Utah Antiquities Selected Papers Volume 2, Number 4-8 - 1976 by Utah Historical Society

ANTIQUITIES SECTION SELECTED PAPERS

Volume II, Numbers 4-8

Department of Development Services Division of State History

June 1976

STATE OF UTAH Calvin L. Rampton, Governor

DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT SERVICES Milton L. Weilenmann, Executive Director

DIVISION OF STATE HISTORY Melvin T. Smith, Director

STATE B O A R D OF HISTORY Mabel Oliver Helen Z. Papanikolas Howard C. Price, Jr. Elizabeth Skanchy Melvin T. Smith Richard O. Ulibarri

Milton C. Abrams, Chairman Juanita Brooks DelloG. Dayton Theron H. Luke Clyde L. Miller Elizabeth Montague

STATE ANTIQUITIES COMMITTEE Donald V. Hague Ray T. Matheny Melvin T. Smith Stanford S. Smith Chandler P. St. John Harold Tippetts

Milton C. Abrams, Chairman Clyde J. Benally DelloG. Dayton Evan DeBloois J. Eldon Dorman Richard E. Fike

EDITORIAL STAFF David B. Madsen, Editor Thomas J. Zeidler, Associate Editor Laurie M. George, Assistant Editor

EDITOR'S PREFACE

This volume is the second in a monograph series designed to examine and interpret the prehistoric cultures of Utah. Antiquities Section Selected Papers will be specifically geared to Utah archeology, but will include papers from adjacent geographical areas and from ancillary disciplines relevant to the understanding of local archeological problems. The series has three goals: 1) to provide a vehicle for the publication of research carried out by the Antiquities Section; 2) to provide an outlet for archeological reports which do not have a general distribution (i.e., investigations done in conjunction with environmental impact statements); and 3) to allow publication of valuable manuscripts now on file and republication of articles now out of print and unavailable. Manuscripts from all sources, including state and federal agencies, educational institutions, and private individuals, will be accepted for examination and possible publication. Articles should be typed double spaced and should be accompanied by photo-ready line drawings and photographs. Submitted articles will be reviewed by the Antiquities Section staff or other qualified reviewers in the case of ancillary reports. Papers will be published on an irregular basis, depending on the number and quality of reports on file.

David B. Madsen June 1976

CUMULATIVE INDEX Antiquities Section Selected Papers

Number 1

Three Fremont Sites in Emery County Utah by David B. Madsen. Volume I, Page 1.

Number 2

Innocents Ridge and the San Rafael Fremont by Alan R. Schroedl and Patrick F. Hogan with an appendix by La Mar Lindsay. Volume I, Page 29.

Number 3

An Archeological Survey of the Northeast Volume I, Page 67.

Number 4

An Archeological Survey of the White River Area, Northeastern Utah by Michael S. Berry and Claudia F. Berry with illustrations by La Mar W. Lindsay. Volume 11, Page 1.

Number 5

Man, Mammoth, and Lake Fluctuations in Utah by David B. Madsen, Donald R. Currey, James H. Madsen. Volume II, Page 43.

Number 6

Bulldozer Dune (42SL46) by David B. Madsen. Volume II, Page 59.

Number 7

Interstate Highway 1-70 Salvage Archeology by Curtis J. Wilson and Howard L. Smith with ceramic analyses by John Fritz and Christine Plimpton. Volume II, Page 67.

Number 8

Unusual or Enigmatic Stone Artifacts: Pots, Pipes, Points, and Pendants From Utah by La Mar W. Lindsay. Volume II, Page 104.

Portion

of Arches National

Park

by Michael S. Berry.

AN ARCHEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE OF THE WHITE RIVER AREA, NORTHEASTERN UTAH by MICHAEL S. BERRY and CLAUDIA F. BERRY with Illustrations by LA MAR W. LINDSAY Antiquities Section Division of State History State of Utah

ANTIQUITIES SECTION SELECTED PAPERS Number 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ILLUSTRATIONS

Illustrations Tables

Page 3 3

Introduction

Previous Archeological Investigations in the Uinta Basin

Environmental Setting

Archeological Sites of the Oil Shale Lands

Artifacts

Summary and Conclusions

References

TABLES Table Page I. Distribution of Artifacts at White River Archeological Sites 27 II. Temporal Range of Corner and Side-notched Arrow Points 32 III. Colorado Plateau Site Componentsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; ca. 2000 to 1500 B.P 34

Figure Page 1. Location of Study Area 5 2. View of White River and Adjacent Environs 9 3. Location of Archeological Sites in and Adjacent to Lease Lands 10 4. Plan Map of Breaking-Wind Butte (42Un405) ..12 5. Bighorn Sheep Petroglyph (42Un403) 13 6. Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection (42Un377) 15 7. Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection (42Un377) 15 8. Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection (42Un377) 17 9. Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection (42Un377) 17 10. Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection (42Un377) 19 11. Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection (42Un377) 19 12. Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection (42Un377) 21 13. Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Thompson Collection (42Un377) 21 14. Chipped Stone Artifacts Collected by the Antiquities Section 28 15. Chipped Stone Artifacts Collected by the Antiquities Section 28 16. Incised Slate Tablet (42Un371) 30 17. Distribution of Basketmaker II Site Components 35 18. Map Showing Anasazi Area and Fremont Culture Variants 36

INTRODUCTION

During fiscal year 1974-1975 the Sun-PhillipsSohio Company, through its agent VTN Colorado, Inc., sponsored an archeological resources inventory of oil shale lease areas U-a, U-b, and a surrounding one mile wide buffer zone in Uintah County, Utah. The inventory was conducted by personnel of the Utah State Historical Society, under the direction of Dr. Melvin T. Smith (Director, Utah State Historical Society) and Dr. David B. Madsen (Utah State Archeologist). Inventory operations were done in cooperation with the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, under the auspices of Federal Antiquities Act Permit #74-UT-052. Data and artifacts collected during the inventory are permanently on file at the Utah Museum of Natural History, Salt Lake City, Utah. The area of investigation consists of ca. 42.5 square miles in Sections E'/2 13, E'/2 24, E'/2 25, E'/2 36, T10S, R23E; Sections 1, 2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, T10S, R24E; Sections 8, 17, 20, 29, T10S, R25E; and Sections N'/2 1, N'/2 2, N'/2 3, N'/2 4, T11S, R24E. This area is located just south of the White River and west of the Utah-Colorado border, approximately 40 miles south-southwest of Vernal, Utah (see Fig. 1 for location). OBJECTIVES AND METHODS The primary objective of a cultural resource inventory is to locate any and all archeological sites within a bounded area. Interpretation of the data within the context of archeological research goals is relegated to a secondary, or peripheral, objective. The cultural inventory is an outgrowth of legislation that requires professional investigation and evaluation of the potential impact of economic development within a specific geographic domain. An inventory is thus distinct from a survey, which does not recognize arbitrary modern economic or political boundaries as significant factors. As the word implies, an inventory necessitates total documentation of archeological remains in areas of potential impact. In an inventory the "sample" is presumably equivalent to the totality of remains and predictive models and statistical sampling techniques are inapplicable. An area is not sampled; every square foot must be investigated and remains that might not qualify as a site in a survey context must be recorded since the criteria of what constitutes a "site" are evolved pragmatically in the field rather than a priori within the context of a problem oriented research design.

The Antiquities Section's investigation of the Uinta Basin oil shale lands was, of necessity, an inventory. As such, it was an extremely inefficient operation. As shown in Figure 3, 90 percent of the sites are located on the banks of the White River or along its intermittent tributaries. This is a wholly expectable distribution and a simple predictive model could have been used to adequately sample the area in a two week period. However, for the reasons given above, it was necessary to expend 211 man-days to ensure total coverage of the tract lands and the one mile buffer zone. FIELD TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS Three archeological sites were previously recorded within the buffer zone boundary. The Antiquities Section redefined one of the known archeological sites and discovered an additional 30. Standard recording techniques were employed in the field. Sites were located as nearly as possible on U.S. G.S. 7.5 minute maps and described to include area of cultural debris, depth and character of fill, surrounding terrain, local vegetation, etc. Sites were photographed and potentially diagnostic artifacts were sketched to scale and filed with the survey forms. Surface collections included all finished artifacts and a representative sample of associated lithic debris. No attempt was made to record intra-site distributional variation. Surface debris has been shuffled and reshuffled by local collectors to such an extent that the present distributional variation is meaningless. Site collections were temporarily stored in paper bags appropriately marked with provenience data, type of material, and date of collection. Sites were located in the field simply by walking the ground. A field crew of four to five members crisscrossed the survey area at intervals of 20 to 100 ft., with intervals dependent on topography and ground cover. Actual field work was conducted during four periods: July 15 to September 25, 1974; October 16 to October 28, 1974; November 25 to December 23, 1974; May 17 to May 27, 1975. The following individuals were involved in various aspects of field work and analysis: Jan Applegarth, John Autrey, Claudia Berry, Michael Berry, Stanley Davis, Laurie George, Dixon Hindley, La Mar Lindsay, Chris Lund, David Madsen, Cherie Pitt, and Thomas Zeidler. The results of the investigation and analysis are reported herein. The format is a straightforward presentation of the data including sections entitled: Previous Archeological Investigations in the Uinta Basin, Environmental Setting, Archeological Sites of the Oil Shale Lands, Artifacts, and Summary and Conclusions.

Fig. 1 Location of study area.

PREVIOUS ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE UINTA BASIN The first individual to mention the presence of archeological material in the Uinta Basin was Father Silvestre de Escalante, who, in 1776, described a ruin near the Duchesne River (Bolton 1950). However, the region did not attract academic attention until the 1890's when Henry Montgomery (1894), a professor of natural history at the University of Utah, published his observations in eastern Utah including a discussion of the masonry towers along Nine Mile Canyon. Several years later Fewkes visited numerous archeological sites in Utah and gave an excellent description of the ruins along Hill Creek (Fewkes 1917a, 1917b). His main concern was the "function" of the stone towers he had observed. With these few exceptions, the Uinta Basin was largely ignored by archeologists until the second quarter of the twentieth century. From 1920 until 1947 several areas in the Uinta Basin received the attention of numerous persons interested in the antiquities of the area. All of these explorations were of short duration. The published accounts are brief and primarily descriptive, with little speculation as to age and cultural affiliation. As Julian Steward noted in 1940 (Steward 1940), "It is particularly unfortunate . . . that cave sites of the Upper Colorado Plateau, which contain a wealth of perishable materials, have been consistently despoiled by pothunters. The only scientific monograph which adequately described such materials is Morss' report on the Fremont River in Central Utah (Morss 1931)." The following chronological record of exploration summarizes the results of archeological reconnaissance and excavation in the Basin during this period. In 1921, L. S. McCandless, with a party of four from Craig, Colorado, explored Castle Park on the Yampa River in Dinosaur National Monument, where he found three caves with structures, pottery, and corn. His observations were published in the Steamboat Pilot, February, 1921 (Jeancon 1927). On the basis of McCandless' report, Jean Jeancon, of the Colorado State Historical Society, explored Lizard Canyon in 1924, just south of Yampa Canyon, and reported caves with beehive-shaped storage structures and corn caches (Jeancon 1927). In 1928 and 1929, Noel Morss conducted limited work in Nine Mile Canyon as part of the Claflin-Emerson Expedition from the Peabody Museum at Harvard University. This was published in 1931 (Morss 1931) by Morss, who noted that the material from Nine Mile was very much like the material from the Fremont River that he had used to define the Fremont culture. In 1931, the final field season of the Claflin-Emerson Expedition, which was led by Donald Scott, concentrated

efforts along the Green River and its tributaries from Green River, Utah, north to the Uinta Mountains. Selected sites were excavated in Hill and Willow Creeks and in the Uinta Mountain foothills near Myton and along Dry Fork-Ashley and Brush Creeks. Sites were also visited in Florence and Chandler Creeks. Unfortunately, this important material was not published until 1969 (Gunnerson 1969). The large collection of rock art photographs made by Donald Scott was not incorporated into a publication until 1971 (Schaafsma 1971). During the early 1930's, Albert B. Reagan, then with the United States Indian Field Service at Ouray, Utah, published numerous articles in widely scattered journals on the archeology of northeastern Utah. An effort has been made to include all of these articles in the bibliography, although several are not available for examination. Some of the photographs and material collected by Reagan are on file at the Laboratory of Anthropology in Santa Fe. It is difficult to evaluate Reagan's work, since many of his interpretations are wildly speculative. Nevertheless, he did record the existence of numerous sites — often in locations not subsequently visited by an archeologists — along with some information on their location and associated artifacts. Much of the material he described — such as structures and rock art panels — has been destroyed or mutilated since that time. In the early 1930's Steward (1933a) conducted brief excavations seven miles north of Ft. Duchesne where he found the remains of rectangular shallow pit dwellings and a rock wall house. Other brief investigations were also conducted in the 1930's by various people. Beckwith (1935) photographed and reported petroglyphs near Vernal. Gaumer (1937) reported on excavations at a Basketmaker cave near the Green River, but the exact location of the material is unclear. Leh (1936) made a brief reconnaissance along Range Creek and reported several sites, mainly granaries. More extensive work was done by the University of Utah in 1936 along Nine Mile Canyon (Gillin 1938). Gillin's work is recognized as an important contribution to Uinta Basin and Southwestern archeology. The tree-ring specimens collected during this expedition were of special importance for placing archeological material from northeastern Utah in a temporal context. The beams from Nine Mile provided the key link in the sequence from archeological to living trees (Schulman 1948, 1951; Ferguson 1949). Other work in the 1930's centered in Dinosaur National Monument. A party representing the Colorado Biological Survey explored Castle Park in 1933, under

the leadership of F. Martin Brown. An account of their observations was published in a brief, but wellillustrated, descriptive article (Brown 1937). In 1936, a party representing the Colorado Mountain Club explored the Yampa Canyon (Morris et al. 1937). In 1940, Charles Scoggin and Edison Lohr conducted a survey and excavations in Castle Park, concentrating on Mantle's Cave (Lohr 1948). During 1941, under a temporary appointment as a park ranger, Scoggin continued archeological reconnaissance in Dinosaur National Monument outside Castle Park. In 1942, a survey party of the National Park Service investigated proposed reservoir areas along the Yampa and Green Rivers. They found 33 sites, and a brief report of their work was published in 1947 (Baldwin 1947). In 1941, Elmer R. Smith and a party from the University of Utah undertook an archeological survey in northeastern Utah and northwestern Colorado intended to be the basis for a larger program of research in eastern Utah. The party covered the area from the southern boundary of Dinosaur National Monument to the Roan Cliffs, and from the confluence of the White River and Bitter Creek in Utah, to the easternmost part of Douglas Creek in Colorado. The only information concerning these investigations is contained in a few sketchy notes from the excavation of Dripping Rocks Cave. Anderson used these notes to publish a less than illuminating site report (Anderson 1964). The late 1940's saw a continued effort to understand the archeology and natural history of Dinosaur National Monument by the University of Colorado Museum with the cooperation of the National Park Service. The results of the archeological studies made in the area through October, 1947, were published in 1948 (Burgh and Scoggin 1948). This major work on the prehistory of northeastern Utah was mainly concerned with investigations in Castle Park, and more particularly with the excavation of Mantle's Cave, visited by so many previous investigators. Another site in Castle Park, Marigold's Cave, was excavated in 1948 and 1949 by Herbert Dick (Dick n.d.). A pinyon pine beam from this cave dated the Fremont occupation to ca. 1200 B.P. and represents the northernmost extension of the Southwestern ring chronology (Schulman 1950; Burgh 1950). Other excavations by the University of Colorado Museum included work at a stratified open site, Hells Midden, where an agricultural Fremont component was found overlying pre-pottery deposits (Lister 1951). Other manuscripts concerning work in Dinosaur National Monument during the 1940's have been included in the bibliography even though they were not available for examination (Scoggin 1941; Dick 1949, 1950; Stirland 1947; MacLeod 1959). Little archeological work was done in the Uinta Basin during the 1950's, when compared to the previous decade. One survey was conducted by

Gilbert Wenger, a student from the University of Denver, in the Blue Mountain-Douglas Creek area of Colorado, immediately east of the Utah state line. Wenger recorded numerous masonry granaries along the southern slopes of the Blue Mountains (Wenger 1955, 1956). In 1951, the University of Utah began a five-year archeological reconnaissance of the least-known sections of Utah. One of the reports which resulted from this work was concerned with eastern Utah (Gunnerson 1957a). Gunnerson's report includes sites recorded along the Uinta Mountain foothills, White River, East High Tavaputs Plateau, Hill, Willow, and Florence Creeks, Nine Mile Canyon, and Range Creek Canyon. Many of these sites had been located previously (see various authors, above), but most of that work had not been published. In March, 1950, a spectacular find was accidentally made in Range Creek by Clarence Pillings of Price, Utah. He discovered eleven clay figurines, which â&#x20AC;&#x201D; by reason of their size, elaborate decoration, good condition, and the fact that they had come from a single cache â&#x20AC;&#x201D; constituted a significant addition to the corpus of figurines from Utah. Morss (1954) made them the center of his work, Clay Figurines of the American Southwest. During the 1960's, numerous archeological investigations were undertaken in the Uinta Basin, almost all of which were sponsored by two institutions, the University of Colorado and the University of Utah. The University of Colorado began a threeyear archeological project in Dinosaur National Monument in 1963, under contract to the National Park Service, to survey and compile an Archaeological Base Map for the Monument. Excavations were also undertaken at selected sites. The survey located 413 sites, only 16 of which could definitely be classified as Fremont by the presence of diagnostic pottery. The majority of sites were considered to be "basically aligned with the Desert Culture;" a few were identified as Ute (Breternitz 1965). Twentyfour sites were excavated. The report on excavations at 22 of the sites was published in 1970 (Breternitz 1970). Excavation of the other two sites, Deluge Shelter and Boundary Village, were published separately (Leach 1966b, 1970). This work provided important data for the interpretation of Uinta Basin prehistory. Unfortunately, the majority of this material was undated. Deluge Shelter, a deep stratified site with Fremont, Archaic, and perhaps Basketmaker levels, is one of the most important sites in the Basin with an early date of ca. 3800 B.P. In 1964, excavations were conducted by a University of Colorado student, J. R. Ambler, at Caldwell Village, a large Fremont village on Deep Creek near La Point, Utah. The site is located approximately four miles northeast of the sites excavated by Steward in the 1930's (Steward 1933b).

The resulting data were the basis for Ambler's dissertation and were published in 1966 (Ambler 1966a, 1966b). At least 22 pit houses were recorded, as well as a large quantity and variety of artifacts which added considerably to the corpus of data on the Uinta Fremont. The University of Utah's work in the Uinta Basin was limited to the excavation of five Fremont village sites. Whiterocks Village provided one of the largest ceramic collections from the Uinta Basin. The report (Shields 1967) describing this work included no synthesis of Uinta Basin prehistory; however, it did furnish some of the few radiocarbon dates for the Uinta Fremont, ranging from 1280 to 1090 B.P. Kent Day (1964) also conducted excavations at Thorne Cave, a stratified site near the Green River. This site yielded the earliest dated Archaic component (ca. 4200 B.P.) in the Uinta Basin, but provided few diagnostic artifacts. The most recent published work on the Uinta Basin was done by Polly Schaafsma who visited and photographed many of the well-known rock art panels in the Ashley-Dry Fork area and in Dinosaur National Monument (Schaafsma n.d.,

1971). Her synthesis of rock art in Utah has a large section on the distinctive motifs found in the Uinta Basin and incorporates much unpublished earlier work as well. By way of summary, the Uinta Basin has probably received more attention from archeologists in the twentieth century than any other region of the state, with the possible exception of the Anasazi area. Despite this, no work has appeared which provides a synthesis of the prehistory of the area. To date, no attempt has been made to order this vast amount of archeological data. PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON OIL SHALE LANDS Very little archeological investigation had been conducted within the Utah oil shale lease lands prior to the Antiquities Section inventory. James Gunnerson of the University of Utah recorded two sites (42Unl06 and 42Unll8) in 1954. Richard Fike of the Bureau of Land Management revisited 42Unll8 and recorded 42Un324 in 1972. In a 1974 preliminary survey of the lease lands, Gardiner F. Dalley of the University of Utah, revisited 42Unll8 and (probably) 42Unl06.

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING The study area lies south of Bonanza, Utah within the Uinta Basin; a prominent structural feature of the Colorado Plateau physiographic region. The Basin is bounded by the Uinta Mountains to the north, the Wasatch Mountains to the west, and the Book and Roan Cliffs on the south. It is separated from the Piceance Basin to the east by an ill-defined series of ridges and plateau areas. The Basin is drained by the Green River which flows southward to join the Colorado River in southeastern Utah. The White River is a major tributary of the Green and flows from east to west through the northern portion of the study area. The elevation of the study area varies from 4,900 ft. along the White River to 5,900 ft. at the southern extent. The landscape is highly dissected by the river and numerous intermittent streams including Asphalt Wash, Southam Canyon, and Evacuation Wash (see Fig. 2). A weather station in the now abandoned town of Watson to the south of the study area was maintained from 1908 to 1938. During that period the average annual precipitation was 11.3 in. with a maximum and minimum of 15.3 and 6.3 in., respectively. The mean annual temperature was 45 degrees F. with an average July maximum of 95 degrees F. and an average January minimum of 8 degrees Fahrenheit. The frost-free period averaged 125 days from late May through late September. The last ten years of the record show a marked de-

crease in annual precipitation, but trends from 1938 to the present are undocumented (Olsen 1973). Most of the spring and summer rainfall is lost through rapid run-off, which immediately swells the intermittent tributaries and causes dramatic increases in the volume of the White River. During our investigations we observed occasional increases of two to three ft. in water level as a result of moderate thundershowers. Overgrazing is probably responsible for the run-off rate and consequent recent erosional features. Vegetation is quite sparse over most of the area, consisting of shadscale, horsebrush, four-wing saltbush, greasewood, black sage, rabbitbrush, big sage, and various grasses. Exceptions to this general picture occur on the floodplains of the White River and isolated regions of higher relief to the south. The floodplains support dense growths of cottonwood, willow, and tamarisk as well as squawbush, greasewood, desert salt grass, and alkali sacaton (Olsen 1973). Higher elevations are dominated by fairly dense juniper forests containing a very few pinyon pine. Mammalian fauna include pronghorn antelope, mule deer, cottontail, jack rabbit, bobcat, skunk, gray fox, swift fox, coyote, porcupine, badger, big brown bat, and a variety of rats, mice, and squirrels. Game birds such as the Canadian goose, mallard, and teal are commonly observed along the river. Several species of raptors and a

Fig. 2 View of White River and adjacent environs. bewildering variety of smaller birds occur commonly throughout the area. Channel catfish, sucker, red shiner, carp, speckled dace, and roundtail chub are relatively abundant in the White River (Olsen 1973). At present, resources exploitable by aboriginal technology are essentially restricted to the riparian zone.

North or south of the river, the countryside is dry, barren, and practically devoid of fauna and flora useful to man. Whether or not these conditions obtained in prehistoric times cannot be determined until adequate paleoenvironmental data become available.

ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES OF THE OIL SHALE LANDS Figure 3 shows the approximate site distribution in and adjacent to the lease lands. Thirty were recorded by the Antiquities Section inventory, and two (42Unll8, 42Un324) had been previously documented. Site types include rockshelters and open encampments. These are discussed under separate headings below. ROCKSHELTERS 42Unll8: This site was previously reported by the University of Utah and is known locally as Wagon Hound Alcove. It has been badly vandalized, exposing stratified deposits to a depth of ca. 2 meters. Numerous long, continuous lenses of charcoal, ash, and fire-reddened soil are visible in profile. Deposits are alluvial and/ or colluvial in origin. Chipping debris, burned bone, and corn cobs are abundant, but no diagnostic artifacts were observed.

42Un324: The Bureau of Land Management recorded this site in 1972. It was not revisited during the present investigation. It is reportedly a very slight overhang with deep, sandy fill. A projectile point, chipping debris, and charcoal were reported by the B.L.M., but no collection was taken. 42Un355: Small shelter with shallow, eolian sandy fill. There is no evidence of hearths and the ceiling is not smoke-blackened. One unidentifiable point fragment and chipping debris were collected from the surface. 42Un365: This is a large shelter ca. 4 meters high, 30 meters wide (east-west), and 8 meters deep (northsouth). It is littered with machinery parts, tin cans and broken glass, and has probably been intensively surface collected. A large aboriginal petroglyph consisting of concentric circles has been painted yellow and used as a "bulls-eye" by local marksmen. However, there is no

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evidence of digging. The shelter contains a rectangular, sandstone masonry structure. The walls have been toppled but two courses remain intact. The structure measures ca. 5 meters (east-west) by 2.5 meters (northsouth). A single Type II projectile point was found on the surface (Fig. 14, a). 42Un366: Shallow alcove ca. 75 meters long (eastwest) and 3 meters deep (north-south). The site has been extensively looted, exposing eolian deposits to a depth of 35 cm. The deposits contain a great deal of charcoal and a layer of desiccated cottonwood leaves. The surface collection consists of a Type II biface and chipping debris. Three badly weathered, red ocher pictographs appear on the patinated surface of the shelter wall. 42Un367: This site was originally recorded by the University of Utah as 42Unl09. It was described as a small, masonry granary and no mention was made of the deep, extensive deposits in the adjacent alcove. A reexamination suggests that the "granary" is not aboriginal in origin. The site has thus been redefined as a rockshelter and assigned a separate number to prevent confusion with the earlier record. 42Un367 is ca. 30 meters long (north-south). The dripline varies from 1.5 to 3.0 meters from the rear wall. The surface collection consists of one type VII point (Fig. 14, h), one unclassifiable point fragment, one Type II biface, and chipping debris. Most of the deposits have been removed and screened. Cultural debris is visible to ca. 60 cm. in depth. The original site report mentions the presence of corn cobs on the surface. 42Un381: Small shelter ca. 9 meters long (northsouth) and 2.4 meters from the rear wall to the dripline. The fill consists of eolian sand, roof scale, and charcoal. A large looter's pit has been excavated to a depth of 40 centimeters. The ceiling is smoke-stained. No artifacts other than fire-blackened cobbles are present. 42Un402: Large shelter ca. 75 meters long (eastwest) and 10 to 15 meters from the rear wall to the dripline. Fill consists of eolian sand and animal dung. Chipping debris is scattered over a 75 by 75 meter area below the shelter. Three large thick bifaces, one core, two flaked cobbles, and chipping debris were recovered from the surface. A pit has been excavated to a depth of 20 centimeters. 42Un404: Shelter ca. 30 meters long (north-south) by 5 meters deep (east-west). Eolian deposits have been eroded away at the front of the shelter to a depth of 1.5 meters. Surface collection consists of one Type XXV projectile point (Fig. 14, i). There is no evidence of vandalism. 42Un407: Water-cut shelter along minor tributary arroyo of the White River. Shelter is 45 meters long (east-west) by 3 meters deep (north-south). The ceiling is ca. 3 meters high. There are no surface indications of occupation, but two potholes have exposed alluvial deposits containing charcoal and chipping debris to a

depth of 45 centimeters. One well-defined fire-reddened lens, visible in profile, may be a hearth. One Type II biface fragment was recovered from the excavator's backdirt. 42Un409: Small alcove with very thin eolian deposit overlying the bedrock floor. Rear wall is smokeblackened and there are numerous fire-cracked river cobbles on the surface. Two large, thick bifaces and chipping debris were collected. OPEN SITES Open sites consist of sparse concentrations of lithic debris and fire-cracked cobbles. With three exceptions (42Un405, 42Un406, 42Un408), they are situated on Pleistocene terraces along the White River. The depth of deposit varies markedly. The cluster of sites on the south side of the river from 42Un368 through 42Un375 all contain eolian and colluvial deposits one to two meters deep. However, most of the open sites on the north side of the river (42Un356, 42Un357, 42Un358, 42Un378, 42Un380, 42Un381) contain only a few centimeters of eolian sand and some lie directly on terrace gravels. The only exception is 42Un377 which was excavated by Mr. Bud Thompson of Bonanza. This site lies at the base of a steep cliff and is thus protected from wind and water erosion. Mr. Thompson excavated a ca. one square meter area to a depth of 1.2 meters and recovered one hundred and twentytwo lithic artifacts which are reported herein (see Artifacts). The deposits reportedly consisted of two charcoal-stained layers separated by a thin layer of sterile sand. Sites 42Un406 and 42Un408 are situated on sandy knolls, respectively, 0.5 and 1.5 miles from the river. They consist of very sparse scatterings of chipping debris. Site 42Un405 is known locally as Breaking-Wind Butte. Figure 4 is a plan map of the site. It is situated on a flat-topped butte ca. 75 meters above the surrounding terrain. A row of upright sandstone slabs lines the northern rim of the butte. The southern rim overlooks a precipitous drop into the White River canyon. The site contains eighteen oval to subrectangular sandstone slab alignments of unknown function. The surface collection consists of one Type I point (Fig. 14, d), one Type II point (Fig. 14, b), one drill (Fig. 15, a), two Type II bifaces, a steatite pipe fragment, and chipping debris. Site 42Un403 is the only isolated example of aboriginal rock art. It consists of a bighorn sheep petroglyph on the vertical surface of a sandstone cliff. The animal is about 20 cm. long by 14 cm. tall (Fig. 5). DISCUSSION Proximity to the White River was clearly the dominant factor of aboriginal settlement pattern. This is not surprising. The river is the only perennial source of 11

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relatively sparse at all of the sites. This is partially attributable to surface collecting by local amateurs. At most of the open sites, chipping debris was found concentrated in small piles rather than evenly distributed. These "piles" probably represent materials rejected by surface collectors in search of "finished" artifacts. The large number of artifacts excavated from 42Un377 suggests that many of the open riverine sites may be considerably richer in yield than the scant surface debris would indicate. Nearly all of the rockshelter sites have been heavily vandalized. The depth of deposits thus exposed suggests a lengthy record of occupation. Most of these contain some undisturbed deposits with datable material (charcoal, wood, leaves, etc.) visible in profile. The potential for temporally controlled cultural and paleoenvironmental inference is obvious. Breaking-Wind Butte (42Un405) is the most intriguing site discovered during the survey. The upright slab wall "guards" all access routes, suggesting a defensive position. Other interpretations are equally tenable. The butte commands a view of the river and it would have been an excellent position to observe game movements. Excavation may shed some light on the utilization of the site. Wind erosion has removed most of the deposits but eolian silts of considerable depth remain at the north end. The cultural affiliation and temporal span of the sites are questions open to multiple solutions. These matters will be discussed under Summary and Conclusions.

Fig. 5 Bighorn sheep petroglyph (42Un403). drinking water in this arid environment. The numerous intermittent washes fill quickly during thundershowers but dry up almost instantly when the rain ceases. Evacuation Wash is the only exception. It is a deep gorge which holds some water during most of the year. However, the water is quite brackish and unpalatable. Floral and faunal resources are expectably more abundant along the course of the White River than elsewhere in this barren, desolate region. Surface indications of prehistoric occupation are

ARTIFACTS

Two hundred and ninty-one artifacts were recovered during the Antiquities Section investigation. Chipped stone implements and debitage comprise the bulk of the collection. Ground stone, pottery, hammerstones, and perishables are poorly represented. Time-sensitive or culture-specific artifacts are extremely rare. This small sample imposes serious limits on the level of interpretation. In order to augment the sample and get a better idea of the range of cultures represented in the area we examined private collections recovered in and adjacent to the lease lands. The largest of these was excavated from a single site (42Un377) by Mr. Bud Thompson of Bonanza. Mr. Thompson was kind enough to loan us this collection for detailed analysis. The results are reported below, followed by a description of the materials recovered during the inventory.

THE THOMPSON COLLECTION (42Un377) The site yielded one hundred and twenty-two lithic implements. These have been subdivided into four categories: Points (Types I through XXV), Drills, Unifaces, and Bifaces (Types I through VII). Line drawings of drills, unifaces, and bifaces from the Thompson collection have been deleted from this report. They are on file at the Utah State Historical Society. POINTS Type I No. Specimens: 9 (Fig. 6, a-i) Description: All points in this category are isosceles triangular in outline, with thin lenticular to planoconvex cross sections; lateral edges are straight to 13

slightly excurvate. The greatest width is generally at the top edge of the base. The narrow, moderately deep side notches are placed high on the lateral edges and at a right angle to them. The base of the stem is broad and straight to convex. The corners of the stem are squared. All are pressure-flaked with flat collateral flaking most prevalent. Secondary marginal retouch is present on some examples. One specimen has been reworked, forming a sharp acute point. Material : 8 chert/chalcedony, 1 quartzite Measurements: Length, 1.5 to 2.4 cm.; width, 1.2 to 1.5 cm.; thickness, 0.2 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 0.4 to 0.9 gm. Comparable types: Desert Side-notched (Aikens 1967, Fig. 38, a-d; Swanson and Bryan 1964, Fig. 5, b-c; Ranere 1971, Plate 13 j ; Swanson, Butler and Bonnichsen 1964, Fig. 36, p-q; Aikens 1966, Fig. 22, b-c; Sharrock 1966a, Fig. 42.) Type II

one exception, are relatively shallow and narrow, generally forming bases narrower than the blades, and shoulders that are straight to sloping. Workmanship varies. Most specimens exhibit collateral flake patterns producing a slight ridge along the midline of one or both faces. Two, made on thin flakes, have been marginally retouched only. On one specimen retouch is present only on the ventral face. Material: 5 chert/chalcedony, 1 quartzite, 1 unknown Measurements: Length, 1.9 to 2.6 cm.; width, 1.0 to 1.4 cm.; thickness, 0.2 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 0.4 to 1.8 gm. Comparable types: Ambler (1966b, Fig. 40, k-n); Type 4A, 4C, 4E (Breternitz 1970a, see various sites); Shields (1967, Fig. 16, a-c). Type IV No. Specimens: 9 (Fig. 7, a-i) Description: Specimens are characterized by elongate triangular outlines, relatively narrow in relation to width. Straight to slightly concave lateral edges, four of which are slightly serrated. Characteristic of the group as a whole are the wide, deep corner notches which form narrow necks and narrow expanding stems with straight to convex bases. Tangs are prominent. Cross sections range from biconvex to plano-convex. Most appear to be made on thin curved flakes. Medial ridges are present on all but two of the points. Ventral surfaces exhibit the least amount of retouch with much of the original flake surface present. Most flaking is collateral, with flake scars carrying to or short of the medial ridge. Transverse flaking is present on two. Secondary marginal retouch is not present. Material: 8 chert/chalcedony, 1 jasper Measurements: Length, 2.0 to 2.8 cm.; width, 0.9 to 1.6 cm.; thickness, 0.3 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 0.3 to 1.4 gm. Comparable types: Aikens (1970, Fig. 18, j-1), Hunt (1953, Fig. 10, a-e), Type C (Wormington 1955, Fig. 32), Wormington and Lister (1956, Fig. 40, a-d, Fig. 41, a-f), Brew (1946, Fig. 172, a-g), Type 3E, Breternitz (1970a, Fig. 2, see various sites), Ambler (1966b, Fig. 40, o), Burgh and Scoggin (1948, Fig. 21), Lister (1951, Fig. 4), Gunnerson (1957a, Fig. 14, b-e, x-y).

No. Specimens: 5 (Fig. 6, j-n) Description: These specimens resemble Type 1 points but are distinguished from them by the presence of a wide V-shaped basal indentation or notch. Type II points are isosceles triangular in outline with straight to slightly convex, lateral edges. The position of greatest width is at the lower end of the base. Cross sections range from biconvex to plano-convex. Side notches are placed relatively high at right angles to the edges, or at a slight angle downward. All bases are notched, forming prominent "spurs." Parallel flaking is present on some specimens. Flake scars generally do not carry beyond midpoint of the blade. Secondary marginal retouch is present on one example. Material: 4 chert, 1 quartzite Measurements: Length, 2.0 to 2.8 cm.; width, 1.2 to 1.7 cm.; thickness, 0.2 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 0.5 to 1.7 gm. Comparable types: Billings double-spur basal notch (Kehoe 1966, Fig. 1); Teotihuacan points, Harrell points (Byers 1967, Figs. 62 and 65); Desert sidenotched (Aikens 1970, Fig. 18, a-c; Hunt 1953, Fig. 18, a-i; Gunnerson 1957a, Fig. 14 t; 1969, Fig. 43 d; Day and Dibble 1963, Fig. 21, f-g; Sharrock 1966a, Fig. 48 h.).

TypeV No. Specimens: 5 (Fig. 7, j-n) Description: All specimens are triangular in outline with straight lateral edges and straight to slightly convex bases. The smallest specimen has serrated edges. All examples are characterized by narrow corner notches which form prominent tangs and expanding bases narrower than the blade. Cross sections are biconvex to plano-convex. One specimen is twisted (Fig. 7, 1). Flaking is collateral or non-patterned with flake scars rarely carrying more than halfway across the blade. On two specimens the original ventral flake surface is still present. Two specimens are distinctly smaller than the

Type III No. Specimens: 7 (Fig. 6, o-u) Description: This is a residual category of small side-notched points that could probably be split into two or more types if a larger, well-provenienced collection was available. All are triangular to elongate triangular in outline. Most have straight lateral edges, although one is slightly concave and one slightly convex. Bases are straight to slightly concave. Cross sections vary from biconvex to plano-convex. Side notches, with 14

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others, but have been placed in this category on the basis of shape, notching and flaking. Material: 3 chert, 2 jasper Measurements: Length, 1.2 to 2.4 cm.; width, 1.0 to 1.4 cm.; thickness, 0.2 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 0.2 to 1.0 gm. Comparable types: Type 3E, Breternitz (1970a, Fig. 2, see various sites); Wormington (1955, Fig. 32).

Description: These three points have equilateral triangular outlines, with relatively broad blades, lenticular cross sections, and straight lateral edges. On one, the blade edges are irregularly serrated, the other two specimens exhibit minute, relatively steep retouch along portions of the blade edges. Cornernotching varies, but has produced well-developed tangs and expanding stems on all specimens. Bases are concave on two, straight on the third. Flaking is largely nonpatterned although parallel oblique flake scars are present, stopping at or just short of the midline. Material: 2 chalcedony, 1 welded tuff Measurements: Length, 1.9 to 2.2 cm.; width, 1.5 to 1.8 cm.; thickness, 0.3 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 1.0 to 1.2 gm. Comparable types: Types 2G and 4a, Breternitz (1970, Fig. 2); Wormington and Lister(1956, Fig. 43 b); Hunt (1953, Fig. 12, a-h); Prairie Side-notched (Kehoe 1966, Fig. I).

Type VI No. Specimens: 4 (Fig. 8, a-d) Description: Specimens in this group are characterized by elongate triangular outlines, straight lateral edges, and lenticular cross sections. The bases on three are indented, one is slightly convex. Corner notches are of medium width and depth, forming bases nearly as wide as the blades. Workmanship is good. Flake scars are random or non-patterned with most flake scars carrying across the midline of the blades. Material: 3 chert/chalcedony, 1 unknown Measurements: Length, ? to 3.2 cm.; width, 1.5 to 1.9 cm.; thickness, 0.3 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 1.6 to 2.0 gm. Comparable types: Type 3, Breternitz (1970a, Fig. 2); Type W18, Jennings (1957, Fig. 89a); Wormington and Lister (1956, Fig. 8b); Day and Dibble (1963, Fig. 5 i); Swanson and Bryan (1964, Fig. 5 h); Type 4 B ' Leach (1970, Plate6,j-k).

Type IX No. Specimens: 3 (Fig. 9, a-c) Description: These points have elongate triangular outlines with straight blade edges, flat lenticular cross sections. Corner notches are relatively deep and narrow, producing tangs which come down almost to the base of the stems. The bases are straight to slightly concave, with sharp lateral corners. Transverse parallel flaking is present on the broken specimen, with flake scars carrying to or beyond the midpoint. Fine marginal retouch on one face has produced serrated lateral edges. The complete point exhibits well-controlled collateral flaking and fine serrations. The third point may have been broken during manufacture. Both faces have been completely flaked only near the tip, otherwise only along the margins. Material: 3 chert/chalcedony Measurements: Length, 3.2 to 3.4 cm.; width, 1.8 to 2.0 cm.; thickness, 0.3 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 1.5 to 1.7 gm. Comparable types: Type 3, Breternitz (1970, Fig. 2); Hunt (1953, Fig. 14, 15); Kidder and Guernsey (1919^ Fig. 48, c, d); Burgh and Scoggin (1948, Fig. 22); resembles Elko Corner-notched (Aikens 1970), TB8 (Sharrock 1966a, Fig. 41); Type 4d (Leach 1970, Plate 7, a-e).

Type VII No. Specimens: 7 (Fig. 8, e-k) Description: These points resemble those in Type VI, but have been separated because of their relatively wide blades and deeper corner notches. With one exception, the blades are as wide as or wider than they are long. Lateral edges are straight to slightly convex. The margins on three are slightly serrated. Bases range from slightly convex to indented, although the majority are straight, and expand to nearly the width of the blade. Tangs are very pronounced, drooping markedly on most specimens. Cross sections are generally lenticular although a slight medial ridge is present on several specimens. Flake scars on most of the points are random. On one the original flake surface is present on both faces; it may have been broken during manufacture. Material: 6 chert/chalcedony, 1 unknown Measurements: Length, 2.2 to 2.8 cm.; width, 1.6 to 2.0 cm.; thickness, 0.3 to 0.5 cm.; weight, 1.4 to 2.0 gm. Comparable types: Breternitz (1970a, Fig. 2); Swanson and Sneed (1966, Fig. 18 n); Swanson, Butler and Bonnichsen (1964, Fig. 36 g); similar to Type TB6, Sharrock (1966a, Fig. 39), and to Type 4g, Leach (1970, Plate 7, i-p).

TypeX No. Specimens: 5 (Fig. 9, d-h) Description: These points resemble those in Type IX, but are distinguished by their smaller size and type of notching. Specimens have elongate triangular outlines, straight or slightly excurvate lateral margins, and lenticular cross sections. A slight medial ridge, most pronounced near the point, is present on three. Notches are shorter, narrower, and at a more acute angle to the stem than those of Type IX, producing less pronounced tangs. Bases are straight, expanding to nearly the width of the blades. Transverse parallel, collateral, and chevron

Type VIII No. Specimens: 3 (Fig. 8,1-n) 16

flaking are all present, with flake scars generally carrying across or to the midpoint of the blade. Fine marginal retouch is present on two examples. On one of these it has produced a low bevel on one edge. Material: 5 chert/chalcedony Measurements: Length, 2.6 to 3.3 cm.; width, 1.6 to 1.8 cm.; thickness, 0.3 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 1.1 to 1.8 gm. Comparable types: Type 3, Breternitz (1970, Fig. 2); Hunt (1953, Fig. 14, 15); Kidder and Guernsey (1919, Fig. 48, c, d); Wormington and Lister (1956, Fig. 43, i), resembles Elko Corner-notched (Aikens 1970).

flake scars indicates that the point was heat-treated during manufacture. It may have been broken during manufacture with the removal of a large flake from near the tip. Material: transparent chalcedony Measurements: Length, 2.8 cm.; width, 2.2 cm.; thickness, 0.3 cm.; weight, 2.0 gm. Comparable types: Sharrock (1966a, Fig. 47, f, n); Class IX, Day and Dibble (1963, Fig. 5, n). Type XIV No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 10, c) Description: This point has a wide, short, triangular blade with straight lateral edges and a flat lenticular cross section. The shoulders are pronounced and slightly tanged. The stem is relatively large, slightly expanding, and has a straight base. The base has been thinned by removal of long flakes which carry beyond the neck of the point. Flaking is mainly random but generally well controlled. Parallel oblique flake scars are present near the tip, carrying almost as far as the neck. Material: chert Measurements: Length, 2.9 cm.; width, 2.3 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm.; weight, 2.6 gm. Comparable types: Class I, Day and Dibble (1963, Fig. 5, a); Fowler (1968, Fig. 3, 5), Type 2B, Breternitz (1970, Fig. 2).

Type XI No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 9, i) Description: This point is elongate triangular in outline, with straight lateral margins and a thin lenticular cross section. Deep narrow corner notches and a pronounced basal indentation have formed a distinctive, eared stem. Workmanship is good, characterized by flat collateral flaking. Flake scars generally end at the midpoint. Material: chert Measurements: Length, 3.3 cm.; width, 1.5 cm.; thickness, 0.3 cm.; weight, 1.3 gm. Comparable types: Elko Split Stem (Aikens 1970, Fig. 20, m-r); Sharrock (1966a, Fig. 48,e); Wormington and Lister (1956, Fig. 47); Swanson, Butler and Bonnichsen (1964, Fig. 37, c); Heizer and Baumhoff (1961, Fig. 4); Gunnerson (1957a, Fig. 14, aa).

Type XV No. Specimens: 3 (Fig. 10, d-f) Description: These points are characterized by narrow elongate triangular blades, with straight to moderately excurvate lateral margins. Two have lenticular, cross sections. One, made on a slightly curved flake, has a plano-convex cross section. Wide, moderately deep corner notches have formed well-developed shoulders and relatively short, slight to moderately expanding stems, with rounded bases. Both flat collateral and oblique flaking is present. The plano-convex specimen has a pronounced medial ridge on one face, the others have only slight ridges, most prominent near the points.

Type XII No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 10, a) Description: This point is triangular in outline with a straight lateral margin (other margin is missing), wide convex base nearly as long as the lateral margin, and a flat lenticular cross section. Notching appears to be asymmetrical, producing the wide, short base. Flat collateral and parallel oblique flaking is present. Flake scars feather out at midpoint. The base had been bifacially thinned. Material: chalcedony Measurements: Length, 3.0 cm.; width, 2.1 cm.; thickness, 0.3 cm.; weight, 1.8 gm. Comparable types: none known

Material: 1 chert, 1 translucent chalcedony, 1 quartzite Measurements: Length, 3.4 to 3.5 cm.; width, 1.3 to 1.7 cm.; thickness, 0.3 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 1.2 to 1.7 gm. Comparable types: Aikens (1970, Fig. 18, d-f); Hunt (1953, Fig. 11, b).

Type XIII No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 10, b) Description: This point is triangular in outline. The blade is wide and relatively short. The lateral margin is convex (the other margin is missing) with an irregular edge. Cross section is irregularly plano-convex. Corner notches are deep, producing prominent tangs and an expanding stem as wide as the blade. The base of the stem is also irregular (unfinished?). Part of the original flake surface is present on one face. The difference in appearance between this surface and the surface of the

Type XVI No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 11, a) Description: This large, unique point has an isosceles triangular blade with slightly excurvate lateral margins, a flat lenticular cross section and small, but pronounced tangs. The most distinctive feature of the point is the 18

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stem which is 1.2 cm. long. The stem has a wide, relatively long, straight neck which flares abruptly near the base forming a base slightly narrower than the blade. The 'base has been bifacially thinned and is slightly concave. Flaking is collateral or non-patterned. Material: chalcedony Measurements: Length, 4.1 cm.; width, 2.2 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm.; weight, 3.5 gm. Comparable types: Type 4F, Breternitz (1970a: 140, Fig. 9, k).

Material: chert Measurements: Length, 3.7 cm.; width, 2.1 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm.; weight, 4.0 gm. (Slightly less than half the point is missing.) Comparable types: Sharrock (1966a, Fig. 48, f), Hunt (1953, Fig. 13). Type XX No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 11, e) Description: This point was made on a thin, expanding, curved flake. It is isosceles triangular in outline, with slightly convex lateral edges and a plano-convex cross section. Relatively wide, V-shaped, shallow basal notches have produced barbs that come down almost to the base, and a short straight-sided stem with an indented base. The dorsal surface is completely worked. The ventral surface has been retouched along the edges, producing serrated lateral margins. The tip has been extensively retouched. Material: chert Measurements: Length, 2.9 cm.; width, 1.7 cm.; thickness, 0.3 cm.; weight, 1.3 gm. Comparable types: none

Type XVII No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 11, b) Description: This point resembles those classified as Type XV, but is considerably larger. It has a narrow, elongate triangular outline, slightly excurvate lateral margins, and a biconvex to lenticular cross section. Shoulders are pronounced with slight tangs. The stem, formed by wide corner notches, is slightly expanding with a rounded base. The base has a small notch in it. A low, but well-defined medial ridge is present on both faces, produced by well-controlled parallel flaking. Flake scars meet at the medial ridge. Material: chalcedony Measurements: Length, 4.4 cm.; width, 1.7 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm.; weight, 3.5 gm. Comparable types: Aikens (1970, Fig. 18, d-f); Hunt (1953, Fig. 11, b).

Type XXI No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 11, f) Description: The specimen is leaf-shaped in outline with an isosceles triangular blade, rounded sloping shoulders, and a sharply contracting stem. It is lenticular in cross section with a slight medial ridge on one face. The base is narrow and slightly concave. Well controlled, flat collateral flaking is present. Flake scars do not carry beyond the midline. Material: chert Measurements: Length, 3.4 cm.; width, 2.0 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm.; weight, 2.8 gm. Comparable types: Pinto sloping shoulder, Aikens (1970, Fig. 21, h); Fowler (1968, Plate 1, q).

Type XVIII No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 11, c) Description: This side-notched point has a narrow elongate triangular outline, straight lateral margins and base, and a biconvex cross section. The widest point is at the base. Moderately wide side notches are placed at right angles to the lateral edges, producing a base with square ends. Well-controlled parallel flaking is present on both faces. Flake scars carry as far as the midpoint, producing a definite medial ridge. Material: chert/chalcedony Measurements: Length, 3.9 cm.; width, 1.8 cm.; thickness, 0.4 cm.; weight, 2.7 gm. Comparable types: Bitterroot Side-notched, Swanson, Butler and Bannichsen (1964, Fig. 36, d); Swanson and Sneed (1966, Fig. 20, b-c).

Type XXII No. Specimens: 9 (Fig. 12, a-i) Description: While there is variation in size within this category, the examples appear to intergrade and possess basic similarities. Blades range from lanceolate to triangular depending on the length of the point, with blade edges incurved toward the tip. On the largest specimen, the edges of the proximal blade-half are parallel. Probably the most distinctive characteristic of the group is the stem. On five specimens it is straightsided. On three examples, the proximal end of the base is slightly expanding. Only one is slightly contracting. Six of the bases are shallowly notched, three are straight. With the exception of the contracting-stemmed point, stem widths range from 1.2 to 1.3 cm. and lengths from 0.7 to 1.0 cm. Shoulders are prominent and generally straight, although some are slightly rounded or tanged.

Type XIX No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 11, d) Description: This point is isosceles triangular in outline, with straight lateral margins and a planoconvex cross section. It is characterized by wide corner notches, shoulders with a slight tang, a wide neck, and an expanding stem with a straight base. The point was made on a slightly twisted flake and the ventral surface has been flaked along the margins only. The dorsal surface has been completely worked. 20

Cross sections range from lenticular to biconvex. Hinge fractures are frequent and flakes do not commonly extend beyond the blade midpoint. The edges tend to be slightly irregular, produced principally by primary flaking. Secondary marginal retouch is rare. Parallel flaking is present only on the larger point (Fig. 12, a). One of the points (Fig. 12, i) is aberrant. It may not belong in this category but has been placed here since its stratigraphic position is unknown. Material: 3 chert/chalcedony, 7 silicified sedimentary stone Measurements: Length, 2.9 to 7.4 (est.) cm.; width, 1.7 to 2.3 cm.; thickness, 0.3 to 0.4 cm.; weight, 1.9 to 9.0 (est.) gm. Comparable types: McKean points, Mulloy (1954, Fig. 4, 31-40, lower level); Leach (1966a, Fig. 3t); Type TB5, Sharrock (1966a, Fig. 38); Class VIII, Day and Dibble (1963, Fig. 5, k-m); Type 2h, Leach (1970, Plate 3, h, k-m).

thickness, 0.5 cm.; weight, 8.2 gm. Comparable types: W 10, Jennings (1957, Fig. 81); McKean Points, Mulloy (1954, Fig. 4, No. 23, 27, lower level). Type XXV No. Specimens: 5 (Fig. 13, b-f) Description: This category consists of large triangular corner-notched points which, because of their size, are believed to have been used as hafted knives. Some of the lateral edges also evidence signs of wear in the form of small flakes which have been removed, perhaps indicating use other than as projectile points. Stems on all examples are expanding and barbs are prominent. Hinge fractures are numerous, in many cases clearly a result of the nonhomogenous nature of the material. All specimens have relatively thin lenticular to biconvex cross sections. Secondary marginal retouch is present on two. Material: 2 quartzite, 2 chert, 1 silicified sedimentary stone Measurements: Length, 4.3 to 5.2 cm.; width, 2.2 to 3.5 cm.; thickness, 0.5 to 0.6 cm.; weight, 3.5 to 6.6 gm. Comparable types: Leach (1970, Plate 8, a-b); Day and Dibble (1963 Fig, 5, h); Sharrock (1966a, Fig. 48, a).

Type XXIII No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 12, j) Description: This point has a lanceolate blade, incurved toward the tip, and a thin lenticular cross section. The square shoulders are prominent, with a slight barb. The broad corner notches form a relatively long, slightly expanding stem with a concave base. The base has been further modified by longitudinal thinning flakes on both faces that extend up onto the blade. Thin parallel flakes feather out at or short of the midpoint. Step fractures are present on one face. While this point has much the same outline as those classified as Type XXII, it differs noticably in flaking technique, thinness, and by the presence of slight tangs. Material: quartzite Measurements: Length, 3.7 cm.; width, 1.9 cm.; thickness, 0.4 cm.; weight, 2.6 gm. Comparable types: Type 2d, Leach (1970, Plate 3, e-g); Sharrock (1966a, Fig. 47 b, c, Fig. 48 b); Frison (1968, Fig. 3,m-p).

DISCUSSION OF POINTS Types I and II fall within the range of variation of the Desert Side-notched (Baumhoff and Byrne 1959) as defined in the Great Basin. Type II is also formally identical to the Billings Double Spur Basal-notched of the Northwestern Plains (Kehoe 1966). This geographically widespread point type has been dated from ca. 650 B.P. to the historic period (Baumhoff and Byrne 1959; Hester 1973). Type III is nondiagnostic point found virtually everywhere in western North America. In Utah, they have been recovered from innumerable surface sites of unknown affiliation as well as from several poorly dated Fremont sites. The temporal range is probably similar to that posited for Types I and II. Types IV and V are similar to the small cornernotched points associated with the Uncompahgre Complex (Wormington and Lister 1956) in the UtahColorado border area and Late Woodland sites (Johnson 1974; Wedel 1964) between the Colorado Front Range and the Missouri River. It is formally identical with the Great Basin type Eastgate Expanding-stem (Lanning 1963; Clewlow 1967) and Pueblo I points of the Four Corners area (Brew 1946). These points occur as early as 1450 B.P. on the Plains (Johnson 1974; Wedel 1964) and from 1350 to 650 B.P. in the Great Basin (Hester 1973; Clewlow 1967). Types I through V are probably arrow points based on their temporal provenience and stratigraphic association at various sites in western North America

Type XXIV No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 13, a) Description: This specimen is lanceolate in outline, with a thin lenticular cross section, and deeply indented base. One proximal lateral edge is slightly constricted forming a scarcely perceptible stem, defined by a slight shoulder. The opposite edge has a shallow notch just above the point where the base is broken. Oblique parallel flake scars are present, with most flakes extending beyond the blade midpoint. A few end in step fractures, probably a result of the poor quality of the material. Secondary bifacial marginal retouch is present along both lateral edges. Material: quartzite Measurements: Length, 4.4 cm.; width, 2.1 cm.; 22

Both lateral edges are steeply retouched by the removal of short flakes. The distal edge has been completely retouched by removal of longer, less steep, flakes. Small jagged use flakes have been removed around the entire margin on the dorsal face, but are concentrated at the two corners of the distal end. A smooth facet has also been worn along the ventral edge of the distal end. The third specimen is made on a blade. The dorsal surface has been entirely flaked. The edges are retouched around the entire margin producing one lateral edge that is straight and at a steep angle. The other is convex and at a lower angle. The ventral surface is flat. A few flakes have been removed, apparently to resharpen the edge. Tiny use flakes have been removed from the dorsal face, producing a rough edge. These are concentrated in the center of each lateral edge. The remaining two specimens are made on expanding, curved flakes, triangular in outline. The entire dorsal surface is flaked. The transverse edge is steeply retouched on both. The smaller of the two, has one steeply retouched lateral edge. Two spurs have also been produced at the distal corners. These spurs and all retouched margins exhibit evidence of use in the form of tiny step fractures along the dorsal edges. Small use flakes occur along the lateral edges of the ventral face on both specimens. Material: 4 chert/chalcedony, 1 quartzite Measurements: Length, 2.6 to 7.3 cm.; width, 2.2 to 3.4 cm.; thickness, 0.5 to 1.1 cm.; weight, 4.1 to 30.9 gm.

with the remains of bow and arrow fragments. Type VIII may also be an arrow point. Similar forms are referred to as Prairie Side-notched on the Northwest Plains and have been dated to ca. 1200 B.P. (Kehoe 1966). Types VI, VII, and IX through XXI are probably atlatl points and therefore attributable to the Archaic Period, or possibly, Basketmaker II. Obviously no unequivocal temporal assignation is possible. Similar points have been recovered from Hogup Cave in strata dated as early as 8500 B.P. (Aikens 1970). At Deluge Shelter in the Uinta Basin (Leach 1970) they were found in association with the earliest Archaic deposits dated at ca. 3800 B.P. However, if Basketmaker II affiliation can eventually be demonstrated, they may date in the 2000 to 1500 B.P. range. Type XXII falls within the range of variation of McKean points (Mulloy 1954). McKean points have been dated between ca. 5000 and 3500 B.P. in the Great Plains and western Plains periphery (Sharrock 1966a; Husted 1969; Wedel, Husted, and Moss 1968; Mulloy 1954; Strong 1935; Olson and Broeker 1959; Irwin and Irwin 1959). Types XXIII through XXV are essentially nondiagnostic. DRILLS No. Specimens: 3 Description: Two drills are characterized by long, slender drill blades, bifacially flaked along both lateral edges. Both have thick lenticular to lozenge-shaped cross sections produced by relatively steep flaking. The expanding base which is present on one is bifacially flaked over both surfaces and unnotched. The base is slightly concave. The third specimen appears to be made on the stem of a projectile point (whose tip was broken off), by reworking the stem into a short, triangular point. This point is bifacially flaked, forming a thick, strong drill point, diamond-shaped in cross section. Material: 2 chert/chalcedony, 1 unknown Measurements: Length, 2.1 to 4.1 cm.; width of base, 2.2 cm.; thickness of base, 0.6 cm.; thickness of blade, 0.3 to 0.6 cm.; width of blade, 0.8 cm.

BIFACES Type I No. Specimens: 8 Description: All of the specimens placed in this category are probably preforms for projectile points (almost certainly arrow points), or small knives. All that would be required is secondary retouch to straighten and thin the edges or to reduce the point (bulb of force), and notching to facilitate hafting. All the specimens have thin cross sections which are biconvex, flat lenticular or plano-convex. Outlines vary, but most are periform or triangular with straight to rounded bases. One base is concave. One specimen made on a thin expanding flake is worked on the dorsal face only, with no modification of the bulb of force. Another has been marginally retouched on the ventral face only, and the bulb of force has been removed. On a few, one or more edges have been turned (beveled) to provide a platform for removal of flakes from the opposite face. Material: 8 chert/chalcedony Measurements: Length, 2.3 to 3.1 cm.; width, 1.0 to 1.8 cm.; thickness, 0.2 to 0.3 cm.; weight, 0.7 to 1.7 gm. Comparable types: Cottonwood triangular, Leach (1970, Fig. 1, a-1).

UNIFACES No. Specimens: 5 Description: One of these is made on a long, thick flake, wedge-shaped in cross section with a dorsal ridge adjacent to one lateral edge. This edge is at a 90Â° angle to the ventral surface, and exhibits numerous step fractures on the dorsal face usually ascribed to use. The opposite lateral edge is at a much lower angle and has been retouched by removal of relatively long, flat flakes on the dorsal surface. The distal end is also retouched and exhibits tiny step fractures on the edge of the dorsal surface. The second specimen is made on a long, flat flake and is asymmetrically triangular in cross section.

Type II No. Specimens: 4 Description: The four examples in this category 23

appear to be unfinished bifaces, probably blanks for knives or large projectile points. All are characterized by lanceolate to elongate triangular outlines with convex bases. Two have rounded tips. They range from biconvex to lenticular in cross section. The edges on all specimens are slightly sinuous and irregular. A low medial ridge is apparent on one or both faces, formed by broad collateral flake scars, although random flaking is also present. These are probably the result of pressure flaking (Crabtree and Butler 1964). Material: 2 chert, 2 jasper Measurements: Length, 4.1 to 5.2 cm.; width, 1.9 to 2.3 cm.; thickness, 0.4 to 0.6 cm.; weight, 3.1 to 6.3 gm. Comparable types: Leach (1970, Fig. 1, p-s).

of relatively large flakes which converge at the center of each face. Negative bulbs of force are prominent on the flake scars. The biface appears to have been worked down from a core or thick flake. No original surface is present. It is probably a blank. Material: chert? Measurements: Length, 4.8 cm.; width, 4.1 cm.; thickness, 1.2 cm.; weight, 24.1 gm. Comparable types: none Type VI No. Specimens: 1 Description: The specimen was made on a mediumsized ovate flake and has one convex lateral edge which is bifacially retouched. This retouch is most extensive on the ventral face, and was done by pressure flaking. The edge thus formed has a relatively acute angle. Small, short flakes, evidently removed by use, are present along this edge. The distal end of the flake, which is "nosed," shows signs of use on the dorsal face in the form of a polished bevel. Material: chert? Measurements: Length, 4.7 cm.; width, 3.0 cm.; thickness, 0.9 cm.; weight, 11.6 gm. Comparable types: none

Type HI No. Specimens: 2 Description: These specimens are large, heavy bifaces, elongate ovoid in outline, and extensively flaked on both faces. They appear to have been worked down from large, thick flakes. One is asymmetrical, with a narrow, concave base. The other has a thick, narrow oval base. Both have irregular cross sections which vary from plano-convex to biconvex. Edges are slightly sinuous and irregular. Turned edges (beveling) are present along portions of the margins. Flake scars are generally random, although some parallel flaking is present. Numerous hinge and step fractures are present, producing thick areas on both faces. These bifaces are probably unfinished blanks. Material: chalcedony Measurements: Length, 6.1 to 7.5 cm.; width, 3.3 to 3.5 cm.; thickness, 0.7 to 1.0 cm.; weight, 18.1 to 24.0 gm. Comparable types: none

Type VII No. Specimens: 11 Description: Bifaces in this category exhibit a variety of shapes, but are generally ovate in outline with one pointed end. They tend to be smaller than those placed in Types II, III, V and VI. Cross sections are relatively thick and uneven. Flake scars are large with prominant negative bulbs of force. Edges are sinuous with remnants of striking platforms still present. All specimens are probably blanks. Material: 7 chert/chalcedony, silicified sedimentary stone; 3 unknown Measurements: Length, 3.0 to 5.3 cm.; width, 1.4 to 3.1 cm.; thickness, 0.4 to 0.9 cm.; weight, 2.4 to 14.2 gm. Comparable types: none

Type IV No. Specimens: 1 Description: This biface (probably a blank) was made on a curved blade. It has elongate willow-leaf outline with pointed ends and a relatively thick biconvex cross section. The bulb of force has not been completely removed. Both faces have been entirely flaked, but the dorsal surface is more extensively worked. Collateral flaking has produced a medial ridge along the midline of the ventral face. Lateral edges are sinuous and irregular. Material: unknown Measurements: Length, 5.5 cm.; width, 1.5 cm.; thickness, 0.6 cm.; weight, 5.7 gm. Comparable types: none

ARTIFACTS COLLECTED BY THE ANTIQUITIES SECTION CHIPPED STONE Chipped stone artifacts recovered by the Antiquities Section are divided into six categories: Points, Drills, Bifaces, Cores, Miscellaneous Flaked Cobbles, and Flakes. Appropriate subdivisions into types have been made where necessary. Type designations are the same as those defined for the Thompson Collection.

TypeV No. Specimens: 1 Description: This specimen has an ovate outline with a wide obtuse point formed at one end. It is biconvex in cross section. The edges are sinuous, formed by removal 24

the dorsal surface which runs from the base ca. twothirds of the way to the tip. Ventral surface exhibits numerous step fractures. Material: chert Measurements: Length, 2.6 cm.; width, 1.9 cm.; thickness, 0.6 cm.; weight, 2.4 gm. Provenience: 42Un367 Comparable Specimens: Thompson Collection (this report), Fig. 8, e-k.

POINTS Type I No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 14, d) Description: Small, triangular point with excurvate edges. Side-notches are wide, shallow and poorly made. Flake scars are absent on both faces. Biconvex in cross section. Material: quartzite Measurements: Length, 2.6 cm.; width, 1.2 cm.; thickness, 0.3 cm.; weight, 1.0 gm. Provenience: 42Un405 Comparable Specimens: Thompson Collection (this report), Fig. 6, a-i.

Type VIII No. Specimens: 2 (Fig. 14, e and f) Description: Small triangular points with straight edges. Tangs are at right angles to the midline. Both specimens display random flaking and numerous step fractures. One point (Fig. 14, e) has a slightly concave base formed by basal thinning. The other (Fig. 14, f) has a bifurcated base. Both are biconvex in cross section. Material: chert Measurements: Length, 2.3 to 2.4 cm.; width, 1.6 to 1.7 cm.; thickness, 0.4 to 0.5 cm.; weight, 1.2 to 1.4 gm. Provenience: 42Un370, 1 (Fig. 14, e); 42Un379, 1 (Fig. 14, f) Comparable Specimens: Thompson Collection (this report), Fig. 8,1-n.

Type II No. Specimens: 3 (Fig. 14, a-c) Description: All are triangular with slightly excurvate edges. Side notches are shallow and rounded. All have a single notch at the midpoint of the base. The largest (Fig. 14, a) exhibits parallel oblique flaking on both faces. The flake scars terminate at the midline to form a slight medial ridge. Flaking pattern on the two smaller specimens is random and poorly executed. All three are lenticular in cross section. Material: chert, quartzite Measurements: Length, 1.1 to 3.4 cm.; width, 1.0 to 1.7 cm.; thickness, 0.3 cm.; weight, 0.3 to 0.9 gm. Provenience: 42Un365, 1 (Fig. 14, a); 42Un376, 1 (Fig. 14, c); 42Un405, 1 (Fig. 14, b). Comparable Specimens: Thompson Collection (this report), Fig. 6, j-n.

Type XXV No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 14, i) Description: The base and tip of this specimen are missing. Large, thin triangular point, long in relation to width. Corner notches are shallow and directed at a slight angle toward the mid-line. Lenticular in cross section, broad, shallow, parallel flake scars are visible on both faces. Flaking is collateral, forming a barely discernible medial ridge. Minute secondary retouch along one edge. Material: chert Measurements: Length (est.), 5.5 cm.; width, 3.2 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm. Provenience: 42Un404 Comparable Specimens: Thompson Collection (this report), Fig. 13, b-f.

Type VI No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 14, g) Description: Large triangular point with straight edges. Stem is slightly expanding and basally thinned forming a shallow indentation. Tangs blunted by secondary retouch. Fairly regular collateral flaking at right angles to the edges. Specimen is plano-convex in cross section and flake scars are absent on the central portion of the ventral face. Material: chert Measurements: Length (est.), 4.0 cm.; width, 2.1 cm.; thickness, 0.6 cm.; weight (est.), 4.0 gm. Provenience: 42Un376 Comparable Specimens: Thompson Collection (this report), Fig. 8, a-d.

Large Side-Notched No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 14, j) Description: Only a portion of the base was recovered and the original shape could not be determined. Side notches are narrow and directed at a slight angle toward the tip. Base is relatively straight and has been bifacially thinned. Plano-convex in cross section with broad, shallow collateral flake scars on both faces. Material: jasper Measurements: Width, 2.5 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm. Provenience: 42Un380 Comparable Specimens: Too fragmentary for comparison.

Type VII No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 14, h) Description: Triangular with excurvate edges. One corner notch is considerably deeper and broader than the other. Specimen is slightly curved and plano-convex in cross section. Flake scars are at right angles to the edges with the exception of a single thinning flake on 25

Point Fragments

dence of heat treatment in the form of surface color and luster differences. Material: chert, chalcedony Measurements: Thickness varies from 0.5 to 1.6 cm. Provenience: 42Un367, 1; 42Un369, 2; 42Un370, 2; 42Un372, 1; 42Un375, 1; 42Un377, 1; 42Un401, 1; 42Un405, 2; 42Un407, 1; 42Un409, 2.

No. Specimens: 4 Description: Three point tips and one base fragment. All are thin, probably triangular specimens. The base fragment displays shallow, rounded side notches, low on the lateral margins. Material: chert, quartzite Measurements: Thickness, 0.2 to 0.4 cm. The single base fragment is 0.3 cm. thick and 1.9 cm. wide. Provenience: 42Un355, 1 (base); 42Un367, 1; 42Un 375, l;42Un377, 1.

Large Thick Bifaces No. Specimens: 9 Description: Relatively thick cobbles, bifacially flaked on all edges. Scars are broad and deep and show moderate negative bulbs of force. Numerous flake scars terminate in deep step fractures. Five specimens retain a portion of the original cortex. These specimens are probably reject preforms. All materials have poor flaking characteristics. Material: chert, quartzite Measurements: Length, 7.0 to 12.0 cm.; width, 3.8 to 6.6 cm.; thickness, 2.1 to 3.5 cm. Provenience: 42Un367, 1; 42Un368, 1; 42Un370, 1; 42Un374, 1; 42Un401, 1; 42Un402, 3; 42Un406, 1.

Comparable Specimens: Too fragmentary for comparison. DRILL No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 15, a) Description: The base is roughly oval. The blade of the drift tapers gradually to a blunted point. The blade is steeply retouched and biconvex in cross section. Material: chert Measurements: Length, 3.2 cm.; width of base, 1.2 cm.; width of blade, 0.6 cm.; thickness, 0.4 cm.; weight, 1.3 gm. Provenience: 42Un405 Comparable Specimens: Thompson Collection (this report).

CORES No. Specimens: 2 (Fig. 15, d) Description: One specimen (Fig. 15, d) is a large ovoid cobble, biconvex in cross section. Flakes have been removed bifacially (probably by percussion) around the entire circumference. Flake scars show prominant negative bulbs of force and average 5.0 cm. in length by 4.0 cm. in width. The other is rectanguloid in form. Four parallel flake scars appear at one end. They have prominant negative bulbs of force and average 3.5 cm. in length by 2.0 cm. in width. Flakes were struck from a prepared striking platform on the obverse face. Material: quartzite Measurements: (Ovoid example) Length, 14.5 cm.; width, 11.5 cm.; thickness, 6.5 cm. (Rectanguloid example) Length, 11.0 cm.; width, 7.5 cm.; thickness, 4.0 cm. Provenience: 42Un367, 1; 42Un402, 1 (Fig. 15, d).

BIFACES Type II: Complete Specimens No. Specimens: 2 (Fig. 15, b and c) Description: Both specimens are roughly triangular with excurvate edges and a convex base. One (Fig. 15, b) is thin and lenticular in cross section. Both faces display broad shallow flake scars, many of which terminate in step fractures along the mid-line. Edges are sinuous and irregular. The other (Fig. 15, c) is planoconvex in cross section and relatively thick. Both faces have deep, rounded flake scars with prominant negative bulbs of force. Numerous scars terminate in step fractures. Material: chert, chalcedony Measurements: Length, 6.4 cm.; width, 3.2 to 4.2 cm.; thickness, 0.6 to 1.5 cm.; weight, 14.2 to 46.5 gm. Provenience: 42Un366, 1 (Fig. 15, b); 42Un378, 1 (Fig. 15, c). Comparable Specimens: Thompson Collection (this report).

MISCELLANEOUS FLAKED COBBLES No. Specimens: 5 Description: Amorphous cobbles with six to eight flakes randomly removed. No pattern discernable. These specimens probably represent "shatter" (Binford and Quimby 1961): lithic debris resultant from aboriginal testing for flaking quality. All examples are of poor quality material and were apparently rejected without further modification. Material: quartzite Measurements: Length, 9.0 to 11.0 cm.; width, 5.5 to 9.0 cm.; thickness, 2.5 to 7.0 cm. Provenience: 42Un367, 2; 42Un402, 2; 42Un406, 1.

Type II: Fragments No. Specimens: 14 Description: Mid-sections, tips and bases of broken, bifacially worked implements. Fragments are too small to determine original shape. Flake scars vary from broad and shallow to broad and deep with prominant bulbs of force. Several specimens show definite evi26

< ^ Small Unmodified Flakes —

> Bifaces (Type II) & Frags.

ABI.E I ifact!> at the W]

Decortication Flakes

§ Drill

ribut

Sites

Rockshelters 42Unll8 42Un324 42Un355 42Un365 42Un366 42Un367 42Un381 42Un402 42Un404 42Un407 42Un409 Open Sites 42Un356 42Un357 42Un358 42Un368 42Un369 42Un370 42Un371 42Un372 42Un373 42Un374 42Un375 42Un376 42Un377* 42Un378 42Un379 42Un380 42Un401 42Un405 42Un406 42Un408

to +•>

u •a

.2 to J

c«

Cff

H en

*o to

Maize

Pottery

S WD «

Etched Stone Tablet

3-a o

a u (*a

Hammerstones

«i

Stone Pipe

•*»

Manos

Large Side-Notched Points

Type XXV Points

Type VIII Points

Type VII Points

Type VI Points

Type II Points

Provenience\

Type I Points

\ Artifacts

°1 s 3

5 16

1 1

1 1 2

1 9

1 2 2

2 1

1 1

3 20 17 1 13 2 1 10 3 32 6 8

1 1

1 I

1 2

1 1 1

•Thompson Collection not included in tabulation.

7 27

1 1

1 J

u ro-, OJ-

FLAKES

PIPE

Decortication

No. Specimens: 1 Description: Black, tubular stone pipe fragment. Exterior highly polished; interior scored and unpolished. The rim of the bowl is tapered, rounded and considerably thinner than the body. The "mouthpiece" is broken off. Material: Steatite Measurements: Maximum thickness (body), 0.5 cm.; minimum thickness (bowl rim), 0.2 cm.; bowl diameter (est.), 2.0 cm. Provenience: 42Un405 Comparable Specimens: Leach (1970, Plate 19 a-b); Steward (1936).

No. Specimens: 16 Description: Plano-convex flakes with cortex remaining on the dorsal surface. All have prominent bulbs of force on the ventral surface and well-developed striking platforms. These specimens are probably decortication flakes from the initial stages of tool manufacture. Material: chert,,quartzite Measurements: Length, 3.3 to 11.3 cm.; width, 2.3 to 7.9 cm.; thickness, 0.5 to 2.3 cm. Provenience: 42Un355, 1; 42Un367, 1; 42Un370, 1; 42Un372, 2; 42Un375, 2; 42Un377, 2; 42Un402, 6; 42Un405, 1.

HAMMERSTONES No. Specimens: 4 Description: Two specimens are quartzite river cobbles. One is oval and battered on the polar ends. The other is a broken end of a flat, subrectangular form and is battered along the edges. The third specimen is a conglomerate river cobble battered on one end only. The fourth specimen is an amorphous piece of poor quality chert. Measurements: (Ovoid forms) Length, 5.4 to 6.6 cm.; width, 5.0 to 5.6 cm.; thickness, 3.4 to 5.4 cm. (Subrectangular fragment) Width, 8.8 cm.; thickness, 2.6 cm. Provenience: 42Un370, 1; 42Un401, 1; 42Un405, 1; 42Un409, 1.

Small Unmodified No. Specimens: 205 Description: Unmodified lithic debitage. Material: chert, quartzite Provenience: 42Un355, 3; 42Un366, 5; 42Un367, 16; 42Un368, 3; 42Un369, 20; 42Un370, 17; 42Un371, 1; 42Un372, 13; 42Un373, 2; 42Un374, 1; 42Un375, 10; 42Un376, 3; 42Un377, 32; 42Un378, 6; 42Un379, 8; 42Un301, 7; 42Un402, 21; 42Un405, 27; 42Un407, 1; 42Un409, 9.

GROUND STONE Only three examples of ground stone were recovered: a metate and mano fragment and a portion of a steatite pipe.

INCISED STONE TABLET No. Specimens: 1 (Fig. 16) Description: Flat tabular stone. Roughly triangular in outline with rounded corners. The decorated side was first ground smooth and design elements executed by incision. The obverse side is an unmodified weathered surface. Design elements consist of zigzag lines and abstract figures shaded with parallel lines and crosshatching. Elements at the upper (?) portion of the tablet (Fig. 16) are obliterated by lichen growth. Material: shaley sandstone Measurements: Length, 16.5 cm.; maximum width (base), 16.0 cm.; thickness, 1.0 cm. Provenience 42Un371

METATE No. Specimens: 1 Description: Fragment of shallow troughed metate. Exterior surface unworked. Trough pecked and ground. Upper portion of lateral lip crudely shaped by pecking and not ground. Specimen decreases in thickness from the lateral edge to the center of the trough. Material: sandstone Measurements: Maximum thickness (lateral edge), 3.5 cm.; minimum thickness (center of trough), 2.1 cm. Provenience: 42Un401

POTTERY

MANO

Thirteen sherds were recovered from the Ignatio Stage Stop (42Un401). All are Tusayan Corrugated. Their occurence in the Bonanza area is anomalous and it is possible that they were brought into the region in historic times.

No. Specimens: 1 Description: Fragment of a unifacial mano. Use surface pecked and ground. Edged shaped to subrectangular form by pecking. Material: coarse red sandstone with quartzite inclusions Measurements: Width, 7.2 cm.; thickness, 3.8 cm. Provenience: 42Un401

MAIZE The only perishables recovered during investigations were three corncobs from Wagon Hound Alcove 29

i&jSffli

Fig. 16 Incised Slate Tablet.

(42Unll8). Two of the specimens are eight-rowed and the third is ten-rowed. They are all small or immature,

ranging from 6.5 to 7.4 cm. in length and 1.2 to 1.7 cm. in diameter. No kernels were found intact.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

365, 42Un367, 42Un370, 42Un376, 42Un377, 42Un379, and 42Un405 indicate the use of bow and arrow. The corner-notched varieties (Types IV, V, and VIII) are similar to types associated with northwest Plains hunter-gatherers (Kehoe 1966), central Plains agriculturalists (Wedel 1964; Johnson 1974), the Uncompahgre Complex (Wormington and Lister 1956), Pueblo I in the Anasazi area (Brew 1946; Morris 1939), western Great Basin hunter-gatherers (Hester 1973), and various Fremont complexes (Marwitt 1970). These points occur as early as 1450 B.P. on the Plains and from 1350 to 650 B.P. in the Great Basin (Hester 1973; Clewlow 1967). The temporal range in the Four Corners area is ca. 1250 to 1000 B.P. In the Uinta Basin, they have been dated to ca. 1200 B.P. at Deluge Shelter (Leach 1970), ca. 1100 B.P. at Whiterocks Village (Shields 1967), and 1400 B.P. at Caldwell Village (Ambler 1966b, 1967). The side-notched types (Types I and II) have the same geographic distribution as the corner-notched points but are generally later in time. They are formally identical to Plains side-notched (ca. 650 B.P. to Historic; Kehoe 1966), Pueblo II-III points (Morris 1939; Brew 1946), and certain forms of Desert Side-notched (ca. 650 B.P. to the historic period; Hester 1973). The temporal occurrence of these points in the Uinta Basin is anomolous when compared to other areas. There are clear temporal/stratigraphic distinctions between corner-notched and side-notched points in Plains and Anasazi contexts. The side-notched are always more recent in these areas and there is no convincing evidence of co-occurrence. Conversely, the Uinta Basin sites strongly suggest contemporaneity of the two types. Sites which evidence this co-occurrence include Wholeplace Village (Breternitz 1970), Wagon Run (Breternitz 1970), Boundary Village (Leach 1966b), Caldwell Village (Ambler 1966b, 1967), Whiterocks Village (Shields 1967), Rock Wall House (Steward 1936), Deluge Shelter (Leach 1970), and Turner-Look (Wormington 1955). In addition, a reexamination of the specimens and provenience data from Deluge Shelter (Leach 1970) has shown that both types occurred in virtually all field specimen lots. Associated dates are ca. 1400 B.P. at Caldwell Village, ca. 1100 B.P. at Whiterocks Village, and ca. 1200 to 1000 B.P. at Deluge Shelter. It is doubtful that mixed deposits can be held accountable for the association of these two point types since, with one exception (Deluge Shelter), all the above

Little may be inferred from the small artifact collection recovered by the Antiquities Section. In many ways the Thompson collection is considerably more informative. Unfortunately, this site was excavated without stratigraphic controls and the consequent information falls far short of the obvious data potential. Nonetheless, we are indebted to Mr. Thompson for allowing us to analyze the materials and for directing us to several significant sites on the periphery of the investigation area that would have otherwise remained unrecorded. The Thompson collection (site 42Un377) unequivocally establishes the presence of Archaic huntergatherers in the area. This is based on the occurrence of McKean points (Type XXII; Fig. 12, a-i). Though no direct dating information is available from the site, this widely occurring point type has a relatively welldefined temporal range on the central and northern Great Plains and the eastern Columbia Plateau: 3600 B.P. at the Pine Springs Site in southwestern Wyoming (Sharrock 1966a); 4900 to 3800 B.P. in the Bighorn Basin, northern Wyoming (Husted 1969); 4400 B.P. at Mummy Cave in northwestern Wyoming (Wedel, Husted, and Moss 1968); (prior to) 3300 B.P. at the McKean Site in northeastern Wyoming (Mulloy 1954); 4500 to 4200 B.P. at Signal Butte in northwestern Nebraska (Strong 1935; Olson and Broeker 1959); and 4800 to 3400 B.P. at LoDaisKa in north-central Colorado (Irwin and Irwin 1959) (for additional dates see Reeves 1973 and Neuman 1967). These dates suggest that the site may have been utilized, by Archaic groups between 5000 and 3500 B.P. In addition, McKean points have been dated to between 3800 and 3600 B.P. at Deluge Shelter (Leach 1970) in the northern Uinta Basin, suggesting that occupation of the White River area occurred late in the McKean Complex temporal span. Subsistence activities apparently centered around hunting as indicated by the charred bone refuse unearthed at the site. The absence of milling stones at 42Un377 and the virtual absence of ground stone from the White River area in general, suggests that floral resources were not extensively exploited at the riverine encampments. Cultural affiliation of the remainder of the sites is difficult, if not impossible, to assess. The small point series (Types I, II, III, IV, V, and VIII) from sites 42Un 31

named sites are single component. However, temporal placement is another matter. Four C-14 determinations do not provide an adequate basis for dating the initial appearance of side-notched points in the Uinta Basin. Table II, which summarizes the chronometric data from the four regions mentioned above, shows some interesting spatio-temporal correspondences. Whether these are "real" or not cannot as yet be determined. For instance, the Four Corners dates are based on dendrochronology while the others are based primarily on radiocarbon dating. This presents a problem since it is well-known that there is a significant divergence between the C-14 and calendric time scales. It would be premature to adjust either set of dates in accordance with the available C-14/bristlecone pine calibration charts since there is, as yet, insufficient inter-laboratory agreement to allow such correlation. In addition, a great deal more temporal data is needed for the Uinta Basin sites before we can unequivocally accept the framework suggested in the chart. Three of the four dates relevant to the problem overlap within one standard deviation, leading most investigators to reject the 1400 B.P. date from Caldwell Village as too early. Clearly, there is no sound basis for this rejection, and it seems much wiser to accept it tentatively until more information is available.

of knowing which or how many of the above named "cultures" used a particular site. No Fremont pottery was recovered during our inventory of the lease lands and less than five percent of the 413 sites recorded in Dinosaur National Monument (Breternitz 1965) contained Fremont sherds. It is probably time to reassess the situation and investigate the possibility of contemporaneous or sequent occupation by Fremont and various aceramic groups. The Breaking Wind Butte Site (42Un405) is potentially significant in this context. Nearly identical stone alignments and "defensive fortifications" on steep sided buttes have been reported from southwestern Idaho (Touhy 1963). The artifact inventory was essentially the same, consisting of small side and corner^notched projectile points, stone drills, but no pottery or ground stone. The overall similarity of these distinctive sites and the absence of Fremont occupance in southwestern Idaho suggests that Breaking Wind Butte may have been utilized by aceramic huntergatherers. Excavation may shed some light on the time of occupation and the function of this and analogous site types. Two sites (42Unll8 and 42Un367) discovered in the survey area may yield evidence relevant to the origins of the Uinta Fremont agriculturalists. Both sites contained small corncobs, one yielded a possible dart point (Type VII, Fig. 14, h), but neither contained ceramics. It is possible that these sites represent occupation of the area by populations who functioned on a "Basketmaker II" level of technology, i.e., that defined by use of the atlatl, partial dependence on cultigens, and the absence of pottery. A brief review of current thinking on Fremont origins is necessary to

What the table does tell us is that ascribing cultural/ temporal affiliation to surface collections in the Uinta Basin is, at best, a hazardous proposition. It has long been assumed that the principal Late Prehistoric (i.e., post 1500 B.P.) occupants of the Basin were Fremont agriculturalists. But the only well-established Fremont diagnostic liable to be found on the surface is Uinta Gray pottery. In the absence of sherds, there is no way

TABLE II Temporal Range of Corner and Side-notched Arrow Points

Western Great Basin Present

Plains

Four Corners

Uinta Basin

200B.P. 400 B.P.

S-N

S-N ^^~^^

600B.P.

\ A

800 B.P. 1000 B.P.

C-N C-N

S-N >C C-N

C-N S-N

1200 B.P. Nâ&#x20AC;˘

1400 B.P.

-?*T7K

^f& N/

1600 B.P.

both Anasazi and Fremont types, evidence of the atlatl, and no pottery. It was separated from the underlying Archaic component (dated ca. 3000 B.P.) by a thick, sterile alluvial or colluvial deposit and was overlain by strata containing Fremont diagnostics. Clearly, a Basketmaker II ascription is indicated. Level 5 at Deluge Shelter is dated to ca. 1600 B.P. No perishables were recovered but the projectile points are quite similar to Basketmaker II dart points. Again, this stratum is separated from the underlying Archaic component (dated between ca. 3800 and 3200 B.P.) by a sterile stratum and overlain by Fremont deposits. The Deluge Shelter evidence is less clear-cut than the Clyde's Cavern case, but a Basketmaker II affiliation is certainly worthy of consideration and is at least as tenable as the Late Archaic ascription proffered by Leach (1970).

appreciate fully the possible significance of these sites. The prevailing hypothesis claims that the Fremont culture was derived from a diversified indigenous Archaic substratum consequent to the introduction of cultigens, pit house architecture, and pottery (Jennings 1957; Aikens 1970; Marwitt 1970; Leach 1970; Wormington 1955; Rudy 1953). However, a recent synthesis of eastern Great Basin prehistory (Madsen and Berry 1975) strongly suggests that there was a lengthy (ca. 1,000 to 1,500 year) hiatus between Archaic and Fremont occupance of that region. A subsequent review of the literature and recent excavations on the Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah suggest that a similar occupational break occurred in that region as well (Berry 1975). In short, there is no firm evidence of Archaic-Fremont continuity anywhere in Utah. If this proves to be the case, the Fremont culture must have originated elsewhere (for which there is no evidence) or from a different indigenous base. A Basketmaker II â&#x20AC;&#x201D; "like" substratum emerges as a viable alternative explanation. The term was originally incorporated by A. V. Kidder (1927) in the Pecos Classification to refer to the well-known early horticultural sites in the Anasazi area. The Pecos Classification (in modified form) has retained much of its usefulness in the area for which it was designed and is still employed as a typological tool by most Southwestern specialists. However, the typological abuses of early workers in Nevada and central Utah, e.g., the uncritical "pigeon-holing" of sites within Kidder's framework, have led most Fremont culture specialists to reject the classificatory criteria of the Pecos system. This has had both favorable and debilitating results. One obvious consequence has been the inability of modern Fremont specialists to recognize Basketmaker II assemblages within their "culture area," i.e., that term and, hence, that level of technology belongs to the Anasazi sequence. Thus, a site that would undoubtedly be assigned a Basketmaker II affiliation in the Four Corners area would be termed "Late Archaic" if it happened to occur in the Fremont area.

Table III lists a series of sites dated to between ca. 2000 and 1500 B.P. These include "Classic" Basketmaker II sites as well as presumed late Archaic components which have been reclassified in accord with the present thesis. Figure 17 shows the distribution of these and several undated sites with similar artifact complexes. The Basketmaker II â&#x20AC;&#x201D; "like" complex is the earliest component at most of these. In sites containing earlier deposits, the Archaic and Basketmaker II components are always separated by a sterile stratum, indicating an occupational break. These temporal and distributional data suggest a rapid spread of Basketmaker II technology from southwest to northeast along the Colorado River and its major tributaries between ca. 2000 and 1500 B.P. The absence of Archaic dates more recent than 3000 B.P. in this area suggests that the expansion was unopposed. The terminal distribution of Basketmaker II remains was essentially co-extensive with the Colorado Plateau. It seems plausible that the Uinta and San Rafael Fremont variants (Fig. 18) developed from this widespread technological horizon â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a situation paralleling that posited for the Anasazi region. This hypothesis does not rule out the possibility of Fremont-Plains relationships mentioned earlier. For one thing, Uinta Fremont pottery is calcite-tempered as were the ceramics of the Keith Focus Woodlands culture (Wedel 1965). Calcite is a very poor tempering material since it disintegrates at firing temperatures in excess of 600 degrees centigrade (Wormington 1955). Since the Keith Focus occupation of the west-central Plains was roughly contemporaneous with Uinta Fremont, some form of cultural relationship rather than "independent invention" is indicated. The introduction of the bow and arrow to the Colorado Plateau could have resulted from the same contact situation. In short, the genesis of the Uinta Fremont may be a consequence of interrelationships between Plains groups and indigenous Basketmaker II horticulturalists. Controlled excavation of 42Unl 18 and 42Un367 might establish the

Earlier workers in the Uinta Basin (Burgh and Scoggin 1948; Gaumer 1937; Reagan various; the Claflin-Emerson Expedition, reported in Gunnerson 1969) and in the central Utah-Colorado border area (Hurst 1942, 1943, 1945, 1947) recognized the obvious similarities between artifact complexes from these regions and that region with Basketmaker II remains in the Four Corners area. Hurst's tree-ring dates of 348 to 371 A.D. (ca. 1600 B.P.) from Tabeguache Cave (Hurst 1957) are in accord with "classic" Basketmaker II dates from south-western Colorado (Morris and Burgh 1954), and southeastern Utah (Lipe and Matson 1973; Jennings 1975). However, similar components at Deluge Shelter (Leach 1970) and Clyde's Cavern (Winter and Wylie 1975) have been assigned to the Late Archaic. Stratum 3 at Clyde's Cavern dates to ca. 1500 B.P. and contained maize, basketry similar to

TABLE III Colorado Plateau Site Components Site

Location

Date

Willow Beach (Schroeder 1961)

Northwest Arizona

1500 ± 250 B.P. 1700 ± 250 B.P. 2200 ± 250 B.P.

Conaway Shelter (Fowler, Madsen and Hatton 1973).

Southeast Nevada

1980 ±110 B.P. 2050 ±110 B.P. 2090 ± 100 B.P.

GC-663 (Thompson 1974)

Northwest Arizona

1630 ±90 B.P. 1690 ±100 B.P. 1720 ±100 B.P. 1750 ±100 B.P. 1810 ± 100 B.P. 1850 ± 90 B.P.

Mummy Cave (Smiley 1961)

Northeast Arizona

ca. 1600 to 1460 B.P. (A.D. 348 to 485 Dendro.)

Northeast Arizona

ca. 1480 to 1460 B.P. (A.D. 470 to 489 Dendro.)

Obelisk Cave (Smiley 1961)

Lone Tree Dune (Jennings 1968)

Southeast Utah

1670 ± 80 B.P.

Grand Gulch (Lipe and Matson 1973)

Southeast Utah

1570 ± 80 B.P. 1650 B.P. (A.D. 309 Dendro.) 1655 ±85 B.P. 1655 ±80 B.P. 1695 ± 90 B.P. 1700 B.P. (A.D. 256 Dendro.) 1870 ±100 B.P.

Dust Devil Cave (Valastro and Davis 1970)

Southeast Utah

1820 ±80 B.P.

Zero Plaza (Hall 1973)

Southeast Utah

2050 ± 120 B.P.

Valentine Site (Eddy 1961)

Northwest New Mexico

1410 ±80 B.P. 1630 ±90 B.P.

Power Pole Site (Eddy 1961)

Northwest Mexico

1690 ±150 B.P. 1740 ±150 B.P. 1830 ±150 B.P.

Durango Sites (Morris and Burgh 1954)

Southwest Colorado

Cowboy Cave (Jennings 1975)

Southeast Utah

Tabeguache Cave (Hurst 1957)

West-central Colorado

Clydes Cavern (Winter and Wylie 1974)

East-central Utah

1490 ±100 B.P.

Deluge Shelter (Leuch 1970)

Northeast Utah

1625 ± 95 B.P.

ca. 1900 to 1600 B.P. (A.D. 46 to 330 Dendro.) 1860 ± 80 B.P. ca. 1600 B.P. (A.D. 348 to 371 Dendro.)

Fig. 17 Distribution of Basketmaker II Site Components. Dots are dated sites; Circles are undated sites.

Fig. 18 Map Showing Anasazi Area and Fremont Culture Variants.

presence of Basketmaker II in the White River area of the Uinta Basin and thus lend support to this admittedly conjectural hypothesis. DISCUSSION The foregoing was intended as a simple statement of our ignorance of Uinta Basin prehistory and a partial critique of extant interpretive frameworks. Considering the sheer amount of research that has been conducted in the region, we should know a great deal more than we do. Unfortunately, investigations during the modern era have not taken full advantage of available "tools" and techniques, and the published reports are only slightly more informative than the pioneering work of the 1920's and 30's. Chronometric data is limited to a handful of C-14 and tree-ring dates. Stratigraphic excavation techniques have been employed at fewer than a half-dozen sites; palynology, flotation, sediment analysis, etc., have not been attempted. As a result, we know: (1) very little regarding temporal spans of occupation(s), (2) next to nothing about aboriginal subsistence, and (3) nothing whatsoever about paleoenvironment. Some difficulties inherent to present systems of cultural classification have already been discussed. We will not here attempt a reorganization of the available information, but merely point out that many of the published typological criteria of named complexes and their geographic correlates are based on extremely limited data. For example: are Marwitt's (1970) Fremont variant distinctions (Fig. 18) typologically useful and may the Fremont "culture" as a whole be distinguished from the Anasazi during the entire Late Pre-

historic period? If another set of criteria were employed, the Parowan Fremont might show greater resemblance to the Virgin Branch Anasazi than to the Great Salt Lake Fremont, and the Uinta "Fremont" might be included among the Plains Woodland groups. The point to be made is that Marwitt's system of classification is just one of many ways in which the data could be organized. While Marwitt was fully cognizant of this fact, more recent Fremont specialists have primarily concerned themselves with minor realignments of his culture-variant "boundaries," leaving the broader concept of Fremont as a "unique" entity unchallenged. The problem is that energetic syntheses such as Marwitt's are attempted so infrequently that, once published, they tend to become accepted as final statements rather than what they are â&#x20AC;&#x201D; tentative organizational schemata. This phenomenon has been discussed at greater length and much more eloquently by J. O. Brew in "The Use and Abuse of Taxonomy" (1946). We assume that most students of archeology have read Brew's statement, but the "truth-status" afforded certain "accepted" typologies in the current literature indicates that they should read it again. As long as we "see" the Uinta Basin as the home of the Uinta Fremont, we will be blind to other possibilities. As long as we assume Archaic-Fremont and/ or Archaic-Anasazi continuity, we will "see" nothing else. Our inability to say anything very coherent regarding the materials collected in the White River area is largely a reflection of the extant framework of Uinta Basin prehistory. A reassessment and synthesis of the region is now in preparation.

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Ranere, Anthony J. 1971 Birch Creek Paper No. 4: Stratigraphy and Stone Tools from Meadow Canyon, Eastern Idaho. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State University Museum, No. 27. Pocatello.

1931q Indian Pictures in Ashley and Dry Fork Valleys, in Northeastern Utah. Art and Archaeology, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 200-5, 210. Washington.

Reagan, Albert B. 1931a Ancient Writings North of the Rio Grande. Roger Williams Naturalist, Vol. 3, No. 4. pp. 1-6.

1932a The Ancient House People of the Brush Creek Region, in Northeastern Utah. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science for 1931, pp. 183-4. Des Moines.

1931b Ruins of Dawning Age Found in Northeastern Utah. Science Service, December 8, 1930. Science Newsletter, January 3, 1931. Washington.

1932b Archaeological Finds in the Uintah Basin in Utah. The Wisconsin Archaeologist, Vol. 11, pp. 162-171. Milwaukee.

1935c Two Rock Pictures and their Probably Connection with the "Pied Piper" Myth of the Indians. The Colorado Magazine, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 55-59. Denver.

1932c Ruins and Pictographs in Nine Mile Canyon, Utah. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 369-70. Springfield. 1932d Archaeological Finds in Northeastern Utah. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 40, pp. 131-132. Des Moines.

1937a Ancient Utah People Seem to Have Believed that Snakes Evolved from an Animal. Wisconsin Archaeologist, Vol. 15, No. 2, p. 44. Milwaukee.

1932e The Ancient Agriculturalists of Brush Creek Valley, in Northeastern Utah. Frontiers, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 174-6. Philadelphia.

1937b Investigations of the Uintah Basin and Pueblo II Type Culture in the Uintah Basin, Mentioned. Summary of Archaeological Work in the Two Americas. Archaeological Series, No. 7, p. 59.

1932f Finds in the Uintah Basin, in Utah, in 1931. American Anthropologist. Vol. 34, No. 3, p. 505. Washington.

1937c Discoveries of Brigham Young University Archaeological Party Regarding Ancient Fremont Peoples. Science Service, (Science Newsletter), July 13, 1937.

1933a Anciently Inhabited Caves of the Vernal, Utah District with Some Additional Notes on Nine Mile Canyon, Northeast Utah. Transactions, Kansas Academy of Science, Vol. 36, pp. 41-70. Topeka.

Reeves, Brian 1973 The Concept of an Altithermal Cultural Hiatus in Northern Plains Prehistory. American Anthropologist, Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 1221-1253. Washington.

1933b The Basket Makers and the People of the Ancient Culture of the Fremont River in Utah. Northwest Science, Vol. 8, No. 3. Pullman.

Rudy, Jack R. 1953 Archeological Survey of Western Utah. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 12. Salt Lake City.

1933c Some Notes on the Snake Pictographs of Nine Mile Canyon, Utah. American Anthropologist, Vol. 35, No. 3. Washington.

Schaafsma, Polly 1971 The Rock Art of Utah. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. 65. Cambridge.

1933d Evidence of Migration in Ancient Pueblo Times. American Anthropologist, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 206-7. Washington. 1933e Report of Archaeological Field Work During 1932. American Anthropologist, Vol. 35, No. 3, p. 508. Washington.

n.d.

Survey Report of the Rock Art of Utah. Ms on file, Utah State Historical Society. Salt Lake City.

Schroeder, Albert H. 1961 Excavations at Willow Beach, Arizona, 1950. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 50. Salt Lake City.

1933f Summary of Archeological Finds in the Uintah Basin, in Utah, to date. Utah Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, Vol. 10 pp. 3-18. Salt Lake City. 1934a Evidence of Possible Migration in the Very Dawning Period of Pueblo Culture. Primitive Man, Vol. 7, pp. 12-14. Washington.

Schulman, Edmund 1948 Dendrochronology in Northeastern Utah. TreeRing Bulletin, Vol. 15, Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 2-14. Tucson.

1934b Some Ancient Indian Granaries. Utah Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, Vol. 11, pp. 39-42. Salt Lake City. 1934c Some Notes on the History of the Uinta Basin in Northeastern Utah, to 1850. Utah Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, Vol. 11, pp. 55-64. Salt Lake City.

1950

A Dated Beam from Dinosaur National Monument. Tree-Ring Bulletin, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 18-19. Tucson.

1951

Miscellaneous Ring Records III. Tree-Ring Bulletin, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 28-29. Tucson.

Scoggin, Charles R. 1941 Report of Reconnaissance in Dinosaur National Monument, Season 1941. Ms on file, Dinosaur National Monument Headquarters. Jensen, Utah.

1934d Additional Archaeological Notes on the Uintah Basin, in Northeastern Utah. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, Vol. 37, pp. 3954. Topeka.

Sharrock, Floyd W. 1966a Prehistoric Occupation Wyoming and Cultural Great Basin and Plains of Utah Anthropological City.

1934e Archaeological Field Work in Utah. Archaeological Field Work in North America in 1933. Circular Series 18, pp. 40-41. 1935a Archeological Report of Field Work Done in Utah in 1934-35. Utah Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, Vol. 12, pp. 50-88. Salt Lake City.

Patterns in Southwest Relationships with the Culture Area. University Papers, No. 77. Salt Lake

Shields, Wayne F. 1967 1966 Excavations: Uinta Basin. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 89, Miscellaneous Papers, No. 15, pp. 1-30. Salt Lake City.

1935b Petroglyphs Show that the Ancients of the Southwest Wore Masks. American Anthropologist, Vol. 37, pp. 707-708. Washington.

Steward, Julian H. 1933a Archaeological Problems of the Northern Periphery of the Southwest. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin, No. 5. Flagstaff. 1933b Early Inhabitants of Western Utah, Part IMounds and House Types.. University of Utah Bulletin, Vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 4-34. Salt Lake City. 1936

1940

Tuohy, Donald R. 1963 Archeological Survey in Southwestern Idaho and Northern Nevada. Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers, No. 8. Carson City. Wedel, Waldo R. 1964 The Great Plains. In Prehistoric Man in the New World, edited by Jesse D. Jennings and Edward Norbeck. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.

Pueblo Material Culture in Western Utah. University of New Mexico Bulletin, 287, Anthropological Series, Vol. 1, No. 3. Albuquerque.

Wedel, Waldo R., Wilfred M. Husted and John H. Moss 1968 Mummy Cave: Prehistoric Record from Rocky Mountains of Wyoming. Science, Vol. 160 pp 184-186. Washington.

Native cultures of the Intermontane (Great Basin) area. In "Essays in Historical Anthropology." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 100, pp. 445-502. Washington.

Wenger, Gilbert R. 1955 A Brief Summary of the Archeology of Southern Blue Mountain and Douglas Creek in Northwestern Colorado. In A Reappraisal of the Fremont Culture, by H. M. Wormington. Proceedings of the Denver Museum of Natural History, No. l,pp. 140-142. Denver.

Stirland, Robert D. 1947 Report on Reconnaissance in Dinosaur National Monument, Jones Hole Area. Ms. on file, Dinosaur National Monument Headquarters. Jensen, Utah. Strong, William Duncan 1935 An Introduction to Nebraska Archeology. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 92, No. 10. Washington.

Wenger, Gilbert R. 1956 An Archaeological Survey of Southern Blue Mountain and Douglas Creek in Northeastern Colorado. Masters thesis, University of Denver. Denver.

Swanson, Earl H., Jr. and Alan Lyle Bryan 1964 Birch Creek Papers No. 1: An Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Birch Creek Valley of Eastern Idaho. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State University Museum, No. 13. Pocatello.

Winter, Joseph C. and Henry G. Wylie 1974 Paleoecology and Diet at Clyde's Cavern. American Antiquity, Vol. 39, No. 2, Part 1, pp. 303315. Washington.

Swanson, Earl H., Jr., B. Robert Butler and Robson Bonnichsen 1964 Birch Creek Papers No. 2: Natural and Cultural Stratigraphy in the Birch Creek Valley of Eastern Idaho. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State University Museum, No. 14. Pocatello.

Wormington, H. Marie 1955 A Reappraisal of the Fremont Culture with a Summary of the Archeology of the Northern Periphery. Proceedings of the Denver Museum of Natural History, No. 1. Denver. 1957

Swanson, Earl H., Jr. and Paul G. Sneed 1966 Birch Creek Papers No. 3: The Archaeology of the Shoup Rockshelters in East Central Idaho. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State University Museum, No. 17. Pocatello.

Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History Popular Series, No. 4. Denver.

Wormington, H. Marie and Robert H. Lister 1956 Archaeological Investigations of the Uncompahgre Plateau. Proceedings of the Denver Museum of Natural History, No. 2. Denver.

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MAN, MAMMOTH, AND LAKE FLUCTUATIONS IN UTAH

by DAVID B. MADSEN Antiquities Section Division of State History DONALD R. CURREY Department of Geography University of Utah JAMES H. MADSEN Department of Geology and Geoscience University of Utah

ANTIQUITIES SECTION SELECTED PAPERS Number 5

ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Map of Salt Lake County, Utah 46 2. Diagram of Sandy Mammoth site area 48 3. Relative amounts of mud and sand in beach and lagoon sediment samples 48 4. Profile of Sandy Mammoth deposits 50 5. View of Sandy Mammoth deposits 50 6. View of mammoth remains partially exposed .. 51 7. Composite plan view of mammoth skeletal remains 52 8. View of rib fragments showing evidence of rodent gnawing 53 9. Location of known proboscidean and fluted point sites in Utah 53 10. Three core profiles from the City Creek proboscidean site 55 11. Pictograph of proboscidean (?) near Moab, Utah 56

TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract

Page 47

Sandy Mammoth Introduction Geological Setting Excavation Description Dating

47 47 47 49 51 53

Other Proboscidean Remains in Utah City Creek Proboscidean Silver Creek Fauna Cowboy Cave Proboscidean

53 54 54 54

Man and Mammoth in Utah

Summary and Discussion

References

TABLES Page I II III IV

Altitude of Sandy Mammoth site and related features Salient characteristics of beach and lagoonal lithofacies Faunal material recovered from the Sandy Mammoth deposits References for proboscidean and fluted point sites in Utah

47 49 51 56

Fig. 1 Map of Salt Lake County, Utah: City Creek Proboscidean (A), Sandy Mammoth (B), approximate limit of upper member of the Draper Formation (C). 46

ABSTRACT Radiocarbon determinations on fossil proboscidean remains from lacustrine deposits provide new chronological controls for levels of Late Quaternary Lake Bonneville. Dates on the Sandy Mammoth suggest the upper member of the Draper Formation was deposited prior to ca. 9000 B.P. A tusk fragment, dated to ca. 14,100 B.P., was recovered from deposits probably associated with the upper member of the Bonneville Formation, Additional mammoth remains from Late Quaternary deposits in the eastern Great Basin and western Colorado Plateau indicate occupation of the area by proboscideans throughout the Late Quaternary. Together with surface finds of fluted points, this suggests that Paleo-Indian big game hunters once occupied much of Utah.

SANDY MAMMOTH

additional geomorphic and lithofacies details have been discerned in the present study (Fig. 2). As Lake Bonneville receded from the highest level of the upper member, a stillstand with a probable duration of no more than a few decades occurred at what is now the 1329 to 1330 m. level. Sand transported by medium to low energy longshore currents converging on Sandy Spit, 2.5 km. to the south, became incorporated with finer sediments in a low, north-south-trending beach ridge at the western edge of the site. Periodic washover of suspended sediments, most likely during

INTRODUCTION Discovery of an extremely large pelvis during installation of a drainage system led to the excavation of the remains of a mammoth (Mammuthus cf. columbi). The osteological material lay an average of 60 cm. below the present surface of a disturbed area in an apartment complex at 8500 South 350 West in Sandy, Utah (NEi/4, SW/4, SE'/4, Sec.36, T2S, R1W, Midvale Quadrangle, USGS 7.5 Minute Series; Long. 111°53' 58" W., Lat. 40°35'55" N.) (Fig. 1, Locality B). Excavations were conducted November 4-18, 1974 by the Antiquities Section — Division of State History, the Utah Museum of Natural History, and the University of Utah Department of Geology and Geophysics. All excavated bone was deposited at the Utah Museum of Natural History.

TABLE I Local Altitudes (meters a.s.l.)

GEOLOGICAL SETTING The site is on the floor of the Jordan Valley arm of Lake Bonneville, 1.5 km. east of the Jordan River and 35 km. south of Great Salt Lake. The site is related to altitudes of Lake Bonneville and other features shown in Table I. According to Morrison's (1965a) detailed mapping of Quaternary stratigraphic units in the eastern Jordan Valley, the last inundation of the site by Lake Bonneville is represented by the sediments of the upper (youngest) member of the Draper Formation. The local subaerial surface of the upper member slopes 1.3% to the west toward the axis of the Jordan Valley, and is composed mainly of silt and clay. At the site, however, 47

Features

1565

Bonneville (highest) shoreline

1466

Provo shoreline

1454

Highest level of lower stratigraphic member of Draper Formation of Morrison (1965a, 1965b)

1362

Highest level of middle stratigraphic member of Draper Formation of Morrison (1965a, 1965b); Stansbury shoreline

1344

Highest level of upper stratigraphic member of Draper Formation of Morrison (1965a, 1965b)

1330

Sandy Mammoth Site

1307

Present level of Jordan River

1280

Present average level of Great Salt Lake

Fig. 2

Diagram of the Sandy Mammoth Site area showing location of beach sediment sample (A), lagoon sediment sample (B), site profile and lithology (C) (see Fig. 4).

annual high lake stages in late winter and spring, resulted in the deposition of a laminated mixture of silt and clay on the landward or lagoonal side of the beach. The beach and lagoonal lithofacies, which were sampled at depths of 1 m. in auger holes A and B (Fig. 2), are readily distinguishable on the basis of grain size (Fig. 3). Salient characteristics of the beach and lagoonal lithofacies are further summarized in Table II. The stratigraphy exposed in the excavation is diagrammed in Figure 4 and illustrated in Figure 5. The faunal remains rested on the depositional horizon indicated by the small arrow in Fig. 4. An uppermost layer of disturbed fill has resulted from apartment construction and subsequent landscaping within the last few years. The disturbed fill at the surface is underlain by a root-intruded layer that developed under a cover of pasture grasses and, prior to that, under a cover of grasses and sedges that thrived in the moderately moist to marshy habitat provided by the former lagoon. At a depth of approximately 30 cm. beneath the modern surface, the root-intruded layer is underlain by undisturbed laminae of the lagoonal lithofacies. Although detailed lithologic analysis has not been performed, two recurring stratigraphic patterns

75%

50%

25%

Sand

Mud

BEACH

Sand

Mud

LAGOON

Fig. 3 Relative percentages of sand and mud in beach and lagoon sediment samples (sand: greater than 62 microns, mud: less than 62 microns). 48

TABLE II

Lagoon Sample

Beach Sample

Texture

sandy loam

silty clay

Stratification

not apparent

strongly laminated

Munsell Color Moist Dry

10YR5/4 10YR6/3

(unoxidized) 5Y5/4 5Y7/2

(oxidized) 10YR5/2 10YR7/2

8.3

-8.1

Pollen

probably nil

nil

Ostracods Abundance Breakage

extremely rare mostly broken

abundant to infrequent mainly intact to many broken

medium-energy littoral

low energy, subaqueous and subaerial (interdepositional oxidation alternating with depositional episodes

well-drained

poorly drained

Environments Depositional

Post-depositional

ostracod evidence, as well as the evidence of intermittent oxidation, seems to suggest that about the time the mammoth was buried the lagoon was receiving progressively less inflow from the main body of Lake Bonneville.

are conspicuous: (1) the lagoonal lithofacies is characterized by nearly horizontal, fine-grained laminae that average about 1 cm. thick, and (2) the laminae occur in groups, with unoxidized laminae (Munsell hue, 5Y) grading upward into oxidized laminae (Munsell hue, 10YR) at the top of each group. A tentative interpretation of these patterns is (1) the individual laminae were produced by annual, multiple washover events during high winter and spring lake levels, and (2) each group of oxidized layers developed through a single annual exposure to the atmosphere during the following low-stage season, presumably in late summer and autumn. Ostracods are well-preserved in the laminae of the lagoonal lithofacies. The ostracod carapaces are tissue thin, translucent white, virtually without ornamentation, average about 0.4 mm. wide and about 0.8 mm. long, and appear to belong mainly to the genus Candona. In the laminated sediments at the base of the mammoth remains, the ostracods are mostly unbroken and comprise up to 1% of the sand-size fraction. In the laminae near the top of the remains, the ostracods are relatively scarce and many are broken. This

EXCAVATION Excavations were initiated in a 75 cm. deep drainage ditch that crosscut the fossil horizon. The fill surrounding the bone exposed during the initial discovery was cleared down to the underlying barren deposits. Profiles cleaned during this operation indicated that all osteological material lay on one of a series of lacustrine laminae at a depth of 60 cm. below the present surface. The top 35 cm. consisted of disturbed earth that was rapidly removed. The remaining undisturbed lacustrine sediment surrounding the bones was removed with trowels and finer implements. The initial discovery was made at the pelvis and excavation proceeded by extending operations toward the anterior end at approximately 1 m. intervals. The 49

Modern Surface

1 m/

-y

View of Sandy Mammoth deposits showing disturbed area and laminated lacustrine deposits, axial line of the mammoth had an approximate northwest-southeast orientation. The disturbed basement fill of a nearby apartment house was encountered in the northwest part of the excavation. Construction activity apparently resulted in the destruction of most of the anterior portion of the skeleton. The extant portion of the skull appeared to have been crushed by heavy equipment and nearly all of the cranial and frontal elements appeared to have been removed during grading of the site. The intricate disarray of overlapping fragments (Fig. 6) prevented the exposure of the entire remaining skeleton prior to its removal. It was necessary to remove many of the superimposed bones to allow complete exposure of those that lay beneath. As these bones were removed their vertical and horizontal locations were mapped. Figure 7 represents a composite plan view of all collected osteological material. Each fragment was removed after having been covered with a layer of wet paper, a layer of burlap, and finally a coating of plaster of paris. Two by four inch supports were added where necessary. The fill surrounding the mammoth was carefully examined for evidence of cultural activity, but no such activity was encountered. Pollen and plant macrofossil samples were taken at 5 cm. intervals corresponding to the lacustrine laminae. However, no plant macro-

10 cm.

Horizon of Fossil Deposition

Root-Intruded Horizon

Weathering Surfaces

Fig. 4 Diagrammatic profile of Sandy Mammoth deposits.

Fig. 6 View of Sandy Mammoth remains partially exposed. TABLE III fossils were recovered in a wash through 100 mesh screen, and pollen preservation was nil. Both normal pollen extraction and flotation techniques were employed and the absence of pollen is attributed to the high basic soil pH.

Skull: 1— fragments of palate 2— fragments of maxillae 3— two molars 4— basioccipital Axial Skeleton:

DESCRIPTION

1— thoracic vertebra 2— lumbar vertebra 3— sacral vertebrae (fused) 4— twenty-three ribs

A major part of the skeleton was destroyed by previous construction and landscaping activities at the apartment complex; consequently, it is impossible to determine the exact amount of bone material originally buried at the site. However, skull fragments, bits of tusks and postcranial elements were identified in the reworked soil above the undisturbed matrix. The fragmented bone was common enough to suggest that there originally may have been at least twice as much osteological material. The in situ arrangement of the bones indicated the carcass was probably not buried immediately and was subjected to minimal scavenger activity and scattering by water currents. Figure 7 illustrates the alignment of the skeletal elements. Although the skeleton is not completely prepared at this writing, tentative inventory of skeletal elements is shown in Table III. The size, comparative morphology, and geographic occurrence point strongly toward Mammuthus cf.

Pectoral Girdle: 1— right and left scapulae 2— right manus a— cuneiform b— lunar c— magnum d— pisiform e— scaphoid — f unciform Pelvic Girdle: 1— pelvis 2— left femur 3— right pes a— internal cuneiform b— navicular

columbi as a taxonomic determination for the Sandy Mammoth. The identification, though tentative, is most likely at this point (cf. Miller n.d.). The Sandy Mammoth was apparently exposed in a marsh-type setting for a period of time. The linear arrangement of the skeleton in a somewhat natural line is evidence for a low or limited energy depositional setting as would typify a marsh. Secondly, many of the bones (see Fig. 8) show the teeth marks of rodents tentatively identified as muskrats {Ondatra zibethicus), providing additional evidence of a marshy or very shallow water environment.

DATING The nature of the deposits in which the mammoth was buried and of the bones themselves suggest that the deposits may represent a lake-edge environment associated with a recessional stage of Lake Bonneville with a low-energy marsh formed behind the beach described above. Deposition at the site must necessarily have been the final event in the history of the upper member of the Draper Formation (Morrison 1965a) since the beach and lagoon comprise the uppermost deposit. The age of the mammoth provides evidence on the minimal age of the formation. Morrison (1965a, b) has suggested that the deposition of the Draper Formation correlates with levels of Lake Bonneville exceeding 1340 m. In Morrison's model (1965b, Fig. 2) the Draper Formation is correlated with the most recent till of Pinedale Glaciation and dates to ca. 8000 years ago. However, Currey and Madsen (1974) and others (e.g., Broeker and Kaufman 1965), on the basis of radiocarbon dated cultural deposits, contend that the most recent occurrence of lake levels above 1325 m. was prior to ca. 10,500 B.P., implying the Draper Formation was deposited before this period. Radiometric determinations on bone collagens from the Sandy Mammoth do not clearly support either hypothesis. Three dates were obtained: 5985*210 B.P. (SI-2341b), 7200*190 B.P. (RL-464), and 8815*100 B.P. (SI-2341a). The ca. 3000-year span for dates on the same faunal material clearly indicates that the determinations cannot be relied upon to accurately date the age of the deposits. However, Robert Stuckenrath (1976 personal communication) suggests that while determinations on bone are often unreliable, they consistently date younger than charcoal samples from the same deposits. The date of ca. 8900 B.P. should therefore be considered as a minimum age of deposition. The true age is probably older. As a result, while the dates do not clearly support either hypothesis, they are in conflict with Morrison's (1965b) chronology.

Fig. 8 View of Sandy Mammoth rib fragment showing gnawing, probably by muskrats. been recorded in Utah (Fig. 9, Table IV). Of these, the genus Mammuthus has been identified at seven sites. No mastodons have been identified. Species identifications include primigenius (Hansen 1928), imperator (Blackwelder 1939), and columbi (Blackwelder 1939; Miller n.d.). However, Miller (n.d.) contends that the early identifications are in error and that mammoths in the Utah area are restricted to the species columbi.

Fig. 9

OTHER PROBOSCIDEAN REMAINS IN UTAH Nineteen separate proboscidean occurrences have 53

Location of proboscidean sites (dots) and fluted point sites (triangles) in Utah. Circled sites represent dated proboscidean sites. References are listed in Table IV.

Sixteen of the 19 sites are either adjacent to lake margins or are in marsh or riverine contexts. Depositional environments of the remaining three are unknown. While this distribution may be the fortuitous result of high population densities in these areas and a commensurate increase in the disturbance of subsurface deposits, it is suggestive of an adaptation of lacustrine riverine marsh environments. In addition to the Sandy Mammoth, proboscidean remains have been dated at three other Utah sites.

CITY CREEK PROBOSCIDEAN A tusk fragment, unearthed in 1963 from a building excavation near the mouth of City Creek Canyon (SEJ4, SE>4, SE1/4, Sec. 31, TIN, R1E, Salt Lake City North Quadrangle, USGS 7.5 Minute Series; Long. 111°53' W., Lat. 40°40'15" N.; Fig. 1, Locality A) in Salt Lake City, Utah, was submitted for radiocarbon analysis in 1975 as part of this investigation. Other than to identify the clay matrix in which the tusk was found, no accurate records were kept and no lithologic analysis of the deposits was done at the time of excavation. However, logs of cores drilled in the preconstruction phase of the project are available (Fig. 10) and indicate that the clay deposit containing the tusk occurs at the depth of approximately 12 m. below the present surface. The clay, which is almost certainly of deep-water lacustrine origin, is both underlain and overlain by coarser sands and gravels, including boulders that are probably of alluvial origin, derived from City Creek Canyon during preceding and subsequent shallow-water episodes. The portion of the tusk submitted for radiocarbon analysis was dated at 14,150±800 B.P. (RL-486). This date and the nature of the depositional sequence within which it occurred suggest that the tusk fragment had washed into Lake Bonneville during the deep-water stage that is represented by Morrison's (1965b) upper member of the Bonneville Formation.

SILVER CREEK FAUNA The Silver Creek site is located approximately 35 km. east of Salt Lake City in Summit County, Utah (SE'/4, NW/ 4 , SE'/4, Sec. 16, T1S, R4E, Park City West Quadrangle, USGS 7.5 Minute Series; Longitude 111°30'10" W., Latitude 40°43'15" N.). This most comprehensive of Pleistocene faunas from Utah, if not from the Intermountain region, is currently under detailed study by Wade E. Miller. The complete fauna includes extinct as well as extant elements and contains a mixed occurrence of large vertebrates such as horse, sloth, camel, bison, saber-toothed cat, and mammoth {Mammoth columbi) (Miller n.d.). The site was originally identified in 1963 when

construction of drainage ditches produced a single, large, mammoth tooth. This discovery was expanded by organized field work in the summers of 1963 and 1964. Archeological investigations at the site (Dewey n.d.) recovered lithic debitage from the surface, but nothing in direct association with the faunal deposits. The geological setting of the Silver Creek area is fairly typical of areas immediately east of the Wasatch Front. Valleys in this area occur as a series of small, shallow basins, largely filled with Pleistocene and Recent sediments. Marsh conditions are currently found in the site area. The sides of the bowl-shaped site (12 m. in dia. by 7 m. deep) were clay-lined whereas the interior was filled with well-to-poorly-sorted, fine-to-coarse sand and gravel. There apparently was a sustained spring activity for a fairly long period of time, during which elements of the fauna that watered and died there were incorporated in the spring's sediments. A recent radiocarbon determination of 18,150±950 B.P. (UCR-331) on bone collagen from Mammuthus cf. columbi was obtained by the Dinosaur Laboratory, University of Utah, but is considered to be too young (Miller n.d.).

COWBOY CAVE PROBOSCIDEAN Tusk fragments from an immature proboscidean were recovered from noncultural deposits underlying an archeological site in Wayne County, Utah. The site consists of both cultural and noncultural deposits in a wind-eroded sandstone cave adjacent to a permanent spring. At the time of deposition, the area was dominated by a spruce/fir woodland. (Descriptive locational information has been excluded at the request of the Bureau of Land Management.) The tusk fragments were found on the surface of sterile eolean sand and underlie an approximately 40 cm. thick deposition of fecal material. The fecal deposit apparently originated from a large herbivore tentatively identified as an extinct species of bison. Dung from the fecal layer was radiocarbon dated to 11,810±840 B.P. Since the tusk fragments were not clearly associated with the fecal material, the date provides only a minimum age (Jesse D. Jennings, 1976 personal communication).

MAN AND MAMMOTH IN UTAH Evidence from both surface finds (e.g., Davis and Shutler 1969) and buried deposits (e.g., Meighan and Haynes 1970; Butler 1963) of a Paleo-Indian occupation west of the Rockies is extensive. However, little credence has been given these data due to the suspected absence of the megafauna on which these people were known to have relied. The distribution of proboscidean 54

SILTY SANDY GRAVEL

DISTURBED FILL

\ !*NDY, SILTY, GRAVEL, COBBLES, AND BOULDERS TO 2S CM. DIAMETER

1330 M.

SANDY GRAVEL

COBBLES BOULDERS FINE TO MEDIUM TAN GRAVELLY SAND

CLAY 1320 M.

CLAYEY GRAVEL

FINE SILTY SAND AND THIN JILT LAYERS

FINE GRAVEL F I N E SAND

BLUE CLAY 1510 M. MEDIUM PLASTIC BLUE CLAY, HET BUT STIFF

FINE SILTY SAND

HELL GRADED SANDY GRAVEL TO 4 CM. DIAMETER

x BROWN CLAY

SANDY S I L T

CLAY WITH THIN SAND LAYERS

GRAY SANDY GRAVEL BROWN SANDY CLAY

-1300

â&#x20AC;¢ DENSE SANDY GRAVEL

CLAY & GRAVEL

1290 M.

CONGLOMERATE

COMPACT BOULDERS

GRAVEL

1270 M,

1280 M,

BOULDERS

GRAVEL

1260 M.

BROWN CLAY

CONGLOMERATE 1250 M, BLUE CLAY

GRAVEL

Fig. 10 Three profiles plotted from cores drilled through deposits within 100 m. of the City Creek Proboscidean tusk fragment. Dots represent approximate horizon of deposition. (Adapted from materials provided by George C. Young, architect for the L.D.S. Church Administration Building.) 55

sites in Utah (Fig. 9) and the presence of other large Pleistocene herbivores including the horse and camel (e.g., McDonald and Anderson 1975; Miller n.d.) suggest that Jennings' (1966) statement that "Probably because of aridity and a death of the big game animals, the classic big-game hunters of the Plains . . . are not found west of the Rockies . . ." must be modified. The following evidence suggests that Paleo-Indian big game hunters occupied the Colorado Plateau and Great Basin portions of Utah. 1— The presence of Late Pleistocene megafauna on the Colorado Plateau and the Great Basin at a period well within the time range of Paleo-Indians, is now well-established. Although the resource adaptation of Paleo-Indians is not clearly defined (Wilmsen 1968; Haury, Sayles, and Wasley 1959) there is a known reliance on mammoths during Clovis period times and on bison during Folsom period times. Since a resource base was available in the Great Basin and on the Colorado Plateau it is reasonable to assume that Paleo-Indian hunters took advantage of it. 2— Sixteen fluted points, including both Clovis and Folsom varieties have been recovered in Utah (Fig. 9). A number of others have been reported by amateurs but have not been accurately documented. All of these points have been either surface finds or originate in poorly defined contexts. They were not associated with megafauna, nor were they clearly associated with other cultural materials. However, their mere presence suggests that there was a Paleo-Indian occupation of both the Colorado Plateau and Great Basin portions of Utah. 3— Wear patterns on the broken end of a bison jaw from Cowboy Cave suggest cultural modification (Jennings, 1976 personal communication). However, lack of other cultural material in the fecal deposit precludes a definitive statement. 4— Mammoth-like zoomorphs (e.g., Fig. 11) are depicted at a number of rock art sites in Utah. AlTABLE IV References for proboscidean and fluted point sites in Utah Fluted Points

Proboscideans

Lindsay (1976)

Hansen (1928)

Richard E. Fike( 1976 personal communication)

Blackwelder (1939)

Hunt and Tanner (1960) Crouse(1954) Sharrock and Keane (1962) Gunnerson (1956) Tripp (1966)

Miller (n.d.) Richard E. Fike( 1976 personal communication) Jesse D. Jennings (1976 personal communication) William B.Stokes (1976 personal communication) 56

Fig. 11 Pictograph of proboscidean (?) near Moab, Utah (from Averitt and Averitt 1947). though such evidence should only be used to supplement more concrete data, the rock art sites do suggest that man and mammoths were contemporaneous in the region. 5— Contrary to accepted assumptions, no Archaic sites (as defined by diagnostics such as the presence of the atlatl) in the eastern Great Basin or on the Colorado Plateau predate 8600 B.P. Three sites in the eastern Great Basin contain occupations dating to the known time span of Clovis mammoth hunters. These sites, Danger Cave (Jennings 1957), Deer Creek Cave (Shutler and Shutler 1963), and Smith Creek Cave (Donald Thouy, 1975 personal communication), have long been assumed to have early Archaic components, making the western Archaic culture temporarily equivalent to the earliest big game hunters. However, in none of these sites are artifacts diagnostic of an Archaic culture clearly associated with the early dates. Level D-I at Danger Cave, for instance, contains only a single nondiagnostic biface and seven retouched flakes and is considered by Jennings (1964) to represent a PaleoIndian deposition. Yet, the level has been assigned by many to an Archaic occupation, most probably due to the presence of overlying Archaic materials (e.g., "The cultural affiliation (of D-I) is indefinite due to the paucity of artifacts, but I include it in the Archaic" [Fry 1970] ). In light of the contemporaneity with Paleo-Indian sites, the presence of megafauna and the known occurrence of Clovis and Folsom fluted points, such an assumption in the absence of concrete data seems premature. These early cultural occupations may well be the result of Paleo-Indian groups hunting big game around the periphery of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville. While this is obviously also an assumption, it is equally plausible. Only diagnostic artifacts in a welldated context can answer the question.

recovered from deep-water lacustrine deposits which may correlate with the upper member of the Bonneville F o r m a t i o n defined by Morrison, (1965b). The radio-carbon date of 14,150±800 B.P. closely agrees with Morrison's (1965b) estimate of the age of the highest level of Lake Bonneville. 4— The nature and deposition of the Sandy M a m moth remnants and their geological setting suggest deposition in a lake side environment. C-14 dates indicate that the upper member of the Draper Formation had been deposited and the lake was in a recessional stage prior to ca. 9000 B.P. Ten radiocarbon dates from cultural deposits at Danger Cave (Jennings 1957; Fry 1970) suggest that this occurred by approximately 10,500 B.P.

SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION The distribution and dating of m a m m o t h remains in Utah indicates the following: 1— Late Pleistocene m a m m o t h remains are found throughout Utah and suggest a possible adaptation of marsh environments near lakes and rivers. 2— Evidence of m a m m o t h in Utah during a period correlating with Paleo-Indian occupations elsewhere and the presence of numerous surface finds of fluted points together suggest the possibility that big game hunting peoples may once have occupied the western Colorado Plateau and Great Basin. 3— The City Proboscidean tusk fragment was

REFERENCES

Averitt, Beej and Paul Averitt 1947 Mastedon of Moab. The Desert Magazine, Vol. 10, No. 10, pp. 24-26. El Centre

Gunnerson, James H. 1956 A Fluted Point Site in Utah. American Vol. 21, pp. 412-414. Salt Lake City.

Blackwelder, Eliot 1939 Pleistocene mammoths in Utah and vicinity. American Journal of Science, Vol. 237, pp. 890894. New Haven.

Hansen, George H. 1928 Hairy mammoth skeleton in Utah. Science n.s., Vol. 68, p. 621. Washington.

Antiquity,

Haury, Emil W., E. B. Sayles, and William W. Wasley 1959 The Lehner Mammoth Site, Southeastern Arizona. American Antiquity, Vol. 25, pp. 2-30. Salt Lake City.

Broecker, W. S. and Aaron Kaufman 1965 Radiocarbon Chronology of Lake Lahontan and Lake Bonneville II, Great Basin. Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 76, pp. 537-566. New York.

Hunt, Alice P. and Dallas Tanner 1960 Early Man Sites near Moab, Utah. American Antiquity, Vol. 26, pp. 110-112. Salt Lake City.

Butler, B. Robert 1963 An Early Man Site at Big Camas Prairie, Southcentral Idaho. Tebiwa, Vol. 6, pp. 22-23. Pocatello.

Jennings, Jesse D. 1957 Danger Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 27. Salt Lake City.

Crouse, Hubert 1954 A Folson Point from the Uinta Basin, Utah. The Masterkey, Vol. 28, pp. 50-51. Los Angeles.

1964 The Desert West. In Prehistoric Man in the New World, edited by J. D. Jennings and E. Norbeck, pp. 149-174. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Currey, Donald R. and David B. Madsen 1974 Holocene fluctuations of Great Salt Lake. Paper read at the Third Biennial meeting of the American Quaternary Association. Madison.

1966 Early Man in the Desert West. Quaternaria, Vol. 8, pp. 81-89. Rome.

Davis, Emma Lou and Richard Shutler, Jr. 1969 Recent Discoveries of Fluted Points in California and Nevada. Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers, No. 14., pp. 154-179. Carson City.

Lindsay, La Mar W. 1976 Unusual or Enigmatic Stone Artifacts: Pots, Pipes, Points, and Pendants from Utah. Antiquities Section Selected Papers, Vol. 2, No. 8. Salt Lake City.

Dewey, John n.d. Archeological notes on investigations at 42Su5, Summit County, Utah. Ms. on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah. Salt Lake City. Fry, Gary F. 1970 Prehistoric Human Ecology in Utah: Based on the Analysis of Coprolites. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah. Salt Lake City.

McDonald, H. Gregory and Elaine Anderson 1975 A Late Pleistocene Vertebrate Fauna from Southeastern Idaho. Tebiwa, Vol. 18, pp. 19-38. Pocatello. Meighan, Clement W. and C. Vance Haynes 1970 The Borax Lake Site Revisited. Science, Vol. 167, pp. Washington.

Miller, Wade n.d. Late Pleistocene Vertebrates of the Silver Creek Local Fauna from North-central Utah. Journal of Paleontology, in press. Lawrence.

Sharrock, Floyd W. and Edward G. Keane 1962 Carnegie Museum Collection from Southeast Utah. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 57. Salt Lake City.

Morrison, Roger B. 1965a Lake Bonneville â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Quaternary stratigraphy of eastern Jordan Valley south of Salt Lake City, Utah. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, No. 477. Washington.

Shutler, Mary Elizabeth and Richard, Shutler, Jr. 1963 Deer Creek Cave. Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers, No. 11. Carson City. Tripp, George 1966 A Clovis Point from Central Utah. American Antiquity, Vol. 31, pp. 435-436. Salt Lake City.

1965b Quaternary geology of the Great Basin. In The Quaternary of the United States, edited by H. E. Wright, Jr. and D. G. Frey, pp. 265-285. Princeton.

Wilmsen, Edwin N. 1968 Lithic Analysis in Paleoanthropology. Science, Vol. 161, 6 September 1968, pp. 982-987. Washington.

BULLDOZER DUNE (42SL46)

by DAVID B. MADSEN Antiquities Section Division of State History

ANTIQUITIES SECTION SELECTED PAPERS Number 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 61

Acknowledgments Introduction and Setting

Excavation

Cultural Phenomena

Artifacts Chipped Stone Pottery Ground Stone

63 63 64 64

Bone

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This salvage excavation report is the result of the cooperative efforts of several public agencies and private individuals. William Thompson, president of the Salt Lake and Davis County Archeological Association, initially reported the imminent destruction of the site. The Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, under the direction of Jesse D. Jennings, volunteered equipment and funds for the limited excavations. Able Pearson, general contractor of the school's construction, donated both time and equipment. Michael Berry and Steven Sims provided excavation assistance. The Antiquities Section, Utah State Historical Society, supported both Cherie Pitt, who assisted in preparation of this manuscript, and myself.

Summary and Discussion

References

ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. View of undisturbed portion of site 62 2. Plan view â&#x20AC;&#x201D; contour map of Bulldozer Dune . . . 62 3. Plan view map of excavation area 63 4. Cross-section of fire-hearth 63 5. Selected artifacts from Bulldozer Dune 64

TABLE I.

Distribution and provenience of artifacts.

Page . 65

INTRODUCTION AND SETTING

Bulldozer Dune was initially discovered by terrain leveling prior to the construction of a school at 10400 South 2200 West in South Jordan, Utah. Several charcoal-stained areas and artifacts were uncovered but were destroyed by construction activities. William Thompson reported this information to the Antiquities Section, and a survey and salvage operation to recover any remaining data was initiated in September, 1973. In April, 1974, terrain leveling to construct a football field adjacent to the school revealed additional cultural materials, which were investigated at that time. Bulldozer Dune (42SL46) is in an area of slightly rolling grass and sagebrush covered terrain (Fig. 1) in the south-central portion of the Salt Lake Valley (SE!4, NW'/4, NW'/4, Sec. 15, T3S, R1W) at an elevation of 4500 ft. The Jordan River is 2.9 km. east of the site; the Oquirrh Mountains are 6.3 km. to the west. The surface morphology and soil texture at the site are indicative of a dune formation stabilized by a noncultivated vegetative cover. The surface morphology is generally undulating, but consists of several small 2-3 m. escarpments as well. The subsurface soil is a sandy loam of eolean origin. No bedding structure was evident in the top 1 m., but this absence may be the result of root action. The area has been subject to grazing activities.

Fig. 1 View of undisturbed portion of site looking east. Wasatch Range is in the background; Little Cottonwood Canyon is at the far left.

EXCAVATION The initial intensive survey revealed two areas of surface chipping detritus in the undisturbed portion of the construction area and a single area of dark, charcoal-stained soil in the disturbed portion (Fig. 2). Excavation was initiated by means of a grid system tied to the plat and contour maps of the construction project. The fill from a 16 sq. m. L-shaped test trench (Fig. 3) surrounding the area of soil discoloration was removed to a depth of 30 cm. This fill was passed

0 â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

/SURFACE .CHIPPING \DE8RIS

Fig. 2 Plan view/ contour map of the Bulldozer Dune Site. Contour lines indicate feet above sea level. 62

through a 14-in. mesh screen to remove all recognizible artifactual and faunal materials (Aikens 1970). The fill from cultural features was screened separately in a similar manner. Soil samples were taken from the fill of cultural features and the surrounding sterile sandy loam and subjected to flotation to determine if smaller vegetative remains were present. Macrofossils were not detected and apparently were not preserved in the moist sandy fill. Two cultural phenomena were detected in the test trench and are described below. Careful hand excavation and screening around these phenomena revealed no additional cultural features and these techniques were abandoned in favor of power equipment. A front end loader was used to take a 500 sq. m. A roughly circular 1 m. diameter area consisted of depth of 2 m. below the original surface. No detectable cultural phenomenon were encountered. Similar procedures were used in both areas of surface chipping debris with similar results.

Fig. 4 Cross section of fire hearth.

The amorphous area east of the fire-hearth may have resulted from cleaning the hearth during use, with the removed fill dumped to the side. However, numerous rodent runs in this area make an adequate definition impossible and this may also have been a fire-hearth. The construction crew responsible for destruction of the site reported that 13 additional, separate charcoal-stained areas, similar to those described above, were removed. They were found in an area about 50 m. in diameter northeast of the excavated fire-hearth. The crew stated that no discrete pattern was evident. Additional terrain leveling east of these hearth areas disturbed other cultural materials which were not detected in the initial survey and salvage operation. A comparatively large number of artifacts was distributed, out of context, on the surface of this disturbed area, and additional charcoal-stained areas were located east of those discovered in the initial operation. An irregular, ca. 1.5 m. diameter area of black stained sand was located about 25 m. east southeast of the excavated hearth. About 30 cm. of fill had been removed from this area. This staining appeared to be derived from percolation of crushed charcoal from an overlying hearth area into porous sterile sand. The hearth area was apparently bulldozed away since the stained sands contained no bone, fire-cracked rock, or chipped stone. The entire area was devoid of cultural materials other than the diffused charcoal stain.

CULTURAL PHENOMENA Two areas of charcoal-stained soil separated by 30 cm. of relatively clean sand appeared to be associated. A roughly circular 1 m. diameter area consisted of amorphous and discontinuous charcoal-stained sand containing numerous burned bone fragments and scattered fire-cracked rock. A more cohesive area of charcoal staining, centered 85 cm. to the west, can be defined as a fire-hearth (Fig. 4). The hearth was a nearly circular, basin-shaped depression, 60 cm. in diameter and 20 cm. deep at its center. The fill of the basin consisted of numerous burned bone fragments, chipped stone detritus, and 28 small (3-5 cm. average diameter) fire-cracked rocks in a matrix of black, charcoal-stained sand. Although sufficient to stain the fill black, charcoal in the hearth was pulverized and no material sufficient for dating purposes was obtained. The hearth was simply set in the eolean sands and was associated with no other cultural phenomena. ^FIRE HEARTH

ARTIFACTS CHIPPED STONE A minimal amount of chipped stone artifacts was recovered (Provenience, Table I). Projectile Points: Three fragments of Pinto-Humboldt "points" were recovered. Two were recovered from disturbed areas and one (Fig. 5, A) originated

Fig. 3 Plan view map of excavation area. 63

ÂŤ

Fig. 5 Selected artifacts from Bulldozer Dune: (a) Pinto Sloping Shoulder-Humboldt Concave Base point; (b,c) Elko Corner-notched points; (d) Cottonwood Triangular point; (e) Triangular biface; (f) Great Salt Lake Gray sherd. Artifacts are 1.5 times actual size. from the excavated fire-hearth. The points are not more specifically identified since the Humboldt and Pinto series intergrade (Fowler, Madsen, and Hattori 1973). Material: chert-chalcedony. Six Elko Cornernotched points (Fig. 5, B-C) were recovered (five from surface/disturbed areas, one from the fire-hearth fill). Only one specimen is complete and appears to have been reworked. Materials: chert-chalcedony. Blade width at notches: range 0.8-1.3 cm. Basal width: range 1.3-1.9 cm. A single Cottonwood Triangular projectile point was recovered from the surface (Fig 5,D). Material: chert-chalcedony. Basal width: 2.0 cm. Height: 1.9 cm.

POTTERY A single rim sherd of Great Salt Lake Gray Fremont pottery was found on the disturbed surface (Fig. 5, F). The sherd represents an unusual bowl-shaped vessel since strips of organic material (rawhide?) were pressed into the wet clay prior to firing. The horizontal strips are found on both the interior and exterior of the bowl at intervals of about 1 cm.

GROUND STONE A single mano fragment was recovered from the area of amorphous discoloration. It appears to be from an unformed cobble mano with a single grinding surface. Material: granite.

Triangular Biface Blades: Two blade fragments of obsidian and chert-chalcedony were recovered from the surface. Obsidian specimen (Fig. 5, E) â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Width: 2.3 cm. Length: 4.5 cm.

BONE

Retouched Blade Flake: A blade flake, recovered from surface, has chipping on one edge of dorsal surface only. Material: chert-chalcedony. Length: 5.6 cm. Width: 1.9 cm.

The most numerous artifactual material consists of burned, broken bone. One hundred fifty-three bone fragments were recovered, of which 17 could be identified. Sixteen represent deer {Odocoileus hemionus) and a single bone represents a goose or swan. The remaining 136 unidentified fragments and the 16 identified deer specimens are all small but mature bones and may well be derived from the same animal.

Hammerstone: A fragment of a chert-chalcedony hammerstone was recovered from the surface. Unretouched Flakes: Seven Material: chert-chalcedony. 64

TABLE I

Distribution and Provenience of Artifacts from Bulldozer Dune

Discoloredfill(A) Hearthfill(A)

1 107

SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION

NRET OUCHED FL

IANO FRAGMENT

REAT SALT LAKE

CORNER-NOTC:HED

< AMM ERSTONE

ETOU CHED BLAD

w u

3 1

C/2

RIANGULAR BIFA

« «< P Z W ^ <J

GROUND POTTERY STONE

OTTO NWOOD TRI

Surface/ disturbed

INTO-HUMBOLDT

OOSE /SWAN metac arpal

fragm ents

M B

phala

metat arsal

metac

CHIPPED STONE

calcen

femur

ribs

teeth

mand ible

EER

BONE

1 1

southern Great Basin, however, open sites are the most common type and the apparent dominance of cave/ rockshelter locations in the northern Great Basin may be the result of an archeological bias toward excavation of well-preserved sites. Two recent intensive surveys in the northeastern Great Basin indicate that open Desert Archaic habitation sites outnumber Desert Archaic cave/shelter sites by more than 4 to 1 (Fowler 1968; Dalley 1976). Given the dominance of open habitation sites and the known disinclination to excavate such sites, the importance of Bulldozer Dune looms larger than the minuscule amount of data would normally justify. It is important in that it is typical of what may be one of the most common Desert Archaic site types: the dune site. Dune sites are common in the southwestern Great Basin and have been most intensively investigated in the Amargosa Desert, Nevada (Claude Warren, 1976 personal communication). Dune sites are also present in the southeastern Great Basin area, but only one, Corn Creek Dune (Williams and Orlins 1964), has been fully investigated. In a survey of eastern Nevada (Fowler 1968) ten Desert Archaic habitation sites were located. Of these, only two were shelter sites, while three of the eight open sites were found among dunes. Near Bull Creek in the Henry Mountains, Helm (1973 personal

Bulldozer Dune is defined as an open, dual component campsite of Archaic and Fremont affiliation. The cultural definitions are based on the presence of diagnostic materials. Typological dating of the site is limited since the diagnostic artifacts at the site were all produced for long periods of time. Temporal placement of site occupation is tentatively set at sometime between ca. 8000 and 2500 B.P. for the Desert Archaic and between ca. 1500 and 500 B.P. for the Fremont. No evidence of structures was found. Surface brush constructions may have been utilized, but semisubterranean dwellings and jacal surface structures are not found at Bulldozer Dune. This suggests that the location was used as a temporary campsite. Modification of the environment was limited to the construction of fire-hearths. Location in a dune area may have been for protection in an otherwise open, wind swept terrain. Although excavation at Bulldozer Dune was limited and the recovered material remains were few, the site is important because of its setting. One of the major defining characteristics of the Desert Archaic culture has been that cave and overhanging locations were favorite habitation areas (Jennings 1966). In the 65

communication) located over 20 non-ceramic dune sites. On the Dugway Proving Grounds in Tooele County, Utah, Schmitt (1944) located over 200 hearth areas in dune formations. Only 21 of these contained pottery. While this evidence is not overly impressive, it is indicative of a frequent and habitual use of dune locations for camp sites. Data derived from excavated and surveyed dune sites is both consistent and simple: simple, in that evidence of habitation consists solely of small basin-shaped fire hearths set in the dunes in no apparent pattern, and consistent in that this pattern is repeated with little or no variation in dune sites throughout the Great Basin. Together, Great Basin dune sites suggest the following: (1) nomadic bands of Archaic

hunter/gatherers favored dune locations for temporary campsites, possibly because of the protection they could afford in otherwise open areas; (2) simple, rude cooking fires set in depressions in the dunes were the focus of camp activities; (3) there is no data indicative of brush windbreaks or other shelter structures and it is probable that sleeping and social activities occurred in the open, centered around these fire hearths. Bulldozer Dune is typical of this occupational pattern. It is, to date, the first and only such site to be excavated and reported in the northeastern Great Basin. Other similar but better preserved sites undoubtedly exist in this area and it is hoped that they will not be ignored in future archeological research.

REFERENCES

Aikens, C. M. 1970 Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 93. Salt Lake City.

Jennings, J. D. 1966 Early Man in the Desert West. Quarternaria, VIII. Roma.

Dalley, G. F. 1976 Swallow Shelter and Associated Sites. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 96. Salt Lake City, (in press).

Schmitt, K. 1944 Catalogue of Artifacts from Vicinity of Dugway Proving Grounds, Tooele, Utah. Ms. on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah. Salt Lake City.

Fowler, D. D. 1968 Archeological Survey in Eastern Nevada, 1966. Desert Research Institute Publications in the Social Sciences, No. 2. Reno. Fowler, D. D., D. B. Madsen, and E. M. Hattori 1973 Prehistory of Southeastern Nevada. Desert Research Institute Publications in the Social Sciences, No. 6,-p. 21. Reno.

Williams, P. A. and R. I. Orlins 1963 The Corn Creek Dunes Sites. Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers, No. 10. Carson City.

INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 1-70 SALVAGE ARCHEOLOGY

by CURTIS J. WILSON and HOWARD L. SMITH

with

Analyses of Ceramics and Other Data by JOHN FRITZ and CHRISTINE PLIMPTON Department of Anthropology University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah

ANTIQUITIES SECTION SELECTED PAPERS Number 7

PREFACE This paper reports the results of emergency archeology conducted for the Utah State Department of Highways along the Interstate 70 right-of-way in Ivie Creek Canyon southwest of Emery, Utah. Fieldwork was conducted by University of Utah students and employees between June 15, 1974 and July 31, 1974. Individuals involved were: Christy Plimpton, Chris Pickett, Rick Minor, Jim Dodge, Leonard Losee, Gary Nielson, and Mark Hoshovsky. Thanks are due to Dr. John P. Marwitt, who provided advice and assistance during the course of excavations. Supervision of the excavation program was by Howard L. Smith, who also was responsible for writing the site reports and introductory and concluding sections of this volume. Artifact analysis was written by Curtis J. Wilson, with assistance from Christy Plimpton. Analysis of the artifactual and other material was done by Christy Plimpton and John Fritz. The extensive revisions required prior to publication in this series were done by Howard Smith during the summer of 1975. Jesse D. Jennings November 1975

TABLES Table I. Pottery Provenience — Old Road (42Sa454) II. Pottery Provenience — Fallen Woman Site (42Sa455) III. Pottery Provenience — Ivie Ridge Site (42Sa456) IV. Lithic Provenience — Old Road Lithic Provenience — Fallen Woman VI. Lithic Provenience — Ivie Ridge VII. Worked Bone Provenience — Fallen Woman VIII. Worked Bone Provenience — Ivie Ridge IX. Ground Stone Provenience — Old Road Ground Stone Provenience — Fallen Woman XL Ground Stone Provenience — Ivie Ridge

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

Page 69

Introduction

The Old Road Site

Setting Excavation and Stratigraphy Cultural Features Interpretation

72 72 72 74

Fallen Woman Setting Excavation and Stratigraphy Cultural Features Interpretation

74 74 74 74 78

Ivie Ridge Setting Excavation and Stratigraphy Cultural Features Interpretation

79 79 79 80 84

Artifact Analysis Ceramics Chipped Stone Worked Bone pround Stone

84 84 89 97 100

Summary and Conclusions

102

Appendix

104

References

104

Page 85 86 88 89 90 93 95 97 93 J00 IQJ

ILLUSTRATIONS Figure page 1. Site plan and excavation map of Old Road 73 2. Fallen Woman site plan and excavation map . . 75 3. Map of Structure 1 at Fallen Woman 76 4. Structure 1 at Fallen Woman 76 5. Map of Structure 2 at Fallen Woman 77 6. Structure 2 at Fallen Woman 78 7. Earth Oven at Fallen Woman 79 8. Site plan and excavation map of Ivie Ridge 80 9. Map of Structure 1 at Ivie Ridge 81 10. Structure 1 at Ivie Ridge 82 11. Profile through Structure 1 at Ivie Ridge 83 12. Sandstone cooking slab from Structure 1 at Ivie Ridge 83 13. Structure 2 at Ivie Ridge 83 14. Map of Structure 2 at Ivie Ridge 84 15. Ceramics from 1-70 sites 85 16. Chipped stone artifacts 91 17. Chipped stone artifacts 95 18. Bone artifacts 99 70

INTRODUCTION

alluvial plain of the canyon floor. The Fremont horticulturalists who occupied the sites could thus utilize the canyon floor for agriculture, supplemented by hunting and gathering wild food from the high mountainous country to the west and the open plains to the east. Excavation took place between June 15 to July 31, 1975. Several factors led to this relatively brief excavation period: 1. The emergency nature of the project precluded complete excavation of any site. The aims of excavation were to determine the extent and nature of aboriginal activity and to recover sufficient data for highway construction to proceed. Consequently, accepted salvage practices, such as excavating only half of a structure and using heavy earth-moving equipment, were employed. 2. Previous construction in the canyon had seriously reduced the amount of cultural material present at the sites. Almost the entire extent of the Old Road Site appears to have been destroyed, either by the construction of Utah Highway 4 or the dirt road which parallels the highway. Additionally, it is possible that portions of the Fallen Woman Site were also obliterated by the highway. 3. Excavation was terminated at Ivie Ridge well before all surface manifestations had been explored. This was necessary because all significant cultural material at the site lay beyond the highway right-ofway. Consequently, excavation of the site was not financed by the Highway Department contract. Instead, limited funds from the University of Utah Department of Anthropology were allocated to support partial excavation. Work at Ivie Ridge stopped when this money was spent. 4. None of the sites reported here appears to have been particularly extensive. Practically nothing was left of the Old Road Site and no significant cultural material was located within the path of construction at Ivie Ridge. Consequently, the majority of the excavation season was devoted to work at a single location, the Fallen Woman Site, which consisted only of one or two structures and their associated features. This is not to imply any lack of scientific value for these small sites; but to suggest that their significance lies in extending or confirming evidence discovered at larger Fremont sites in the vicinity rather than in the sparse data which was recovered from them alone.

Salvage archeology carried out by the University of Utah during the summer of 1974 included the excavation of three small open Fremont sites in Ivie Creek Canyon, about 15 to 20 miles southeast of the small community of Emery in central Utah. Ivie Creek Canyon is a narrow, V-shaped gorge which has been carved through the eastern edge of the Wasatch Plateau by the action of Ivie Creek, a tributary of Muddy Creek, which flows into the Dirty Devil River and eventually to the Colorado. This external drainage places the canyon outside of the Great Basin and within the Colorado Plateau physiographic province. Ivie Creek Canyon reaches an elevation of 7,900 ft. at its summit, falling to 6,800 ft. six miles to the east where it empties into Castel Valley, a trough approximately 10 miles wide, which separates the Wasatch Plateau from the San Rafael Swell to the east. The canyon cuts through two formations which constitute a portion of the Wasatch Plateau. The lower of these is the Cretaceous period Star Point sandstone, which probably originated from beach or brackish water deposits. This is overlain by the Blackhawk Formation, which is composed of massive sandstone beds containing shale and coal (Stokes and Cohenour 1956). The floor of Ivie Creek Canyon contains gray, silty sediments that apparently once constituted a flat, alluvial valley floor prior to recent erosion (Currey 1974). Approximately within the last 100 years, Ivie Creek has eroded a deep narrow channel through these deposits, creating steep banks 10 to 20 ft. high. Altitude and vegetation in the canyon place it within the pinyon-juniper zone. A vegetative transect was carried out in the vicinity of the three Fremont sites, and a list of the dominant species in the canyon can be found in Appendix I. Large mammalian species which presently occur in the vicinity of Ivie Creek include: mule deer, mountain lion, and bobcat throughout the area; antelope in the southeast corner of Emery County; mountain sheep along the Green River on the eastern border of the county; and black bear and elk along the high country of the Wasatch Front immediately to the west of Ivie Creek Canyon (Durrant 1952). All three sites excavated in Ivie Creek Canyon were located on low knolls or ridges overlooking the flat, 71

THE OLD ROAD SITE

SETTING

CULTURAL FEATURES

The Old Road Site can be found in the NW!4 NE!4 Sec. 1 T24S R4E of the Old Woman Quadrangle U.S.G.S. series. It lies atop a low ridge which runs east-west about ]A mi. south of Ivie Creek, and is located 2'/2 mi. west of Fremont Junction. Vegetation in the vicinity is typical of the area, consisting of pinyon-juniper forest interspersed with sagebrush. The site lies at an elevation of 7,160 ft. on an open stretch of land which slopes down gently toward the floodplain to the north. An old road cut, for which the site is named, transects the area from east to west, running 12 to 15 m. north of the present highway.

USE SURFACE This feature was located in the west end of the site, about 10 m. north of the road cut bank, and was originally visible as a 3 to 4 m. long charcoal lens overlain by Stratum II deposits. An area measuring 4 m. east-west by 2 m. north-south was excavated on the west side of the trench in order to expose the north-south extent of the feature. A hard, compact surface was encountered underlying the charcoal lens in the west wall of the trench. This surface, at the top of Stratum III, was irregular and uneven. No daub, timbers, or postholes were found, although the north and south limits of the surface were exposed. Further, the intensity of the overlying cultural deposits diminished rapidly as excavation proceeded to the west. A circular firebasin was located 2.25 m. from the southern edge and 1.65 m. from the northern edge of the use surface. The eastern half of the basin was destroyed by the backhoe trench, but the remaining portion measured 88 cm. north-south by 43 cm. east-west, giving it an original size of 85 to 90 cm. in diameter. Depth of the firebasin was 4 to 5 centimeters. A raised lip of hardened clay bordered the southwestern portion of the feature. Firebasin fill consisted of extremely dark Stratum II soil containing small (0.5 cm.) chunks of charcoal. The bottom of the basin was fire-reddened.

EXCAVATION AND STRATIGRAPHY Evidence of occupation visible on the surface before excavation consisted of concentrations of stone debris and pottery. After removal of vegetation, excavation was initiated by cleaning sections of the banks created by the old road cut. Following this, seven exploratory trenches were excavated perpendicular to the road cut, four to the south and three to the north, at intervals varying from 15 to 30 m. (Fig. 1). All but one were excavated using a backhoe supplied by the State Highway Department. The two westernmost trenches located the only subsurface features found on the site. Stratigraphy at the Old Road Site was not complex, as it consisted of only three strata. Stratum I was light yellow, almost white sand containing small quantities of clay which occurred at a depth of between 20 to 50 cm. below modern ground surface in the occupied portion of the site. It was the level of origin for all features, and formed the sterile subsoil throughout the area. Stratum II overlay Stratum I, and represented cultural deposition at the site. It consisted of a medium to dark brown sand containing discontinuous charcoal and ash lenses, particularly in the west. Stratum II varied from 12 to 40 cm. in thickness in the east and from 4 to 30 cm. in the west, and was not continuous over the entire excavated area. Stratum II diminished in thickness and intensity to both the north and south of the dirt road. Stratum III was a light tan, loose, fine-grained sand which overlay Stratum II and formed the topsoil over the entire site. It varied from 10 to 40 cm. in thickness in the west.

ISOLATED PIT An isolated pit feature located about 7 m. to the south of the use surface, originated from the top of Stratum I. It was partially destroyed by the backhoe trench which revealed it. The pit, roughly circular, measured 1.8 m. north-south at its mouth, tapering to 87 cm. north-south by 90 cm. east-west at floor level. It reached a maximum depth of 90 to 95 cm. below point of origin and was filled with Stratum II soil containing a high percentage of charcoal. Portions of the fill were extremely dark and rich. Segments of the feature walls were reddened by burning. A possible use surface was found on the south side of the old road cut, 28 m. southwest of the use surface and firebasin. This feature was originally visible as a series of three or four charcoal lenses, one of which overlay a line of reddened earth. Excavation in this area encountered three separate regions where 72

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the earth was compact and the overlying soil separated easily from the surface. None exhibited any significant horizontal extension. No evidence of a structure, such as daub or timbers, was encountered.

INTERPRETATION Although over 68 meters of backhoe trench were dug at the Old Road Site, little of significance was discovered; however, several factors would seem to indicate that more extensive cultural remains were once present in the vicinity: (1.) The extent and intensity of the cultural deposits at the site are a strong indication

of long-term use of the locale. (2.) The two features which were discovered at the site — a refuse pit and a use surface with associated firebasin — are phenomena normally associated with habitation sites. (3.) The distribution of culture-bearing soil at the site seems to indicate that the most intensely occupied area had been where the road crossed the area, as the depth and intensity of deposits diminishes both to the north and south of this road bed. Consequently, it seems likely that at least a small habitation site once occupied the area, and that it was largely destroyed by the construction of one or both of the roads which cross the site.

FALLEN WOMAN SITE SETTING

stratigraphy across the site area from the east to west. Figure 2 shows the excavations at the Fallen Woman Site. Stratigraphy at the Fallen Woman Site consisted of three discrete strata. Stratum I was composed of a light tan — almost white — highly compacted sterile sand, which formed the subsoil throughout the site. Stratum II overlay Stratum I, and constituted the cultural deposition over the entire area. It was composed of brown sand containing flecks of charcoal. Stratum II consisted of a dark tan, loose, fine-grained sand. It overlay Stratum II and formed the sterile topsoil throughout the site.

The Fallen Woman Site is named after the Old Woman, a sandstone spire which used to stand one mile due north of the site, on the point of a protruding finger of the Old Woman Plateau. This sandstone pinnacle had been a prominent landmark in Ivie Creek Canyon, but sometime during the last six or seven years it collapsed. The site is north of the present highway on a low knoll overlooking Ivie Creek (NE y4 NW yA Sec. 1 T24S R4E Old Woman Plateau Quadrangle, 7.5 minute U.S.G.S. series). Recent downcutting by the stream has eroded away the northern portion of the knoll; at present, there is a severe drop from the site to the floodplain of Ivie Creek. The Fallen Woman Site lies in pinyon-juniper forest interspersed with extensive sagebrush growth. Other vegetation present in the immediate vicinity includes Cleome, Opuntia, cottonwood, and wild rose. The site lies at an elevation of 7,050 feet. To the northwest the massive sandstone buttress, which constitutes the edge of the Old Woman Plateau, rises to an elevation of over 8,000 ft. while to the south the valley wall rises more gradually.

CULTURAL FEATURES STRUCTURE 1 Structure I was a semisubterranean dwelling structure, which originated at the top of Stratum I. It was situated near the center of the site area and 14 m. north of the highway. Fill was removed from only the western half of the structure (Fig. 3). Structure 1 measured 5.3 m. north-south along the line where it was sectioned, and 2.85 m. from the western wall to the center of the associated firebasin. Assuming symmetrical construction and a central location for the firebasin, the east-west diameter would have been about 5.7 m., and the shape of the feature more ovoid than round, as is the common form (Fig. 4). Walls of Structure 1 were composed of Stratum I soil, and were regular and even — except in the southern edge of the feature, where root activity had destroyed portions of the wall, and along the northern edge, where a 2 m. arc of the wall had been eroded. Structure 1 walls, averaging 15 to 20 cm. high, were unplastered.

EXCAVATION AND STRATIGRAPHY Scattered stone debris, pottery, and a dark stain which proved to be small midden were the only evidence of occupation on the surface. Four north-south exploratory trenches were dug to expose as much of the site area as possible. The initial exploratory trench was laid out so as to intersect the surface stain, and the remaining three to test unexplored areas of the site. Three of these trenches were then connected by a perpendicular trench, which allowed a view of the 74

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Fallen Woman site plan and excavation map. were filled with a fine, ashy soil containing flecks of charcoal and occasional pieces of unburned wood. Also present on the Structure 1 floor was a centrally located firebasin. This basin lay 2.3 m. from the north wall and 2 m. from the south wall, and extended to a depth of 5 to 6 cm. below the floor. It measured 95 cm. north-south by 1 m. east-west and was surrounded by a raised lip of reddened clay, which extended to a height of 6 cm. above the structure floor. Fill of the firebasin consisted of a light gray, powdery ash containing small chunks of charcoal.

The floor of Structure I was composed of sterile Stratum I soil, and was even except where disturbed by root activity. The floor reached its deepest point near the center of the feature, giving the structure a saucerlike shape in cross section. Along a 3.2 m. arc of the western edge of the structure there was 80 to 90 cm. of wide bench, which lay at a level 10 cm. above the floor. Three postholes originated from the surface of this feature. The floor of Structure 1 was covered with a thin (1 to 2 cm.) layer of ash and charcoal. Structural fill consisted of two discrete soil layers. Overlying the thin ash and charcoal layer which covered the floor was a 15 cm. thick layer of Stratum II soil, which contained large quantities of hard mud or clay. This stratum, which may represent the collapse of the superstructure of the feature, was overlain by a layer of darker fill which contained fewer clay inclusions. It varied from 15 to 30 cm. thick, and probably resulted from postcollapse cultural and erosional deposition. A series of seven postholes originated from the Structure 1 floor. These holes varied from 12 to 27 cm. deep and from 8 to 12 cm. in diameter. No pattern was apparent in their location (Fig. 3). The postholes

STRUCTURE 2 Structure 2 was a semisubterranean phenomenon located 14 m. south of Structure 1, near the northern edge of the present highway through Ivie Creek Canyon (Fig. 2). It originated at the top of Stratum I and extended to a depth of 1 m. below this point of origin. It was constructed in a hole 1.55 m. deep, which may originally have been a borrow pit. Consequently, the structure floor rested upon a 55 cm. thick layer of cultural fill, which contained scattered charcoal flecks, pottery, and stone artifacts (Fig. 5). The walls of Structure 2 proved extremely difficult 75

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Map of Structure 1 at Fallen Woman.

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Structure 1 at Fallen Woman. 76

was extremely dark near the bottom of the feature. Several sizeable pieces of charred wood were recovered from the oven fill. Also present in the fill were numerous fire-blackened and fire-cracked stones, a pecked stone ball, and a metate fragment.

to define because the fill was very similar to the surrounding sterile soil. Consequently, measurements of the feature are tenuous. The excavated portion, which should approximate the northern half of the structure, measured 2.3 m. north-south and 3.9 m. east-west. Assuming symmetrical construction and a central position for the firebasin, the original diameter of the structure would have been 4.5 to 5 m. and the shape would have been roughly circular (Fig. 6). Walls of Structure 2 were composed of sterile Stratum I soil. In the northwest quadrant, where it could be defined with confidence, the original wall was vertical and quite smooth. The floor of Structure 2 was smooth and fairly regular with gentle undulations. It was covered with a thin layer of ash and charcoal; the overlying fill separated from it easily during cleaning. Structure 2 fill consisted of three discrete strata. The topmost layer was fairly soft when moist, but became extremely hard upon drying, creating further difficulties in defining the structure walls. It was light tan with a few flecks of charcoal, distinguishable from sterile Stratum I soil only by texture. It averaged 25 cm. thick in fhe east-west profile created by the sectioning of Structure 2, where portions of this layer of fill may have been removed during construction of the highway. The middle layer of fill in Structure 2 was composed of a fine-grained, gray green clay containing some sand, and displayed the fine laminations characteristic of water-deposited soil. It varied from 5 to 17 cm. thick. The lowest layer of Structure 2 fill rested upon the structure floor, and was composed of a dark tan sand containing frequent charcoal flecks. It measured 30 to 35 cm. thick. No timbers were recovered from the fill of Structure 2. Two phenomena, a firebasin and a possible posthole, were associated with the Structure 2 floor. The firebasin was located 2.3 m. from the northwestern arc of the Structure 2 wall, and measured 78 cm. eastwest and 46 cm. from the northern edge to the point where it disappeared into the profile created by the sectioning of the structure. The firebasin, extending to a depth of 3 cm. below the floor, was filled with a thin (2 to 3 cm.) layer of ash. The bottom of the basin was burned bright red; no raised lip was present around its circumference. The possible posthole, located 31 cm. due west of the firebasin, measured 18 cm. north-south by 13 cm. east-west. It extended to a depth of 8 cm. below the Structure 2 floor and was filled with soil containing quantities of charcoal.

PIT FEATURE This feature was a rectangular pit of unknown function. It was located 8 m. east of Structure 1 (Fig. 2) and originated from the top of Stratum I. It consisted of a rectangular basin measuring 2.14 m. east-west and 1.73 m. north-south, which was dug to a depth of 25 cm. In the west end of this rectangular basin a roughly circular pit extended an additional 20 cm. below the top of Stratum I. The circular pit measured 1.33 m. east-west by 1.63 m. north-south. The walls of the circular pit coincided with those of the rectangle on the southern and western edges. Fill consisted of four separate layers of soil, alternating between black, charcoal-rich earth and clean, tan sand layers. No internal features were associated with this phenomenon. MIDDEN A small midden, measuring 3.2 east-west by 2.3 m. north-south, was located toward the northern edge of the site area, 11 m. northeast of Structure 1 (Fig. 2). The rich cultural fill of the midden overlay, partially filling, a roughly circular pit measuring 1.32 m. eastwest by 1.43 m. north-south. This pit was dug to a depth of 25 cm. below the top of Stratum I, the point of origin. The walls and floor of the pit, composed of sterile Stratum I soil, were fairly regular and smooth. In the approximate center of the pit was an area of reddened earth measuring 56 by 26 centimeters.

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EARTH OVEN A circular "earth oven" was located 13 m. southeast of Structure 1 (Fig. 2). This feature measured 1.1 m. in diameter, 35 cm. in depth, and was hemispheric in cross section (Fig. 7). The oven originated at the top of Stratum I. Its walls and floor were burned bright red. The fill, containing quantities of ash and charcoal,

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Map of Structure 2 at Fallen Woman.

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Structure 2 at Fallen Woman.

ISOLATED FIREBASIN

Structure 2 and the pit feature at Fallen Woman are somewhat ambiguous. It is not immediately clear whether Structure 2 constitutes anything more elaborate than the use of a sheltered location in a partially filled borrow pit. The absence of any definite postholes in the structure floor, and the absence of timbers in the fill of the structure, would indicate the lack of a superstructure for the feature. The lack of a prepared clay rim around the firebasin and the absence of any other significant floor-related features would further indicate relatively nonintense use of the structure. However, the well-packed nature of the floor, along with the thin layer of ash and charcoal which covered the floor, indicate some use. Perhaps the most likely interpretation is that it was used intermittently as an auxiliary housing unit, and probably involved no more complicated construction than a temporary brush-and-pole superstructure that had no internal supports.

An isolated firebasin was discovered 3 m. southeast of the southern edge of Structure 1 (Fig. 2). It measured 57 cm. north-south by 68 cm. east-west. It was dug into sterile Stratum I to a maximum depth of 15 cm. and was filled with very dark soil containing pieces of burned earth and some ash. There was no raised lip around the basin. The bottom of the feature showed only limited evidence of burning, indicating only casual or infrequent use. No use surface was associated with the firebasin.

INTERPRETATION Three features at this site deserve further discussion. These are the earth oven and two features of uncertain nature: Structure 2 and the pit feature. The earth oven constitutes a phenomenon previously unreported from Fremont sites in the area, and consequently is of interest. Data are insufficient to allow a reasonable hypothesis concerning the use of the oven at the Fallen Woman Site, but it may have been for the preparation of a particular range of food. This tentative conclusion is supported by two observations: (1) The condition of the oven indicates more than casual use, since the walls and floor were solidly burned, and the fill was quite rich. (2) The location outside of and separated from the structures at the site, might indicate use other than the normal day-today domestic cooking tasks, for which the typical rimmed firebasins were used.

The use of the pit feature located along the northern edge of the site is also unclear. Whatever its original use, the stratigraphy of the fill, which alternates from rich cultural deposits to clean sterile sand, indicates intermittent use as a refuse pit. It appears that the Fallen Woman Site represents a relatively small settlement, probably housing no more than an extended family. In addition, it may have been a task-oriented settlement, occupied continuously.

Fig. 7. Earth Oven at Fallen Woman.

IVIE RIDGE Prior to excavation, possible surface evidence of aboriginal occupation in the lower portion of the ridge consisted of one rectangular construction of basalt stones and a surface scatter of pottery and stone artifacts. On the higher portion of the ridge there were several roughly circular areas where it appeared as though the basalt boulders covering the surface had been cleared away. The initial exploratory trench, on the lower portion of the site, was planned to pass through two clearings in the pinyon growth and to intersect the rectangular stone construction (Fig. 8). Two trenches extended northward from this initial east-west trench to investigate concentrations of stone which were visible from the surface. Three 1 m. square test pits were dug at various points in the lower portion of the site to test for cultural phenomena. In the upper portion of the ridge, three of the circular cleared areas were partially excavated. Stratigraphy at Ivie Ridge consisted of four strata. Stratum I was composed of a crumbly white soil containing gravel and larger cobbles, with small (2 to 3 cm.) inclusions of rotten sandstone. It formed the sterile subsoil throughout the upper portion of the site and was the level of origin for all features in that area.

SETTING The Ivie Ridge site (SE % NW % Sec. 6 T24S R5E Old Woman Quadrangle, 7.5 minute U.S.G.S. series) lies !/2 mi. east of the Fishlake National Forest boundary, and immediately to the north of Ivie Creek. It is situated in a grove of pinyon trees atop a ridge running northwest-southeast. Vegetation on the ridge consists almost entirely of pinyon trees, with occasional junipers, and scattered sagebrush. The ridge is covered, particularly in the northwest, with large basalt boulders. At its highest point, in the northwest, the ridge is 6,960 feet. In the opposite direction the ridge drops 40 ft. to a flat plain which slopes down gently toward the creek bottom to the south and east.

EXCAVATION AND STRATIGRAPHY Excavations were carried out on both the upper and lower areas of the ridges on which this site is located (Fig. 8). Because of the distance separating these two areas they were not connected by a trench, and consequently, stratigraphic relationships between the two areas can only be assumed. 79

Stratum II was composed of a compact, sterile yellow sand which formed the sterile subsoil throughout most of the lower portion of the site. In the western end of the initial exploratory trench, Stratum II overlay a crumbly white soil that appeared identical to Stratum I. Stratum II did not appear to be present in the upper portion of the ridge. Stratum III was a layer of cultural fill encountered in the excavations in the lower part of the ridge. It was composed of brown sand and contained charcoal flecks and pieces of burned clay. In the north wall of the exploratory trench, Stratum III varied from 3 to 12 cm. thick. Stratum IV was composed of a loose, light brown to tan wind-deposited sand, which formed the topsoil throughout the entire site area. It varied in thickness from 2 to 4 cm. in the north wall of the exploratory trench. Only two phenomena were encountered in the lower portion of the site. Both appeared to originate after the main occupation of the site.

CULTURAL FEATURES RECTANGULAR STONE STRUCTURE This feature consisted of a rectangular construction composed of 22 to 25 unworked basalt stones situated near the western edge of the lower part of the ridge. It measured 80 cm. east-west by 2.9 m. north-south, and was built upon modern ground surface. No subsurface phenomena of any sort could be detected in association with this feature, despite the fact that a trench was dug through a section of the eastern side of the rectangle. Similar phenomena are reported for other Fremont sites in the area (Aikens 1967; Taylor 1957). However, since this feature originated in Stratum IV, which overlay the fill of the structures to the northwest, it may post-date the main Fremont occupation of the site area. ISOLATED FIREBASIN The second feature in the lower portion of the site was a roughly circular firebasin located 18 m. northeast

Contour Interval: 3 meters Contour lines were approximated by visual reconnaissance

Fig. 8.

Site plan and excavation map of Ivie Ridge. 80

Fill of Structure 1 consisted of four discrete strata. Resting on the structure floor was a 5 to 6 cm. thick layer composed chiefly of ash and charcoal. In profile this stratum covered the entire floor except for a 70 cm. long area near the center. Near the structure walls this ash and charcoal layer was underlain by discontinuous layers of clean, gray green adobe. These adobe lenses measured 20 cm. thick near the structure walls, gradually diminishing to a point 1.0 m. inside the walls where they cease. This adobe probably represented the collapse of the superstructure of Structure 1. Overlying the layer of ash and charcoal was a 6 to 9 cm. thick stratum composed mostly of burned daub. This in turn was overlain by a layer of gray soil 10 to 13 cm. thick, containing high quantities of charcoal. The top stratum of Structure 1 fill was composed of light yellow to tan sand containing occasional flecks of charcoal and measuring 5 to 6 cm. thick. Figure 11 shows the strata of Structure 1 fill. A roughly circular mortar and cobble storage cist was located along the Structure 1 wall in the southeast quadrant of the feature (Fig. 9). The full extent of the cist was not exposed, but the visible portion measured 85 cm. north-south by 87 cm. east-west and reached a maximum depth of 42 to 45 cm. (about 25 cm. below

of the rectangular feature. It originated at the top of Stratum II and was overlain by a thin (7.5 cm.) layer of Stratum IV soil. Fill was composed of Stratum IV soil containing many pieces of charcoal. Since Stratum III, the cultural deposition at the site, was absent from the vicinity of the firebasin, and since no artifacts were recovered from the adjacent area, this feature may be non-aboriginal in origin. STRUCTURE 1 This feature was a semisubterranean structure located near the southwestern edge of the highest portion of the ridge (Fig. 8). Slightly more than half of the southern fill was removed from the structure. It originated at the top of Stratum I, measured 5.2 m. east-west at floor level, and extended to a depth of 40 cm. below its point of origin. The excavated portion measured 3.8 m. north-south and the original shape was roughly ovoid (Fig. 9). Walls of Structure 1, composed of sterile Stratum I soil, sloped inward at a 15Â° angle. They had been plastered with a layer of gray green mud or adobe, which was fire-reddened in places. The floor, also composed of Stratum I, was basin-shaped in cross section. There were many fist-sized cobbles imbedded in the structure floor (Fig. 10).

Structure I

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Fig. 9.

Map of Structure 1 at Ivie Ridge. 81

Fig. 10. Structure 1 at Ivie Ridge. the level of the Structure 1 floor). The walls of the cist above the structure floor were constructed of rounded cobbles 10 to 30 cm. long. These stones were set into a gray green mortar which appeared identical to the material used to plaster the Structure 1 wall. Below the level of the structure floor, cist walls were composed of unburned Stratum I soil. Fill of the cist was gray sandy soil with flecks of charcoal and occasional fingernail-sized pieces of burned daub. This fill appeared similar to the third layer of fill in Structure 1. Two intrusive firebasins occurred in the fill of Structure 1. The first was located 60 to 75 cm. west of the profile through the structure and 2.5 to 2.6 m. east of the west wall. It was 35 to 40 cm. in diameter and circular. It originated at the top of Structure 1 fill and was not as deep as the layer of burned daub in the fill of structure. Fill from the firebasin was dark black sand with chunks of charcoal and some ash. The second intrusive firebasin originated at the top of the third layer of Structure 1 fill, and was located 1.3 m. west of the associated storage bin and 1.7 m. north of the south wall of the structure. The firebasin was 53 to 54 cm. in diameter, circular, and 10 to 12 cm. deep. Dug into the second layer of fill in Structure 1, it was filled with a dark black soil containing high concentrations of charcoal and some ash. The bottom of the basin was partially paved with flat sandstone slabs. The walls were hard but not burned. Neither use surface nor floor could be detected in association with either intrusive firebasin. A flat sandstone cooking slab lay near the approximate center of Structure 1. It was located 2.6 m. from both the east and west walls and 2.5 m. from the south wall of the structure. It measured 49 cm. north-south and 42 cm. east-west and was basically rectangular in shape, assuming that one end of the feature was missing (Fig. 12). The slab varied in thickness from 0.5 to 1.5

cm., and rested upon a 3.5 to 4.5 cm. thick layer of clean, pink sand. It was fractured into twelve pieces, and both the top and bottom of the slab were blackened by fire. The Structure 1 fill in the vicinity of the cooking slab was extremely dark with large quantities of charcoal and ash. STRUCTURE 2 This feature was a semisubterranean structure located on the upper portion of the site, 53 m. northnorthwest of Structure 1. Fill was removed from the western half of the feature, creating a profile 6 m. long. The southern portion of the structure, which lay very near the edge of the ridge, had been eroded away. Structure 2 measured 2.8 m. from the west wall to the center of the associated firebasin and 2.75 m. from the north wall to the firebasin. Assuming symmetrical construction and a central location for the fireplace (discussed below), the original diameter of the feature would have been between 5.5 and 6.0 m., and it would have been roughly circular in shape (Fig. 13). Structure 2 varied in depth from 30 cm. in the north to less than 10 cm. near the point where the southern wall had eroded away. It originated at the top of Stratum 1, and was filled with a dark brown soil containing gravel and many larger stones. No burned daub or timbers were present in the fill of Structure 2. Walls of Structure 2 were composed of sterile Stratum I soil, and, as was the case with Structure 1, were covered with a layer of hard, unburned, gray green mud, or adobe plaster that averaged 6 cm. thick. The walls were vertical, except in the northwest of the structure, where they sloped inward at a 30Â° angle. The floor was composed of soft, unprepared Stratum I soil, and contained numerous stones, 82

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Fig. 11. Profile through Structure 1 at Ivie Ridge, ranging in size from gravel to large boulders. These stones were embedded in the floor, making the surface highly irregular and uneven (Fig. 14). No postholes were discovered in the floor of Structure 2. A firebasin was located in the approximate center of Structure 2, 2.75 m. from the northern wall and 2.8 m. from the western wall. Two separate stages were involved in the construction of the firebasin. The first step involved the digging of a 10 cm. deep pit into the floor of Structure 2. This pit was circular with unburned sides and bottom. It was filled with a gray ashy fill which spilled out over the sides of the pit onto the floor. The second stage in the construction of the firebasin was built upon a 4 cm. thick layer of the fill of the lower basin, and conse-

quently originated from slightly above the floor of Structure 2. A pavement of flat sandstone slabs, blackened and cracked by fire, lay at this level. Surrounding this pavement and built upon the fill of the lower basin was a raised lip of clay, originating at the same level as the slabs. This lip was 8 cm. thick and reached a maximum height of 10 cm. above the stone pavement. It measured 88 cm. north-south by 84 cm. east-west, was circular in shape and had been burned bright pink. Fill of the upper basin was finegrained, ashy soil with scattered flecks of charcoal. POSSIBLE STRUCTURE This feature was a poorly understood phenomenon located 9 m. to the northeast of Structure 2. This feature consisted of little more than a 2.45 m. arc of unburned and unplastered earthen wall. It disappeared on the east into a concentration of massive boulders which were not moved due to severe limitations on time and manpower. This 25 cm. high wall was

Fig. 12. Sandstone cooking slab from Structure 1 at Ivie Ridge.

Fig. 13. Structure 2 at Ivie Ridge. 83

The possible structure is particularly difficult to discuss because only a small portion was excavated. However, the limited excavation was sufficient to indicate clearly the existence of some subsurface phenomenon. The absence of a clearly definable floor or firebasin would seem to eliminate the possibility of a complete structure. Possibly this feature represents an attempt at excavation of a structure which was abandoned when a concentration of massive subsurface boulders was encountered. Three features occurred at Ivie Ridge in stratigraphic positions which clearly place them at a point in time significantly after the main occupation of the site. There were the two intrusive firebasins in the fill of Structure 1 and the rectangular stone arrangement on the lower portion of the site. The nature of the intrusive firebasins seems to indicate only occasional use. The absence of burning of the basin walls, the lack of prepared clay rims, and the absence of any detectable associated use surfaces would all point to only intermittent or casual use of these features. The points of origin of the two firebasins were in successive layers of Structure 1 fill, and must therefore have been separated by a significant period of time. In addition, the rectangular stone construction is stratigraphically later than either of the firebasins. In the absence of any significant quantity of diagnostic non-Fremont artifacts, it can only be concluded that these later features are Fremont in origin. Two possibilities, therefore, are: (1) the Ivie Ridge Site was visited at least three times after its abandonment, perhaps for the purpose of harvesting specific subsistence items such as pinyon nuts, which are common in the area; or, (2) some of the potential structures which were not excavated are associated with the firebasins and/or the stone construction, and they represent a second component at Ivie Ridge. Only further excavation at the site could determine which of these alternatives is the most likely.

Structure 2

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Map of Structure 2 at Ivie Ridge.

associated with a probable floor of sterile Stratum I soil. Unfortunately, time was insufficient for further excavation.

INTERPRETATION

As in the case of the Fallen Woman Site, Ivie Ridge apparently was a small, unelaborate site, probably housing no more than one or two family groups. Again, the possibility exists that Ivie Ridge was a specialized site of some sort, associated with the collection of certain subsistence items at a particular time or times of the year, and was not continually inhabited.

Although not completely excavated, this site nevertheless presents a number of interesting problems for interpretation, such as the possible structure located to the northeast of Structure 2. In addition, the Ivie Ridge Site is the only one of the three reported here at which evidence of a chronological sequence 'of events was encountered.

ARTIFACT ANALYSIS Gray, totaling 197 sherds (90%). The presence of Emery Gray, along with seven (3%) Sevier Gray sherds, and five (2%) Ivie Creek Black-on-white sherds, indicates that the site was occupied ca. A.D. 800-1200 (Madsen 1973). The collection contains two worked Emery Gray sherds (Fig. 15 j , m). The first is light gray and irregularly circular. Though now chipped, the edges

CERAMICS The Old Road Site yielded 218 pottery sherds representing seven ceramic types. Two types are normally associated with the Mesa Verde Anasazi culture. Four types, including the two Anasazi, are represented by only one or two sherds (Table I). The major component of the collection is Emery 84

TABLE I Pottery from the Old Road Site (42Sv454)

JS m

| *

Total

« 41 S Worked Sherds

3 5" c

Emery Gray

m *• ^

Great Salt Lake Gray

m ?• fe

Surface Collection

—

Trench

—

Backhoe Trenches

—

Test Pit

—

Stratum 2

—

Use Surface 1

—

Use Surface 2

—

Pit

—

Unprovenienced

122

—

138

Total

197

218 "

Provenience

Pottery

£ da

y £

parallel each other in rows (Fig. 15 k). Two handle fragments show different modelling techniques. One is a crisscross pattern obtained by braiding three strips of clay (Fig. 15 1). The other is a spiral design produced by entwining two strands of clay (Fig 15 n). The ceramic collection of Fallen Woman (42Sv455) consists of 1,604 pottery sherds, two partially restorable vessels, and four worked sherds. Major types are Emery Gray, 1,038 sherds (65%); Sevier Gray, 258 sherds (16%); Snake Valley Gray, 184 sherds (11%); and Great Salt Lake Gray, 113 sherds (7%). Other pottery types in the collections are Ivie Creek Blackon-white and Snake Valley Black-on-gray. From these ceramics, it appears that site occupation occurred between A. D. 700 - 1200 (Table II). Four fragmentary worked sherds of the Emery Gray type were identified. Three are small, about 5 cm. in diameter, and originate from circular disks. Two form half of a single disk. The edges of all three are smooth and rounded with colors ranging from dark to light gray. The fourth worked sherd, with a diameter of 20 cm., appears to be the remaining half of a large,

were once smooth and slightly polished. One side is slightly convex and highly polished; the other is slightly concave. A circular indentation is present in approximately the center of the concave side. The second worked sherd is a wedge-shaped remnant of a circular disk which is gray with smooth, even edges. Toward the narrow end and to one side a hole has been bored, indicating that it may have been a pendant. Surface manipulations appear on nine Emery Gray specimens and one Great Salt Lake Gray. These indicate that pot bodies were incised; the handles were modelled. Vessel decoration occurred: either (1) at the rim only (one sherd, Fig 15 b, a); or (2) starting at the rim and continuing downward, (two sherds, Fig. 15 a, c); or (3) starting at the shoulder of the vessel (five sherds, Fig. 15 e). Most designs were produced by sharply pointed instruments like awls or needles. It appears that the thumbnail was also used (Fig. 15 b, o, p). The most common design form is staggered rows of parallel vertical lines which, in most cases, are divided by a single horizontal line (Fig. 15 e). Thumbnail designs are vertically oriented crescents that 85

Provenience

N-3

> i

o Surface Collection Trench Midden Earth Oven Isolated Firebasin Stratum 2 Structure 1 Fill Floor Contact Post Hole Fill Firebasin Structure 2 Fill Floor Contact Firebasin Below Floor Pit Fill Floor Contact IJnprovenienced

Total

S-.

2 0

a„yM s

ack/Gray

ray

Pottery

k/White

eGray

TABLE II Pottery from the Fallen Woman Site (42Sv455)

ca >-. a 1

•fl 50 V

0 H

—

139

122

—

283

447

—

—.

—

- •

141

—

18 14

—

214 •

16 19

137 16 2

—

44 3

—

34 4

3 __

234 42 3

—

234 20

—

151 2

22 1

149 17

40 2

—

8 1

26 1

—

113

1038

258

184

1604

—

circular disk with smooth edges, which are now chipped. The interior is dark gray; the exterior light gray. Surface manipulation is present on 76 sherds: 59 are Emery Gray, 12 Snake Valley Gray, and five Great Salt Lake Gray. As at Old Road, the predominant decorative technique is incising, although there are examples of applique, punching, and modelling. The tools used are like those described for the Old Road Site. Major incised designs include long vertical

• ^

parallel lines, horizontal rows of short, vertical parallel lines (Fig. 15 a), and false corrugation (Fig. 15). Most surface manipulations occur on body sherds. However, one rim sherd has an incised crisscross pattern on the rim, and two handle fragments have either two rows of short parallel lines or diagonal rows of parallel lines created by the use of the thumbnail (Fig. 15 p, o). This technique was not evident at Old Road. Applique consists of a clay band encircling the 86

Fig. 15. Ceramic artifacts: (a) incised decoration beginning at rim and continuing downward; (b) thumbnail design at rim; (c) long, parallel incised lines; (d) incised decoration; (e) incised decoration; (f, g) applique; (h) vertical lines of fingernail impressions; (i) false corrugation; (j) worked Emery Gray; (k) thumbnail impressions; (1) braided handle; (m) worked Emery Gray; (n) twined handle; (o, p) thumbnail design on handle; (q) scoop; (r) neck and handle showing applique. (Because the collections from the three sites were very similar, the sherds seen here were chosen to provide the best examples of the important attributes discussed. In several cases, the same specimens will be used to display the various attributes seen in the collections from the individual sites.) 87

TABLE III Pottery from the Ivie Ridge Site (42Sv456)

\ v

\ V.

Pottery \.

ike Gra

*»

Worke

Total

Manco

sr 5

Twin!

1 f

Snake

a -J

Snake

« 3

Ivie Ci

« -3

Sevier

! 4g

*s 1 C.

Emery

*~.

s»

2 U -*

Great Salt

-J

£ IS ?

Surface Collection

—

Trench

—

Test Pit

—

Structure 1 Fill Floor Contact Storage Cist

1 — —

109 13 23

9 — 2

4 _ 1

4 __

2 _

__ __

2 1

—

131 14 26

Structure 2 Fill Floor Contact

29 2

143 7

10 —

5 4

3 —

1 —

•_

—

5 —

196 13

Possible Structure Fill Floor Contact

4 —

82 —

1 —

9 —

1 —

—

1 —

—

Unprovenienced

—

Total

445

584

VK Provenience

Stratum 3

U w

vessel at the juncture of the neck and shoulder with design differences due to variations in clay manipulation. One form consists of tooled vertical lines on the strip of clay (Fig. 15 g). A second form consists of small lumps of clay placed horizontally and abutting each other around the vessel (Fig. 15). A third design form consists of small, filled, I horseshoe-shaped pieces of clay overlapping each other so that the rounded end of each clay piece overlaps the straight end of the previous piece forming a band around the vessel (Fig. 15 f). Excavation at Ivie Ridge (42Sv456) yielded 584 pottery sherds. Types include Emery Gray, 445 sherds (76%); Great Salt Lake Cray, 62 sherds (11%); and Sevier Gray, 31 sherds (5%). Other ceramic types include Ivie Creek Black-on-white, Snake Valley Gray, Snake Valley Black-on-gray, Twin Trees Black-

.»»•

1/3

on-white, and Mancos Black-on-white. The latter two are normally associated with the Mesa Verde variant of the Anasazi culture (Table III). Although they are intrusive, their temporal dates correspond fairly closely with Fremont dates indicating that the site was occupied between A.D. 900-1200. One large, complete scoop (Fig. 15), five small to medium sized scoop fragments, and three circular fragments have all been worked. One of these fragments is one-third of a projected circular disk. The presence of roughly half of a circular hole on one edge indicates that the complete disk must have had a hole in its center. Surface decoration is present on 27 Emery Gray sherds including 10 which have a fugitive red wash on their exteriors. Manipulative techniques include incising, which is the dominant form (16 sherds), and

TABLE IV Lithics from the Old Road Site (42Sv454)

M B

Provenience

rner not

•E u

"S *

•a

ang lar

o Z

Surface Collection Trench Backhoe Trenches Test Pit Stratum II Use Surface I Use Surface II Pit Unprovenienced

Total

applique (one sherd). The incised design consists of long, parallel, vertical lines made by a finger or thumbnail (Fig. 15), but some false corrugations are also present (Fig. 15). One small rim sherd has a unique design consisting of a single row of small circles just under the rim (Fig. 15). Most designs are on body sherds with a few on the neck.

OLD ROAD SITE Eighteen chipped stone artifacts found on the Old Road Site (42Sv454) include bifaces, projectile points, knives, preforms, scrapers, core fragments, and utilized flakes; 33 nonutilized flakes were also present. Table IV shows the provenience of these artifacts which were made from chalcedony (predominant), flint, chert, and other igneous stone.

CHIPPED STONE BIFACES The chipped stone material recovered from the three 1-70 salvage sites is scant. Because the number of identifiable artifacts is small it seems almost meaningless to categorize them into "types." Further, many of the artifacts do not fit easily into known types and creating new ones is not justified on the basis of only one or two artifacts. Therefore, the artifacts have been classed descriptively, basing the format on that of Powers (1969).

Crude Biface Form: The proximal end of the biface is missing, the lateral edges are straight and parallel. The distal end is scalloped. All sides have been worked. The cross section is lenticular. Size: Length - 2.0 cm.; width - 1.8 cm.; thickness 5.5 cm. Material: Chalcedony 89

I 1 f 1 | t "B

—

1 —1

Surface Collection Trench

Total

*s£

Miscellaneous

B °

Non-utilized Flakes

1 -C H V

Corner-notched

Triangular, indented base

Provenience

Lithics

Triangular, Straight base

Triangular Projectile Point

TABLE V Lithics from the Fallen Woman Site (42Sv455)

Midden Earth Oven Isolated Firebasin

Stratum 2

Structure 2 Fill Floor Contact Firebasin Below Floor Pit Fill Floor Contact

1 —

—

1 —

—

3 2

—

1 2

—

8 4 1

57 10 7

5 1

38 4

1 1 1 1

Structure 1 Fill Floor Contact Posthole Fill Firebasin

—

230

295

,P 1

46 7 14

Unprovenienced

Total

PROJECTILE POINTS

•

KNIVES

Corner-notched, constricting base

Asymmetrical Knife

Form: This point is triangular with straight sides; the tip is missing. Corner notching produced small downward sloping barbs and a small, constricting base. Its cross section is lenticular. Size: Length - 2.5 cm.; width - 2.3 cm.; thickness 0.6 cm. (Fig. 16 i). Material: Chalcedony

Form: This knife is now roughly triangular in outline because the base is missing. Both lateral edges have been worked making one convex and the other slightly concave. It is lenticular in cross section (Fig. 17 h). Size: Length - 4.5 cm.; width - 2.5 cm.; thickness 0.8 cm. Material: Chalcedony 90

Fig. 16. Projectile points: (a-c) triangular, straight base; (d-g) triangular, indented base; (h) corner-notched; (i-j) corner-notched, constricting base; (k) corner-notched, indented base; (1) side-notched, convex base; (m) side-notched, straight base. 91

Triangular Knife Form: This knife, with missing base, is triangular with a blunt tip and straight, bifacially worked lateral edges. The cross section is lenticular (Fig. 17 a). Size: Length - 2.1 cm.; width - 1.9 cm.; thickness 0.6 cm. Material: Chalcedony

Triangular, straight base Form: Two artifacts are incomplete: one has the tip broken off; the upper third is missing from the other. Their shape is elongated triangular with straight sides and bases and lenticular cross sections (Fig. 16a, b). Size: Length - 3.0, 1.6 cm.; width - 1.5, 1.5 cm.; thickness - 0.4, 0.3 cm. Material: Chert (1), agate (1)

PREFORM Triangular, indented base Form: The two examples are shaped like elongated triangles with straight sides, no pronounced ear tabs, and indented bases. Both are missing tips. One has been modified and possibly used as a small end scraper. One is not well made and the base does not appear to be finished. Both have lenticular cross sections (Fig. 16d,e). Size: Length - 5.4, 4.8 cm.; width - 1.1, 1.2 cm.; thickness - 0.4, 0.5 cm. Material: Chert (1), chalcedony (1)

Form: One lateral edge has a clean, thick fracture produced from breakage, while the other has had large flakes bifacially removed causing a slight curvature of the edge and forming a rounded tip. This makes the preform semi-oval in shape and wedgeshaped in cross section. Size: Length - 5.5 cm.; width - 2.9 cm.; thickness 1.4 cm. Material: Flint UNIFACE

Notched Points

Form: This single-edge side scraper, (Fig. 17 k) plano-convex in cross section, was manufactured from a flake on which the compression rings are still visible. The working edge is on one lateral edge of the dorsal side. Size: Length - 5.7 cm.; width - 2.3 cm.; thickness 1.0 cm. Material: Igneous

Corner-notched Form: The base of the stem and one barb are missing from this artifact. It forms an elongated triangle with straight edges and one downward pointing barb; cross section is thick and lenticular (Fig. 16 h). Size: Length - 3.4 cm.; width - 1.1 cm.; thickness 0.6 cm. Material: Chalcedony Side-notched, convex base Form: This complete specimen resembles an elongated isosceles triangle in outline with straight lateral edges. Notches are perpendicular to the long axis and the base is expanding and convex. In cross section it is thin and lenticular (Fig. 16 1). Size: Length - 3.5 cm.; width - 1.2 cm.; thickness 0.4 cm. Material: Chalcedony

FALLEN WOMAN SITE The collection for the Fallen Woman Site (42Sv455) consists of 64 classifiable chipped stone artifacts including projectile points, knives, scrapers, blanks, preforms, cores, core fragments, and utilized flakes. Two hundred thirty nonutilized flakes were also recovered. Most artifacts were located in the fill and at floor contact of Structure 1 and the pit feature (Table V). Chalcedony is the favored manufacturing material.

KNIVES Asymmetrical Knife Form: This knife, with missing tip, is triangular with straight lateral edges, one of which is perpendicular to the base. Both lateral edges and the proximal end have been worked. It has a thin, lenticular cross section (Fig. 17 b). Size: Length - 2.5 cm.; width - 2.1 cm.; thickness 0.3 cm. Material: Chalcedony

BIFACES PROJECTILE POINTS Triangular Fprm: Because the projectile points are classed predominantly by basal shape, four specimens with missing bases have been put into this category. In addition to lacking bases, two have no tips. All have elongated, straight sides and are narrow in width with thin, lenticular cross sections. Size: Range: length - 3.0-1.9 cm.; width - 1.0-0.7 cm.; thickness - 0.35-0.20 cm. Material: Chalcedony

Triangular Knife Form: Shaped like an isoceles triangle with straight lateral edges, this artifact is missing the tip. Both lateral edges and proximal end are worked with fine flaking. It is lenticular in cross section (Fig. 17 c). 92

2u « OS

aA "§J. H

•2

fe Ba

ha w

a. iha s

a W

6tja ha

Surface Collection Trench Stratum 3 Structure I Fill Floor Contact Storage Cist Structure 2 Fill Floor Contact

—

9 1 2

15 7 7

—

28 10 9

8 1

64 2

92 5

—

— '

—

•am

Possible Structure Fill Floor Contact Test Pits Unprovenienced

Total

—

2 1 —

Total

m •

Gastroliths

Non-utilized Flakes

« e

Utilized Flakes

la tt

Core Fragments

g Corner-notched, Constricting base

Corner-notched, indented Base

Side-notched, Straight Base

Triangular, Indented Base

Provenience

Triangular, Straight Base

Lithics

Triangular Projectile Point

TABLE VI from the Ivie Ri<Ige Sit e(42! 5v456

—

149

218

Size: Length - 2.5 cm.; width - 2.6 cm.; thickness 0.5 cm. Material: Milky quartz

UNIFACE SCRAPERS Side Scraper

PREFORM

Form: Two specimens are incomplete, but roughly rectangular. One has a straight, transverse base while the other is rounded, but each has a straight unworked lateral edge and a convex worked lateral edge. Both are thick and lenticular in cross section (Fig. 17 1). Size: Length - 7.9, 6.0 cm.; width - 3.8, 2.2 cm.; thickness - 1.5, 1.5 cm. Material: Chert (1), chalcedony (1)

Form: This incomplete artifact is broken along its width. It is quadrilateral with straight, parallel lateral edges, only one of which is worked, and a rounded end. It has a lenticular cross section. Size: Length - 5.1 cm.; width - 4.8 cm.; thickness 1.6 cm. Material: Chalcedony 93

End Scraper Form: This artifact, which is broken horizontally, has a rectangular shape, straight parallel lateral edges and a roughly squared-off transverse end. It appears to have been either a blank or preform that broke in the manufacturing process and consequently the end was modified to produce an end scraper (Fig. 17 m). Size: Length - 3.0 cm.; width - 1.9 cm.; thickness 0.8 cm. Material: Plume agate

Triangular, indented base Form: Included are two complete projectile points, each of which has an elongated triangular outline with straight sides and an indented (concave) base. One may have ear tabs but they are not apparent enough to warrant a separate category. They are lenticular in cross section (Fig. 16 g). Size: Length - 2.9, 3.5 cm.; width - 1.5, 1.4 cm.; thickness - 1.3, 0.5 cm. Material: Milky quartz (1), quartz (1) Notched Points

MISCELLANEOUS

Side-notched, straight base Form: This complete projectile point is shaped like an elongated triangle with convex sides. Notches are perpendicular to the sides and the short base expands slightly. It is lenticular in cross section. (Fig. 16 m) Size: Length - 4.9 cm.; width - 2.4 cm.; thickness 0.5 cm. Material: Chert

Form: This artifact is a circular, perforated disk, the sides and surface of which have been shaped and smoothed. Striations from boring are present in a hole located in the center of the object, which is probably a bead that was once strung on a necklace. It has a planoconvex cross section. Size: Diameter - 1.6 cm.; thickness - 0.5 cm.; hole dia. - 0.3 cm. Material: Chalk

Corner-notched, indented base Form: This almost complete specimen has an elongated triangular outline with slightly convex sides. The corner notches produce small downward-sloping barbs, one of which is missing. The base is large, expanding, and indented. Cross section is lenticular (Fig. 16 k). Size: Length - 4.9 cm.; width - 2.9 cm.; thickness 0.5 cm. Material: Chert

IVIE RIDGE SITE From Ivie Ridge (42Sv456) 67 classifiable artifacts were recovered. Projectile points, knives, scrapers, utilized flakes, cores, and core fragments are represented in the collection. Nonutilized flakes (149) and two water-worn stones are also present (Table VI). Chert is the predominant lithic material used, with chalcedony, quartz, and feldspar also present.

Corner-notched, constricting base Form: A complete specimen, the artifact has an elongated triangular outline with straight sides and small indentations at each corner, producing a rounded, constricting base. It is lenticular in cross section (Fig. 16j). Size: Length - 6.5 cm.; width - 2.2 cm.; thickness 0.6 cm. Material: Chert

BIFACES PROJECTILE POINTS Triangular Form: This category is composed of projectile points that do not have bases necessary for further refinement of their classification. The base is absent from all of the points; one also lacks a tip. They resemble an elongated isosceles triangle with straight sides and have lenticular cross sections. Size: Length - range: 2.3 to 4.5 cm., mean: 3.2 cm.; width - range: 1.1 to 1.8 cm., mean: 1.4 cm.; thickness range: 0.3 to 0.6 cm., mean: 0.46 cm. Material: Chert (2), chalcedony (1)

KNIVES Rectangular Knives Form: Two knives are incomplete, rectangularshaped with parallel lateral edges, and straight ends. The lateral edges and end of one specimen are worked; on the other, only the edges have been worked. Both are lenticular in cross section (Fig. 17 d, g). Size: Length - 1.7, 3.2 cm.; width - 2.0, 1.2 cm.; thickness - 1.6, 0.6 cm. Material: Chert (1), feldspar (1)

Triangular, straight base Form: This is a complete specimen shaped like an elongated isosceles triangle with straight sides and base, all worked. It has a thin lenticular cross section (Fie 16 c). Size: Length - 4.3 cm.; width - 1.6 cm.; thickness 0.3 cm. Material: Quartz

Triangular Knives Form: Of the two specimens, one is complete; the other a fragment. The complete knife has a straight 94

Fig. 17. Knives and scrapers: (a, c, e) triangular knives; (b, h) asymmetrical knives; (d, g) rectangular knives; (0 scraper knife; (i) square base knife; (j, m) end scrapers; (k, 1) side scrapers. 95

X. \

TABLE VII Worked Bone from the Fallen Woman Site (42Sv455)

—

Trench

—

Midden

—

Earth Oven

—

Isolated Firebasin

—

Stratum 2

—

3 2

—

Structure 1 Fill Floor Contact Posthole Fill Firebasin Structure 2 Fill Floor Contact Firebasin Below Floor

—

Awls

1 1 1 1

1 2

—

Total

Unclassified

—

Type I

Surface Collection

Provenience

Pendant

Type HI

Worked Bone Type II

Pit Fill Floor Contact

—

Unprovenienced

—

Total

—

— __

transverse end with the lateral edges slowly converging toward the tip, where they are abruptly shaped into a point, giving it roughly a triangular outline; the lateral edges and tip are the working edges. The fragment has a straight transverse end and a slightly inward curving edge; the outer- edge is broken. Both are lenticular in cross section (Fig. 17 e). Size: Length - 5.4, 2.9 cm.; width: 2.2, 1.4 cm.; thickness - 1.0, 0.5 cm. Material: Chert

acutely angled working edge on the convex end. It is plano-convex in cross section (Fig. 17 j). Size: Length - 4.0 cm.; width - 2.8 cm.; thickness 0.75 cm. Material: Quartz Scraper/Knife Form: This rectangular specimen is incomplete with parallel lateral sides and a fairly straight end that has been worked. It has a plano-convex cross section (Fig. 17 f). Size: Length - 4.2 cm.; width - 1.9 cm.; thickness 0.6 cm. Material: Chert

SCRAPERS End Scraper Form: This complete scraper is semicircular with an 96

TABLE VIII Worked Bone from the Ivie Ridge Site (42Sv456)

N ^

Pendant

Total

—

Trench

—

Stratum I

—

Stratum II

—

Stratum III

—

Structure I Fill Floor Contact Storage Cist

— —

1 —

— —

1 —

Structure II Fill Floor Contact

1 —

4 —

— —

1 —

— —

7 —

Possible Structure Fill Floor Contact

— —

Test Pit

—

Unprovenienced

—

Total

TypeV

Awls

Knife/Scraper Form: The half of the specimen that is present is rectangular, with bifacially-worked lateral edges which are nearly parallel and closely perpendicular to the transverse end. It appears that the specimen, originally a bifacial blade, broke with the end later modified to form an end scraper. It is lenticular in cross section. Size: Length - 4.2 cm.; width - 3.3 cm.; thickness 0.9 cm. Material: Chalcedony

Unusual

—

Type IV

Surface Collection

Provenience

Type I

Type III

Worked Bone Type II

WORKED BONE Because little worked bone was recovered from the three salvage sites, all bone artifacts have been analyzed together. Seventeen pieces of worked bone, whole and fragmentary, were recovered. No worked bone came from the Old Road Site (42Sv454). Fallen Woman (42Sv455) yielded eight artifacts, six from Structure 1 (Table VII). Ivie Ridge (42Sv456) produced nine specimens (eight awls and one pendant). Six of the eight awls recovered were from structures, with five located at floor contact in Structure 2 (Table VIII). Due to the shallowness of the sites, most of the artifacts are quite badly damaged and are difficult to classify.

MISCELLANEOUS Two smooth stones, one complete, the other broken, were recovered from floor contact of Structure 2. They may be dinosaur gastroliths. 97

TABLE 11i toad Site (4 2Sv454)

Type I In this category the bone is unsplit and the head or butt end unmodified with the proximal end of the bone used for the point, the distal end for the head. One awl of this type was recovered. It is fragmentary with most of the ground point missing. This type may have been used as a "heavy duty" tool because of the density and durability of the bone and because the tip is broken (Fig. 18 f).

Ground Stone from the Old I 4)

« >v

Ground Stone

23 w ha

u Surface Collection Provenience

-«ai

Trench

—

Backhoe Trenches

—

Test Pit

—

Stratum II

—

Use Surface I

—

Use Surface II

—

Pit

—

Unprovenienced

—

Total

Type II The majority of the awls (9 of 14) fall into this class which contains three subcategories determined by the angle of their tips. The only alteration of the bone occurred during the longitudinal splitting. The head is either the distal (3) or proximal (6) end. Two awls are placed in the first subclass, which is characterized by a tapering tip and the gradual narrowing of the shaft to a point usually producing a long awl (Fig. 18 d, i). Three awls form a subclass characterized by a sharp angle of the distal end. (Fig. 18 a, b). The third subclass is represented by four specimens with resharpened points producing a "shouldered" effect (Fig. 18 e, k).

Type III On the single representative of this class, the head of the bone has been completely ground down (Fig. 18 c) and the tip tapers gradually to a fine, sharp point. It is badly weathered, but the areas not severely deteriorated indicate that it was highly smoothed and polished. Type IV Splinter awls have been defined as having one-third of the bone worked, one end being ground to a point and the butt end untouched (Dalley 1973). The specimen placed in this category is a fragment from a larger bone with one end ground to a sharp, tapered point (Fig. 18 g).

BONE PENDANTS Two artifact fragments are classified as pendants. One is broken vertically and horizontally, and so badly fragmented that a remnant of a hole bored in the bone is the only indication of its original function (Fig. 18 m). The other artifact has an unfinished worked end that is cut vertically to the long axis. The sides, which have been smoothed, gradually expand as they progress away from the squared end. The artifact has been ground so that only a trace of the original bone curvature is perceptible (Fig. 18 n).

TypeV The reworked category consists of bone fragments that have been shaped into awls by rounding one end for a butt and tapering the other end into a point. The one specimen placed in this category is fairly flat and thin, but some curvature still remains (Fig. 18 h).

AWLS The 14 awls recovered have been classified by the criteria used for similar specimens at Median Village (Dalley 1973). Primary attributes considered here are the presence of longitudinal splitting and the worked nature of the head. Subclassification is based on the degree of angle of the point. Using these attributes, the awls form seven categories with subclassifications.

Unusual This category is reserved for specimens of unusual dimensions or shape, and is represented by one example (Fig. 18 j) which is small (5 cm. long) and weather-worn. The butt end is completely worked to a rounded shape. Although the gradually tapering point is broken at the tip, wear striations are' still 98

-o SP c C

t/3

—T "o 1—1

D, ^-v

TO *La

a 1/3

^OJ

D. 3

>> , N *"' ' O o > .& D, bC >. C ** •

'C aj

_>> DH

3 ^H

i—T

l>>

,&C s

'— ' OJ >> a *"' >. xT D

TO"

•a u

> u

-*o—< a cf3 o u

Bone type

TO — • >—r

TABLE X Ground Stone from the Fallen Woman Site (42Sv455)

Grooved Abrader

Miscellaneous

Total

—

Trench

—

Midden

—

Earth Oven

—

Isolated Firebasin

—

Stratum II

—

Structure I Fill Floor Contact Posthole Fill Firebasin

— — — —

1 — — —

— 1 — —

— — —

1 — — —

— — — —

1 — — —

— — — —

4 1 _ —

Structure II Fill Floor Contact Firebasin Below Floor

—

_ — 1

_ — —

__ — —

_ _

__ — —

_ _

__ — —

Pit Fill Floor Contact

—

Unprovenienced

—

Troughed

Utah

Metate

Mano

Total

Unclassifled

—

Mano Blank

Unclassifled

Surface Collection

Provenience

TypeIA

Type IIA

Ground Stone

Type IB

— 1

GROUND STONE

visible near this end. The lower portion is better worked than the upper, although this could be due to differential deterioration.

The salvage excavations recovered 18 ground stone artifacts which have been classified as manos, metates, grooved abraders, and miscellaneous. Due to the small sample, the artifacts are not discussed by individual sites, but as a group. Materials used for the artifacts include basalt, quartzite, sandstone, and metamorphosed sandstone. Artifact provenience is shown by Table IX, X, and XI.

Unclassified The recovered lower half of one specimen (Fig. 18 1) is extremely weathered and badly pitted with little of the original surface left. The bone has been ground into a cylindrical shape, the tip being abrupt, rounded, and blunt. A small area above the point is stained red. 100

MANOS

TABLE XI Ground Stone from the Ivie Ridge Site (42Sv456) \

•o

fie

Two complete manos, seven fragments, and one blank were recovered. The number of grinding surfaces present define the major types, designated by Roman numerals; subtypes, where designated, are defined on the basis of general shape (oval, square, rectangular) and shape of the grinding surface (flat, curved).

^%. Ground Stone ^». ^^^ ^s^

Provenience

Surface Collection

Type la This type consists of three fragments (1/2 to 1/3 of the original) which have bevelled edges. They are subrectangular to slightly oval in vertical profile with convex top and slender widths. Width measurements are 7.2 to 7.4 cm. and height measurements are 4.5 to 4.9 centimeters. Total length cannot be recorded because no complete specimen was recovered. Red ochre may be the source of the red stain present on the grinding surface of one fragment. All are basalt.

Type Ic The single mano fragment (about Vi of the original) in this type is thin, has a single flat grinding surface, a rectangular shape, a flat top and rounded sides. It measures 10.6 cm. wide and 2.4 cm. high.

*mm

—

« H

2 —

—

Stratum I

—

Stratum II

—

Stratum III

—

Structure I Fill Floor Contact Storage Cist

— — —

1 — —

2 1

Structure II Fill Floor Contact

— —

Possible Structure Fill Floor Contact

•

—

— —

Test Pit

—

Unprovenienced

—

Total

Type Ila The one complete mano comprising this type is quartzite and has opposite parallel sides, an oval shape, and rounded ends. Its measurements are: length - 15.8 cm.; width - 8.4 cm.; height - 3.7 centimeters. Untyped Two mano fragments are so small they cannot be typed. One is an end, the other is a mid-section; both are basalt.

—

Trench

Type lb Members of this type are characterized by one flat grinding surface, subrectangular shape, straight sides and top, and squared ends. One complete mano and one fragment represent this type. The complete mano is made of basaltic material, is trapezoidal in longitudinal cross section, and measures 14.1 cm. long, 7.0 cm. wide, and 4.5 cm. high. The second representative is a sandstone fragment which appears to be about 1/3 of the original specimen. It measures 7.4 cm. wide and 4.3 cm. high.

^v \ ^

1—1

— •

METATES One whole metate (left in field) and five metate fragments were found. Stone material used consists of basalt and sandstone. "Utah Type Metate" The only complete metate recovered is of this type which consists of an open-ended trough and a secondary depression or "shelf at the opposite end where the mano is placed. It was found upside down on the east rim of a fireplace in Structure 1 at the Fallen Woman Site (42Sv455). It is made from basalt, and is 50 cm. long, 24-30 cm. wide, and 5-9 cm. thick.

Mano Blank Although this specimen is called a mano blank, it is completely finished, but shows no wear patterns on its sandstone surfaces. It is large and rectangular with sharply cut angles on the sides and ends. Its measurements are: length - 22.0 cm.; width - 10.1 cm.; height 9.0 centimeters.

Troughed Metates This category contains two metate fragments, one of which was made from sandstone, and the other 101

from metamorphosed sandstone. Because the fragments are small, it cannot be determined if they were openended or closed-ended trough metates. One is a corner piece which has distinct sides and a bottom that slopes toward the middle (depth against the side: 52 cm.; depth toward the center: 1.6 cm.) due to differential grinding patterns. The other fragment is a center piece from which both lateral sides have been lost. Edge thickness is 6.3 cm. and center thickness is 5.9 centimeters. Circular Metate This category consists of one metate fragment which is a corner piece made of basalt. The rounded corners indicate that the metate has been pecked into shape. A slight depression is apparent toward the middle.

GROOVED ABRADER A small, irregular piece of sandstone with tapered ends has two parallel grooves etched into one surface. It is 4.8 cm. long, 5.6 cm. wide, and 3.9 cm. thick; the grooves are 0.43 cm. wide and 1.3 cm. apart. MISCELLANEOUS This wedge-shaped basalt fragment is from a circular artifact that has been pecked into shape. The outer edge is 2.0 cm. thick increasing to 8.0 cm. toward the center. The fragment's arc measures 11.0 cm. but calculations indicate the artifact was originally about 38 cm. in circumference. Use wear is not apparent on any of the surfaces.

Unclassified Two basalt metate fragments are too small to be classified. Slight depressions and pecking indicate some form of wear.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The three sites excavated by the University of Utah in Ivie Creek Canyon during the summer of 1974 belong to the Fremont culture of Utah and eastern Nevada. They are placed in the San Rafael variant of this culture by Schroedl and Hogan (1975). However, the presence of Great Salt Lake Gray ceramics may indicate that these sites belong to the Sevier variant in which pottery of this type sometime occurs (Marwitt 1973). Four Fremont sites have been excavated in the Ivie Creek Canyon area previous to, and during, the 1974 1-70 excavations. These are the Old Woman Site and Poplar Knob (Taylor 1957), Snake Rock Village (Aikens 1967) and Innocents Ridge (Schroedl and Hogan 1975). The Old Woman Site consisted of three semisubterranean structures, one jacal surface structure, one coursed adobe surface structure, and two adobe granaries. One pit house had a plastered floor and an interior storage cist, and all three had plastered walls (Taylor 1957). The Old Woman Site is tentatively dated by ceramics to between 1075 and 1175 A.D. (Taylor 1957); although a radiocarbon date of 1170Âą250 B.P. (780 A.D.) was obtained from a charcoal sample from a structure. Marwitt (1973) concludes that the center date is early, but that the upper limit of the range is acceptable.

Poplar Knob is architecturally dissimilar to the Fremont sites excavated in 1974, as it is composed entirely of surface masonry structures. It is assigned to roughly the same time span as the Old Woman Site by both Taylor (1957) and Marwitt (1973). Snake Rock Village consisted of ten semisubterranean structures and 20 surface structures. Plastered walls are the rule and clay floors are universal at the site (Aikens 1967). Interior storage cists and deep pit houses occur only in the upper of two cultural strata at the site. Snake Rock is dated in the 1075 to 1275 A.D. range on the basis of intrusive Anasazi pottery types; a radiocarbon date of 1505Âą95 B.P. (445 A.D.) being rejected as entirely too early (Aikens 1967). Innocents Ridge consisted of one semisubterranean pit structure, three surface masonry and adobe dwelling structures, and one surface adobe and masonry storage structure. The pit structure had a prepared clay floor, unplastered walls, and two interior trash pits (Schroedl and Hogan 1975). On the basis of intrusive Anasazi pottery types, the site is dated to between 1125 and 1225 A.D. (Schroedl and Hogan 1975). Compared with these sites, Old Road, Fallen Woman, and Ivie Ridge are small and uncomplicated. 102

No structures were encountered at Old Road, only two were found at Fallen Woman, and only two at Ivie Ridge, although more structures may have been present at the latter site. Plastered walls occur only at Ivie Ridge, and semisubterranean structures with prepared floors were not encountered at any site. All structures except Structure 2 at Fallen Woman were shallow and generally lacked evidence of internal support posts. Interior storage cists were absent from all but Structure 1 at Ivie Ridge. One previously unreported item, the earth oven at Fallen Woman, was discovered. The relative small size of the sites and the rather rudimentary nature of architectural techniques at Ivie Ridge and Fallen Woman would seem to indicate two possibilities: (1) if contemporaneous with the larger Fremont sites nearby, they could be subordinate communities, perhaps specialized, short-term bases for harvesting wild food; or, (2) the small size and rudimentary architecture may indicate that Old Road, Fallen Woman, and Ivie Ridge are older than, possibly ancestral to, the larger sites. Aikens' (1967) identification of interior storage cists, deep pit structures, ventilator shafts, and square-shaped pit houses as late developments at Snake Rock may tend to support this latter possibility, because these characteristics are completely or largely absent from the three small sites reported here. Analysis of the ceramic materials from the three small Fremont sites in Ivie Creek Canyon is consistent with an interpretation of them as earlier than Old Woman, Poplar Knob, and Snake Rock Village. Fallen Woman is assigned a range of 700 to 1200 A.D., Old Road is dated between 800 and 1200 A.D., and Ivie

Ridge falls between 900 and 1200 A.D. The architectural evidence presented above would seem to indicate that the Fallen Woman Site lies somewhere in the earlier portion of the range, perhaps 700 to 900 A.D., while Ivie Ridge would seem to be only slightly earlier or contemporaneous with Old Woman and Poplar Knob (i.e., 900 to 100 A.D.). The Old Road Site lacked structural evidence which might allow a more precise estimate of its age. In the absence of radiocarbon or dendrochronological dates, more exact information concerning the age of Old Road, Fallen Woman, and Ivie Ridge is unavailable. However, the ceramic and architectural evidence does seem to suggest a rough sequence in the Ivie Creek area. This sequence involves a progression from shallow pit houses with unprepared floors, unplastered walls, and few or no internal features; through an intermediate stage consisting of surface masonry and adobe structures and pit structures with plastered walls and prepared clay floors; and culminating in more complex forms including interior storage cists, ventilator shafts, deflectors, deep pit structures, and some change in structural shape. One other item of significance was discovered as a result of the 1974 excavations. This is the presence of Great Salt Lake Gray ceramics, which are previously unreported from the Ivie Creek Canyon area. The presence of this pottery type in sites which appear to fall in the early portion of the Fremont occupation of the area, and its absence in later sites, may indicate contact with people to the north and west. This contact apparently declined during the later portion of the occupation of the Ivie Creek area.

103

APPENDIX

Howard and Beverly Albee, the latter of the Utah Museum of Natural History's Garrett Herbarium, conducted a transect of canyon vegetation in conjunction with the excavation of Sudden Shelter, an Archaic rock shelter located two to three miles up the canyon from the Fremont sites. The following species are listed as dominant in this transect, and also typify vegetation in the area of the Fremont sites:

North side of canyon

South side of canyon

Creek bottom

Cercocarpus ledifolius (curlleaf mountain mahogany) Purshia tridentata (antelope bitterbrush)

Pinus edulis (pinyon pine) Juniperus osteosperma (Utah juniper) Cercocarpus montanus (true mountain mahogany)

Betula occidentalis (western birch) Populus angustifolia (narrowleaf cottonwood) Alnus tenuifolia (alder)

Chrysothamnus nauseosus (rubber rabbitbrush) Prunus virginianus (chokecherry) Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry) Pinus edulis (pinyon pine) Agropyron sp. (wheat grass) Quercus gambellii (scrub oak) Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir)

A full list of the species present in this transect will be available in the forthcoming preliminary report on excavations at Sudden Shelter.

REFERENCES

Aikens, C. Melvin 1967 Excavations at Snake Rock Village and the Bear River No. 2 Site. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 87, pp. 2, 645. Salt Lake City.

Marwitt, John P. 1973 Median Village and Fremont Culture Regional Variation. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 95, pp. 140, 151. Salt Lake City.

Currey, Donald R. 1974 Section on Geomorphology of Ivie Creek Canyon in Feature 1 Notes, Excavation of Sudden Shelter (42Sv6). Ms. on file, University of Utah, Department of Anthropology. Salt Lake City.

Powers, William Roger 1969 Archaelogical Excavations in Willow Creek Canyon Southeastern Idaho 1966. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State Museum, No. 25. Pocatello. Schroedl, A. and P. Hogan 1975 Innocents Ridge and the San Rafael Fremont. Antiquities Section Selected Papers, Vol. I, No. 2, pp. 9-10,51, 58. Salt Lake City.

Dalley, Gardiner F. 1973 Worked Bone and Antler, In "Median Village and Fremont Culture Regional Variation," by John P. Marwitt. University of Utah Anthropological. Papers, No. 95, pp. 106-111. Salt Lake City. Durrant, Stephen D. 1952 Mammals of Utah. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, Vol. 6. Lawrence. Madsen, Rex 1973 Fremont Ceramic Types. Ms. on file, University of Utah, Department of Anthropology. Salt Lake

Stokes, William Lee and Robert E. Cohenour 1956 Geologic Atlas of Utah: Emery County. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 52, p. 34. Salt Lake City.

Taylor, Dee C. 1957 Two Fremont Sites and Their Position in Southwestern Prehistory. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 29. Salt Lake City.

City.

104

UNUSUAL OR ENIGMATIC STONE ARTIFACTS: POTS, PIPES, POINTS, AND PENDANTS FROM UTAH by LA MAR W. LINDSAY Antiquities Section Division of State History State of Utah

ANTIQUITIES SECTION SELECTED PAPERS Number 8

ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Map of northern Utah showing prominent physiographic features 2. Stone vessel fragments from Lincoln County, Wyoming 3. Stone vessel fragments from Rich County, Utah 4. Stone elbow pipe from Bear Lake County, Idaho 5. Lanceolate blade from Summit County, Utah 6. Fluted point from San Juan County, Utah 7. Fluted point from Duchesne County, Utah 8. Pendant — perforated stone disk from Davis County, Utah

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT

Page .108

INTRODUCTION

108

ARTIFACTS Stone Vessels Stone Elbow Pipe Lanceolate Blade Fluted Points Pendant — Perforated Stone Disk

108 108 112 113 113 115

REFERENCES

115

107

Page 109 110 Ill 112 113 114 114 115

ABSTRACT Five types of unusual or enigmatic stone artifacts have been recovered from varied locations in Utah and southwestern Wyoming. The artifacts include stone vessel fragments, a stone elbow pipe, a large lanceolate blade, two fluted projectile points, and a perforated stone disk. Such specimens are rare, but have counterparts elsewhere in the Great Basin or Intermontane Region.

INTRODUCTION Five types of artifacts have been reported to the Antiquities Section, Division of State History. They are unusual, enigmatic, or nondiagnostic types that are often relegated to positions of unimportance in taxonomies or are lost in miscellaneous categories. Consequently, adequate descriptions are lacking, particularly in early reports. Provenience, typological relationships, and cultural associations are delimited insofar as they are known.

ARTIFACTS STONE VESSELS Four vessel fragments were recovered by Mr. L. K. Larson of Randolph, Utah. Two of the fragments (1 and 2) were recovered at a site (48Ln346) along Chicken Creek on the east slope of the Bear River Divide, ca. 15 mi. south of Kemmerer, Wyoming (Sec. 12, T19N, R118W, U.S.G.S. Belle Butte 7.5 min. Quadrangle) (Fig. 1). The two fragments are derived from separate vessels. They were found in a surface context associated with chipped stone debitage and Great Salt Lake Fremont ceramics. The remaining fragments (3 and 4) were recovered at a site (42Ri8) west of the Bear River Divide along Saleratus Creek at Negro Dan Spring, ca. 8 mi. south of Woodruff, Utah (SE %, Sec. 13, T7N, R6E, U.S. G.S. McKay Hollow 7.5 min. Quadrangle) (Fig. 1). Isolated Great Salt Lake Fremont ceramics have been found along Saleratus Creek, but there is no direct association with the vessel fragments (L. K. Larson, 1975 personal communication). Similarity of material, manufacture, and dimensions suggests both fragments were derived from a single vessel.

grooves are present, one bisecting the other along the edge of the base (Fig. 2 b). A notch is present on the broken edge and appears worn (Fig. 2 a). Whether the notch represents a perforation of the original vessel, or use (such as an arrow straightener) subsequent to breaking, is undetermined. Dimensions: Overall, varies from ca. 17.3 to 18 cm.; base, varies from 12.5 to 13.2 cm. dia.; base thickness! varies from 1.2 to 2.7 cm.; side height, varies from 2.1 to 5.5 cm.; side thickness, varies from 0.65 to 0.95 cm.; side angle, varies from 40째 to 54째 from the horizontalbisecting groove, 11 x 0.7 x 0.3 cm. deep; edge groove,' ca. 7.0 x 1.6 x 0.4 cm. deep; possible perforation, ca. 0.9 cm. dia. Material: Soft, pre-Cambrian, mica shist, partially altered to steatite. Fragment 2 Description: The fragment is a roughly oval base, with a bowl-shaped interior, and slightly convex exterior sides. Striations and abrasions are pronounced on the interior indicating manufacture by scraping (Fig. 2 c). The base has a slight flare. A small fragment is missing along the edge which probably occurred after construction of the vessel (Fig. 2 d). Dimensions: Overall, 9.5 x 11.6 cm.; base, 6 x 7.4 cm.; base thickness, varies from 0.9 to 1.4 cm.; side height, varies from 0.8 to 6.8 cm.; side thickness, varies from 0.3 to 1.3 cm.; side angle, varies from 60째 to 72째 from the horizontal; basal flare, varies from 0.6 to 0.9 cm. in width. Material: Soft, pre-Cambrian, mica schist, partially altered to steatite. Fragment 3 Description: The specimen is a rim fragment (Fig. 3a). Heavy striations are present on the convex exterior indicating manufacture by scraping and abrading. The fragment tapers to a fairly sharp rim. Dimensions: Maximum overall, 9.6 x 15.2 cm.; maximum thickness, 1.7 cm.; rim, 4.25 cm. Material: Soft, pre-Cambrian, mica schist, altered to steatite.

Fragment 1 Description: The fragment has a roughly circular base, with a bowl-shaped interior, and slightly convex sides. Striations and abrasions are pronounced on the interior, indicating manufacture by scraping. Large 108

FIG. I MAP OF NORTHERN UTAH SHOWING PROMINENT PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES O

GREAT SALT

LAKE

and manufacture are not. Steward (1936) indicates the Grantsville specimen was "pecked" from sandstone. Rudy and Stoddard (1954) report the Fremont Island specimens were manufactured from ferruginous quartzite by "combined pecking and crumbling." The striations present on the fragments described here, particularly on interior surfaces, suggest manufacture by scraping with no subsequent grinding. The Fremont Island and Grantsville specimens were not used for grinding. Ferruginous quartzite is present on Fremont Island and mica schist is present on nearby Antelope Island and in the Wasatch Mountains to the east. The nearest source of mica schist for the bowls reported here is outside a ca. 80 mi. radius in the Wasatch Mountains, the Uinta Range, and the Wind River Range. Isolated deposits may be located on the Bear River Divide (Donald R. Currey, 1975 personal communication). Stone vessels are reported from stratified contexts elsewhere in the Intermontane Region. Mulloy (1958) reports a "red shale dish" from the Hagen Site in eastern Montana that dates no earlier than 1100 B. P. Bliss (1950) reports four steatite vessel fragments found in association with "earthenware pots" from the upper levels of Birdshead Cave in the Wind River Basin. The fragments date to historic times. Wedel (1954) reports steatite vessels from in and around Yellowstone Park in northwestern Wyoming. Vessel

Fragment 4 Description: The specimen is a rim fragment (Fig. 3 b). Striations are present on the exterior and interior. Manufacture was by both scraping and abrading. The fragment tapers to a fairly sharp rim. The specimen is partially smoke-blackened on the exterior. Dimensions: Maximum overall, 10.5 x 14.0 cm.; maximum thickness, 1.6 cm.; rim, 11.25 cm.; estimated vessel exterior width, 15.0 cm. dia. Material: Soft, pre-Cambrian, mica schist, altered to steatite. AREAL COMPARISONS Stone vessels are reported from several locations in Utah. Bowls are reported from "mounds" near Utah Lake (Reagan 1935) and Grantsville in western Utah (Steward 1936). Numerous Fremont mounds are reported in both vicinities; ceramics were found at Grantsville. However, there is no firm association of the stone bowls with the Fremont culture. Rudy and Stoddard (1954) reported six stone bowls and several hundred broken and unfinished specimens of ferruginous quartzite from Great Salt Lake's Fremont Island. No ceramics are reported. Vessel dimensions of the four fragments are comparable to the specimens reported here. However, materials 109

10cm

5 -J

Fig. 2 Stone vessel fragments from Lincoln County, Wyoming. 110

L__l

Fig. 3 Stone vessel fragments from Rich County, Utah of reports of stone vessels in other Fremont contexts descriptions and dimensions are similar to the specisuggests either infrequent occurrence or that vessel mens from northern Utah. The Wind River specimens fragments were unrecognized by excavators. are "flat-bottomed, with convex exterior sides and are often flanged at the base." This is similar to 2) The vessels are intrusive items derived from either Fragment 2 in particular (Fig. 2d). Wedel also indicates the Plains or the Pacific Coast. If the stone vessels stone vessels were in use by "Wind River Shoshone are intrusive, origin(s) may be from the East, where and Indians along the Snake River during the 19th vessels occur as early as ca. 5000-4000 B.P. (Byers century." 1959; Griffin 1967), or from the West where such vessels are contemporaneous with the Utah specimens (Meighan DISCUSSION 1959; Fenenga 1952). Ewers (1954) cites evidence of wide-ranging prehistoric trade involving the Mandan, A number of hypotheses explaining stone vessel Hidatsa, and Arikara of the Middle Missouri and the origins are possible. This no doubt is a result of Paiute-Shoshoni of the Great Basin, and argues for a scanty evidence, but may also be due to confusion primary "rendezvous" in southwestern Wyoming. The regarding Paiute-Shoshoni and Fremont culture stone vessels were possibly derived from such a trade contact during late-prehistoric times in the Great network. Basin. Both cultures must be considered in any 3) The vessels were introduced by the Paiuteexplanation of vessel origins and usage. The alternatives Shoshoni resulting in contemporaneous use by the are: two cultures or exclusive use by the Paiute-Shoshoni 1) The vessels are a Fremont innovation assimilated at reoccupied Fremont sites. Introduction of stone by the Paiute-Shoshoni following their arrival in the vessels in the region may be concomitant with the northeastern Great Basin ca. 750 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 650 B.P. (Madsen arrival of the Paiute-Shoshoni, ca. 750-650 B.P. 1975). The apparent co-occurence of Fragments 1 and (Madsen 1975). With the exception of the apparent 2 and Great Salt Lake Fremont ceramics at 48Ln346 association with the Fremont (in an unstratified suggests stone vessels were in use by Fremont peoples context) at 48Ln346, the evidence may be interpreted sometime between 1550 and 600 B.P. (Marwitt 1970). as an exclusively Paiute-Shoshoni phenomenon. At Less convincing is the co-occurrence at 42Ri8 of 48Ln346, 42Ri8, and elsewhere the vessels may be Fragments 3 and 4 with Fremont ceramics. These the result of reoccupation, concomitant, or alternating data, however, tend to support a similar association Fremont/ Paiute-Shoshoni occupation(s). at the Grantsville site (Steward 1936). The absence Ill

Questions of cultural affiliation and dating of the stone vessels in the Intermontane Region remain, although use by Fremont and/or Paiute-Shoshoni post-dating 1500 B.P. is certain. STONE ELBOW PIPE One whole pipe (Fig. 4) was recovered by Dr. Conrad H. Nebeker of Ogden, Utah, from Bear Lake County in southeastern Idaho (Fig. 1). The site (10BL17) is ca. Âť/2 mi. east of Bear Lake on Indian Creek (N y2, Sec. 25, T15S, R44E, U.S.G.S. Bear Lake No. 7.5 min. Quadrangle). Association with other artifacts and cultural features is unknown. A large number of projectile points have been recovered from Indian Creek and the area was reportedly a "gathering-place" for local Indian groups during historic times (C. H. Nebeker, 1975 personal communication). Description: The specimen is whole, with a roughly symmetrical bowl, and gradually expanding stem that culminates in a slight flare at the mouthpiece. The angle of the elbow is acute. The exterior has been smoothed, indicating manufacture by abrading. The stem was drilled and the bowl interior was manufactured by drilling and abrading. Dimensions: Basal length, 5.1 cm.; length of stem to bowl (top), 3.1 cm.; stem exterior (near bowl), 1.4 cm. dia.; stem exterior (near mouthpiece), 1.6 cm. dia.; mouthpiece flare, ca. 0.2 cm.; mouthpiece drill hole, ca. 1.0 cm. dia.; bowl height, 3.0 cm.; bowl exterior, 1.8 cm. dia.; bowl interior, 1.3 cm. dia.; angle of elbow, 70Â°. Material: Granitic gneiss.

Fig. 4 Stone elbow pipe from Bear Lake County, Idaho. (Lehmer 1954); pre-Dakota levels pre-dating 100 B.P. at the Strieker Site, South Dakota (Smith 1975); and "Classic Republican" levels, post-dating ca. 750 B.P. at the Budenbender Site, north-central Kansas (Johnson 1973). Stone tubular pipes are common in North America. The earliest occur in the Southeast at the Eva Site in western Tennessee (ca. 2000 B.P.) (Lewis and Lewis 1961) and in other terminal Archaic and Early Woodland sites (Griffin 1967). In the West stone tubular pipes are reported from: Lovelock Cave, post-dating 4500 B.P. (Loud and Harrington 1929); Humboldt Cave, post-dating 2000 B.P. (Heizer and Krieger 1956); DuPont Cave, ca. 2000 B.P. (Nusbaum 1922); and south-coastal California, 2000-1000 B.P (Meighan 1959).

AREAL COMPARISONS The occurrence of both stone and ceramic pipes is well-established in Fremont contexts. Sharrock and Marwitt (1967) report two "complete steatite tubular pipes" from the Nephi Mounds in central Utah, dating to ca. 1100 B.P. Two "clay tubular pipes" and a "clay bowl from an elbow pipe" at Median Village in southwestern Utah date to ca. 1050 B.P. (Marwitt 1970). At the Snake Rock Site in central Utah, Aikens (1967) reports "clay elbow and platform pipes." Steward (1937) reports a "steatite tubular pipe" from Promontory Cave No. 1, but provenience is unclear. The pipe may be attributed to either Great Salt Lake Fremont or Paiute-Shoshoni occupations. Berry and Berry (1976) report a "steatite fragment" from the Breaking-Wind Butte Site (42Un405) in the Uinta Basin, but cultural affiliation is unknown. Elsewhere in the Intermontane Region, Frison (1971) reports a "steatite elbow pipe" in a Paiute-Shoshoni context from the Eden-Farson Site in the Upper Green River Basin of Wyoming. On the Plains stone pipes are reported from: the Oahe Dam area in South Dakota

DISCUSSION The origin of pipes in the Great Basin is problematical. The evidence suggests stone tubular types as precursors for other types since they were in use prior to the advent of ceramics. However, the invention of clay types did not preclude the continued use of stone types in Fremont contexts. 112

Although the pipe reported here is similar to one reported from the upper Green River Basin, it remains enigmatic in the context of most steatite tubular and clay elbow types from the Intermontane Region. It is unusual that with one exception, all other stone pipes from the Intermontane Region are tubular, and all other elbow types are made from clay. The pipe may be attributed to the Fremont, but is more likely a product of the Paiute-Shoshoni. Despite the early dates for tubular pipes in the West, the ultimate origins of stone elbow pipes may have been from the Plains. They may have been derived via the trade network between tribes of the Upper-Missouri and the Paiute-Shoshoni of the Intermontane Region hypothesized by Ewers (1954). LANCEOLATE BLADE One whole specimen was recovered by William J. Yadeski of Salt Lake City, from Summit County in northeastern Utah (Fig. 5). The site (42Sm43) is at a ca. 2450 m. elevation on the upper Weber River at the confluence of Dry and Middle forks, ca. 20 mi. east of Oakley, Utah (SW %, Sec. 25, TIN, R8E, U.S. G.S. Whitney Reservoir 7.5 min. Quadrangle) (Fig. 1).

Association with other artifacts and cultural features is unknown. Description: The specimen is a large, bifacial, leafshaped, lanceolate blade with rounded base, and ripple flake scars on both faces. The edges show evidence of steep pressure retouch. Three unifacial notches are present, two on opposing edges near the base, the other on one edge above the midsection. Dimensions: Length, 15.6 cm.; maximum width, 3.4 cm.; maximum thickness, ca. 0.8 cm.; weight, 49.2 g.; notches (above base), 1.7, 2.2, and 9.0 cm. Material: Heterochromatic gray chert. AREAL COMPARISONS A few large lanceolate blades are reported in other areas of the Intermontane Region. Breternitz (1970) reports two from Dinosaur National Monument: one with a slightly convex base, measuring 18.9 x 4.4 cm.; the other with rounded base, measuring 12.9 x 3.2 cm. Also from the Monument, Leach (1966) reports three blades, the largest measuring 10.3 x 2.5 cm. Most of these blades are apparently from Uinta Fremont contexts. DISCUSSION The lanceolate blades from 42Sm43 and eastern Fremont contexts, though somewhat larger, are reminiscent of Cascade "points" from the Northwest (Newman 1966), as well as Agate Basin and Nebo Hill "points" from the Plains (Wormington 1957). In contrast to those of the Uinta Fremont sub-area, mid to late-Paleo-Indian affinities (ca. 10,000-7600 B.P.) are suggested for those from the Northwest and the Plains (Irwin 1971). Similar antiquity cannot be posited for those of the Intermontane Region. FLUTED POINTS Typel One whole specimen (Fig. 6) was recovered by William Lucius of the Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, from Oak Creek Canyon in San Juan County, Utah (NE Âť/4, SW !4, Sec. 33, T35S, R26E, U.S.G.S. Monument Canyon 15 min. Quadrangle). The point was found 10-15 m. outside a rockshelter (42Sa4753) that contained possible Pueblo III masonry and Mesa Verde Anasazi Black-on-white ceramics. A deep midden component containing cordage and corn cobs is present. Description: The specimen is a small, lanceolate point with a concave base, straight to slightly convex sides, and single channel fluting on both faces. The edges and base show evidence of secondary pressure retouch. A large step fracture intrudes the flute on one face. Patination varies from dark at the base to light toward the distal end.

Fig. 5 Lanceolate blade from Summit County, Utah. 113

Fig. 6 Fluted point from San Juan County, Utah. Dimensions: Length, 4.5 cm.; maximum width, 2.4 cm.; maximum thickness, 0.65 cm.; flute lengths, 1.8 and 1.9 cm.; weight, 7.0 g. Material: Light pink to dark brown chert.

Fig. 7 Fluted point from Duchesne County, Utah. DISCUSSION Fluted points, long considered diagnostic of Early Man, were first recognized near Folsom, New Mexico (Figgins 1927) where indisputed association with extinct bison {Bison antiquus) was demonstrated. Numerous additional finds allowed the definition of Folsom as a complex â&#x20AC;&#x201D; separate and distinct from other varieties. Clovis points have been recovered in unquestionable association with Pleistocene mammoths {Mammuthus columbi, cf. Lance 1959) at both the Naco (Haury 1953) and Lehner sites (Haury 1959) in southern Arizona. The Western sequence begins with Clovis (ca. 12,500-11,000 B.P.) and is followed by Folsom (ca. 11,000 to 9000 B.P.) (Haynes 1971). There is no association between the Utah fluted points and extinct fauna; none of the finds have been recovered from a stratified context. The suggested antiquity is based solely on typological grounds. Wormington (1957) describes the highly distinctive Folsom points as: pressure flaked, average lengths of 5 cm., leaf-shaped with concave bases, usually with pronounced ears, and bifacial fluting extending from one-third to almost the entire length of the point. Clovis points have greater variation with less well developed fluting, lacking the pronounced basal ear projections, and rarely showing fine secondary retouch along the edges.

Type II A fluted point fragment was recovered by Ronald Anderson of Salt Lake City, from the Uinta Basin in Duchesne County, Utah (Fig. 7). The open site (42Dc221) is in the vicinity of Cedarview, ca. 10 mi. northwest of Roosevelt, Utah (NE y4, Sec. 28, T1S, R2W, U.S.G.S. Hancock Cove 7.5 min. Quadrangle). The point fragment is an isolated surface find unassociated with other cultural materials. Description: The specimen is a small fragment with convex lateral edges, and showing evidence of fluting on both faces. The flutes are three-fourths of the point width. The edges show evidence of delicate, secondary pressure retouch. Dimensions: Fragment length, 1.2 cm.; maximum width, 1.5 cm.; maximum flute widths, 1.0 cm. Material: Brownish gray chert. AREAL COMPARISONS A variety of fluted points have been reported from the Colorado Plateau. Hunt and Tanner (1960) reported three "Folsom" points from the divide near the confluence of the Green and Colorado rivers in Grand and San Juan counties. Sharrock (1962) reported a "Folsom" point from Sweet Alice Springs in San Juan County, ca. 30 mi. west of Montezuma Canyon. Tripp (1966) and Gunnerson (1956) reported fluted points from the Wasatch Plateau and Castle Valley in Emery County, and Crouse (1954) reported a "Folsom" point from the Uinta Basin in Duchesne County.

The short length (4.5 cm.) of the fluted point from 42Sa4753 places it near the lower end of the 3.1-11.6 cm. range established for Clovis from the Naco and Lehner sites (Gorman 1972). This may be explained as a post-Clovis phenomenon, i.e., the point was reworked as is evidenced by the step fracture into the flute on one face, and concurrently there is less patination toward the distal end. The point was recovered 114

near a Pueblo III site, however, all other attributes suggest a Clovis affinity. The fine secondary retouch and flute width of the point from 42Dc221 contrasts with Clovis points. Despite the small size of the fragment, the point is clearly Folsom.

PENDANT â&#x20AC;&#x201D; PERFORATED STONE DISK One whole specimen was recovered from Great Salt Lake's Antelope Island in Davis County, northern Utah (Fig. 8). The site consists of a perforated slate disk and slate fragments. The site (42Dv21) is in beach sand, ca. 10 m. above the present lake level (1280 m.), and ca. 150 m. east of the lake edge on a recessional bay bar (NE %, NE '/4, SE %, Sec. 1, T3N, R14W, U.S.G.S. Antelope Island No. 7.5 min. Quadrangle). Desription: The specimen is a nearly symmetrical, slate stone disk with a perforation located approximately in the center. The perforation is bevelled on both sides. The edges are well-rounded along the entire circumference. Parallel striations, visible on both sides, resulted from shaping by scraping and abrading. Dimensions: Diameter, 7.25 cm.; thickness, 0.3 cm.; perforation, 0.4 cm. dia.; bevel width, 0.175 cm. Material: Gray slate.

Fig. 8 Pendant â&#x20AC;&#x201D; perforated stone disk from Davis County, Utah. Breternitz 1970; Gillan 1955; Leach 1966; Marwitt 1970; Steward 1937; Taylor 1954). Stone disks are reported from possible Archaic levels in sites on Great Salt Lake's Stansbury Island (Jameson 1958). DISCUSSION Dimensions of stone and ceramic disks vary from slightly more than 2.0 cm. to 7.5 cm. Most specimens are circular and biconically perforated. Stone and ceramic disks are distributed in varying quantities in all Fremont variants and may also have been in use during Archaic and Paiute-Shoshoni occupations. Any suitable material was apparently used for construction and no cultural preferences can be detected.

AREAL COMPARISONS Flat, circular, stone and ceramic artifacts, variously called disks, spindle whorls, and pendants, are widely distributed throughout the Great Basin and Intermontane Region. Criteria used to distinguish these three categories are unclear. Stone and ceramic disks are found in Fremont contexts throughout Utah dating to 1500-700 B.P. (Aikens 1966, 1967; Ambler 1966;

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