks in "Go Cups" so you can stay cool as you walk around New Orleans.

EXERCISE YOUR OPTIONS The New Orleans Hilton offers one of the finest health and recreations facilities right under their own roof. The Hilton Rivercenter Racquet and Health Club features indoor and outdoor tenniscourts, racquetball co urts, and two squash courts. Or you can get your workout with a one-onone basketball game, a session in the weight room, or laps around their jogging track. They also have Lifecycles, Stairmasters, and a rowing machine. Other features inc lude saunas, wh irl pools, steam rooms, complete locker facilities, daily exercise and aerobic classes, or you may enjoy a relaxing massage or a session in the tanning salon.

Still Rings

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RINGS SPEOFICATIONS Julio Marocs Felipe Member of MTC/FIG

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USA Gymnastics is pleased to offer its peak member clubs a "golden" opportunity. •

Our new retail sales program offers member clubs th e chance to provide the most fashionable Reebok'" active wea r distinguished with USA Gymnastics' insignia . This exclusively designed product line is • sold to clubs at wholesale prices. making this special program a profitable fund raising opportunity . •

USA Gymnastics has a renewed dedication to member services. Take advantage of our commitment to club promotion and feature USA Gymnastics apparel and fitness clothing in your club and pro shop.

WHY SELL OFFICIAL CLUB?

USA.

GYMNASTICS APPAREL IN YOUR

~ Raise funds for your clubs ~ Provide your club members the opportunity to associa te with the image and success of the U.S. National Teams ~ Support t he U.S. Olympic a nd Nationa l t eams and t raining programs WILL

GET SUPPORT FROM

USA.

GYMNASTICS?

Yes! In a ddit ion to offering this exciting program a nd exclusively designed product, USA Gymnastics will help you with your merch a ndis ing business. Your fi rst order w ill contain a marketing packaged designed with you, the club owner, in mind. We' ll include posters and point-of-purchase materials that are designed to grab the attention of your buyer. We'll send you pe riodic updates regarding the Club Sales Program. You'll also receive notices of special promotional merch a ndise and sales.

February 1995

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RHYTHMIC PROMOTIONAL VIDEO IS NOW COMPLETE! til

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This new item is designed to introduce rhythmic gymnastics to the general public. The four-minute video illustrates for parents and club owners alike both the fun side of rhythmic gymnastics and the competitive possibilities. Images range from preschool movement classes to international elite competitions. Adding rhythmic gymnastics to your curriculum? Remember that parents and coaches alike are generally unfamiliar with the sport. The promotional video can be used to educate your clientel and to promote the development of new rhythmic classes. Turn on your lobby and let the pictures do the talking! the The video is set to music and includes voice-over narration. Call USA Gymnastics Merchandise at 317-237-5060 to order your copy. (Item # 1 341 )

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

(r«SA GYMNASTICS

Rhythmic Gymnastics

A. 26

--------'

The six difficulties A will have to be performed in the following manner: Two in conjunction with a jump or leap of difficulty. Two in conjunction with a pivot of difficulty A Two in conjunction w ith a balance of difficulty A If a junior does four A's and four B's and satisfies the above requirement-there will be no penalty. A difficulty A can always be replaced by a difficulty B. If the number and level of difficulties are correct, but one of the compulsory body element requirements is not met, the penalty is 0.20 for each requirement missed.

CODE OF POINTS: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Dr. Andrea B. Schmid

Vice President FIGjRSG/TC

As rhythmic gymnastics technical questions arise, Te'hniquewill provide answers through this column. All technicaVjudging questions should be written and submitted to Nora Campbell at the USA Gymnastics office. Q Under what conditions does the switch leap

(split leap with change of legs) receive a B difficulty credit?

A If in the first split of the legs are separated by less than 100 degrees prior to the switch, no credit is given to the switch leap and the difficulty is lowered.

Q What are the difficulty requirements for Junior

gymnasts? If a junior does four A's and four B's (two B's special case) what, if any, would be the deduction? A Th e difficulty requirement for Junior gymnasts are as follows: Six difficulties A . Two difficulties B (optional)

Does a leap combination of two different Aleaps

= a Belement? A No. A combination of two of the same jumps or leaps of level A counts as one difficulty A. They will count as two A difficulties if the jumps or leaps are of different types. Q

Does a combination of two Bleaps of the same type with no intermediary step (for example two turning leaps) equal a Ddifficulty?

A Yes . Q Does a combination of two different types of Bleap

(for example one turning leap and one switch leap) with two intermediary steps equal a Ddifficulty? A In competitions I and II, two different B leaps w ith two intermediary steps may be cow1ted as two B difficulties. It is very difficult for a judge in these competitions to recognize this as a D difficulty because the judge is not looking for a D combination. This is the only situation when a combination counts as two difficulties and not one. In competition III the judge looks for a D difficulty and this combination will be counted as a D element. Q

(an the same difficulty repeated several times in a like manner in an exercise be given credit each time?

A No. The same difficulty repeated several times in a like manner in an exercise counts as only o ne difficulty However, if a body movement (for example: a turning leap) is repeated in combination to make a C or D, the difficulty C or D is valid. The difficulty C or D is also valid if one of its components has already been u sed in ano ther combination. Q

Is there a "special case" in which a very high toss of the ribbon with an Aelement becomes a Bdifficulty? (This refers to a hand toss, not a foot tass.)

A No! Th e very high toss does not raise the difficulty. A difficulty can be raised to a B difficulty with intricate handling of the ribbon. For a description of these special cases, see Special Cases in the FIG Code (page 123). February 1995

TECHNIQUE

Business

"Pure" gymnastics clubs will endure in the USA, but it always pays to be aware of your true competition. The competition for gtjmnastics clubs is any place that parents spend money on educating or entertaining their children. Therefore, your "rival" in-town gymnastics club is actually one of your best friends because they promote gymnastics! Your competition includes dance schools, selfdefense studios, swimming programs, indoor playgrounds, after school and day camp programs, children-oriented health clubs, and so forth. ymnastics club owners mu s t change their p e r s p ec tive in order to survive and prosper. Who is better qualified than gymnas tics clubs? Gymn astics program s typically work w ith big spaces, large numbers of children, a nd ha ve d eve loped m any tools that are usable in other ac tiv ities .

If you think that a multi-purpose program is an easy answer, you are p artiall y right! In the

Don't expand your program if:

DEVELOPING A MULTI-PURPOSE FACILITY: INCREASING PROGRAMS, PROFITS & FuN WITH KIDS Frank Sahlein

WINGS Fitness Center, Boise, Idaho

long run, getting bigger is easier than staying "sm all" (in reiation to a gymnastics-only facility), but expansion can res ult in a whole set of problems, maybe more than the average owner is willing to face! Consider dealing w ith the cumulative" situations" tha t 10 small businesses might encounter. There are a lot of challen ges, but there are also some significant advantages. Th e question is, "Why should gymnastics clubs expand program offerings?" What do you h ave to gain by exp anding yo ur programs? Following are some advantages to developing a multipurpose facility: 1.

路 You don't like kids. 路 You don 't manage

business risk very

It's an opportunity for marketing and p romo tionofferingmuch more than anyone business.

well.

You know when a class is being taught effectively, no

Each program creates synergy to the whole. This syn-

路 You don't handle

February 1995

TE CHNIQ UE

It is convenient for the w hole family.

This saves time and money for family. 9.

Your inc ome is re-directed into your facility, rather than "traveling out" seasonally.

Insulate yourse lf from "seasons" because your club is the "place for all seasons." One example is an 8-year old girl who went from self defense, to gymnastics, to dance, to cheerleading, while also having a birthday party at thegym, and occasionall y playing in the indoor playground!

You become a major tenant ar landlord. You should take more space than you think you will need-remember, you can sublet space wh ile your capital and human resou rces build up for the next program addition . 6.

It attracts public and private markets.

Many times programs that are open to the public, like indoor climbing or indoor playgrou nds, generate a great deal of business to the instructional programs.

It gives you m ore leverage both in leasing and purchaSing buildings.

You already h ave exp erience with curriculums, children and p arents.

It provides potential profit from many program s.

Each program has its' own monthly set of income, expenses, and profits. 5.

erf51J is gradual, yet picks up speed as time progresses.

It only requires one set of a dmini stra ti ve/ office overhead for all activities.

This makes each activity more inherently profitable by reducing major overhead.

Yo u get a chance to utilize your previously develo p ed trust from the public.

If your reputation is good, then the public will con tinue to have trust in your business- until you prove them wrong!

people well.

matter what the sport. Children and pm'en ts will give you their honest input regarding class content and instruction.

10.

You become know n in yo ur community for being the place for youth sports, fitness, and fun.

Business

\ME OFFER

KN01NLEDGE THAT'S A SAFE BET If you think that a multi-purpose program is an easy answer, you are partially right! In the long run, getting bigger is easier than staying "small" (in relation to a gymnastics-only facility), but expansion can result in a whole set of problems, maybe more than the average owner is willing to fa ce! Examples are fund-rai sers for the Girl Scouts and fam ily advocate groups, employees children 's parties for local television channels and other local businesses. 11 .

Staff is much easier to retain d ue to hou rs available- all year.

A ll afoul' staffcross-train in instructional programs- it is far easier to keep key personn el when you have enough hou rs to give them all year! It is also easier to be flexible when the key people need time off! 12.

Program Directors fr om variou s ac tivities lend a rich diversity of ideas and a pproaches! They can pro-

vide positive atli tudes, new teaching techniques, creative ideas, leadership, and so forth. 13.

14.

It gives yo u the ability to compensate staff at app ro p riate levels for the lon g run.

Much m ore realistic selffunded re tirem ent plan possible d ue to the simp le m a th of the profit from m any businesses.

There is the additional bonus of looking at each program much more objectively, unlike gymnastics when we all first started!

15.

Yo u can u se all of your creative powers, thus personal fu lfillment!

The business challenge, the adrenaline ru shes, thefinancial risks. Note:If you really swallowed # 15, you are ready for this!

Frank Sahlein i s the owner and director of a 35,000 square foot multipurpose facility that combines gymnastic s, preschool motor fitne s s, swimming, dance, cheerleading, self defense, indoor rock climbing, parties, sports camps, adult fitne ss, an indoor playground, and more! He is the founder of The Association of Children's Fitness Facilities, which offers consulting seminars and mail order programs for gyms who wish to expand their program offerings. He has been in the gymnastics business for 25 years. Mr. Sahlein can be reached at (800) 367-3641, or at AOCFF, 1875 Century Way, Boise, ID 83709. February 1995

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This handbook is now provided to all Safety Certification course participants as part of the course fee. To oreler use the USA Gymnastics Merchanelise oreler form on page 2. #6001

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Code of Points

A BETTER WAY TO EvALUATE DIFFICULTY IN GYMNASTICS

elements in orde r to lower scores and! or separate gynmas ts. Mitigation of deductions for risk and then bonus for risk (or for extra difficul ties, or courage, d ep ending on the Code) were invented to prevent high scores; yet still they came. Each time man y gymnas ts quickly reached and exceeded the requirements w hich were often only slightly altered because significant increases in minimum requirements were, I assume, unders tood to be untenable .

This understanding led to an interes ting problem. It can be argu ed that w hile most gymnas ts around the w orld fo und the re~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ qu~emen~ prohibiliv~ mos tinternation~ gymnas ts fo und them so feeble that, for By Hardy Fink them, d ifficulty was not stressed . Most of Septembe r, 1994 them easily met all the requirements and never n eeded to sh ow all they could do to he Oly mpic motto, "citius, in the only w ay that increased scores; by demonstrate superiority over others. I bealtius, for tius," exhorts all ath- meeting or exceeding those demands. Thus lieve that n o other sp ort regularily crowns letes in all sp orts to improve. the goals of the gymnasts and of the Codes its champion s w ilhout d emanding an a bsoIt also reflects athletes' aspi- are constantly in conflict. I d o n ot believe lute best effort. In essence, the Codes manrations and public expecta- that su ch a conflict of goals exists in an y aged simultaneously to be not applicable to tions, because without contin- other sp ort. Also, with the present system, m ost of the w orld and to not ch allenge or u ed improvement a sport would stagnate the professed emphasis on execution can- sep arate the best. Th at is because requireand soon lose support and adherents- it cer- n ot be com p letely expressed in the score m ents can never, or should never, be set so tainly wouldn' t be interesting or marketable. because the execution score is a p art of the high that p erhaps only on e gymnas t can In gymn as tics, improvement is refl ected total score w hich is limiled or constrained ever meet them . in and measured by the continued increase by the value of the difficulty. Thus a score Finally, in the 1993 Codes, significant in the difficulty of the performances. Table of 9.20 might be a p erfect performan ce, but bonus exclusively for the display of extreme d ifficulty (0 .6 for wo men and 1.0 for I sho ws that since con sistent worldwid e w h o is to know? Codes of Points first came into existence Let us take a closer look at h ow the Codes m en; only for D- and E-par ts)- a form of (1960- 64 cycle), the difficulty of routines have addressed d ifficulty and other evalu- requirement- was introduced and w as exp ected to solve the high score p roblem . But increased steadily for d ecades, and then ation fac tors over the years. gymn as ts quickly concentrated on the only exploded after 1992. The firs t real men's and wom en's Codes elem ents of any real value-the D's and A similar escalation of difficulty occurred (1960-64) set minimum d ifficulty require- E's -and h ave again and already begun to on all men's and women 's appara tus. It ments w hich most international gymnas ts d em onstrate theoretical s tar t values above occurred in spite of the professed intent of quickly reach ed and exceed ed. Thus the 10.0. Tradition su ggests that the goals of the Codes ofPoints w hich has always been to 1964- 68 Codes an d subsequent revisions gymnas ts must again be frus trated by a de- emphasize difficulty. This ha ppened, increased the d ifficulty requirem ents, " tightening up" of the rules and to that end to a large extent, because of how those same added or chan ged bonus for diffic ulty, and! the Codes are once again being reviewed . Codes of Poin ts add ressed the d iffic ulty fac- or red uced the value of frequently seen Wh ere to next? How can the rules respond tor. Difficulty increased gradually fo r the this time? fi rst 30 years, an d then jumped exp onenIt is no secret, that with the continued use tially after 1992 (see Table I). This exponenof a "difficu lhJ requiremen t plus bonus for extial increase can be attributed almost entreme difficu lty systell1 " only the same and oft tirely to the implementation of the 1993 attempted responses are available. These are Codes; Codes w hich in Brisbane h ad been in to increase difficulty requirements; to reduce effect for only 16 months. Sin ce 1992, diffivalues of frequently seen elements; to reduce culty has been forced to increase at an unthe values of the letters (i.e. C's have been 1.0, natural rate and direction . Yet most of the 0.6, and 0.4; B's 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, and 0.2); to (A = 0.1; B= 0.2; ( = 0.4; D= 0.6; E= 0.8) authorities continue to claim that that is disqualify combinations and elements that contrary to the intent of the Codes; that the Floor Exercises Horizontal Bar formerly qualified for bonus; and to increase intent is to emphasize execution . tl1e amow1t of bonus to be earned. Of course, 1.9 1964 Tokyo 1.6 In effect, the real but h idden intent of this system can set such abs urdly high stan 2.4 1972 Munich 2.1 every Code over the pas t 30 years has been d ards that n o gymnas t w ill ever reach the to p revent gymnas ts-or, at least, to pre19B3 Budapest 3.2 3.3 10.0 point goal. But w ith unattainable requirements, w ho w ill want to participate, vent too many gymnas ts fr om reaching 3.7 1992 Paris 3.8 and at w hat cost, and w ho will u nderstand their only goal. That goal is, and always the 10 point s tandard tha t in reality does w ill be, to get the h ighest possible score: To 1993 Birmingham 4.6 4.6 n ot exis t? It fo llows that any reasonable score a 10.0. To p revent this, the Codes in1994 Brisbane 5.8 5.0 and responsible revision of this system mus t creased the difficulty d em ands in a variety eventually become a d ead end . of ways, and then the gymnasts resp onded

Table 1: Difficulty of the men's champions based on 1993 Code for sum of the 10 best elements

Febma ry 1995

TECHNIQUE

Code of Points

Table 2: Evolution of the Codes 01 Points (1960 - 1994) 1960-64

(m)

dilliculty 3.0 3.0

1964-68

(w) (m)

1968-72

(w) (m)

3.0 3.4

1972-76

(w) (m)

4.0 3.4

3.4

(ffA/ B/ C/D/ E) combination execution (5/ 4/ 1/- / - ) 2.0 5.0 {3/ 6/ 1/-/-)Floor (- / 4/ 1/- / -) 2.0 5.0 {6/ 4/ 1/-/-11 {6/4/2/- /-)111 (-/ 4/ 1/-/-)

1.6

5.0

2.0

{6/ 4/ 1/- /-11 {6/4/2/-/-)111

1.6

5.0 5.0

(-/4/2/- /-)

2.0 2.6

4.0 4.0

{4/ 5/ 1/-/-)1

bonus

quirement plus bonus for extreme difficulhj sys tem" h as h ad nu-

mitigation for risk

(3/4/2/- /-)11 {2/ 3/ 3/- /-1I11 (w) (m)

4.0 3.4

(-/4/2/- /-)

2.0 4.0 (4/ 5/ 1/-/-11 1.6 4.4 (3/ 4/ 2/ - /-111 (2/ 3/ 3/- / -1111 (w) 3.0 (-/ 4/ 3/ - /-) 2.0 5.0 (until 1980, women used mediums and superiors which I have called B's and ('s) (m) 1980-84 3.4 (4/ 5/1/-/-11 1.6 4.4 {3/ 4/ 2/-/-)11 (2/ 3/ 3/- /-1111 (w) 3.0 {6/ 3/1/- /-11 2.5 4.0 {4/ 4/ 1/- /-)11 (2/ 2/ 3/- /-)lll (m) 1984- 88 4.0 1.0 4.4 {6/ 4/ 2/ 0/-11 1976-80

(w)

1988-92

1992-96

(m)

4.0

(w)

3.0

(m) (w)

2.4 3.0

{3/ 2/ 3/ 1/-1I1/111 {2/ 3/ 2/ 0/ -11 (2/ 2/ 3/ 0/ -111 (1 / 2/ 2/ 1/-1111 (6/4/2/ 0/-)1 (3/ 2/ 3/ 1/-111/111 (3/ 3/ 2/ 0/-11 (1 / 2/ 2/1/-)11 (0/ 2/1/2/-)111 (4/ 3/ 2/1/0) {3/ 3/ 2/ 0/ 011 (1/2/ 2/1/0111 (0/ 2/ 1/ 2/ 0)111

2.5

4.0

0.6 (0.2 dill.)

0.6 (0.3 dill.)

0.5 (OJ dill.)

0.6 (0.3 dill.) 0.5 (0.1 dill.)

1.0

4.4

0.6 (0.3 dill.)

1.5

5.1

0.4 (0.1 dill.)

1.2

5.4

1.0 (1.0 dill.)

2.0

4.4

0.6 (0.6 dill.)

An interesting question is if there is such a thing as correct values for difficulty, combination, execution, and bonus or for the required number of A's, B's, C's, D's, and E's. The evidence of the past 40 years of d ebate among the world's leading experts as expressed in the Code of Points (see Table 2) demonstrates that there are no correct, or best, or even good valu es for these factors . Most important has always been, that the values be manipulated until they " feel right"

and add up to the right amount. The se tting of these mlnlll1Ull1 standards as demanded by a "difficul ty re-

merous other negative con sequences, among them, nonstable rules and values; complexity and perhaps impossibility, for judges; incomprehensibility and confusion for the public; exclusion of ever m ore gymnasts; no basis for lon g term planning for coaches; potentialliability for those setting the requirements; forcing gymnastics into ever higher and selected extreme difficulty; and lots of repeated and futile work for the technical a uthorities. And once several gymnas ts exceed the requirements, the one who has mas tered the most difficulty (all other things being equal) can n ot be identified as the champio n w ithin the rules. Judges, of course, intuitively know that the one with the highest difficulty is best, and therefore compensate for the inadequate rules by commonly resorting to factors outside the rules in order to reward that gymnast.

However, the worst con sequence is that stated minimum difficulty requirements essentially force every gymnast to meet them or to quit. Stated requirements do not reward gymnasts for all they can do well - For example, in men's gymnastics, a routine of4A3B2C1D has a maximum value of 9.10 and so does a routine of 9C1D, or even 20 C1D. Only additional D's and E's have any val ue and any purpose!? Stated requirements force gymnasts to progress at an externally imFebruary 1995

TECHNIQ UE

posed an d artificially accelerated rate rather than at their own rate. Stated requirements put the responsibility for gymnasts trying to meet them, at least in part, on those setting the requirements. Stated requirem ents will never solve the high score problem unless they are set absurdly and unacceptably high. Stated requirements are a dead end. Is there a better solution? Is there a way of addressin g the difficulty and content of routines that will avoid these negative consequences? More and more experts from around the world are saying yes. And that it is a very simple answer- one that has n ot been adopted mainly for reasons of h路adition. Th e answer is to simply add (within clear parameters) the values of the 10 best or most difficult elements in a routine . Therefore, for example, a routine of 10 Aparts (if A =0 .2) would receive a difficulty value of 2.0; 10 D-parts (if D=0.8) would receive a value of 8.0; and so on . Wh at ad vantages does such a simple additive system offer? I believe there are many; among them: It rewards a gYllli1ast for all he does well (not only D's and E's) . It is simple (no requirements, no com-

pensation, no bonus, no variable values for elements (Incredibly, a D in the men's '93 Code can be wor th 0.7, 0.6,0.5,0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, and even 0, depending on circumstan ces and what it replaces.禄. It can be used equ ally by all age groups and levels (no need for modified rules). It has long term stability and n eed essentially never be changed . It is understandable by all participants as well as the public and the media. It allows gymnasts to advance at their own rates. Gymnasts are not forced to show D's before they are ready since lesser elements always maintain their value and always contribu te to the score. There need be nothing wrong w ith a gymnast w ho can do only 10 A's. Why give credit for only three (women) or four (men)? It puts the responsibility for the routine content on the gymnast and coach. There is a huge difference between requiring D's an d telling gymnasts to show us w hat they can do well. It allows gymnastics to continue to evolve at a gradual and normal rate rather than at an artificially forced rate and one that changes every four years. It simplifies the task for the judges. It enl1ances the marketing potential of our sport in many ways.

Code of Points

It permits direct comparison of all gymnasts of all eras so that all know where they fit in the gymnastics hierarchy at all times . It permits long term plaIming for coaches and gymnasts.

It will help separate gymnasts and essentially eliminate ties.

It is similar to other sports that are judged subjectively.

It is very logical. It also fits very well with the A- and Bjury system that seems certain to be introduced. Thus the public and media can still appreciate a 10.0 score for perfect performance while an expert informs them of the value of the content. It is abundantly clear that a single number that includes all of the evaluation factors of a gymnastics routine will never be widely understood . And such a number will damage our sport aI1d will never be accepted if it is artificially forced too low.

The advantages of an additive system for difficulty over the present "difficu lty requi rel17en t pi us bonus for extreme difficulty system" are numerous . Some say that the old system works well in many ways and is good enough . But I ask, " Does it wo rk as well as it should and is it the best that we can devise?" The answer to those questions, of course, is no. We know from over 30 years experience that the present path will never satisfy. I fear that the ex treme steps now being contemplated to adjust and to save the old system ma y be disastrous for the future of our s port. It is time to re - think the Codes of Points. It is time to evaluate the difficulty separatel y and logically . I believe s trongly that we have reached the stage where an additive system for determining difficulty is essential. We must face the fact that a continued and gradual increase in difficulty is natural, desirable, and necessary; and that it must be logically rewarded. We should no longer toy with the number of required A's, B's, and so on (every attempted permutation has failed) . We should certainly not continue to increase bonus only for extreme difficulty if we ever again want to see anything else or if we believe that lesser elements also belong in our sport. Nor should we play w ith rules and values only to make the available bonus impossible to reach. Those old solutions can now only damage our sport. It is time to reward gymnasts for all that they can do well. Let's simply add up the values of all the good stuff they show u s. Now that makes sense!

POINTCOUNTERPOINT By John Scheer

Once again, Mr. Hardy Fink (CAN) has written a thoughtful article in which he makes many logical arguments. In fact, the reader may find himself agreeing with many points about which Fink writes. In 1993, a number of judges and coaches in the USA were involved in studies of Fink's system, and I gathered both formal and informal feedback about his proposed Code of Points. This response will note areas of USA disagreement with the views expressed in Fink's al,ticle, as well as different sides of some of the issues. Mr. Fink's "points" will be summarized briefly,Jollowed by "counterpoints."

Point As an eXaInple from his article, is a 9C, ID routine better than a 4A, 3B, 2C, ID routine? Clearly, yes, yet under the current Code both routines would have a maximum value of 9.1. Is Hardy right to argue the unfairness of this? Certainly.

Counterpoint Unfortunately, Fink's proposed judging system for solving this problem necessitates aI1 open-ended addition of the difficulty factor, resulting in a departure from our current 10.0 top score. Feedback I have gathered both systematically and informally over the past two yeaI's indicates that the United States overwhelmingly supports retaining our 10.0 system. At the end of his article, HaI'dy writes that the adjustments now being considered " to save the old system may be disastrous for the future of our sport." However, opinion in the USA runs very strongly that to tiu-ow out our 10.0 top score may be disash'ous for the future of our sport. Are we right, then, to argue for the further development of a 10.0- point system which allows us to fairly separate gymnasts while enabling only the very best gymnasts in ilie world to still score at the top of the scale? Certainly. The problem, then, is not necessaI'ily right versus wrong, but in this instance it may be right ve rsus right. Not everyone in the USA agrees, but most believe that the 1993 Code has done an excellent job of solving some severe problems we had with the escalation and compresFebruary 1995 TECHNIQUE

sian of scores at the top, and that, with a few needed revisions, the Code could continue to be viable into the foreseeable future .

Point The" intent of the Codes of Pain ts ... has always been to de- emphasize difficulty," and" the intent is to emphaSize execution."

Counterpoint I do not believe the intent of the Codes of Points has been a de- emphaSiS on difficulty, as we carmot do this and still separate gymnasts. The Codes have stated that difficulty should not be escalated at the expense of execution. In fact, Codes prior to 1993 placed unnecessary limitations on difficulty, as evidenced by th{ fact that eli te gymnasts quickly exceeded the difficulty expectations. No one has ever said, "Let's do less difficulty in gymnasticS." Rather, they have intended to say, "Let's doas much difficulty as we can do well," a point which Mr. Hardy Fink has made, and it is reflected in both his proposed Code and the current 1993 Code, at least for elite gymnasts, through the bonus system. Rather than aI1y one paI'ticulaI' emphasis, it seems to me that most Codes have struck a balance between exercise content aI1d exercise execution. From Table 2 in Fink's aI'ticle, one CaI1 see that execution in eight of the nine Codes has ranged from 4.4 to 5.4, very close to half of the 10.0 scale.

Point Difficul ty increased grad ually for 30 yeaI's, then exploded at "an unnatural rate aI1d direction" after 1992, due" almost entirely to the implementation of the 1993 Codes ."

Counterpoint If we agree that previous Codes did not require elite gymnasts to show all the skills that they could do well, then how can it be argued that the 1993 Code forced difficulty to increase exponentially at an unnatural rate? Is the 1993 Code encouraging gymnasts to do more? To reach their limits of skills they CaI1 do well? Yes it is, and Fink's data on the dramatic increase in difficulty attributable to the

Code of Points

1993 Code is the proof. This, in fac t, is an excellent outcome of the 1993 Code. Yet the balance between difficulty and execution is s till there. Gymnasts w ho try to load their routines with bonus skills before they are read y pay the price in execution deductions, but this would only be reflected in the well-documented fact that scores overall are lower, more reasonable, and not so compressed at the top as they were before. That is w hy charts which only show h ow much bonus gymnasts are potentially earning don' t reveal the entire p icture of the effectiven ess of the 1993 Code.

Point The only goal of gymnasts is "to ge t the highest possible score: To score a 10.0." The conflicting goal of the Codes has been to prevent too many gymnasts from achieving their goal of a high score.

Counterpoint Gymnastics is inherently fun. Most kids start gymnastics for this reason. The mastery of new, and perhaps scary, skills adds an element of thrill to a gymnast's life that is not available tlu-ough other endeavors, and this tlu-ill continues tlu-oughout a gynm ast's career. Ask an elite gymnast if his goal is to score a 10, and most will say they don't even think about a 10. Their goal is continued improvement, and perhaps doing well in specific competitions. They are smart enough to know that a 9.6 in one competition may be a 9.2 in another competition. So they learn to simply do the best they can and let the scores take care of themselves. The goals of the Codes, on the other hand, have been to set directions for gymnastics, guide the improvement of gymnasts, and establish a scoring system which allows gymnasts to be fairly separated in competition. Efforts to set rules w hich allowed for adequate separation of gymnasts became unsuccessful in the years leading up to the 1993 Code. Our current Code has indeed resulted in lower scores, but this has not been beca use the Code had a goal to prevent high scores, but rather it was a natural result of efforts to better separate gynu1asts. Gynmasts want to improve, the Code tells them how.

Point Significant bonus, a full point introduced in the 1993 Code, "was ex p ec ted to solve the high score problem. But gymnas ts ... ha ve again and alrea d y begun to demonstrate theore tical s tart values above 10.0."

Counterpoint This is the subjec t of some d ebate. But

one fact is indisputable: We are in the third year of our current Code, and most elite, international gymnas ts cannot yet do 10.0 routines. In a s tudy conducted by Mr. Butch Zunich and others on bonus in the 1994 Dortmund World Championships, only 11.9% ofthe gymnasts from eight of the top teams h ad start values oÂŁ1O.O (not including vaulting) . If rings is eliminated (where 15 of 46 gymnasts, or 32.6%, h ad 10.0 starts), then only 6.8% of the gynmasts on the remaining four events h ad 10.0 start scores. And this resulted fr om an analysis of how much bonus was attempted, not how much was actually earned! Remember, almost all elite gymnasts had 10.0 start scores on almost every event prior to 1993. Furthermore, as noted earlier, charts of bonus potential only tell par t of the story. Gymnasts w h o compete bonus skills before they are ready will earn lower scores tlu'ough increased execution deductions . In 1993, Mr. Hardy Fink argued that by 1994 most elite gymnasts wo uld h ave start valu es from 9.8 to 10.0. Two counterp oints: First, at this level of com petition, there is a big difference between 9.8 and 10.0. Second, in the Dortmund s tudy, only 45.3% of the routines from eight of the top teams h ad star t values of 9.8 or higher, and this dropped off to 38.9% if rings was eliminated . In other words, well over h alf of the best gymn as ts in the world demons tate routines w ith attempted start values of 9.7 or less. And this is with several flaws in the current Code which boost bonus potential and must be fi xed, such as the elimination of value raising, restricting the repe tition of bonus skills, and d evaluing a few of the obviously overvalu ed bonus skills. While Fink w rites about changes to the Code in a negative light, actually these are changes w hich must be m ade, regardless of what Code we use, if the rules are to continue to guide gymnastics in the right direction.

Point The worst consequ ence of stated minimum difficulty requirements is they " for ce every gymnast to meet them or quit. "

Counterpoint This assumes that gymn as ts p articipate only for the scores they achieve . I've judged many gymnasts that did no t meet the minimum difficulty requirements, but they didn' t quit! While Fink writes that unsta ble rules provide no basis for the long term plalming of coaches, and the Code forces gymn asts to progress at an artificial rate, I believe February 1995 TECHNIQUE

that the vas t majority of coaches are pretty sequ ential and developmental, and will not fo rce their gymnasts to progress at an unsafe rate. However, I do agree that the Code could pay considerably more attention to how it foste rs the progressive, consis tent development of young gymnas ts. For example, w hy not allow the unlimited substitution of lower value parts for higher value parts. A yo ung gymnas t could then earn 1.0 for 10 A parts, instead of only 0.4 for the maximum of 4 A parts. Why n ot allow A p arts to satisfy special requirements, a proposal which Hardy Fink has made. Such changes would make the Code more applicable to young gymnasts while not affec ting elite gymnasts at all!

Point Fink writes that the current system is complex "and perh aps impossible for judges," and incomprehensible and confUSing for the public.

Counterpoint Good judges h ave had no more difficulty w ith this Code than with previous ones. But this is a moot point, because it seem s certain that the next Code will split the duties of judges, an excellent suggestion w hich Hardy Fink proposed several years ago.

r also think that all of our recent Codes, not just the current one, h ave been difficult for the lay public to unders tand. Th e lay p ublic would compreh end the simple as p ec ts (but certainl y not the d etails) of Fink's proposed system . Could this increased understanding also be accomplish ed with a system similar to what we have n ow? Yes, if the Code required both a routine content score and a rou tine execu tion score to be flashed.

Summary The 1993 Code d oes need a few revisions. Bu t every Code we've ever had has needed revisions. I believe even Fink's sys tem wou ld need periodical revision, because gymnasts tend to gravi tate to th e easiest skills at each value level, and we d on' t always ra te new skills accurately at first. But our current Code has alleviated the problem of escalation and compression of scores a t the top, it has allowed us to better separate gymnasts, and it has restored 9.5 as a good score. Finally, it has increased dramatically our odds of selecting champions w ho have shown most, if not all, of what they can do well, ch ampions w ho have done the mos t d ifficult routines with the best exec ution.

t'~

~ 35

Administration

A PLAN FOR THE fuTURE OF USA GYMNASTICS PART II In the previous issue of Technique we introduced two elements of the Strategic Plan recently adopted by the Board of Directors of USA Gymnastics. Those were the mission statement and the visions of success related to that mission. In this and the subsequent issue of Technique we present for your consideration some of the specific goals for each of USA Gymnastics' maior areas of activity and examples of some of the key strategies and milestones adopted in support of those goals. The men's, women's and rhythmic programs are featured in this issue; next month the other strategic goals will be introduced. Please keep in mind that in communicating the information to you in this manner we are presenting only selected elements of the Strategic Plan; if you are interested in receiving a copy of the complete Plan, please contact Julie Beiin.

Goals of the Men's, Women's, and Rhythmic Programs 1.

Women

Representative strategy: Synchronize look and style of National Team compulsories and provide personalized compulsory music

IMPROVE EACH PROGRAM'S INTERNATIONAL RAN KINGS AT KEY EVENTS LEADING UP TO AND INCLUDING THE OLYMPIC GAMES

Men

DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT SELECTION PROCESS THAT ASSURE MOST COMPETITIVE TEAM IS SENT TO THE OLYMPICS

PROVIDE AN ENVIRONMENT AT THE OLYMPICS THAT IS MOST CONDUCIVE TO ACHIEVING PERFORMANCE GOALS

Representative strategJI Develop team goals and focus at training camps

Milestone: Bronze Medal-Team competition 1996 Olympics

Representative strategy: Work with USOC to ensure credentialing of

Women

all personal coach es and support staff; assess housing to ensurE appropriate environment in Atlanta

Representative strategy: Personal visitations to all qualified athletes, early event assignments and pre-event training camps

Milestone: Gold Medal - Team competition 1996 Olympics

Rhythmic Representative strategJI Select Olympic Training Team in Group by November, 1994 and initiate year round residence training program for Group beginning January 1995 Milestone: Group advances to finals (top six) and one athlete advances to semi-finals (top 12) in individual competition at the 1996 Olympics

CONDUCT TEAM TRAINING TO ENABLE ACHIEVEMENT OF PERFORMANCE GOALS

Men

PROVIDE SUPPORT AND INCENTIVES TO INCREASE ATHLETE COMMITMENT TO TRAINING

Men

Representative strategJI Provided financial support for top 15 elite level athletes until 1996 OlympiC Trials to enable conformance with training and competition plans Milestone: Conduct quarterly reviews of funded athletes Women

Representative strategy: Review athlete support system with Elite Ad-hoc Committee

Rhythmic Representative strategJI Review athlete support system with Rhy th-

Representative strategJJ: Assist National Team athletes with d evelop-

mic Program Conunittee

ment of a p ersonal training plan and provide technical information and monitor individual training plans Milestone: Conduct National Team training camps: two spring and two Fall each year, and increase training site visits by USAG Technical Director to at least five per year Women Representative strategJI Conduct training camps for National Team members and provide access to expert clinicians Milestone: Prioritize visitations for assigned athletes . Structure training camp to meet personalize needs

Rhythmic Representative strategJI Conduct elite camps utilizing experts from aro und the country in the winter of 1995 and 1996

IMPROVE TEAM COMPETITIVE POSITION February 1995

IMPROVE LEVEL OF INFORMATION ON INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION

Representative strategJI Improve scouting and provide video analysis of competition to coaches/ athletes

PROVIDE COACHES' TRAINING

Men

Representative strategy: Develop coaches resource center for National Team coaches and elite d evelopmental coaches at USOTC. Provide coach es instruction as part of Olympic Development Program (ODP) Milestone: Train 150 coaches annually through ODP Women Representative strategy: Provide coaches instruction as part of Talent Opportunity Program TECHNIQUE

Administration

Milestone: Train 375 coaches annually by 2000

Rhythmic

14. PREPARE FOR SUCCESS IN THE OLYMPICS IN 2000 AND BEYOND

Representative strategy: Complete Professional Development Pro-

Men

gram Level 11 for rhythmic gynmastics; create video library and organize elite coaches clinic Milestone: Train 50 coaches annually tlu'ough rhythmic Congress

Representative strategy: Conduct Olympic Development Program for early identification of skilled athletes, develop an elite division at the Junior National Level and conduct national training camps for Junior National Team Milestone: Have program in place for the 1996-2000 competitive program Women Representative strategy: Conduct semi-annu al national training camps for Junior National Team and TOP for early identification of talented athletes Milestone: Test 3250 athletes (ages 6-12) annually by 2000

PROVIDE INCENTIVES FOR COACHES AND CLUBS TO SUPPORT PERFORMANCE GOALS

10. INCREASE THE NUMBER OF ENTRY LEVEL PARTICIPANTS IN GYMNASTICS Men

Representative strategy: Develop curriculum for young boy's programs that will encourage the general gynmast to stay in gynmastics and encourage adoption of boy' s programs by gynmastics clubs Milestone: Increase number of registered male athletes by 3% annually Women Representative strategJ;: Expand the reach of gynmastics into economically depressed communities and encourage adoption of gymnastics programs by park systems

Rhythmic Representative strategy:Encourage adoption of rhythmic gynmastics by other organizations (e.g., Girls, Inc. YWCA park districts), by clubs and by schools; integrate rhythmic programs into TOP; integrate rhythmic gynmastics performances into major artistic events and revise the Junior Olympic program Milestone: Increase registered athlete members to 2000 by the year 2000

Rhythmic Representative strategy: Conduct annual national championships and annual training camps for Junior National Team and Junior Olympic gynmasts. Conduct training camp for specifically identified Level 5 & 6 athletes (1996)

15. PROVIDE TRAINING FACILITIES FOR DEVELOPING MALE GYMNASTS FOR INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION Representative strategJ;: Provide resident program at the U.s. Olympic Training Center Provide financial assistance to programs training at the internationallevel Explore alternatives for training of elite level male gynmasts. Milestone: Appoint task force by 4th quarter 1994; task force work complete by 2nd quarter 1995

11. ENSURE THAT NCAA PROGRAM REMAINS VIABLE AS A PARTICIPATION OPTION FOR GYMNASTS

16. IMPROVE THE COMPETENCE OF JUDGES

Men

Representative strategJ;: Provide for a national championship at the Division I NCAA level Milestone: Extension of NCAA moratorium on cancellation of national championship-January 1995

Representative strategy: Increase technical knowledge of judges and

Women

Representative strategy: Provide supplemental competitive opportunities for women's collegiate gynmastics and hire staff to assist with the development of NCAA programs

12. PROVIDE A STRUCTURED JUNIOR OLYMPIC PROGRAM Represen tative strategy: Provide structured competitive program for all competitions conducted under the auspices of the Junior Olympic Program Committee Milestone: Conduct J.O. State, Regional & National Championships annually with Quadrennial rules revision completed in 1996

Rhythmic Representative strategJ;: Write meet organizational handbook

13. INCREASE AWARENESS OF PARTICIPATION IN USAG PROGRAMS Representative strategJ;: Ensure consistent identification of USAG at meets and with recreational gynmastics programs February 1995

their ability to apply the rules

Milestone: Conduct annual judging courses and develop National Apparatus Leaders to increase communication between judging and coaching communities Women Representative strategJ;: Provide training videos, conduct courses, establish judges training staff and curriculum, regularly evaluate judges and support use of Judges Objectivity Evaluation software internationally

Rhythmic Representative strategy: Reorganize Rhythmic Technical Committee (into event specialists), develop training videos, organize regional judges training clinics and provide opportunities for U.S. judges to judge in international competitions Milestone: Have U.S. judge assigned to the OlympiC Games

17. IMPROVE THE COMPETENCE OF FIELD STAFF Women

Milestone: Conduct annual state chair workshop

Rhythmic Milestone: Conduct amlUal Rhythmic Program meeting for State and Regional chairman at Congress TECHNIQUE

{';

A31

FIG: OFFICIAL NEWS Norbert Bueche

Secretary General The Executive Committee took the following important decisions at its meeting in Dortmw1d (GER) on November 21 and 22, 1994: The Ethiopian (ETH) Federation was provisionally admitted to the FIG. This decision on final admission will be for the General Assembly meeting at the 70th FIG Congress in Atlanta in 1996. After the Artistic World Championships in Sabae in October 1995, it is anticipated to organize "Galas" in Tokyo, Osaka and possibly in Seoul.

FLIPOVER

s You'll flip over USA Gymnasticsl This magazine covers important national and international events leading up to, and including, the 1996 Olympic Games. Get to know the gymnasts through interviews, profiles and competition results. USA Gymnastics gives comprehensive gymnastics coverage in six, full color issues for only $15.00. Foreign subscriptions $32.00. Don't miss what USA Gymnastics has to offer!

,-----------------1 I Please enter my subscription immediately. Enclosed is my I I check or money order for six issues of USA Gymnastics. I I ~~

I I Address I City I I State I I Check one: I

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T295

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Phone 0 Parent 0 Other

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The drawing of lots for the" Artistic" World Championships in Sabae will be held on August 6th, 1995 in the same city. The 1997 Artistic World Championships have been attributed to the Swiss Federation and they will be held in Lausanne. The 1997 RSG World Championships have been attributed to the German Federation and they will be held in Munich or Berlin. The first Aerobic World Championships have been attributed to the French Federation and they will be held in Paris at the end of November or beginning of December, 1995. An Aerobic Commission has been formed as follows: President: Mr. Hans-Jiirgen Zacharias (GER) Secretary: Mr. Andre Gueisbuhler (SUI) GG-TC Representative: Mrs. MargaretSikkens-Ahlquist (NED) Members: Mr. John Atkinson (GBR) Mrs. Carmen Fado (ESP) Mrs. Tiina Hannele Simpanen (FIN) To date, 31 Federations have sent their Provisional Registration to participate in the 1995 Gymnaestrada in Berlin. In addition, 15 Federations will participate as "observers". All the doping checks carried out in Paris during the 1994 RGS World Championships were negative.

Statutes Modifications These modifications are made as per decisions taken at the Congress in May 1994 in Geneva/SUI and they have effect from January 1st 1995. As there are only a few modifications, the 1993 edition will not be reprinted. Please cut out the different changes and cover the respective modified articles in yo ur Statutes, ed. 1993.

Edition 1995 14.4

Additional Member (Exceptionally) In special circumstances the General Assembly may appoint an additional person, with particular knowledge and experience, to serve on the Executive Committee but in no case shall the number of members exceed 20.

20.4

Functions of Technical Committee c) the Technical Committees concerned with competitive events, pre p are their respective Codes of Pointage which have then to be adopted by the EC

I I I

February 1995

TECHNIQUE

Announcements

20.5

Meetings Apart from the meetings held in conjunction with the Congress, the Technical Committees meet twice a year or, with the agreement of the President (FIG) on each occasion the circumstances so require, subject also to consideration of budgetary control.

For more information on the meet, individual ticket orders or group discounts, ca1l 800/0N-2-0LYMPICS (800/662-6596). - Walker Enterprises -

28.4

Membership Personal Vacancies filled by Committees (no changes in the text)

53.3

Decisions of Congress Operative Date The decisions taken at the Congress come into operation on the 1st January in the following year unless otherwise decid ed by Congress.

11 MILLION

These Statutes replace those of 1993. They have effect from the 1st day of January 1995 having been adopted by the General Assembly on the 13th May 1994 at its meeting in Geneva (Switzerland) Signed on behalf of the Federation In ternationale de Gymnnstique. The President The Secretary general: Yuri Titov Norbert Buech e Moscow and Moutier, January 1995

Federation In ternationale de Gymnastique General Secretariat Moutier, November 1994

TICKETS AVAILABLE IN ATLANTA You can't reserve tickets to the 1996 Olympic Games yet, but one thing is certain: Because of larger venues and more sessions, there w ill be m ore chances to see events in Atlanta than at any previous Games. The la tes t es tima te from the Atlanta Commi ttee for the 0 Iym pic Games is 11,039,699 tickets. Th at's four million more than were available in Los An geles in 1984; six million more than in Seoul in 1988, and seven million more than in Barcelona in 1992. Tickets will go on sale to the public May 1, 1995. Tickets will first be available for purchase by direct mail and later for phone purchase in a second phase.

1995 AMERICAN CLASSIC TICKETS

Now ON

FOR MEDIA INFORMATION Call: Jerry Walker, Walker Enterprises - 415/328-9242

SALE

1995 American Classic and Pan American Games Trials Qualifying Meet

Sponsored by the Northern California Women 's Gymnastics Association Oakland, CA (Special)- The 1995 American Classic/Pan American Games Trials may still be three months off, but interest is building. Advance tickets are now available, and more than 300 h ave already been sold for this USA Gymnastics-sanctioned national women's competition, acco rding to Meet Director Bill Strom. A sellout is expected. "Bay Area gymnastics fan s are excited about this meet, and it's easy to see why," said Strom, owner of Gymtowne Gymnastics in San Bruno. "With athletes such as Dominique Dawes Shannon Miller, Keri Strug, and San Jose's own Amy Chow all on schedule to qualify fo r the meet, a great competition is already anticipated ... even now, three months in advance." The 1995 American Classic/Pan American Games Trials, sponsored by the Northern California Women's Gymnastics Association, is slated for February 16, 17 and 18 (Thursday, Friday and Saturday) at Oakland's Henry J. Kaiser Arena . Thursday h as been d eSignated as a training session, with compulsories set for Friday and optionals scheduled for Saturday. Individual tickets, good for all three sessions, are priced at $15, or fans m ay view the Thursday training session only for just $5. Group discounts are also available throu gh local gymnastics clubs.

Prices range from $6 to $250 for athletic events. Only five percent of all 1996 Olympic Games tickets are priced over $75. The average ticket price is $39.72 and, for the firs t time ever, the ticket price includes the cost of Olympic tran sportation during the Games . Every sport has at least one session for which tickets are available at, or below, $25. Tickets to Opening and Closin g Ceremonies are the most expensive at $200, $400, and $600. Ceremonies tickets in Barcelona were about $500 for the best seats. Only nine sports h ave tickets priced over $75; the last session of athletics, and finals of basketball, boxing, diving, artistic gymnastics, soccer, swimming, tennis, and volleyball. "You do need to respond quickly once ticke ts are available to have the best opportunity of getting the ones you want most," said ACOG Director of Ticket Sales Jack Tyson. "But there w ill be so m any tickets that you could com e to A tlanta at the las t minute and still get a ticket for som e sports. " -Olympic Beat This ruU10uncement app eared in Sidelines, USA Volleyball, Winter 1994, Vol. 5, No.4, P 2.

ADDRESS CORRECTION: Marina Davidovich Rhythmic Region 6 Judges Assignment Chair 6851 Rosewell Rd., H-23 Atlanta, GA 30328 (404) 671-8342

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

USA GYMNASTICS

EDUCATIONAL ~

A. 40

PUBLICATIONS

To order any of these publications, use the USA Gymnastics order form on page 2. To receive a Technical catalogue, call USA Gymnastics merchandise department at 317-237-5060.

SAFETY POSTER # I: SAFETY GUIDELINES USA Gymnastics

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SAFETY POSTER #2: RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE GYMNAST USA Gymnastics

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SAFETY POSTER #3: MAT SAFETY USA Gymnastics

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SAFETY POSTER #4: SAFETY FIRSrI USA Gymnastics

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NUTRITION RHYTHMIC

HELPING A THLETES WITH EATING DISORDERS

RSG JUNIOR OLYMPIC DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAM

Thompson, R.A. and Sherman, R.T. • 1993' Hard Cover. Human Kinetics. 194 pages· The authors provide a book that presents a practical, sensitive and therapeutic approach to treating athletes with eating disorders. This guide thoroughly examines all aspects of eating disorders in athletes, from diagnosis to education and prevention.

1992-'96 USGF RHYTHMIC COMPULSORY BOOK The text and floor patterns for the 1992-'96 Junior Olympic Rhythmic Gymnastics compulsory program. The three ring binder book includes the routines for Levels 5·8 and a glossary of rhythmic gymnastics terms. Routines are written for rhythmic floor exercise, rope, hoop, ba/~ clubs and ribbon.

#1302

#3631

COACHES GUIDE TO NUTRITION AND WEIGHT CONTROL

1992-'96 USGF RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS LEVEL 5 & 6 VIDEO

1990 • Eisneman • paper. 192 pp • Goad nutrition allows athletes to maintain energy levels during training and safely regulate their ratia of fat and lean weight. A practical sports nutrition guide that translates the sciences af physiology, bio·chemistry and ~"'rif[nn into easily appliced information. Includes an excellent chapter on th signs of eating disorders.

Companion to the compulsory book, the video shows the six LevelS routines performed from both a front and rear viewpoint. The Level 6 routines ore olso shown in phrases.

#2321

S29.95

#17

1992-'96 USGF RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS LEVEL 7 & B VIDEO Companion to the compulsory book, the video shows the six level 7 routines and the level 8 RFX from two viewpoints.

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1992-'96 USGF RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS LEVEL

5 & 6 CASSETTE TAPE The music for the twelve routines in the LevelS & 6 Compulsory program.

#2312

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1992-'96 USGF RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS LEVEL 7 & B CASSETTE TAPE The music for the six Level 7 compulsory routines and the Level 8 Rhythmic Floor Exercise compulsory routines.

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POSTERS BILL OF RIGHTS FOR YOUNG ATHLETES 1984, AAHPERD Display this colorful poster in your waiting and/ or gym areas to emphasize the importance your Gym Club places on the students. Use the list of 12 important rights of athletes as a topic of discussion with parents, coaches and the athletes themselves.

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S5.00

REEBOK WOMEN'S '92 OLYMPIC POSTER USA Gymnastics

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UNITED STATES TEAM '92 POSTER Includes all ' 92 Olympians.

USA Gymnastics

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#4015

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February 1995

TECHNIQUE

S22.00

1994 Index

TECHNIQUE INDEX OF ARTICLES Vol. 14, 1994

ANNOUNCEMENrS Announcements - general: #2,40. (RSG announcements, USOC Sportswoman, and Sportsman of the year) #3, 30. (FIG: aerobics & doping; Team Worlds format; Bud Wilkinson; Shannon Miller; 1994 RSG Nationals) #4,44. (FIG notice to affiliated Federations; corrections to 1/94 issue; notice to membership) #5, 42. (Special Olympics; safety courses for English as 2nd language participants: Safety Handbook) #6,32. (Technique subscription information; Safety Handbook; National RSG Championships) #7,41. (Hall of Fame; COlU1.ie Israel; Chari Knight; Men's regional locations) ASEP Coaching Principles Courses: #1 -26; #2-26; #3-1 6;#4-16; #5-16;#6-15;#7-14;#8-14;#9-17;#10-17. Club Gymnastics: #9, 36-37. What is Club Gymnastics? #10, 28-29. What is Club Gymnastics? Club Retail: #9, 6. January 1995 Debut! # 10,6. January 1995 Debut! Congress/Championships in Nashville, Tenn.: # 2-18; #3-18-22; #4-18-23; #5-18-23; #6 -18-23;#7 -18-23. (description, registration form s, ticket information and forms, add-ons furms) iducation/Event Calendars: #1 - 47; #2-47; #3 - 47; #4- 47; # 547;#6-47;#7- 47;#8- 47;#9- 47;#10- 46. Hacker, P. Attention all games enthusiasts. #1 -28; # 2-28;#3-17; #4-17; #5- 40; #6 -40. (form to contribute to the new Educational sub-committee games book) Membership Suspensions/Terminations: Notice to Membership: # 1-37;#4- 44;#10-22. Men's National Coaches' Workshop, Colo. Springs, 12/94. #9, 39. NationsBank Women's GymnasticS World Team Trials. #9, 41. Position Available: USAG Video Production Coordinator. #10, 4. Summer Coaches Workshops: #4- 37; #5 - 37; #6- 31; #7 - 31. USECA-M Membership Application. # 9, 28. BUSINESS Gibney,J. Managing your risks and insurance in the gym. # 6, 16-17. (contract wording, claims made policies) Gibney, J. Spectator liability. #3, 28. (promotionalliabilihj, premises liability, products liability, patron liability, participatory risk liabilih)) Gibney, J. Waivers . #4-28-29. (includes a typical athletic participation waiver) Holcomb, D. Express Assumption of Risk in Youth Sports. # 1,20-22. (parts four and five in the series) Smith, R. Booster club-boon or bust? #6, 12-14. (communication, concem, character, control, change, constraint) COACHES EDUCAflON Level II Experience Verification Form: #4- 30;#5- 28; #6-28; #728;#9 - 30. DPGrandparentingApplication: #4- 32;#5- 30;#6- 30;#7-30; #9-22. Moskovitz, D. Accredited PDP Level II Coaches List. #1, 25. Moskovitz, D. Professional development program. #2, 24-25. (Description of the required components to complete PO P Levels I and II)

Moskovitz, D . Professional development program. #4, 36. (Descrip-

tion of the required components to complete PDP Levels I and II) Moskovitz, D. Professional development program. #9, 24-25. (de-

scription of the required components to complete PDP Levels I Ilnd II) COACHING Malmberg, E. Product vs. process: a coaching decision. #8, 12-13. Roselund, D. Demonstrating skills effectively. #10, 16. Reprinted from The Coaches' Coach, Fall 1994, The American Sport Education Program. (introducing the skill, demonstrating and explaning

the skill, practivcing the skill, giving feedback, how can I improve?) Roselund, D. Teaching visualization skills. #7, 36. Reprinted from The Coaches' Coach, Spring 1994, Vol. 8, No.1, The American Sport Education Program. (visualization program, teaching athletes basic

skills, visualization before competi tion, carryover value) GENERAL 1993 Index of Articles. #2, 41-46 . (Technique magazine, USA Gymnastics magazine, Safety Update) Biggs, T, and Dykstra, J. The Women's Gymnastics Journal. #1,5.

(book review) Donatelli, J. Is Gymnastics for your child? #1, 17. Franks, B. and Howley, E. Fitness Leader's Handbook. #4, 5. (book

review) Frederick, A.B. Halls of Fame for gymnastics: achronology-19901993. #10, 5-7. Gallahue Lee, J. 1994 Congress report. #9, 18-19. Gallahue Lee, J. 1994 Ceremony of Honors, #9, 20-21. Jensen, J. A Healthy 10!: A reference guide for gymnasts and other athletes. #3, 5. (book review) Knapp, S. New leader for USA Gymnastics: Kathy Scanlan. #5, 5. Komara, K. Fitness for life. #10,26-27. (children's fitness) Lewis, K. Fear is our friend . #9, 31. Lewis, K. Scardy cat. #8, 33. Massimo, J. The issue of ethics. #4, 39-42. (competence, approachabil-

ity, fairness and consistency, confidence, motivation, personal concem, support) Millman, D. Natural laws: the making of an

inne~

athlete. #5, 6-8.

(excerpt from Millman's book, The Inner Athlete: Realizing Your Fullest Potential) USA Gymnastics Ethics Committee: Procedures and Guidelines. # 4, 43. (Code of ethics, membership statemen t, profesional members, posi-

tion on banned subs tances) Sands, W .A. The role of difficulty in the development of the young gymnast. #3, 12-14. (a look at the role of diffiCUlh) and the selection of

skills for gymnasts to pelform) Vidmar, P. Peter Vidmar's tips for parents raising gynmasts. #1,35-36. GENERAL GYMASflCS/GYMNAESrRADA 1994 USA Gymnaestrada Information: #3 -24-26; #4-24-26; #524-26; #6-24-26; #7 -24-26; #8 -24-26; #9 -26-28. Holte, 1. Performance Choreography: general points. #1, 12-13. Whitlock, S. Gymnaestrada: an alternative to gymnastics competition. #6, 27. (benefits of organizing and conducting a GG program) MEN-COMMIFFEE REPORFS FIG/TC.â&#x201E;˘ 1/25/94, Meeting Report. #3,31 . (Worlds in Brisbane;

Worlds in Dortmund; pommel horse; vault) MJOPC. 5/5/94, Augusta, Ga. #6, 41. (reports, ODP, mushroom

routine, additions to testing,

ro. format, competition program)

MPC. 2/3/94, Colorado Springs, Co . #3, 32-33. (Dortmund team,

reports, rule changes, grants review, planning proposal, budget) MPC. 4/6/94, Conference Call. #5, 43. (regional format, competition

format, competitions)

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

1994 Index

MPC. 5/21/94, Phoenix, Ariz. #7, 44-45. (Congress review, membership position, European tour, grant proposal, team '96 funds, qualifi-

cations to Championships, petitioning) MPC. 5/26/94, Conference Call #7, 46. (special requirements for

Championships, Olympic Festival, regional qualifiers, key compulsoryelements) MPC. 7/23/94. # 10,42-43. (Jr. Pan Am Games, Team '96 funds, grant program, complian ce document, training schedule, 1995 US A Championships format, international competitions, 1995 budget, petitions, coaches incen tives, coach selection) MPC. 8/26/94, Nashville, Tenn. # 10, 45 . (invitational meets, Winter Cup format, petitions, special requirements, apparatus leaders) MPC. 10/ 13/94, Conference Call. #10, 36. (World Championships team report, Pan Am Games Coach selection, World University Games Team selection) MEN-GENERAL FIG/MTC. Summary of the technical assistant's report: Brisbane '94. #10,38-41. Galimore, R. Championships status of NCAA men's program. #9, 39; and #10, 37. Olympic Development Program: changes for the 1994-95 season. (Implemented May 9, 1994). #6, 42-43. Selection Procedures: World Championships Team, Dortmund. #5,44. Selection Procedures: Winter Cup Challenge; Pan American Games; U.S. Olympic Festival. #10, 25. Sands, W.A. Physical Abilities profiles: U.s. men's national team, May 1993. #3, 34-37. (Ii tness model, field test crtiteria, physical tests,

descriptive statistics, results) MEN-JUDGING Scheer, J. Some Observations on the 1997 Draft Code. #1, 30-32. Scheer, J. The men's 1993 Code of Points: Should we love it or leave it? #5, 33-36. Smith, R. Report on the pommel horse: World Championships, Brisbane, 1994. #7, 42-43. (symbols used to write a pommel horse

routine) Summary of Technical Assistants' Reports: Birmingham 1993. #1, 44-46. PRESCHOOL GYMNASTICS Belka, D. Gymnastics for young children. #2, 20-22. (educational

gJjmnastics, supporting and transferring weight, balance, steps, rocking and rolling, flight and landings, hanging and swinging, climbing, sliding, types of equipment, sequences) Gallahue Lee, J. Preschool education program. #5, 38-39. (survey regarding preschool education) Gallalme Lee, J. Preschool survey results. #8, 34-35. (Includes profiles for aides, instructor, and master instructor) Geigert, Nicki. Play's hidden purpose: teaching preschoolers. #3, 6-

7. (guided exploration and discovery, problem-solving, teacher directed, free exploration) Komara, P. Parent education is the key to increased enrollment in preschool gymnastics. #9, 32-35. (Includes sample parent education

letter and sample class description) Komara, P. Teaching cartwheels to preschoolers. #7, 12-13. (progres-

sions, cartwheel games, illustrations) RESOURCES-EDUCA TlONAL MATERIALS Page 2 mini-reviews: #11993 Teclmique Guide to Women's Training; 1993 Technique Guide to Men's Training; Men's J.O. Training Plan. #2 Psyching for Sport: Mental Training for Athletes; My Book of Gymnastics: Health and Movement.

#3 A Healthy 10! A Reference Guide for Gymnasts and other Athletes; The Women's Gymnastics Journal. #4 The Gym Coach Video Series 1: Pre-novice and Novice; Helping Athletes with Eating Disorders. #5 Fitness Leader's Handbook; Nourish Check Athlete #6 The Inner Athlete: Realizing Your Fullest Potential; Sports and Stress Therapy: Athletic Rehabilitation on Massage, Stretching, and Strengthening. #7 The Gym Coach Video Series 1: Pre-novice and Novice; 1994 TOPs Training Camp Video; Helping Athletes with Eating Disorders. #8 Seniors on the Move; Creating Gymnastics Pyramids and Balances. # 10 Marketing Health/Fih1ess Services; Nourish Check Athlete PDP and Coaching Materials: #9- 25. Publications:#1 -25; #2- 23;#3-23;#6- 37; #7- 38; #8-36; #9- 38; Software: Nourish Check Athlete. #3, 11. (nutrient intake & body

composition analysis software for your PC) Videos:#1-4;#2-4;#3-4;#4- 4;#5 - 4;#6- 4;#7- 4;#8-4;#92&4;#10-4. Video: The Gym Coach Series 1: Pre-Novice and Novice. #3; 5.

(video review) Video: TOPs National Training Camp Videos: 1994 TOPs Training Camp Activities. #3, 5. (video review)

RHYTHMIC-COMMITTEE REPORTS FIG/RSG/TC. 11/1-2/93, Alicante, Spain. #3,37-39. (minutes of the

meetings held in Alicante: technical questions, proposals, judges) RJOPC. 6/17-18/94, Los Angeles, Calif. #7, 39-40. (reports, USA

group, regional structure, rO. program, 1997-2000 program, Can gress, awards) RPC. 2/12-14/94, Colorado Springs, CO. #3, 26. (reports, USOC high peliormance plan, Operation Gold, Pan American Games, international competition, selection events, 1994 international assignments, petetions, equipment failures, Olympic Festival, training camps) RTC. 2/12-13/94, Colorado Springs, CO. #3, 35. (FIG report, Scherrer request, competitions, test results, judges' report form, judges' protocol, judge evaluations, training videos, RTC structure) RTC. 7/5-6/94, St. Louis, Mo. #8, 40-41. (committee reorganization, FIG report, athlete evaluations, competition rules, judges training videos, practice judging, judges evaluation, national team evaluation, rO. program) RHYTHMIC-GENERAL Abruzzini, E. FIG: A balance sheet of the 1993 Alicante World Championships. #6, 45-46. (the competition, hoop, ba/l, clubs, ribbon) Abruzzini, E. FIG: The difficulty elements for the composition of exercises with five gymnasts. #9, 45-46. (proposal of apparatus

difficulty requirements for the composition of exercises with five gtjmnasts as specified in the 1995-1996 RSG program) Hilliker, P. How to train floor patterns for two gymnasts. #8, 41-42. Hilliker, P. Rhythmic gymnastics Level 1-4 program: filling the void. #3, 12-13. (about the materials, instructor's manual, instruc-

tional video, student workbooks) Schmid, A. FIG Update. #1,3-44. (judging, group exercise, floor area,

competi tion programs) Selection Procedures: Rhythmic Gymnastics 1995 Pan American Team. #5, 45.

RHYTHMIC-JUDGING Feinberg, C. Review of World Championships judging COurSE # 1,18. SAFETY National Safety Certifiers. #4, 38. (list of national safety certifiers with ci ty/s tate/phon e)

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

1994 Index

Safety Certification Course Schedules: #1-48;#2-48; #3-48; #448; #5-48; #6-48; #7 -48; #8- 48; #9-48; #10-47. Whitlock, S. Safety Certification Mandate in 1994. #1, 37. (listing of

competitions where safety certification is requrired in 1994) SPORTS SCIENCE Australian Gymnastics Federation. Eating Disorders. #7, 8-11 . (an-

orexia nevrosa, bulimia, bulimia nervosa, suggestions from the author) Corneilus, Dr. Wm. Flexibility: a reasonable perspective. #7, 15-16.

Warren, M. The sissone. # 5, 32. This article is reprinted from the Association of British Gynmastics Newsletter, 1st issue, 1994. Warren, M. Vault skills for the young beginner. #1, 14-16. This ar路ticle is reprinted from the Association of British Gynmastics Newsletter, 1993. (stick figures and drills) WOMEN-COMMITTEE REPORTS Administrative Workshop, 7/30/94, Indianapolis, IN. #9, 42. (Meet

director's fees, meet director's exams, medal supplier)

(guidelines, muscular strength and the joint, accomodating ROM, questionable techniques, joint characteristics)

Judges' Certification, Inc. #10, 31-32. (reports, certification fees, exami-

Corneilus, Dr. Wm. Vaulting vertical displacement: biomechanical considerations. #3, 8-10. (movement influences, inertial characteris-

WAB. 5/8/94, Allentown, Penn. #6, 38. (Rules and Policies, medals,

tics, available pathways) Exum, W. United States Olympic Committee memorandum. #1, 4.

(doping, stimulants, narcotics, etc.) Hannan, P., Liddick, P., Weber, S., Lackner, J., Carmichael, P., McCabe, M., Carmichael, J., and Robacher, D. Human performance technology for gymnastics professionals. #6, 7-9. (human

performance demands placed upon officials and methods for increasing the efficiency and accuracy of skill analysis) Harman, P., Liddick, P., Weber,S., Lackner,}., Car'michael, P., McCabe, M., Carmichael, J., ar'\d Ro bacher, D. H umar,\ performance teclmology for coaching professionals. #10, 8-14. (EOS and lOS systems,

physiologJ) of orientation, orientation standards, optics and hap tics, movemen t characteristics space and time map develop men t) McNitt-Gray, J., Munkasy, B., Welch, M ., and Heino, J. External reaction forces experienced by the lower extremities during the take-off and landing of tumbling skills. #9, 10-16. McNitt-Gray, J.L., Munkasy, B.A., Welch, M., and Heino, J. Kinetics of successful and unsuccessful gymnastics lar'\dings. #8, 27-30. (the

purpose was to determine the ability of u.s. National Team members to successfully land basic gJ)mnastics skills on landing mats and spring floors; and to determine if the impulses applied during contact with landing mats differed between successful and unsuccessful landings)

Sands, W.A. The good outweighs the bad-Iatrogenics: treatment induced injury or illness. #1, 8-9. Shazryl, E. and Hanks, J. Sports and Stress Therapy. #5-17. (book

review) Sherman, W,M, and Rudd, J.S. Eating for recovery. #4, 13-14. Reprinted from Olympic Coach, Winter 1994, Vol. 4, No.1. (in-

cludes body weight/carbohydrate intake chart and table ofcarbohydrate content of common foods and beverages) Svijlik, L.W. Osteochondritis dessecans of the right capitellum with osteocartilaginous loose bodies of the elbow in a male gymnast: a case report. #8, 8-10. TECHNIQUE Artemov, V. Clear hip circle, #1,10. (stick figures and drills) Rademaker, T. Improving vault scores through improved technique. #2, 30-32. Sands, Wm A. A drill for the handspring full twist vault. #4,34-35. Sands, Wm A. Flic flac drill. #4, 12. Sar'\ds, Wm A. Teaching the forward handspring. #7,32-35. (steps in

teaching, illustrations) Sands, Wm A. Technique error in the flic flac: a drill to help fix the problem. #4, 10. Still, Colin. The round-off entry vault. #5, 11-14. This article is reprinted from the Association of British Gymnastics Newsletter, 1st issue, 1994. (description, drills, illustrations) Warren, M. Conditioning French style. #4, 9. This article is reprinted from the Association of British GymnastiCS Newsletter, 7th issue, 1993. WarTen, M. The pelvic tilt. #2, 17. This article is reprinted from the Association of British Gymnastics Newsletter, 7th issue, 1993.

(three key exercises) February 1995

nation reports) foreign athletes, judges su l7Jey, reports, commi tUee assign men ts, state chairman workshop) WAB. 6/22/94, Conference call. #8, 38, (Rules and Policies and Operating Code) W-Elite Ad Hoc. 1/16/94, Colorado Springs, CO. #3, 43. (Sports Festival, Pan Am selection procedures, corps of judges, 1994 World Championships selection procedures, 1994 competi tion schedule, Team World Championships selection procedures) W-Elite Ad Hoc. 10/17/94. (selection procedure review, goals and strategic plan, vaulting rules) WEPC. 12/23/94, conference call. #2, 38. WEPC. 1/10/94, conference call. #2, 39. WE Pc. 4/4/94, Orlanda, Fla. #4, 45-46. (TOPs, reports, elite mobility,

calendar, equipment issues, competition rules, judging issues) WEPC. 9/30-10/1/94, Phoeniz, AZ. #10, 33-34. (vault, uneven bars) WEPC. 10/21/94, conference call. #10, 34. WJOPc. 5/15-16/94. Seattle, Wash. #6, 34-36. (equipment concerns,

age divisions, open scoring, draw procedu res, FIG rules, open op tional invitationals, non-citizens/foreign athlete participation, calendar, reports, petitions, East/West competitions, awards, Level 1-4, schedule conflicts) WJOPc. 7/14/94, Conference call. #8, 38. (Open scoring at rO. Optional competitions) WTC. 1/15-16/94, Colorado Springs, CO. #3,40-42. (fCI, elite program, rO. Technical Handbook, technical questions, rO. Element Supplement, training videos, open scoring, assigning officials, payment of officials) WTC. 8/7-8/94, Palm Springs, CA. #9,43-44. (technical concerns, new elemen ts, element clarifications, fCI, reports) WOMEN-GENERAL Additions to Women's Code of Points. #10, 18-20. (effective November 1994) Elite Qualification Procedures (1994). #2, 39. (table) Junior National Elite Testing Program (1995). #10,34. Maloney, C. 1992-96 J.O. compulsory errata. #3, 45. Maloney, C. Introducing P.R.E.P. Optional: Poise, Rhythm, Execution, and Presentation, #9,40-41. (description of the new rO. alter-

native optional program) Maloney, C. Jr. Olympic optional requirements (effective August 1994). #8, 46 . Sands, W.A. PhYSical abilities profiles- 1993 National TOPs testing. #8, 15-20. (a presentation ofphysical abilities profiles across the three age groups from the results of the 1993 tests obtained from the national testing in Indianapolis) Selection Procedures: Final Women's Artistic Selection Procedures for the 1994 World Championships in Brisbane, AUS, April 1924,1994. # 1, 33. Selection Procedures: Women's 1994 Team World Championships: Dortmund, GER. #3, 46; and #5, 45. Selection Procedures: Women's 1995 Pan American Team. #3, 46; and#5,45. TECHNIQUE

1994 Index

Vault Table: USGF Junior Olympic Program. #3, 45. (revised Febru-

ary 1994)

A. 44

WOMEN-JUDGING Fie, J. Essence of remarks by the FIG/WTC President. #3, 34. (FIG Colloquium, November 1993, Alicante, Spain) FIG/USGF Elite Vault Table. #1, 38. (effective January 1, 1994) Modification for Women's Artistic Code of Points. #1, 40-41. Weber, S. Composition al trends from the 1994 Wor! d Championships- Brisbane. #6, 10. (vault, bars, beam, and floor exercise) Women's Code of Points: New or Revised Elements. #1,42. USA Gymnastics judges' fee struc ture. #8, 43-45. (judges responsibili-

ties, meet director responsibilities, considerations, travel, lodging, per diem, modifications, hourly fees, championship fee s, hourly rate chart) WOMEN-I'ECHNIQUE San ds, W.A. The german giant. #8, 22-23. Sands, W.A. Lowering to a back bend . #9, 8. USA GYMNASI'ICS ONLINEI (DELPHI' #1, 6. Claire, J. USA Gymnastics Online! a Delphi custom network.

(membership, rates, plans, getting started) #2,14-15. Claire, J. an d Whitlock, S. USA Gymnastics Online! - it's here! (getting online, signup process, paymen t plans, downloading,

some advice) #3,6-9. Evans, D. Welcome to USA Gynmastics Online! (overview of

USA Gymnastics Online! menus) #4,6-7. Claire, J. USA Gymnastics Online! computer information and communication. (discusses the forum area) #5, 9. Whitlock, S. and Claire, J. What is this "USA Gymnastics Online!" thing? (description of Delphi, telecommunications, how to

hook up, hints) #6, 5. Claire, ]. Data communications for first time users or the beginners' Bible to going online. (general description) #7, 5-6. Claire, ]. Hold your next meetin g on USA Gymnastics Online! (conference, groups, password only rooms, online protocol) #8, 5-6. Claire,]. Transferring files without pain. (uploading and

downloading files) #9,5-6. Claire,]. and Whitlock, S. Getting started in USA Gymnastics Onlin e! (signing on, email, forum, control characters)

USA GYMNASTICS MAGAZINE INDEX Volume 23, 1994 ADVERI'ISEMENI'S Alpha Factor and Reebok. #1-48;#2-48;#3 - 48; #4- 48;#5- 48;

#6 - 48. (apparel) Athletic Orthopedics & Knee Cen ter. #2- 41; $4-10; #6- 18. (book) Bradford Book Co. #6-39. (book) Brown's Gymnastics Houston. #6-35. California Academy of Rhythmic Gymnastics. #6- 42. Camps: 1994 China Gymnastics Camp. #1, 33. Brown's Gymnastics Camp. #2- 36. Houstonian Club. #3-34. International Gymnastics Training Camp. #l - (insert). Lake Owen. #1 - 4; #2-(insert).

National Academy of Artistic Gymnastics Camp. # 1-35; # 244;#3 - 39. National Gymnastics Summer Camps. #2-31; #3-38. Parkette Camp. #2- 43. Pozsar's Summer Camp. # 2- 30. Stanford Gynmastics Camps. #2- 8. Summer Camp Directory. #2- 18-19. (detailed listing of camps) Team USA Gymnastics Camp. # 1-22-23; # 2- 20. USA Gymnastics Training Centers. #6-33 . Woodward Gynmastics Camp. #l - (insert); #2 - 4. Cartwheels. #2-35; #4- 19; #5 - 21; #6- 19. (misc. merchandise) Christian Moreau. #1 - 28; #2- 46. (leotards/warm-ups) Classified Advertising. #1 - 43-44; #2- 42-43; #3 - 42-43; #4- 4243; #5 - 42-43; #6- 42-43. Competitions: 1994 Goodwill Games. #1-11; #2-11; #3- 10. McDonald's American Cup. #1 - 17. Congress: Nashville, Tenn . #3 - 18-20. Creative Images of Brevard, Inc. #1 - 33; #3 - 21; #5 - 37; #6- 4.

(T-shirts and gymnastics record book) Designs by Margarita. #1 - 34. (gymnastics pins) Elite Sportswear, L.P. #1 - 2-3; #2- 2-3; #3- 2-3; #4- 2-3; #5 - 23;#6-2-3. Equipment and more: American Athletic, Inc. #1 - 9; #2- 9; #3 -1 7; #4- 17; #5- 17; #6- 17. Gibson, Inc. #1 - 8; #2- 37; #3- 16; #$-16; #5-16; #6- 16. GMR.#3 - 42;#4- 10;#5- 39;#6- 32. Mancino & AmeriGrip. #1 - 32; #2- 20; #4-13; #5-10. Midwest Gym Supply, Inc. #6 - 14. Eskay, Inc. #3- 12. (sports and stress therapy book) Evergreen Industries, Inc. #5 - 19. (Christmas wreaths) Floor Express Music. #1 - 44;#2- 41;#3 - 42;#4- 29;#5-32;#6- 43. Foxy's Fitness Fashions. #5 - 39; #6- 18. (apparel) Frank Endo Co. #5 - 13; #6 - 20. (shoes) Fun & Fit Gymnastics. #5 - 20. (curriculum poster reward system) G.A. Deitch, Inc. #1 - 37; #2 - 42; #3- 36. (grips) Grip Rip Eliminator. #1 - 35; #2- 44#3 - 39. (grips) GS Su per Grips. #1 - 42; #3 - 10. Gym Trix. #6- 30. (various) Gymtastics! #1 - 15. (preschooljbeginner resource system) Hodges Badge Company, Inc. #3- 29; #4- 36; #5 - 32. International Gymnast magazin e. #1 - 31; #2- 33; #4- 33; #5-31; #6- 21 . LAS. #5 - 32. (miniature gym set) Laurel Canyon Productions. #6 - 37. (NBC highlight video) Nassar System. #1 - 31; #2- 33; #3- 31; #4- 33; #5 - 31; #6-31.

(ankle brace) P.LE. #6 - 36. (collector paintings) Palmer Power Springs. #3-31; #4- 32; #6-31 . Pegasus. #1 - 36; #2- 10; #3 - 15; #4-31; #5 - 38; #6 - 10. (shoes,

grips, etc.) Pirouette Posters. #5-25. (posters) Promats. #4- 10; #6-39. (mats) RBBrown Consulting Group. #1-29. Re-Vita. #1-10. (nutrition supplement) SGI, Inc. #5 - 27. (stationery products)

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

1994 Index

Sherwood Forest Farms. #2 -24. (profit with evergreens) Sports Jewelry, etc. #1-44;#2-41; #3 -29; #4-29;#5-39;#6-36. Sports Management Group. #3, 40. (clinics, shows) Sterling Sports. #1-7; #2-29; #3 - 29; #4 -29; #6-43. (gymnastics awards book) Tom Gilson. #1, 33. (display cases) USAG Merchandise: All Around Activewear and Rising Stars. #1-21; #2- 27-28; #3 - 4,7,37; #4-4, 7 ,27,37; #5 -4; #6 -12-14, 27-29, 41, 45. USA Gymnastics magazine. #1 - 30;#2-32;#3-30; #4-32; #530;#6-30. USAG Resources: Educational publications. #1 -13. Educational videotapes. #1 -12. USAG Three to Get Ready Videos. #5 -6; #6 -7. Valentines. #1-47; #2-47; #3 -47;#4-47;#5-47;#6-47. (apparel) Wilson College. #6-38. Yellow Rose Video Productions. #1 - 39. (instructional videos)

ANNOUNCfMfNI'S Broadcast schedule. #3, 29. Chicago Park District: 4th Almual Co-Rec Beach Meet. #3, 33. Club Gynmastics: a great club for gymnasts and fans. #2- 15;#3, 35; #4-11; #5 -11; #6-11. No tice to Membership. #2, 7. (member suspensions and terminations) Orange Bowl Gynmastics Invitational. #6, 32. Selection Procedures: Men's Winter Cup Challenge (1/27-28/95, Colorado Springs, CO); Pan American Games (3/4-19/95, Mar del Plata, ARG); U.S. Olympic Festival (7/21-30/95, Denver, CO) . #6, 29. Men's World Championships Team Selection: Dortmund, GER. #3,32. Rhythmic 1995 Pan American Games. #3, 38. Women's 1994 World Championships, Brisbane, AUS. # 1, 39. Women's 1994 Team World Championships: Dortmund, GER. #3,32. Women's 1995 Pan American Team. #3, 32. A I'HUl'f FfA I'URfS Amy Chow. #5, 28. Bill Roth. #5, 41. Callal1an Molnar, T. Maria Petrova: A league of her own. #1, 26-27. Caroline Hunt: Consistently at the top. #2, 17. Casey Bryan. #5, 44. Dominique Moceanu. #5, 40. Jaycie Phelps. #5, 28. JeIUue Thompson. #5, 27. Katie Teft: Teft talks. #4, 28. Kellee Davis. #5, 40. Kip Simons. #5, 45. Lori Fredrickson. #3, 45. Mike Morgan. #5, 45. Paul O'Neill: One of a kind. #4, 45. Peszek, L. Dominique Dawes: Dominique domination. #5, 26. Peszek, L. Drew Durbin: Rising star. #3, 25. Peszek, L. Holiday spirit: #6,26-27. Marissa Medal, Mike Dutka, JoshStein, Sarah Balogach, J.D. Reive, Lori Fredrickson; Parkettes, Dynamo Gyrrmastics, American Twisters. February 1995

#6, 40-41. Kristen Maloney, Kristi Lichey, Jeff Lutz, Tara Tagliarino, Domiluque Dawes, Lana Lashoff, Drew Durbin; Cincilmati Gymnastics Academy, Colorado Aerials, Flips Gynmastics, Gold Cup Gynmastics. #6,44-45. Mary Lee Tracey, Shalmon Miller, Kip Simons, Kelsi Kemper, Kara Fry, Mary Beth Arnold, Fred Turoff, Kellee Davis, Vanessa Vander Pluym, Amanda Borden. Peszek, L. Jelmie Thompson: Rising star. #3, 24. Peszek, L. Michelle Campi: Going for '96. #1, 24-25. Peszek, L. Mike Dutka: Starting a new chapter in Ius life. #6, 8-9. Peszek, L. Scott Keswick: Keswick grabs all-around title. #5, 41. Peszek, L. Svetlana Boguinskaia: Queen of perfection. #3, 40-41. Robinson, R. Bill Roth: Outrageous! #2, 27-28. Robinson, R. Bo Haun: Bo takes a break. #5, 18. Robinson, R. DOlU Thompson: Taking the road to Atlal1ta one step at a time. #5, 12. Robinson, R. Ivan Ivankov: Meet the champion. #4, 12. Robinson, R. Kristi Powell is all smiles. #6, 22-23. Robinson, R. Lauri Illy: Why start at the bottom? #4, 44. Robinson, R. Mariarma Webster : Marialma medals in Russia. #5, 36. Robinson, R. Mihai Bagiu: Vaulting to the top. #2, 12. Seiter, G. Chainey Umphrey: Powerful yet elegant. #1, 46. Shalmon Miller: Gynmastics legend . #4, 24-25. Steve McCain. #5, 44. Stigleman. A. Larissa Fontaine: Looking toward the future. #1, 20.

fVfNI' RfPORI'S AND RfSU1I'S 16th International Rhythmic Tournament, 4/2-3/94, Budapest, HUN. #4,34. 19th Annual Boys Invitational. 3/18-19/94, Allentown, PA. #6, 34. 22nd Hungarial1 International Gynmastics Competition, Budapest, HUN. #4,31. American Classic: World Championships Trials, 3/25-26/94, Orlal1do, Fla. #3, 26-27. Arthur Gander Memorial: Montreux, SUI. #1, 42. Artistic Worlds Championslups, 4/19/94, Brisbane, Australia. #4, 8-9 and 20-23. Budget Rent A Car Gynmastics Invitational, 6/10-11/94, Worcester, Mass. #5, 22-23. Callal1al1 Molnar, T. The XVIIIth Rhythmic Gynmastics World Championslups, 1994, Paris, FRA. #6, 24-25 Chunichi Cup (11/20-21/93) and Tokyo Cup (11/24/93). #2, 29. Coca-Cola National Gynmastics Championships, 8/94, Nashville, TN. #5, 29, 32. Corbeil-Essones International (RSG), 1994. #4, 34. Division I Men's NCAA Championslups, 1994, Lincoln, NE. #4, 39. Division I Women's NCAA Championships, 1994, Salt Lake City, UT.#4,38. Division III Women's NCAA Championslups, 1994. #4, 39. Dobransky, J. Golden Sands Invitational, 9/10-11/94: Van1a, BUL. #6, 34. Dobransky, J. World Gynmastics Challenge, Toronto, CAN. #1,40. Hamilton, C. South African Cu p. #1, 40. International Mixed Pairs, 8/8/94, West Palm Beach, Fla . #3, 28. International RhythmiC Tournament of Portimao, 4/8-10/94, Portugal. #4, 34. International Rhytlunic Tournament, 4/8-10/94, Venissieux, FRA. #4,34. International Tournament of Junior Women's Gymnastics, BEL. #1,41. TECHNIQ UE

t't

.A 4S

1994 Index

Joaquim Blume Memorial, 12/4/93, Barcelona, Spain. #2, 30. Junior Pacific Alliance, Canaberra, AUS. #2, 30. Junior Pan American Gymnastics Cup, 9/94, Monterrey, MEX. #6, 34. Litva, R. USA wins team gold in Four Continents Championships, 6/9-12/94, Seoul, KOR. #5, 35. Men's Junior Olympic National Team. #1, 40. Men's Gymnastics Collegiate National Championships, 1994, Denton, TX. #4, 39. Men's Junior Olympic National Championships, 5/6-8/94, Augusta, GA. #5, 34. National HighSchool Championships, 1994, Marquette, MI. #5, 35. Nikon International: Sydney, AUS. # 1, 41. Olympic Development Program Evaluation, 1994. #6, 36. Peszek, L. McDonald's American Cup, 3/4-5/94, Orlando, Fla. #3, 8-9,22-23. Reese's World Gymnastics Cup, 1/23/94, Baltimore, MD. #2, 22-24. Rhythmic Challenge, 2/11-12/94, Colorado Springs, CO. #2, 16-17. Rhythmic Junior Olympic Championships (1994). #5, 35. Robinson, R. Goodwill Games, 7/23-8/7/94, St. Petersburg, RUS. #5,24-25. Robinson, R. Levinson and Lacuesta Leap to the Top. Rhythmic National Championships, 5/5-7/94, Nassau County, N.Y. #4, 40-41 . Robinson, R. Road to Atlanta: U.S. Olympic Festival, 7/1-10/95, St. Louis, MO. #5, 8-9. Robinson, R. U.s. rhythmic team captures second place at 1994 Opal Cup. #3,46. Swiss Cup: St. Gallen, SWI. # 1, 42. USA Gymnastics National Invitational Tournament, 4/16/94, Cape Girardeau, MO. #4, 35. USA sweeps team competition at Hilton Challenge. #4, 26-27 and 29. Winter Cup Challenge, 3/4-5/94, Colorado Springs, CO. #2, 13-14. Women's Junior Olympic Level 10 Nationals, Junior Division,S /68/94, Seattle, WA. #4, 36. Women's Junior Olympic Level 10 Nationals, Senior Division, 5/ 13-15/94, Seattle, WA. #4, 35. Women's USA Gymnastics Collegiate National Championships, 1994, Denton, TX. #4, 38. World Championships of Rhythmic Gymnastics. #1, 42. fEAJ'URES Ask Mary Lou: Retton,MaryLou.#1-8;#2-8; #3 -10;#4-10;#5-10;#610. Body Balance: Benardot, D. Eating away from home. #1, 10. (nutrition) Benardot, D. Iron-Critical to working muscles. #2, 10. Benardot, D. and Miller, K. Fluids/Hydration. #3, 16. Benardot, D. and Miller, K. After-exercise replenishment. #4, 13. Benardot, D. Calcium- what you need to keep your bones strong! #5, 13. Dusserre, M. Happy holiday meals. #6, 13. Editorials: Knapp, S. Endings and beginnings. #1, 6-7. Knapp, S. Club Gymnastics. #2, 6-7. Knapp, S. Welcome Kathy. #3, 6. Knapp, S. Hard work. #4-6.

Scanlan, K. Planning is the key to success. #5, 6. Scanlan, K. Inside USA Gymnastics. #6, 6. Event Schedule: #2-20; #3-34; #4-19;#5-19; #6-19. Faces in the Gym: #1-30-31; #2- 32-33; #3 - 30-31; #4- 32-33; #5 30-31; #6- 30-31. Reebok Coaching Corner: Payne, M. Conditioning for a glide kip. #1, 45. Knoll, T. The balance beam body wave. #2, 45-46. Dimas, T. Strength on rings. #3, 44. Standriff, K. Shoulder strength made fun and easy. #4, 46. Yakhimovich, C. Leg extension. #5, 46. Morreale, A. Cast handstand on bars. #6, 46. Updates: #1,38. (Sally Ward; Wendy Hilliard; Shannon Miller; Dominick Minicucci) #2,34. (How many people watch gymnastics?; Dee Foster; Goodwill Games Team; Team World Championships format) #2, 38-39. (Rhythmic International Exchange; Bud Wilkinson; USOC Sportsman & Sports woman of the year; Dominique Dawes; USA Gymnastics Online!; John Roethlisberger; Shannon Miller) #3, 13. (Jarrod Hanks; Ron Galimore; Sudafed grant; Boston selected) #4,14. (RSG academic team; Connie Israel; Chari Knight; Hall of Fame) #4, 18. (Michelle Campi; Dan Millman) #5,14-15. (ODP camp; Sudafed travel grant; Dominique Dawes; Christy Henrich; eating disorders) #6,20. (Romanian team; Scott Keswick; camp issue) When I Grow Up: #4, 30. (Career as Gymnastics Commentator: interview with Bart Connor and Kathy Johnson) You've Come a Long Way Baby: #6, 8. Zmeskal Chalk Talk: Zmeskal, K. #1 - 37; # 2-37; #3 - 36; #4-16; #5- 16; #6- 16.

GENERAL INURESI' ARJ'IeLES American School of Gymnastics Spirits Team. The twelve days of Christmas for a gymnast! #6, 14. Baughman, S. Gymnasts turning flips over new Olympic Training Center facilities. #1, 14-15. Bejin, J. 'Tiz the season for a word find . #6, 15. Boys age 10-11 Olympic Development Program national ranking. #1,16. Callahan Molnar, T. The U.S. (RSG) teams up in Alicante. #1, 27-28. Campbell, N. and Whitlock, S. Magic moments: 1993 Gymnaestrada report. # 1, 18-19. Campbell, N. The USA Gymnastics Rhytlunic Group. #5, 20, 38-39. Dreams can come true. #4, 15. Edward's, P. 'Twas the night before the holiday meet. #6, 15. Gallahue Lee, Jennifer. USA Gymnastics Congress and Ceremony of Honors. #5, 33. Hauser, M. Every moment is precious. #3, 14-15. (report on Kerry Huston) McIntyre, D. 1994 Junior National Team. #6, 18. Peszek, L. Positive outlook on the men's team. #6, 39. Peszek, L. Preview of the 1994 Team World Championships. #6, 38. Peszek, L. The sacrifices one makes. #2, 25-26. TOPs Stars. #1, 33. (athletes qualified to the January 1993 training camp)

February 1995 TECHNIQUE

Calendar Date

Days Discipline

Event

Location

Contact

Phone .

FEBRUARY 11 2 R 16 3 W 17 1 MWR 24 3 MW 26 1 MWR TBA 1 MWR

Rhythmic Chollenge/ Pon Am Triols Pon Am Gomes Triols/ Americon Clossic Sofety Certificotion (6:00- 9:00 p.m.) Gymcorolino Clossic Sofety Certificotion (12:00-4:00 p.m.) Sofety Certificotion (Time: TBA)

Colorodo Springs, CO Ooklond, CA High Point, NC Roleigh, NC NewBerlin, WI Edino, MN

Noro Compbell Kothy Kelly Don Dovis Borboro Blidden Heother Kinne Scali Goy

317-237-5050 317-237-5050 919- 834-9380 919-B4B-79B8 414-789-6885 612-920-5342

MARCH 2&4 2 4 1 4 16 4 1 1 5 5 1 8 4 8 1 1 10 11 1 1 12 18 1 18 1 19 1 1 24 25 1 25 2

MW MW MWR MWR MWR MW MWR MWR MWR MW MWR MW MWR MWR MWR MWR M

McDonold's Americon Cup Broodcost McDonold's Americon Cup Pon Americon Gomes Sofety Certificotion (TBA) Sofety Certificotion (TBA) Internotionol Mixed Poirs Internotionol Messe Cup Sofety Certificotion (TBA) Sofety Certificotion (5:30-9:30 p.m.) Broodcost Reeses' Internotionol Gymnostics Cup Sofety Certificotion (9:00 0.m.-5:00 p.m.) Broodcostln!'1 Mixed Poirs Sofety Certilicotion (5:00-9:00 p.m.) Sofety Certificotion (8:00-11:00 o.m.) Sofety Certificotion (9:00 0.m.-12:30 p.m.) Sofety Certificotion (1 :00-5:30 p.m.) Peter Vidmor Internotionollnvitotionol

Seollle, WA NBC/Live 4-6pm EST Mor del Ploto, ARG Houston, TX Son Antonio, TX Seollle, WA Honnover, GER Edino, MN Sumter, SC ABC/4:30-6pm EST Rockowwoy, NJ NBC/TBA Ropid City, SD N. Myrtle Beoch, SC Indionopolis, IN Northboro, MA los Angeles, CA

John Kirchner Mktg. Assistont Golimore/ Kelly/Compbell Russ Word Russ Word John Kirchner Golimore/ Kelly/ Compbell Scali Goy Kim Domogolski Mktg. Assistont Co thy Finkel Mktg. Assistont Bill Allen Billy Bob Toylor Tino Sunier Steve DiTullio Heinz Schulemeisper

317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 713-444-6569 713-444-6569 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 612-920-5342 803-452-6525 317-237-5050 201-5B6-1808 317-237-5050 605-341-5914 304-344- 3279 317-237-5050 508-263-9306 310-450-2555

APRIL 8 B 9 10 11 15 20 20 22 27 29 29

1 1 1 1 5 1 3 3 2 2 1 1

W M MWR MWR MW W W M W MW MWR W

NCAA Regionol Meets NCAA Regionol Meets Sofety Certificotion (1 :00 p.m.-5:30 p.m.) Sofety Certificotion (9:00 0.m.-2:00 p.m.) USA Gymnostics Collegiote Chompionships USA Gymnostics Not'llnvitotionol Tournoment NCAA Notionol Chompionships NCAA Notionol Chompionships level 10 Regionols VISA Chollenge Sofety Certilicotion (New:I-5:00 p.m./Renew: 2-5:00 p.m.) Broodcost VISA Chollenge

Vorious Sites Vorious Sites TBA Penfield, NY Denton, TX Cope Girordeou, MO Athens, GA Columbus, OH Vorious Sites Foirfox, VA TBA ABC/4:30-6:00 pm EST

Kothy Kelly Ron Golimore Betsy Sprogue Soroh Jone Clifford Golimore/ Kelly Kothy Kelly Kothy Kelly Ron Golimore Kothy Kelly John Kirchner Christine Colvert Mktg. Assistont

317-237-5050 317-237-5050 303-750-9821 716-388-8686 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 404-377-0241 317-237-5050

MAY 5 7 11 11 13 14 18 20

3 1 4 4 2 1 4 2

R MWR M W R MWR W R

J.O. Notionols Sofety Certificotion (9:00 o.m.-l :00 P.M.) J.O. Notionols J.O. Notionols JR Western Rhythmic Open Sofety Certificotion (9:00 o.m.-l :00 p.m.) J.O. Notionols SR Eostern Rhythmic Open

Atlonto, GA Augusto, GA Ooklond, CA W.Polm Beoch, Fl Downers Grove, Il Augusto, GA Lincoln, NE TBA

Noro Compbell Mike Goodoll Ron Golimore Kothy Kelly Noro Compbell Mike Goodoll Kothy Kelly Noro Compbell

317-237-5050 706-736-1073 317-237- 5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 706-736-1073 317-237-5050 317-237-5050

JUNE 2 9 9 17 TBA

1 3 3 2 1

MWR R W MW MWR

Sofety Certificotion (1 :00-5:00 p.m.) USAG Rhythmic Notionol Chompionships Elite Regionols Budget Rent ACor Gymnostics Invitotionol Sofety Certilicotion (1 :00-5:00 p.m.)

Sumter, SC TBA Vorious sites Son Jose, CA Akron/ Clevelond, OH

Kim Domogolski John Kirchner Kothy Kelly John Kirschner Kim Domogolski

803-773-1404 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 803-773- 1404

JULY 1 1 7 8 9 10 20

2 9 2 1 7 1 11

W MWR W MWR MWR MWR MWR

Elite Regionols Speciol Olympics World Summer Gomes Notionol Elite Gymnostics Festivol Sofety Certificotion (9:00 0.m.-2:00 p.m.) Tenth World Gymnoestrodo Sofety Certificotion (9:00 0.m.-12:30 p.m.) U.s. Olympic Festivol

Vorious sites New Hoven, CT TBA Sonto Borboro, CA Berlin, GER Sovonnoho, GA Denver, CO

Kothy Kelly

317-237-5050

Kothy Kelly Michoel Toylor Steve Whitlock Kim Domogolski Golimore/ Kelly/ Compbell

317-237-5050 415-858-3480 317-237-5050 803-773-1404 317-237- 5050

' tentotive Februa ry 1995

TECHNIQUE

., I

Non-profit Organization U.s. Postage PAID Permit No. 7867 Indianapolis, I

SAFETY CERTIFICATION COURSES FEBRUARY 17

High Point, N( 6:00-9:00 p.m. High Point Gymnastics 3530 NMain St. (ourse Dir: Don Davis (9191 834-9380 locol (ontoc\: Rob Trovers (9101869-3589 New Berlin, WI 12:00-4:00 p.m. M& MGymnastics 16850 W.Victor Rd, 53151 (ourse Dir: Heather Kinne (41417B9-6885

94 Jacobs Rd., 07866 (ourse Dir.: (othy Finkel (201)586-1808 18

MARCH 4

Houston, TX T8A (ourse Dir: Russ Word (7131 444-6595

Son Antonio, TX T8A (ourse Dir: Russ Word (7131444-6595

Edina, MN Time: T8A TAGS Edina, 5201 Eden (ircle, 55436 (ourse Dir: Scott Goy (6121920-5342

Sumter, S( 5:30- 9:30 p.m. Sumter YM(A, 50 Willow Dr., 29150 (ourse Dir: Kim Domagalski (8031773-1404

Rockaway, NJ Registration 8:45a.m. 9:00 0.m.-5:00 p.m. Princeton YW(A

Rapid City, SD 5:00-9:00 p.m. Just Jymnostics 2830 W.Omaha SI., 57702 (ourse Dir: Bill Allen (6051341-5914 local (ontoct: (6051341-5914 North Myrtle Beach, South (arolino 8:00-11 :00 a.m. N. Myrtle Beach Gymnastics and More 523 Highway 17 North 29582 (ourse Dir: 8illy Bob Taylor (3041344-3279 locol (ontoc\: louie liguori (8031249-5867 Tommy Aronson (8031249-5867

Indianapolis, In 9:00 0.m.-12:30 p.m. USA Gymnastics . Pan Am PlaIa, 201 S. (opitol Ave. Suite 300, 46225 (ourse Dir: Steve Whitlock (317) 237-5050 locol (on tact: Tina Sunier (317)237-5050

Northboro, MA 1:00- 5:30 p.m. (entrol Moss Gymnastics (enter 50 Beorfoot Rood, 01532 (ourse Dir: Steve DiTullio (5081263-9306 local (ontoct: Kathy Ostberg (5081393-3326

TBA Akron, OH 1:00-5:00 p.m. location: TBA (ourse Dir: Kim Domagalski (8031773-1404

APRIL 9

Site: TBA 1:00-5:30 p.m. (ourse Dir.: 8etsy Sprogue (3031750-9821 , (3031750-3356

Penfield, NY 9:00 0.m.-2:00 p.m. Gymnastics Training (enter of Rochester 2051 Fairport Nine Mile Point Rood, 14526 (ourse Dir: Sarah Jane (lifford (7161388-8686 (7161381-8840

JULY

locotion: TBA 1:00- 5:00 p.m. New certification 2:00- 5:00 p.m. Renewal (ourse Dir.: (hristine (olvert (4041377-0241

MAY 14

Augusto, GA 9:00 o.m.-l :00 p.m. Augusto YW(A Main (omplex, 3532 Wheeler Rd (ourse Dir: Mike Goodale (7061736-1073 locol (ontoc\: Koren Daughtry (7061 738-667B

: Course Location:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date:_ _ _ __

I Organization Represented:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I If USA Gymnas tics Member, Lis t Type and N umber_ _ _ _ _ _ __ I Form of Payment: o Check o Visa o Mastercard : Na me on Card: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Sovonnoho, GA 9:00 0.m.-12:30 p.m. Sovonnoho (oostol Georgia YM(A (ourse Dir: Kim Domagalski (8031773-1404

Decatur, GA 1:00-5:00 p.m. New / 2:00-5:00 Renewal Decotur DeKolb YM(A 1100 (loire mont Ave. (ourse Dir.: (hristine (olvert (4041377-0241

New York, NY 11 :00 0.m.- 3:30 p.m. Sutton Gymnastics 20 (ooper Square (7th Floorl, 10003 (ourse Dir.: Joan Hicks (2031924-8666 local (onloct: Joanne Sotres (2121533-9390

Sumter, S( 1:00-5:00 p.m. 50 Willow Drive, 29150 (ourse Dir.: Kim Domagalski (8031773-1404

1---------I Participation Registration Form II Na me: Mr./Mrs./Ms. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I Soc. Sec. # :_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Birthdate:_ _ _ _ __ I Ad dress: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I City: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _S, tate: _ _ _ _Zip _ _ __ II Telephone: (H) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (W) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I Course Director:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __

Santo Barbaro, CA 9:00 0.m-2:00 p.m. University of (olifornio (ourse Dir: Michael Taylor (4151858-3480 loco I(on tact: Mike Jacobson (407) 743-8550

OCTOBER

JUNE 2

Please make checks payable in full to USA Gymnastics Safety Certification Mail Registration Form and Payment to: USA Gymnastics Safety, Pan American Plaza, Suite 300,201 S. Capitol, Indianapolis, IN 46225

DO NOT WRITE BELOW THIS LINE . FOR O FFICE USE ONLY

A ll co ur ses are 3rd Cy cle courses. All materials (including the new Safety Handbook) for 3rd Cycle courses are provided at the course and are part of the course fee. Certification is good for four years. The course/ examina tion is $100. USA Gymnas tics Professional Members and recertification is $75. Retes t costis$25. For groups of a t least 10, contact the USA Gymnas tics Department ofEd uca tionaJ Services and Safety. To achieve Safety Certification, the participant must be a t least 18 years of age a t the time of the course.

Registration Form Received:

Confirmation Mailed:

I Nu nlber: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I Expiration Da te: Signature:

T295 L ______________________________

"IHA GYMNASTICS