USC Healthy Minds Study Data Report: Spring 2018 - Fall 2020 by uscwellbeingcollective

FOR RELEASE August 2021

University of Southern California The Healthy Minds Study Data Report from Spring 2018 – Fall 2020 FOR INQUIRIES: USC Well-being Collective Paula Swinford, Director, Office for Health Promotion Strategy Prawit (Wit) Thainiyom, Associate Director - Data & Metrics

Contact: USC Student Health - Office for Health Promotion Strategy hpstrategy@usc.edu | uscwellbeingcollective.usc.edu

RECOMMENDED CITATION: USC Well-being Collective, May 2021, “University of Southern California: The Healthy Minds Study, Data Report from Spring 2018 – Fall 2020.”

DISCLAIMER: This report follows the template from the Fall 2020 Aggregate Data Report of the National Healthy Minds Study (N = 32,754 from 36 institutions across North America, including USC). USC data from this report can be used to compare with the national report. The current report is designed for USC Student Health professionals in Psychiatry and Behavioral Health.

ABOUT THE HEALTHY MINDS STUDY (HMS)

Study Team at the University of Michigan Principal Investigators:

Daniel Eisenberg, PhD, Sarah Ketchen Lipson, EdM, PhD, and Justin Heinze, PhD

Co-investigator:

Sasha Zhou, PhD, MPH, MHSA

Project Managers:

Amber Talaski, MPH & Akilah Patterson, MPH

Report Team at the University of Southern California Research Lead:

Prawit (Wit) Thainiyom, PhD

Research Assistant:

Alejandra Barreto, BS/MPH student

Report Design:

Oliver Tacto, DSW, MSW, MPH

Report Editor:

Diane Medsker, BA

TABLE OF CONTENTS STUDY PURPOSE

STUDY DESIGN

ABOUT THIS REPORT

KEY FINDINGS

SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS

PREVALENCE OF MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS

HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND LIFESTYLE

ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS ABOUT MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES

USE OF SERVICES

EXPERIENCES OF VIOLENCE

REFERENCES

STUDY PURPOSE The Healthy Minds Study provides a detailed picture of mental health and related issues in college student populations. Schools typically use their data for some combination of the following purposes: to identify needs and priorities; benchmark against peer institutions; evaluate programs and policies; plan for services and programs; and advocate for resources.

STUDY DESIGN The Healthy Minds Study is designed to protect the privacy and confidentiality of participants. HMS is approved by the Health Sciences and Behavioral Sciences Institutional Review Board at University of Michigan. To further protect respondent privacy, the study is covered by a Certificate of Confidentiality from the National Institutes of Health.

Sampling Each participating school provides the HMS team with a randomly selected sample of currently enrolled students over the age of 18. University of Southern California provides the HMS team with the following samples for the Spring 2018 and Fall 2020’s administration: Spring 2018 Sample

Fall 2020 Sample

Undergraduate students (random sampling)

4,000

12,569

Graduate students at the University Park Campus (random sampling)

4,000

9,559

Graduate students at the Health Sciences Campus (census population)

3,897

3,499

Graduate students in an online program (random sampling)

4,000

4,373

Total Sample

15,897

30,000

Degree Level and Campus Locations

Data Collection HMS is a web-based survey. A cross-sectional sample of USC students were invited and reminded to participate in the survey via emails from March 19, 2018 – April 16, 2018 for Spring 2018 and from September 28, 2020 – November 9, 2020 for Fall 2020. The data collection protocol begins with an email invitation, and non-responders are contacted up to three times by email reminders spaced by 2-4 days each. Reminders are only sent to those who have not yet completed the survey. Each communication contains a URL that students use to gain access to the survey. At the end of the data collection, 4,543 out of 15,897 students from Spring 2018 (28.6% response rate) and 5,994 out of 30,000 students from Fall 2020 (20% response rate) responded to the survey.

Data Weighting A potential concern in any survey study is that those who respond to the survey will not be fully representative of the population from which they are drawn. In the HMS, we can be confident that those who are invited to fill out the survey are representative of the full student population because these students are either randomly selected from the full list of currently enrolled students (for undergraduates, graduate students at UPC and graduate students in an online program) or the entire student population were invited to the study (graduate students at the HSC). However, it is still possible that those who complete the survey are different in important ways from those who do not complete the survey. The overall participation rates for the Spring 2018 and Fall 2020 study were 28.6% and 20.0% respectively. It is important to raise the question of whether the people who participated are different in important ways from the people who did not participate. We address this issue by using the raking procedure to weight the data based on administrative records on the census student populations. The analysis of these administrative data, separated from any identifying information, was approved in the IRB application at Advarra and at each participating school. We used the following variables in the raking procedure: race/ethnicity, sex, degree level and campus location (for Spring 2018 and Fall 2020 datasets) with the addition of transfer status and academic unit for the Fall 2020 dataset. We used these demographic variables to create proportion of students that match each demographic category from the census data, and then assigned weights to each student who completed the survey. Students from demographic groups that were less likely to complete the survey were given larger weights in the analysis. For example, in the Fall 2020 dataset, 40.3% of survey responses came from undergraduate students while 43.4% of students who enrolled at USC were undergraduates. After the raking procedure, proportion of undergraduate students increases from 40.3% in the unweighted sample to 43.4% in the weighted sample, such that the weighted sample is now more representative (in terms of proportion of students from each degree level & program location) to the student census population.

Table 1: Unweighted and Weighted Sample Characteristics from Spring 2018 and Fall 2020 Spring 2018 Unweighted Sample (N = 4,560)

Fall 2020 Sample1

Weighted (N = 4,543)

Unweighted Sample (N = 5,994)

Weighted Sample (N = 5,994)

American Indian/Alaska Native

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.2

Asian

891

19.5

753

16.6

1,235

20.6

1,125

18.8

Black

277

6.1

288

6.3

274

4.6

335

5.6

Hispanic

464

10.2

691

15.2

1,019

17.0

916

15.3

International/Non-resident

856

18.8

996

21.9

1,159

19.3

1,317

22.0

Race/Ethnicity

Pacific Islander

0.4

0.2

0.3

Two or more

475

10.4

154

3.4

255

4.3

240

4.0

Unknown

139

3.0

157

3.4

275

4.6

246

4.1

1,428

31.3

1,488

32.8

1,752

29.2

1,784

29.8

Female

3,028

66.4

2,499

55.0

4,050

67.6

3,237

54.0

Male

1,531

33.6

2,044

45.0

1,944

32.4

2,757

46.0

White Sex

Degree Level & Campus Location Undergraduate Students at UPC (UG)

984

21.6

1,795

39.5

2,413

40.3

2,601

43.4

Graduate students at HSC (G-HSC)

1,177

25.8

332

7.3

779

13.0

468

7.8

Graduate students at UPC (G-UPC)

1,272

27.9

1,920

42.3

1,957

32.6

2,008

33.5

Graduate students in an online program (G-Online)

1,037

22.7

496

10.9

845

14.1

917

15.3

Undergraduate Year 1

258

5.7

466

10.3

630

10.5

527

8.8

Undergraduate Year 2

205

4.5

400

8.8

491

8.2

521

8.7

Undergraduate Year 3

237

5.2

428

9.4

625

10.4

737

12.3

Degree Level

Undergraduate Year 4+

246

5.4

471

10.4

667

11.1

817

13.6

2,237

49.1

2,174

47.9

2,221

37.1

2,281

38.1

Professional Doctorate

564

12.4

296

6.5

598

10.0

485

8.1

Doctoral Research and Other

706

15.5

277

6.1

762

12.7

626

10.4

Transfer students

394

6.6

545

9.1

Non-transfer students

1,457

24.3

1,600

26.7

Master’s Degree

Transfer Status

Weighted proportion of students in each demographic category are provided from the student roster datasets from the USC Office of Institutional Records

Unknown

4,143

69.1

3,848

64.2

Annenberg School for Communication

286

4.8

304

5.1

Bovard College

1.4

108

1.8

Dornsife Humanities and Other

223

3.7

223

3.7

Dornsife Natural Sciences and Mathematics

516

8.6

459

7.7

Dornsife Social Sciences

508

8.5

517

8.6

Dual Degree

0.3

Glorya Kaufman School of Dance

0.1

0.2

Gould School of Law

140

2.3

138

2.3

Iovine and Young Academy

0.5

0.7

Keck School of Medicine

522

8.7

343

5.7

Leonard Davis School of Gerontology

1.2

0.9

Leventhal School of Accounting

1.1

1.5

Marshall School of Business

587

9.8

829

13.8

Ostrow School of Dentistry

Academic Unit

1.4

1.3

Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy

1.3

1.1

Chan - Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy

172

2.9

1.5

Provost

0.4

Roski School of Fine Arts

0.6

Rossier School of Education

416

6.9

351

5.9

School of Architecture

1.3

1.4

School of Cinematic Arts

197

3.3

201

3.4

School of Dramatic Arts

1.3

School of Pharmacy

194

3.2

119

School of Social Work

300

245

4.1

Sol Price School of Public Policy

227

3.8

241

Thornton School of Music

120

2.0

125

2.1

Viterbi School of Engineering

941

15.7

1,130

18.8

ABOUT THIS REPORT This data report provides descriptive statistics in percentages from the sample of respondents at the University of Southern California for a set of key measures. Most measures come from the standard survey modules in the Healthy Minds Survey that are administered on all participating institutions. The results section include:       

Key Findings Sample Characteristics Prevalence of Mental Health Problems Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Attitudes and Beliefs about Mental Health Services Utilization of Services and Help-Seeking Behaviors Experiences of Violence

For each measure, the data tables and figures in this report display the following information: the aggregate estimated values from Spring 2018 and Fall 2020 for the total sample, UG sample, G-UPC sample, G-HSC sample, and G-Online sample. All values have been weighted to be representative of the full student populations to which they refer (see Data Weighting). Also note that for some measures, respondents were allowed to check more than one response category (e.g., they might have gone to more than one type of provider for mental health services), so the percentages sometimes add up to more than 100% across response categories. The table below provides the number of students from the USC census population, the number of students who were invited to participate in the survey, unweighted responses, survey response rates, weighted responses and corresponding margin of errors at 95% confidence interval for each student sample.

Table 2: Number of survey respondents, survey response rates, and margin of error at 95% confidence interval Total

G-UPC

Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring 2018 2020 2018 2020 2018

Fall 2020

G-HSC

G-Online

Spring 2018

Fall 2020

Spring 2018

Fall 2020

Number of students from the USC census population

47,364 44,981 18,282 19,521 20,027 15,074

3,897

3,499

5,158

6,887

Number of students invited to participate in the survey

15,897 30,000 4,000 12,569 4,000

9,559

3,897

3,499

4,000

4,373

Unweighted sample

4,560

5,994

984

2,413

1,272

1,957

1,177

779

1,037

845

Survey response rates (%)

28.6

20.0

24.6

19.2

31.8

20.5

30.2

22.3

25.9

19.3

Weighted sample

4,543

5,994

1,795

2,601

1,920

2,008

332

468

496

917

Margin of error at 95% CI

±1.4

±1.2

±3.0

±1.9

±2.7

±2.1

±2.4

±3.1

±2.7

±3.2

The margin of error at 95% confidence interval gives a sense of how much uncertainty there is about each estimated value. This uncertainty exists because our estimates are based only on a random sample of students, rather than a complete census of the student population. Essentially, the margin of error tells us that there is a 95% probability that the true population value is within this particular range. Readers can use the margin of error to determine if there is a 95% or higher statistical probability that a value from a particular student population (UG, G-UPC, G-HSC or G-Online) from Fall 2020 is higher or lower than the value of the same student population from Spring 2018. For example, the survey results show that 22.2% of UG student sample from Fall 2020 (margin of error of ±1.9% = a range of 20.3% - 24.1%) had severe depression from the PHQ-9 screener. In comparison, 15.8% of UG student sample from Spring 2018 (margin of error of ±3.0% = a range of 12.8% - 18.8%) had severe depression. Since the range of values from Spring 2018 and from Fall 2020 do not overlap, we can conclude with 95% confidence that a higher proportion of UG student population from the Fall 2020 had severe depression when compared to the UG student population from Spring 2018. Throughout this report, * refers to values of the student populations from 2020 that are different (higher or lower) when compared to the values of the same student populations in 2018 (no overlap in the range of values based on their margin of error at 95% confidence interval). This report also follows the template from the Fall 2020 Aggregate Data Report of the National Healthy Minds Study (N = 32,754 from 36 institutions across North America, including USC). USC data from this report can be used to compare with the national report.

KEY FINDINGS This section offers a quick look at results from key survey measures. Table 3: Changes of the estimated values of selected measures from 2018 and 2020 Total UG (%) (%) 2018 2020 2018 2020

G-UPC (%) 2018 2020

G-HSC (%) 2018 2020

G-Online (%) 2018 2020

Margin of error at 95% CI

(±1.4)

(±1.2)

(±3.0)

(±1.9)

(±2.7)

(±2.1)

(±2.4)

(±3.1)

(±2.7)

(±3.2)

Severe depression (positive PHQ-9 screen) Depression overall, including severe and moderate (positive PHQ-9 screen) Anxiety disorder (positive GAD-7 screen)

11.7*

16.6

15.8*

22.2

9.0

13.0

6.5

9.4

11.1

12.9

27.7*

36.3

35.5*

45.2

23.3*

30.6

16.4*

26.2

23.8

29.2

23.9*

30.9

28.0*

37.3

21.1

25.6

17.1

22.5

23.9

28.9

Eating disorder (positive SCOFF screen)

24.3

26.3

25.9

28.9

23.8

24.5

18.4*

24.0

24.4

Suicidal ideation (past year)

8.7

8.0

11.8

11.1

6.9

5.7

5.8

5.6

6.6

6.1

32.9*

37.7

33.6

37.3

30.7*

36.1

32.7

34.0

38.1

43.8

Psychiatric medication (past year)

17.9

19.8

18.0

18.2

15.0

18.7

22.0

20.8

24.4

25.8

Mental health therapy/counseling (past year) Any mental health therapy/counseling and/or psychiatric medication among students with moderate to severe depression or anxiety screens (past year)2 Personal stigma: agrees with "I would think less of someone who has received mental health treatment." Perceived public stigma: agrees with "Most people would think less of someone who has received mental health treatment."

23.6*

30.0

25.2

29.7

20.4*

28.0

27.9

30.9

26.2*

34.6

38.9*

31.2

39.6*

24.3

35.0

38.0

45.1

25.1

45.7

46.7

8.0

9.1

7.1

6.9

9.8*

15.7

5.7

8.1

7.1

4.4

47.1*

52.5

40.6

49.6

50.0*

56.2

46.1*

54.6

58.8*

51.2

Lifetime diagnoses of mental disorders

*refer to values from the student population in 2020 that are different when compared to the values from the same student group in 2018 based on the margin of error at 95% CI. refers to values from the student population in 2020 that are higher when compared to the values from the same student group in 2018 based on the margin of error at 95% CI. refers to values from the student population in 2020 that are lower when compared to the values from the same student group in 2018 based on the margin of error at 95% CI.

This variable has the following margin of error at 95% CI since they are calculated only among students with moderate to severe depression or anxiety: 2018: Total ±2.6%, UG ±3.8%, G-UPC ±4.4, G-HSC ±12.1 and G-Online ±8.1 | 2020: Total ±2.7%, UG ±3.5%, G-UPC ±5.2, G-HSC ±10.6 and G-Online ±8.4

SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS Table 4.1: Sample Characteristics from Fall 2020 Total (N = 5,994)

UG (n = 2,601)

G-UPC (n = 2,008)

G-HSC (n = 468)

G-Online (n = 917)

434

7.2

183

7.0

4.6

5.3

133

14.5

- African

1.2

1.4

0.9

1.7

1.0

- African American

319

5.3

141

5.4

3.1

3.8

10.8

- African Caribbean

0.9

1.0

0.6

1.5

- Afro-Latinx

0.6

0.5

0.4

1.2

- Other

0.5

0.3

0.0

0.9

1.4

0.8

0.5

0.6

0.9

1.7

Race/Ethnicity of Domestic Students African American/Black

American Indian or Alaskan Native Asian American/Asian

1,380

23.0

796

30.6

236

11.8

193

41.2

154

16.8

- East Asian

927

15.5

545

21.0

168

8.4

121

25.9

10.1

- Southeast Asian

190

3.2

115

4.4

1.3

7.3

1.7

- South Asian

201

3.4

119

4.6

1.6

5.3

2.6

- Filipinx

116

1.9

2.2

0.7

4.5

2.5

- Other

0.3

0.6

0.1

0.4

Latinx/Hispanic

905

15.1

389

15.0

196

9.8

13.0

259

28.2

- Mexican/Mexican American

615

10.3

255

9.8

136

6.8

10.3

177

19.3

- Central American

137

2.3

2.1

1.6

2.6

4.3

- South American

110

1.8

2.6

0.8

0.9

2.3

- Caribbean

1.0

0.9

0.7

0.4

2.2

- Other

1.0

0.9

0.7

1.1

1.6

Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

1.2

1.6

0.5

2.1

1.0

Middle Eastern, Arab, or Arab American

198

3.3

105

4.0

2.6

4.5

2.1

Mixed

637

13.8

362

13.9

138

6.9

10.5

9.7

White

2,231

37.2

1,153

44.3

566

28.2

147

31.4

358

39.0

1.5

1.6

0.9

1.1

2.5

1,058

17.7

209

8.0

796

39.6

9.8

0.8

- East Asian

729

12.2

167

6.4

522

26.0

7.5

0.5

- Southeast Asian

0.7

1.0

0.8

0.2

0.1

Self-identify Race/Ethnicity of International Students Asian

Total (N = 5,994)

UG (n = 2,601)

G-UPC (n = 2,008)

G-HSC (n = 468)

G-Online (n = 917)

278

4.6

1.1

241

12.0

1.5

0.2

- Filipinx

0.1

0.2

- Other

0.3

0.7

0.6

Non-Asian

Race/Ethnicity of International Students - South Asian

292

4.9

3.7

173

8.6

1.9

1.5

African/Black

0.3

0.4

0.2

Hispanic/Latinx

1.1

1.2

1.6

- Central American

0.1

0.2

- South American

0.5

0.3

1.0

- Other

0.1

0.2

0.1

Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

0.0

0.2

Middle Eastern or Arab

0.8

0.2

1.8

0.6

0.2

Mixed

3.5

0.8

1.2

0.2

White

171

2.9

2.4

4.9

0.9

0.8

Self-identify

0.5

0.3

1.0

0.2

China

580

9.7

111

4.3

442

22.0

5.1

0.4

India

277

4.6

1.1

239

11.9

1.5

0.3

Taiwan

0.8

0.5

1.6

1.1

South Korea, Republic of Korea

0.8

0.7

1.3

0.9

0.1

Canada

0.6

0.5

0.8

0.5

Turkey

0.4

0.1

1.0

Mexico

0.4

0.5

Brazil

0.3

0.5

Italy

0.3

0.5

0.3

Iran

0.3

0.8

Other

273

4.6

108

4.2

143

7.1

3.0

0.9

Cisgender Heterosexual Male

2,270

37.9

973

37.4

902

44.9

134

28.6

261

28.5

Cisgender Heterosexual Female

2,565

42.8

1,034

39.8

739

36.8

262

56.1

529

57.7

LGBTQ+

1,148

19.2

590

22.7

363

18.1

15.2

124

13.6

Male

2,711

45.2

1,180

45.4

1,068

53.2

158

33.8

305

33.2

Female

3,194

53.3

1,376

52.9

912

45.4

303

64.8

603

65.7

International Students/Country of Origin3

Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation

Gender Identity

Only 10 countries with the highest number of responses are displayed. 9

Total (N = 5,994) n

Trans male/ Trans man

Trans female/ Trans woman

Genderqueer/Gender non-conforming

UG (n = 2,601)

G-UPC (n = 2,008)

G-HSC (n = 468)

G-Online (n = 917)

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.8

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.4

Gender non-binary

1.3

0.3

0.40

Self-Identify

0.3

1.6

1.2

0.8

0.7

4,872

81.3

2,046

78.7

1,646

82.0

398

85.1

781

85.2

Lesbian

1.4

1.3

1.1

1.9

Gay

242

4.0

109

4.2

4.6

3.5

2.8

Bisexual

550

9.2

287

11.0

166

8.3

7.3

6.9

Queer

189

3.2

3.6

3.2

2.6

2.0

Questioning

170

2.8

110

4.2

2.1

1.5

1.0

Self-Identify

170

2.8

1.3

1.1

1.2

1.3

533

8.9

529

20.3

0.1

0.2

0.0

496

8.3

494

19.0

0.0

0.2

0.0

665

11.1

660

25.4

0.1

0.2

0.3

604

10.1

563

21.6

1.4

2.4

0.3

420

7.0

160

6.1

200

10.0

7.3

2.9

23-25

1,260

21.0

109

4.2

804

40.0

207

44.3

140

15.3

26-30

1,070

17.9

2.3

624

31.1

161

34.4

225

24.5

31-35

440

7.3

0.8

207

10.3

7.3

178

19.5

36-40

188

3.1

0.1

3.5

2.6

102

11.2

41+

317

5.3

0.1

3.4

1.2

240

26.2

First Generation

1,511

25.2

484

18.6

454

22.6

134

28.6

438

47.8

Non-First Generation

4,483

74.8

2,117

81.4

1,554

77.4

334

71.4

479

52.2

Diagnosed with disability

1,008

20.1

453

21.1

269

16.4

17.2

212

26.9

Not diagnosed with disability or don't know

3,999

79.9

1,697

79.9

1,373

83.6

353

82.8

576

73.1

290

4.8

182

7.0

2.5

4.4

4.0

5,341

89.1

2,232

85.8

1,829

91.1

430

92.0

850

92.7

Gender Identity

Sexual Orientation Heterosexual

Age

Generation Status

Disability Status

Registration Status (with Disability Services & Programs) Registered with Disability Services & Programs Not registered with Disability Services & Programs

Total (N = 5,994)

UG (n = 2,601)

G-UPC (n = 2,008)

G-HSC (n = 468)

G-Online (n = 917)

171

2.8

1.9

1.7

1.8

8.7

5,471

91.3

2,371

91.1

1,849

92.1

452

96.7

807

88.0

Bachelor

2,601

43.4

2,601

100.0

Master

2,281

38.1

1,375

85.5

147

31.4

760

82.8

Military Status Served in the Military Not served in the military Degree

PhD

473

7.9

425

21.1

10.3

158

17.2

Professional Doctorate

638

10.6

208

10.4

272

58.2

1,699

29.8

702

28.5

538

28.3

141

32.1

318

35.3

Single

3,168

52.8

1,750

67.3

964

48.0

208

44.6

245

26.7

In a Relationship

Current financial situation Always stressful to Often stressful Relationship Status 1,885

31.5

779

29.9

696

34.7

193

41.2

218

23.7

Married (in a domestic partnership, or engaged)

821

13.7

1.2

325

16.2

13.1

404

44.1

Divorced or separated

0.9

0.2

0.4

0.1

4.4

Widowed

0.1

0.4

Other

0.6

0.8

0.3

0.7

0.6

Diabetes

0.9

0.6%

0.5

1.1

2.8

High blood pressure

152

2.7

1.2%

2.7

1.8

7.0

Asthma

641

11.2

316

12.9%

155

8.1

11.2

120

13.4

Thyroid disease (e.g., hypothyroid or hyperthyroid)

143

2.5

1.3%

2.3

2.4

6.3

Gastrointestinal disease (e.g., Crohn's Disease, Ulcerative Colitis)

1.7

1.2%

1.5

2.2

3.2

Arthritis

1.4

0.7%

0.8

0.7

5.4

Sickle cell anemia

0.1

0.2%

0.1

Seizure disorders (e.g., epilepsy)

0.5

0.4%

0.3

0.7

1.3

Cancers

0.6

0.2%

0.5

0.2

2.1

High cholesterol

152

2.7

1.4%

2.9

1.3

6.4

HIV/AIDS

0.3

0.2%

0.2

0.0

1.0

Other autoimmune disorder

1.7

1.5%

1.4

1.5

3.1

Other chronic disease

208

3.6

2.6%

3.6

5.5

5.9

Chronic Disease

Table 4.2: Sample Characteristics from Spring 2018 All (N = 4,543)

UG (n = 1,795)

G-UPC (n = 1,920)

G-HSC (n = 332)

G-Online (n = 496)

African American/Black

309

6.8

5.4

125

6.5

4.2

14.7

American Indian or Alaskan Native

0.4

0.3

1.0

Asian American/Asian

802

17.7

406

22.6

217

11.3

178

53.6

12.5

Latinx/Hispanic

751

16.5

291

16.2

295

15.4

13.6

120

24.2

Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

0.6

0.7

0.4

0.3

1.0

Middle Eastern, Arab, or Arab American

123

2.7

1.9

7.8

5.2

Mixed

154

3.4

103

5.7

2.6

3.6

3.4

White

1622

35.7

811

45.2

515

26.8

29.8

196

39.5

2.1

0.9

2.7

2.1

3.6

Asian

812

17.9

177

9.9

599

31.2

9.3

1.0

Non-Asian

181

4.0

3.1

117

6.1

1.2

1.0

African/Black

0.1

0.0

0.2

0.0

0.4

Hispanic/Latinx

0.9

0.6

1.5

0.3

0.2

Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

0.0

Middle Eastern or Arab

0.7

0.2

1.3

0.3

0.2

Mixed

0.6

0.5

1.0

0.3

0.2

White

2.0

1.8

2.8

0.9

0.4

Self-identify

1.0

1.5

0.3

0.0

Cisgender Heterosexual Male

1,176

25.9

720

40.1

822

42.8

106

31.9

128

25.8

Cisgender Heterosexual Female

2,156

47.5

757

42.2

901

46.9

191

57.5

307

61.9

611

13.4

319

17.8

197

10.3

10.2

12.3

Race/Ethnicity of Domestic Students

Self-identify Race/Ethnicity of International Students

Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation

LGBTQ+

All (N = 4,543)

UG (n = 1,795)

G-UPC (n = 1,920)

G-HSC (n = 332)

G-Online (n = 496)

Male

2,027

44.6

855

47.6

902

47.0

119

35.8

151

30.4

Female

2,474

54.5

921

51.3

1,001

52.1

210

63.3

341

68.8

0.1

0.0

0.3

0.0

0.2

Trans female/ Trans woman

0.0

0.1

0.0

Genderqueer/Gender non-conforming

0.6

0.8

0.5

0.6

0.4

Self-identify

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.0

3,960

87.2

1,502

83.7

1,722

89.7

300

90.4

437

88.1

Lesbian

0.9

0.8

0.9

2.0

Gay

176

3.9

4.5

3.3

2.7

4.4

Bisexual

282

6.2

159

8.9

4.3

4.6

Queer

1.6

2.1

1.2

1.8

0.8

Questioning

1.7

3.3

0.7

0.6

Self-Identify

1.0

1.2

0.9

0.8

274

6.0

264

14.7

0.4

0.2

378

8.3

378

21.1

0.0

391

8.6

388

21.6

0.1

0.4

0.0

416

9.2

400

22.3

0.7

0.4

0.2

364

8.0

221

12.3

116

6.0

6.3

1.2

23-25

1,092

24.0

5.1

772

40.2

158

47.6

14.3

26-30

908

20.0

1.4

601

31.3

118

35.5

164

33.1

31-35

328

7.2

1.0

195

10.2

7.2

18.4

36-40

160

3.5

0.2

5.1

1.1

11.3

41+

232

5.1

0.3

116

6.0

1.3

106

21.4

First Generation

1,365

30.0

407

22.7

637

33.2

27.4

230

46.4

Non-First Generation

3,168

69.7

1,389

77.4

1,273

66.3

241

72.6

266

53.6

181

4.0

124

6.9

1.5

3.0

3.8

4,317

95.0

1,657

92.3

1,862

97.0

321

96.7

477

96.2

Gender Identity

Trans male/ Trans man

Sexual Orientation Heterosexual

Age

Registered with USC Disability Services & Programs (DSP) Not registered with USC DSP

All (N = 4,543) n Served in the Military

UG (n = 1,795) n

G-UPC (n = 1,920)

G-HSC (n = 332) %

G-Online (n = 496) %

224

4.9

1.7

136

7.1

1.8

10.3

4,319

95.1

1,764

98.3

1,784

92.9

326

98.2

445

89.7

Bachelor

1,789

39.4

1,795

100.0

Master

2,181

48.0

1,555

81.0

124

37.3

496

100.0

PhD

277

6.1

245

12.8

9.3

0.0

Professional Doctorate

296

6.5

120

6.3

176

53.0

0.0

1,334

30.6

518

28.9

503

28.9

120

36.6

192

38.8

Single

2,246

49.4

1,138

63.4

832

43.3

144

43.4

131

26.4

In a Relationship

1,558

34.3

612

34.1

679

35.4

137

41.3

130

26.2

Married (in a domestic partnership, or engaged)

658

14.5

1.3

378

19.7

14.2

210

42.3

Divorced or separated

0.9

0.1

1.1

0.3

3.8

Widowed

0.0

0.4

Other

0.7

1.2

0.4

0.9

0.8

Not served in the military Degree

Current financial situation Always stressful to Often stressful Relationship Status

PREVALENCE OF MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS Depression Screen Depression is measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a nine-item instrument based on the symptoms provided in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders for a major depressive episode in the past two weeks (Spitzer, Kroenke, & Williams, 1999). Following the standard algorithm for interpreting the PHQ-9, symptom levels are categorized as severe (score of 15+), moderate (score of 10-14), or mild/minimal (score <10).

Severe depression

Moderate depression

50.0% 40.0% 30.0%

20.0%

23.1%

22.2% 16.6% 15.8%* 11.7%*

10.0%

12.9% 13.0% 11.1% 9.4% 9.0% 6.5%

19.7%19.7% 15.9%*

14.3%

17.6%

16.8% 9.9%*

12.7%

16.3%

0.0% All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

Any depression (moderate to severe) 45.2% 36.3%

35.5%*

27.7%*

30.6%

26.2%

23.3%*

29.2% 23.8%

16.4%*

All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

Anxiety Screen Anxiety is measured using the GAD-7, a seven-item screening tool for screening and severity measuring of generalized anxiety disorder in the past two weeks (Spitzer, Kroenke, Williams, & Lowe, 2006). Following the standard algorithm for interpreting the GAD-7, symptom levels are categorized as severe anxiety (score of 15+), moderate anxiety (score of 10-14), or neither. Severe anxiety

Moderate anxiety

50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0%

20.8% 16.5% 13.1% 12.0% 10.1% 9.5% 9.3% 12.1% 6.1% 9.4%* 7.5%

17.7% 16.0% 14.5%*

16.8% 15.5% 14.5% 13.7% 11.0%13.0%

0.0% All

G-UPC

G-HSC

All

G-Online

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

Any anxiety (moderate to severe) 37.3% 30.9% 28.0%* 23.9%*

All

21.1%

28.9%

25.6%

G-UPC

22.5% 17.1%

G-HSC

23.9%

G-Online

Eating Disorder Screen

Loneliness

Eating disorders are measured using the written U.S. version of the SCOFF, a fiveitem screening tool designed to identify subjects likely to have an eating disorder (Morgan, Reid, & Lacey, 1999). Those with eating disorders score 2 or more from SCOFF.

Loneliness is measured using the UCLA three-item Loneliness Scale (Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Cacioppo, 2004). Those who score 6-9 are considered as lonely. This measure was not included in the 2018 survey. Therefore, only 2020 data are available.

70.0% 62.4%

60.0% 52.9%

50.0%

40.0%

47.7%

47.5% 40.7%

28.9%

30.0%

26.3%

24.5%

25.9%

24.0%

23.8%

24.3%

24.0% 24.4%

30.0%

18.4%*

20.0%

10.0%

10.0% 0.0%

0.0% All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

Suicidality and Self-Injurious Behavior Suicidal ideation (past year)

Suicide plan (past year)

In the past year, did you ever seriously think about attempting suicide?

In the past year, did you make a plan for attempting suicide?

30.0%

20.0% 11.8% 11.1%

10.0%

6.9%

8.7% 8.0%

5.7%

5.8%

6.6% 5.6%

6.1% 4.7%

3.8%

2.7%

3.0%

1.9%

1.8%

1.6%

2.2%

1.4%

2.3%

0.0% All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

Suicide attempt (past year)

Non-suicidal self-injury (past year) In the past year, have you ever done any of the following intentionally?4

In the past year, did you attempt suicide?

30.0% 25.3% 24.9% 18.5%

20.0% 17.1%

12.2%

14.4%

12.8% 14.3% 9.2%

12.2%

10.0% 0.7% 0.7%

0.7% 0.9%

0.8% 0.5%

G-UPC

0.4% 0.2%

0.3%

0.5%

0.0% All

G-HSC

G-Online

All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

Answer at least one of the following: cut myself, burned myself, punched or banged myself, scratched myself, pulled my hair, bit myself, interfered with wound healing, carved words or symbols into skin, rubbed sharp objects into skin, punched or banded an object to hurt myself, other.) 18

Lifetime Diagnoses of Mental Disorders Have you ever been diagnosed with any of the following conditions by a health professional (e.g. primary care doctor, psychiatrist, psychologist, etc.)? (Select all that apply) Table 5: Lifetime Diagnoses of Mental Disorders estimated values from 2018 and 2020 Total UG (%) (%) 2018 2020 2018 2020 Margin of error at 95% CI Depression or other mood disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder) Bipolar (e.g., bipolar I or II, cyclothymia)

G-UPC (%) 2018 2020

G-HSC (%) 2018 2020

G-Online (%) 2018 2020

(±1.4)

(±1.2)

(±3.0)

(±1.9)

(±2.7)

(±2.1)

(±2.4)

(±3.1)

(±2.7)

(±3.2)

15.1*

18.0

15.2

17.1

12.3

15.7

15.6

17.4

23.6

25.4

1.5

2.1

1.4

2.1

1.4

1.0

1.8

2.3

3.3

16.2* 20.5 Anxiety (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder, phobias) 16.8 20.2 14.0 17.9 16.8 20.2 21.4 Obsessive-compulsive or related disorders (e.g., 2.0 3.3 1.7 4.0 1.9 2.6 3.2 2.7 2.3 obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphia) Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders (e.g., 3.5 4.7 2.7 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1 4.7 7.2 posttraumatic stress disorder) Neurodevelopmental disorder or intellectual disability (e.g., attention deficit disorder, attention 2.4 3.5 2.9 4.1 1.3 2.8 3.3 3.1 3.5 deficit hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder) Eating disorder (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia 2.3 2.9 2.9 3.4 1.5 2.0 1.6 3.2 3.5 nervosa) Psychosis (e.g., schizophrenia, schizo-affective 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.1 disorder) Personality disorder (e.g., antisocial personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder, schizoid 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 personality disorder) Substance use disorder (e.g., alcohol abuse, abuse 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.1 1.2 3.0 of other drugs) 67.1* 62.3 69.3* 63.9 61.9* No, none of these 66.4 62.7 67.3 66.0 *refer to values from the student group in 2018 that are different when compared to the values from the same student group in 2020 based on the margin of error at 95% CI.

27.0 3.3 11.8

3.3

3.0 0.1 0.4 2.3 56.2

refers to values from the student population in 2020 that are higher when compared to the values from the same student group in 2018 based on the margin of error at 95% CI. refers to values from the student population in 2020 that are lower when compared to the values from the same student group in 2018 based on the margin of error at 95% CI.

Academic Impairment In the past 4 weeks, how many days have you felt that emotional or mental difficulties have hurt your academic performance?

None

1-2 Days 35.5% 37.3%

40.0% 32.5%* 29.6%

31.8%* 29.3%*

30.0%

29.9%

30.5% 26.6%

25.4%*

19.8%*

20.0%

26.9%*

32.9% 33.0%

33.7%

21.1%

18.0%

20.9%

16.0% 11.8%

10.0%

0.0% All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

All

3-5 Days

G-HSC

G-Online

6 Or More Days

40.0%

30.0%

G-UPC

34.1%

26.5%

27.5% 27.8%

26.8%

27.9% 25.2%

23.5%*

21.6%

25.2%

23.1% 24.0%

22.1%

22.0%*

19.9%*

18.6%* 17.2%*

20.0%

16.5%

17.2%

11.1%

10.0%

0.0% All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

Positive Mental Health Positive mental health (psychological well-being) is measured using The Flourishing Scale, an eight-item summary measure of the respondent's selfperceived success in important areas such as relationships, self-esteem, purpose, and optimism (Diener, Wirtz, Tov, Kim-Prieto, Choi, Oishi, & Biswas-Diener, 2009). The score ranges from 8-56, and we are using 48 as the threshold for positive mental health.

59.3%*

60.0% 50.0%

51.8%* 47.8%*

44.4%

45.3%* 37.4%

40.0%

37.5%*

51.5%

35.6% 32.3%

30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND LIFESTYLE Substance Use Over the past 30 days, have you used any of the following drugs? (Select all that apply) Table 6: Substance use estimated values from 2018 and 2020 Total (%) 2018 2020

UG (%) 2018

2020

G-UPC (%) 2018 2020

G-HSC (%) 2018 2020

G-Online (%) 2018 2020

Margin of error at 95% CI

(±1.4)

(±1.2)

(±3.0)

(±1.9)

(±2.7)

(±2.1)

(±2.4)

(±3.1)

(±2.7)

(±3.2)

Cigarettes

10.2*

6.3

13.7*

6.3

8.8

6.8

4.1

4.3

7.5

6.0

Vape pen or E-Cigarette

15.1*

10.4

24.7*

15.3

8.9

7.2

7.6

7.4

5.3

Marijuana Cocaine (any form, including crack, powder, or freebase) Heroin Opioid pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet, Demerol, Dilaudid, codeine, hydrocodone, methadone, morphine) without a prescription or more than prescribed Benzodiazepenes Methamphetamines (also known as speed, crystal meth, or ice) Other stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall) without a prescription or more than prescribed MDMA (also known as Ecstasy or Molly) Ketamine (also known as K, Special K)

23.2

21.1

34.6*

26.7

16.4

17.2

16.2

18.0

13.0

15.8

2.7

1.4

5.2

1.8

1.1

0.7

1.6

1.3

0.8

1.7

0.1

0.2

0.6

0.4

0.7

0.4

0.5

0.2

0.1

0.8

0.7

0.9

0.6

1.7

0.4

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.5

0.2

0.1

0.4

0.1

0.3

0.1

0.2

2.5

1.8

4.1

2.6

1.1

0.9

2.1

2.2

1.9

1.5

1.2 -

0.5 0.3

2.2 -

0.5 0.4

0.5 -

0.6 0.2

1.3 -

0.4 0.4

0.2 -

0.6 0.3

1.3

LSD (also known as acid) 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.7 Psilocybin (also known as magic mushrooms, 1.2 1.7 0.9 1.0 0.8 boomers, shrooms) Kratom 0.2 0.4 0.2 Athletic performance enhancers (anything that violates policies set by school or any athletic governing body) Other drugs without a prescription 1.3 0.3 1.8 0.3 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.5 No, none of these (from Marijuana to Other drugs 61.7* 68.9 73.9 74.7 81.6 78.8 81.1 77.6 83.6 80.3 without a prescription) *refer to values from the student group in 2018 that are different when compared to the values from the same student group in 2020 based on the margin of error at 95% CI. refers to values from the student population in 2020 that are higher when compared to the values from the same student group in 2018 based on the margin of error at 95% CI. refers to values from the student population in 2020 that are lower when compared to the values from the same student group in 2018 based on the margin of error at 95% CI.

Binge drinking The following questions ask about how much you drink. A "drink" means any of the following: -

A 12-ounce can or bottle of beer A 4-ounce glass of wine A shot of liquor straight or in a mixed drink

During the last two weeks, have you had 4 (female), 5 (male), 4 or 5 (transgender/gender non-conforming) or more drinks in a row?

60.0%

50.0%

40.0%

45.4%* 38.6%*

36.2%* 30.5%

30.0%

28.2%

33.0%

33.9%*

29.3% 25.2%

26.5%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0% All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

Exercise In the past 30 days, about how many hours per week on average did you spend exercising? (include any exercise of moderate or higher intensity, where "moderate intensity" would be roughly equivalent to brisk walking or bicycling). Note that G-online students were not asked this question in 2018.

Less than 1 Hour 40.0%

33.1%

1-2 Hours

33.3%

33.0% 31.7%

32.7% 29.7%

33.3%

28.5%*

30.0%

27.5% 27.1%

27.6%

28.9%

28.0% 27.2%

26.8%

28.7% 24.4%

24.2%*

20.0%

10.0%

0.0% All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

All

3-4 Hours

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

5 or More Hours

40.0% 26.7%*

30.0%

22.6%

20.0%

17.3% 17.2%

17.9% 16.5%

18.5% 17.0%

16.3%

30.3%* 25.1%* 22.4%

24.1%

21.4%

18.8%

26.9%

19.8%

15.4%

10.0%

0.0% All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS ABOUT MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES Knowledge Knowledge of campus mental health resources If I needed to seek professional help for my mental or emotional health, I would know where to go to access resources from my school (somewhat agree – strongly agree). 89.1%

100.0% 80.0%

69.6%*

73.1%

71.2%

73.9%

83.0%

77.0% 69.9%* 61.1% 50.0%*

60.0%

40.0% 20.0% 0.0% All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online 1

Perceived need (past year)

Perceived need (current)

In the past 12 months, I needed help for emotional or mental health problems such as feeling sad, blue, anxious or nervous (somewhat agree – agree).

I currently need help for emotional or mental health problems such as feeling sad, blue, anxious or nervous (somewhat agree – agree).

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

61.1% 52.4%*

56.0%*

63.8%

70.6%* 58.2% 48.6%*

60.3% 48.6%*

55.3%

76.4%

71.2%*

75.4%

76.7% 69.7%*

68.8%

73.4%

72.2%*

78.7%

60.4%

40.0% 20.0% 0.0% All 1

G-UPC

G-HSC

All

G-Online

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

School Climate Anti-racism I believe my school actively works towards combating racism within the campus community. (This question was not included in the 2018 survey. Therefore, only 2020 data are available.) 100.0% 87.7%

80.0%

77.7%

79.3%

72.8% 62.3%

60.0%

40.0%

20.0%

0.0% All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

USE OF SERVICES Psychotropic medication use, all students (past year) In the past 12 months have you taken any of the following types of medications? Please count only those you took, or are taking, several times per week. (Select all that apply) Table 7: Psychotropic medication use, all students (past year): Estimated values from 2018 and 2020 Total UG G-UPC (%) (%) (%) 2018 2020 2018 2020 2018 2020 Margin of error at 95% CI Psychostimulants (e.g., methylphenidate (Ritalin or Concerta), amphetamine salts (Adderall), dextroamphetamine (Dexerdine), etc.) Antidepressants (e.g., fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), escitalopram (Lexapro), venlafaxine (Effexor), buproprion (Wellbutrin), etc.) Anti-psychotics (e.g., haloperidol (Haldol), clozapine (Clozaril), risperidone (Risperdal), olanzapine (Zyprexas), etc.) Anti-anxiety medications (e.g., lorazepam (Ativan), clonazepam (Klonopin), alprazolam (Xanax), buspirone (BuSpar), etc.) Mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium, valproate (Depakote), lamotrigine (Lamictal), carbamazepine (Tegretol), etc.) Sleep medications (e.g., zolpidem (Ambien), zaleplon (Sonata), etc.) Other medication for mental or emotional health None

G-HSC (%) 2018 2020

G-Online (%) 2018 2020

(±1.4)

(±1.2)

(±3.0)

(±1.9)

(±2.7)

(±2.1)

(±2.4)

(±3.1)

(±2.7)

(±3.2)

4.4

4.5

6.1

5.3

2.7

3.6

5.6

4.7

4.1

4.4

9.1

10.7

8.5

10.0

7.0

9.0

14.0

12.9

14.6

15.3

0.8

0.7

1.0

0.9

0.6

0.4

0.7

0.5

0.9

1.0

5.4

4.7

5.2

3.6

4.8

4.0

5.1

4.1

8.7

9.1

1.4

1.9

1.3

2.2

1.5

1.4

1.1

1.7

1.8

2.3

3.2

2.9

3.6

2.5

2.8

2.5

2.2

4.6

4.5

1.5

1.8

1.3

1.9

1.2

2.1

2.3

2.5

2.4

82.1

79.6

82.0

80.4

85.0

81.3

78.0

79.2

75.6

74.2

Psychotropic medication use among students with moderate to severe depression or anxiety screens (past year) In the past 12 months have you taken any of the following types of medications? Please count only those you took, or are taking, several times per week. (Select all that apply) Table 8: Psychotropic medication use among students with moderate to severe depression or anxiety screens (past year): Estimated values from 2018 and 2020 Total UG G-UPC G-HSC (%) (%) (%) (%) 2018 2020 2018 2020 2018 2020 2018 2020

G-Online (%) 2018 2020

Margin of error at 95% CI Psychostimulants (e.g., methylphenidate (Ritalin or Concerta), amphetamine salts (Adderall), dextroamphetamine (Dexerdine), etc.) Antidepressants (e.g., fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), escitalopram (Lexapro), venlafaxine (Effexor), buproprion (Wellbutrin), etc.) Anti-psychotics (e.g., haloperidol (Haldol), clozapine (Clozaril), risperidone (Risperdal), olanzapine (Zyprexas), etc.) Anti-anxiety medications (e.g., lorazepam (Ativan), clonazepam (Klonopin), alprazolam (Xanax), buspirone (BuSpar), etc.) Mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium, valproate (Depakote), lamotrigine (Lamictal), carbamazepine (Tegretol), etc.) Sleep medications (e.g., zolpidem (Ambien), zaleplon (Sonata), etc.) Other medication for mental or emotional health

(±2.4)

(±2.5)

(±3.8)

(±3.6)

(±4.1)

(±11.6)

(±10.6)

(±8.0)

(±7.4)

7.2

5.7

9.0

7.1

4.4

4.3

6.3

3.6

8.6

4.5

15.8

14.1

13.3

13.9

14.5

11.3

23.2

16.9

26.8

20.9

1.9

0.6

2.1

0.6

1.4

0.2

2.2

0.8

2.0

1.2

9.4*

5.1

7.9

3.6

9.4*

4.2

11.8

5.5

14.7

13.4

3.0

1.7

2.7

2.3

3.3

0.8

2.3

1.6

3.5

1.3

4.9

2.8

3.9

2.8

5.5

1.9

5.7

4.5

6.9

3.6

2.6

1.6

2.1

1.8

2.2

1.0

3.4

2.4

6.0

1.7

None

72.4*

77.2

76.2

75.6

72.3*

82.2

65.8

74.9

59.5*

72.9

*refer to values from the student group in 2018 that are different when compared to the values from the same student group in 2020 based on the margin of error at 95% CI. refers to values from the student population in 2020 that are higher when compared to the values from the same student group in 2018 based on the margin of error at 95% CI. refers to values from the student population in 2020 that are lower when compared to the values from the same student group in 2018 based on the margin of error at 95% CI.

Mental health care access How has your access to mental health care been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic? Much more difficult or somewhat more difficult or limited access. (This question was not included in the 2018 survey. Therefore, only 2020 data are available.) 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0%

28.8%

33.2% 24.9%

24.2%

27.2%

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

20.0% 0.0% All

Mental health counseling/therapy, all students (past year)

Mental health counseling/therapy among students with moderate to severe depression or anxiety screens (past year)5

In the past 12 months have you received counseling or therapy for your mental or emotional health from a health professional (such as psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, or primary care doctor)? 100.0% 80.0% 44.9%

60.0%

40.0%

30.0% 23.6%*

29.7% 25.2%

All

28.0% 27.9%

20.4%*

30.9%

34.6% 26.2%*

39.0%

34.3%

39.6%

33.3%

35.2%

40.7%

45.8% 44.0%

31.0%

20.0% 0.0% G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

Mental health counseling/therapy, all students (lifetime)

Mental health counseling/therapy among students with moderate to severe depression or anxiety screens (lifetime)5

Have you ever received counseling or therapy for mental health concerns? 100.0% 80.0%

58.8% 59.2%

60.0% 40.0%

44.5%

46.5% 38.4%*

36.4%*

43.1% 40.8% 36.0%*

47.3%

58.6% 51.2%*

52.8% 51.4%

52.2% 48.3%

48.6% 51.1%

G-Online

All

G-UPC

66.4%

61.1%

20.0% 0.0%

All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

Informal help-seeking In the past 12 months have you received counseling or support for your mental or emotional health from any of the following sources? (Select all that apply) Table 9: Informal help-seeking estimated values from 2018 and 2020 Total (%) 2018 2020 Margin of error at 95% CI

UG (%) 2018

2020

G-UPC (%) 2018 2020

G-HSC (%) 2018 2020

G-Online (%) 2018 2020

(±1.4)

(±1.2)

(±3.0)

(±1.9)

(±2.7)

(±2.1)

(±2.4)

(±3.1)

(±2.7)

(±3.2)

Roommate

16.3

15.4

24.3

21.2

11.2

13.0

17.9

16.0

5.7

4.5

Friend (who is not a roommate)

44.5

46.9

50.9

51.5

39.7*

45.4

51.7

52.3

34.7

34.8

Significant other

29.3

30.3

25.4

25.5

37.4*

30.3

29.7

39.3

35.7

38.7

Family member

36.3

38.0

39.1

41.9

34.5

35.6

38.4

39.6

32.0

Religious counselor or other religious contact

4.0

3.0

4.5

2.9

2.8

4.7

3.0

5.0

3.8

Support group

2.0

2.4

1.5

2.3

2.1

2.3

1.4

1.9

3.5

3.2

Other non-clinical source

0.6

0.5

0.7

0.3

0.4

0.6

0.1

1.3

0.8

34.7*

31.8

30.3

28.4

38.8*

33.9

29.6

28.1

39.0

38.8

3.8

3.3

4.3

6.3

2.9

None of the above Faculty member/professor

Staff member 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.4 *refer to values from the student group in 2018 that are different when compared to the values from the same student group in 2020 based on the margin of error at 95% CI.

1.1

Margin of error at 95% for these figures are: 2018 Total ±2.7%, UG ±3.9%, G-UPC ±4.6%, G-HSC ±12.2%, G-Online ±8.1%) 2020 Total ±3.0%, UG ±4.1%, G-UPC ±5.4%, G-HSC ±12.1%, G-Online ±8.4%) 31

Barriers to help-seeking In the past 12 months, which of the following factors have caused you to receive fewer or no services (counseling, therapy, or medications) for your mental or emotional health than you would have otherwise received? (Select all that apply) Table 10: Barriers to help-seeking estimated values from 2018 and 2020 Total UG (%) (%) 2018 2020 2018 2020 Margin of error at 95% CI

G-UPC (%) 2018 2020

G-HSC (%) 2018 2020

G-Online (%) 2018 2020

(±1.4)

(±1.3)

(±3.0)

(±2.1)

(±2.7)

(±2.3)

(±2.4)

(±4.7)

(±2.7)

(±3.4)

5.9

5.6

6.7

6.1

5.5

3.1

4.3

4.2

4.8

No need for services Financial reasons (too expensive, not covered by insurance) Not enough time

45.2*

41.3

44.5

40.9

45.4

42.1

48.3

45.5

44.9*

38.8

14.7

15.9

18.0

13.4

13.3

10.8

14.3

17.7

16.6

25.6*

19.5

26.8*

20.7

23.0*

17.3

28.5

25.0

28.6*

17.9

Not sure where to go

13.9

15.1

17.7

19.6

12.8

13.0

7.3

10.4

8.7

10.1

Difficulty finding an available appointment Prefer to deal with issues on my own or with support from family/friends Privacy concerns

8.4

8.2

9.4

9.3

7.0

7.2

10.7

7.9

7.6

24.3

22.2

28.9

27.4

23.0*

19.9

21.6

19.9

15.6

14.0

1.6

2.2

1.3

2.0

0.6

3.6

4.0

2.9

4.4

3.4

5.4

4.7

5.9

6.0

5.1

5.5

2.7

5.5

5.9

I have not had the chance to go but plan to

People providing services don't understand me Other

No barriers 14.0 15.0 10.3 12.1 17.0 17.2 15.2 16.3 15.9 *refer to values from the student group in 2018 that are different when compared to the values from the same student group in 2020 based on the margin of error at 95% CI.

17.6

refers to values from the student population in 2020 that are lower when compared to the values from the same student group in 2018 based on the margin of error at 95% CI.

EXPERIENCES OF VIOLENCE Experience of physical abuse as a perpetrator

Experience of physical abuse

Over the past 12 months, did you strike or physically injure anyone? (not contact sports)

Over the past 12 months, were you kicked, slapped, punched or otherwise physically mistreated by another person?

40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0%

3.4% 2.6%

4.4%

3.4%

2.6% 1.6%

2.1% 2.2%

G-UPC

G-HSC

7.7%

5.3%

3.7% 2.6%

6.2%

4.4%

3.6%

2.9%

2.3% 2.8%

5.0%

3.6%

0.0% All

All

G-Online

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

Experience of emotional abuse Over the past 12 months, were you called names, yelled at, humiliated, judged, threatened, coerced, or controlled by another person?

40.0% 31.3%*

30.0%

25.3%*

24.6% 21.4%

25.1% 20.4% 17.3%

20.0%

19.4%

23.0%

1…

10.0% 0.0% All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

Experience of sexual assault In the past 12 months, has anyone had unwanted sexual contact with you?6

All Gender Identity & Sexual Orientation

Cisgender Heterosexual Male

30.0%

20.0% 13.4%* 8.0%

8.1%*

10.0%

5.8%

5.4%

4.2%

4.4%

2.9%

4.6% 4.0% 2.0%

1.4%

3.4% 2.0% 0.8%

0.9%

2.2%

1.6%

2.1%

0.7%

0.0% All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

All

G-UPC

Cisgender Heterosexual Female

G-HSC

G-Online

LGBTQ+

30.0% 22.3%* 19.0%*

20.0%

15.9%* 10.1%

10.8%*

10.0%

13.5% 9.7%

6.7%

4.6%

4.9% 4.5%

9.4%

8.0%

6.7% 6.8%

11.5% 8.5%

7.4%

4.5%

4.9%

0.0% All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

All

G-UPC

G-HSC

G-Online

Margin of error at 95% CI for each gender identity & sexual orientation group in 2018 and 2020 is different.

Perpetrator of sexual violence7 Who was the person who had unwanted sexual contact with you? (Only among students who had experienced unwanted sexual contact in the past 12 months) Table 11: Perpetrator of sexual violence estimated values from 2018 and 2020 Total UG (%) (%) 2018 2020 2018 2020

G-UPC (%) 2018 2020

G-HSC (%) 2018 2020

G-Online (%) 2018 2020

(N = 337) (N = 292) (n = 224) (n = 185) (n = 72) (n = 52) (n = 18) (n = 20) (n = 23) An acquaintance, friend of a friend, or someone that you had just met A current or ex-dating partner or spouse

(n = 34)

37.8

42.1

41.1

45.0

30.5

35.9

33.3

37.5

31.9

38.6

20.7

25.2

15.8

24.2

31.4

23.5

12.9

32.0

41.3

28.9

A stranger

36.4*

23.7

39.3*

25.9

32.3

31.3

40.0

17.0

17.5

4.4

A current or ex-friend or roommate

11.1

11.9

12.7

15.7

8.4

4.2

13.3

13.1

2.5

2.1

Someone else Someone you had seen or heard about but not talked to Family member

9.2

6.7

7.6

5.1

10.7

1.8

16.0

7.5

14.8

21.6

6.7

3.8

7.7

3.5

7.2

8.6

1.9

1.4

1.3

4.6

Teammate

1.0

1.8

Medical or health professional

0.5

1.3

2.4

Trainer

0.3

0.5

0.6

0.2

0.4

2.1

2.5

0.0

A professor or teaching assistant Coach or coaching staff

Margin of error at 95% CI for students who experienced sexual assault within each degree/campus location are different from margin of errors for the total UG, G-UPC, G-HSC and G-Online populations.

REFERENCES Mental Health Screens Center for Collegiate Mental Health (2015). CCAPS User Manual. University Park, PA. Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2009). New measures of well-being: Flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 39, 247-266. Morgan, J. F., Reid, F., & Lacey, J. H. (1999). The SCOFF questionnaire: assessment of a new screening tool for eating disorders BMJ, 319(7223), 1467-1468. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Patient Health Questionnaire Primary Care Study Group. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. JAMA, 282(18), 1737-1744. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092-1097. Hughes, M.E., Waite, L.J., Hawkley, L.C., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655-672.

Data Updates with USC HMS Data USC Well-being Collective, February 2019, “Spring 2018 Healthy Minds Study: Data Update on Mental Illness”. USC Well-being Collective, September 2019, “Spring 2018 Healthy Minds Study: Data Update on Mental Health”. USC Well-being Collective, March 2021, “Fall 2020 Healthy Minds Study: Data Update on COVID-19”.

Selected Articles Published with HMS Data Eisenberg, D. Lipson, S. K., Heinze, J, Zhou, S. (2021). The Healthy Minds Study: Fall 2020 Data Report. Retrieved from https://healthymindsnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HMS-Fall-2020-National-Data-Report.pdf Eisenberg, D., Golberstein, E., Hunt, J. (2009). Mental Health and Academic Success in College. B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 9(1) (Contributions): Article 40. Eisenberg, D., Hunt, J.B., Speer, N., Zivin, K. (2011). Mental Health Service Utilization among College Students in the United States. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 199(5): 301-308.

Eisenberg, D., Chung, H. (2012). Adequacy of Depression Treatment in College Student Populations. General Hospital Psychiatry 34(3):213-220. Eisenberg, D., Speer, N., Hunt, J.B. (2012). Attitudes and Beliefs about Treatment among College Students with Untreated Mental Health Problems. Psychiatric Services 63(7): 711-713. Eisenberg, D., Hunt, J.B., Speer, N. (2013). Mental Health in American Colleges and Universities: Variation across Student Subgroups and across Campuses. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 201(1): 60-67. Lipson, S., Gaddis, S.M., Heinze, J., Beck, K., Eisenberg, D. (2015). Variations in Student Mental Health and Treatment Utilization Across US Colleges and Universities. Journal of American College Health, 63(6): 388-396. Lipson, S., Zhou, S., Wagner, B., Beck, K., Eisenberg, D. (2016). Major differences: Variations in student mental health and service utilization across academic disciplines. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 30(1), 23-41. Lipson, S, Lattie, E, & Eisenberg, D (2018). Increased rates of mental health service utilization by U.S. college students: 10-year population-level trends (20072017). Psychiatric Services, 70(1), 60-63. Goodwill, J., & Zhou, S. (2019). Association between perceived public stigma and suicidal behaviors among college students of color in the U.S. Journal of Affective Disorders, 262, 1-7. Healthy Minds Network Email: healthyminds@umich.edu Website: www.healthymindsnetwork.org USC Well-being Collective Email: wellbeingcollective@usc.edu Website: www.uscwellbeingcollective.usc.edu

USC Healthy Minds Study Data Report: Spring 2018 - Fall 2020

Articles inside

ABOUT THIS REPORT

KEY FINDINGS

REFERENCES