Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 27, Number 4, 1959

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

ABOUT THE COVER

The Kirtland Temple

View of the Kirtland area

HISTORICAL SOCIETY FILES, IN. l i . MORGAN, SR., COLLECTION

CONTENTS The Mormon

Economy

Daniel S. Tuttle,

in Kirtland,

Missionary

Ohio, BY R. KENT FIELDING

331

Bishop of Utah,

BY JAMES W. BELESS, JR The

Robert

The

President's

Reviews

S. Bliss fournal, Report,

359 EDITED BY EVERETT L. COOLEY

BY LELAND H . CREER

and Recent

407

Publications

M I L L E R , Hole-in-the-Rock, ROBERTSON, A Ram BEAN, The

381

BY GUSTIVE O. LARSON

in the Thicket,

Fancher

Train,

413

BY ERNEST H . LINFORD

414

BY MAURINE W H I P P L E

416

DRURY, The Diaries and Letters of Henry H. Spalding and Asa Bowen Smith Relating to the Nez Perce Mission, 1838-1842,

BY PHILIP C STURGES

Other Historical

419

Publications

420

Notes

435

ILLUSTRATIONS Kirtland, Newell

Ohio, Countryside K. Whitney;

Original

Map of upper central portion

330 Whitney

store

of Kirtland

334

township

336

Map of Kirtland Facsimiles

337

of bills issued by Kirtland

Bishop Daniel Independence

Safety Society Bank

349

S. Tuttle

358

Hall and Groesbeck's

store

369

St. Paul's Chapel St. Mark's

37 I

grammar

school

Dr. John F. Hamilton Bishops

and Mrs. Hamilton;

of the Province

Facsimile

St. Mark's Hospital

operations,

Independence

Rock;

Board of Trustees, Young,

375

of the Pacific, 1917

of pages from Bliss journal

Early sawmill

Levi Edgar

372

377 '

380

Salt Lake City

Buffalo

hunt

Utah State Historical Governor

388 400 Society

George D. Clyde, Edward

406 M. Mabey

..

434

t JK 'jSm

?fl

•>-.?- .

r-

Taken from near the site of the old Morley farm, this view shows the Kirtland area much as it appears today. The more than century-old temple is still in use and stands amid rolling hills of the Ohio countryside.

THE

MORMON

ECONOMY

KIRTLAND,

IN

OHIO

By R. Kent Fielding *

Kirtland, Ohio, as a gathering place for the Mormons was a choice of lingering expediency rather than of deliberate design, and for that reason its growth during its early years was halting and uncertain.

By the time Kirtland entered the consciousness of Joseph Smith, the Mormon Prophet, the church, anxious to build a millennial city of Zion in anticipation of the near advent of Christ, had already been alerted for an uprooting from its inhospitable New York environment and committed sight unseen to some vague location in the West, "on the borders by the Lamanites" which would be designated more precisely when the church made its move.1 That the New York Mormons came to Kirtland at all was a matter of coincidence and convenience. Parley P. Pratt furnished the first connection when, as a new Campbellite preacher, he left his Ohio home on a missionary tour and became instead a convert to Mormonism. By the time Pratt joined the church, orders for the move to the West had already been given, and Pratt was included in the group chosen to be the advance party sent to "spy out the land." Pratt undoubtedly influenced the group to use the route * Dr. Fielding is assistant professor of history at Brigham Young University. He obtained the Ph.D. from Indiana University in 1957. This article is part of his dissertation, "The Growth of the Mormon Church in Kirtland, Ohio."

1 Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City, 1921), Sec. 28: 32.

332

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

west that led along the Erie Canal and the lake shore road through the heart of Campbellite territory and to the home of his former colleague and teacher, Sidney Rigdon. His intuitions that the Campbellites would accept Mormonism were correct. The converts gained in northeast Ohio probably more than doubled the size of the new church and, by winning the adherence of Sidney Rigdon, greatly influenced its future course and growtii.

It was undoubtedly Sidney Rigdon who persuaded Joseph Smith to move his New York congregation to the more hospitable environment of Kirtland. Rigdon traveled to New York soon after his conversion to meet the Mormon Prophet. Learning of the hostility of New York and of the contemplated removal to the West, he could easily have painted a picture of the friendly reception and opportunities for preaching to unprejudiced multitudes that Ohio would afford.

Since Kirtland was on the logical route toward the contemplated homeland, Rigdon's arguments must have seemed alluring and his offer providential. Smith soon ordered his congregation to prepare immediately for removal, this time "to the Ohio" where they would await word from the advance party as to a more precise location for the proposed city of Zion.2 Kirtland was not visualized as a homeland for the Mormons, but as a wintering spot, a convenient delay en route leading to the ultimate goal somewhere in Missouri. The Prophet had promised his New York Saints that the Lord would lead them to a land of promise, a land flowing with milk and honey which they should possess as the land of their inheritance.3 Under his orders they had sold, rented, or abandoned their possessions and moved to do his bidding. It may be that the prospect of claiming for the church the magnificent estate of Leman Copley, a recent Ohio convert who owned more than seven hundred acres of land in the Thompson township, gave the Prophet new ideas suggesting the permanence of the Kirtland location, but the apostasy of Copley, evidently upon learning that he was expected to deed his property to the church, ended the prospect.* The New York Saints, who left sometime after their prophet, scarcely paused in Ohio.

Less than a month after their arrival and assignment to Copley's farm, they were instructed to "flee to the West," and steps were taken to •Ibid., Sec. 37:1-3.

3 Ibid., Sec. 38:32-37. ' Geauga County Records, Chardon, Ohio, Tax Duplicates for 1831.

THE

MORMONS

IN K I R T L A N D

333

liquidate the possessions of the Ohio Saints as well in preparation for a general removal.5 Like the members from New York, the Ohio Saints had few possessions to delay their departure. They lived principally upon an eighty-acre farm owned by Isaac Morley and evidently had little property of their own. Newell K. Whitney owned a store in partnership with Algernon Gilbert and had purchased a few additional acres of land; Edward Partridge owned a hat business in Painesville. The complete and well-preserved records of Geauga County, Ohio, give no evidence of any further real possessions of significance. Obedient to the call of their prophet, these property owners, following the example of the New York Saints, took steps to' dispose of their holdings and join the move to the West.

When the church left Kirtland for Missouri in June of 1831, there is no indication that they had any intention ever to return again except to complete liquidation of their holdings and to bring their families to Zion. The reason why these plans were not carried out cannot be discussed at length in this article, but it appears that the remoteness of the location, its undeveloped state as well as the unresponsiveness of the Indians and the hostility of the whites, convinced the Prophet that the entire fortune of the church could not be wagered on the possibilities of immediate success in Missouri. Although plans for building Zion were continued, the Prophet returned to Kirtland in the fall of 1831 and issued orders that stopped the liquidation of Kirtland holdings.6 The Morley farm and some of Newell K. Whitney's property were already gone.7 Fortunately, Whitney's store had not been sold when the new decision was made. This property was appropriated to the church through the Law of Consecration.

It was around the nucleus of Whitney's store and the Law of Consecration that the economic strength of Kirtland was husbanded.

The Law of Consecration was given to the church by Joseph Smith in a series of revelations beginning early in 1831.8 According to the law, a person upon becoming a member of the Mormon Church was to deed all of his property to the organization in fee simple. He would then receive from the church a conditional grant called an inheritance, s Geauga County Records, Deed Record Book 14, pp. 427, 583. Records power of attorney from Isaac Morley and Edward Partridge to Titus Billings, to sell their property.

Instruments are dated June 11 and July 16, 1831.

G Doctrine and Covenants, Sec. 64:21.

7 Deed Record Book 15, pp. 492-93; Book 14, p. 532. s Doctrine and Covenants, Sec. 42.

Newell K. Whitney. Around the nucleus of his store and the Law o\ Consecration the economic strength of Kirtland was husbanded.

The original Whitney store. Today it stands 100 feet in back of its former location and is used for storage.

THE

MORMONS

IN KIRTLAND

335

which he might operate during his lifetime or during his continuance in the church. If he should leave the church, he would lose his original property as well as his inheritance. Although this was the law, it was not formally followed in Kirtland. Evidently members merely pledged their property to the church with an "oath and covenant" and retained title in their own name." They received the advice and counsel of the Mormon bishop or his agent concerning the use of their property and were expected to make an accounting to him at the end of the year as to the results of their operation. It was expected that all amounts over and above what was necessary to provide for their "wants and needs" would be donated to the church. Evidently the contributions of the members were generous, for the church was able to undertake the construction of a spacious and imposing building, which ultimately cost $40,000, buy additional property both in Kirtland and in Missouri, buy printing presses, make extensive expenditures for support of missionaries, and care for their poor. There is no doubt but that these consecrations and donations were the chief revenue of the church throughout the Kirtland years.

It has been said that the operation of the Law of Consecration was informal in Kirtland. The single exception to that statement is perhaps the most noteworthy economic development during the early years of the church. The properties of Newell K. Whitney were formally appropriated to church use in March, 1832, through an organization called the United Firm or the United Order.10 The organization was known in the county records as Newell K. Whitney and Company.

It was created, according to the church account, to care for the poor, to manage the storehouse, and to regulate affairs of the church both in Zion and in Kirtland. Effectively it was the governing body of the church, and its members included the highest church leaders. It was also the only visible means of support for these leaders. There was an air of secrecy and mystery about it as its members were known by unique Boo/{ of Mormon sounding code names. Originally it consited of Newell K. Whitney, Sidney Rigdon, and Joseph Smith. In April, 1832, the United Order was expanded to include Oliver Cowdery and Martin Harris.11 The only economic asset at first was Whitney's store, but as consecrations and donations flowed in, new business 11 Joseph Smith, History of the Chinch of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (7 vols., Salt Lake City, 1 "1)2-1932), II, 23, 161.

"Ibid.. 1, 225. " Doctrine and Cot'cnants, Sec. 78.

Upper central portion of Kirtland township. The map shows the location of Isaac Morley s farm. The property known as the Williams farm is shown on the map in lots 29 and 30 as the property of Isaac Moore and Titus Street.

The French property later acquired by the church is in lots 17 and 20. Only Mormon names represented are Isaac Morley and John Boyden. enterprises were commenced and additional purchases of property were made. From time to time, as need arose, the group expanded to include some new figure vital to an emerging plan. Such an addition was made in 1833 when Smith saw that his Missouri Zion was not likely to be realized soon and expressed the need to build and grow by transferring projects originally intended for Zion to the Ohio city.

T h e church needed property upon which to lay the foundations for a city and a house of worship. Accordingly, Frederick G. Williams was admitted to the United F i r m and with him came his farm of 142 acres situated on the heights overlooking the valley of the East Chagrin River and the old village of Kirtland. 12 T h e Williams farm was an excellent beginning, but more was needed for the extensive building program. Land must be had for lumber, for millsites, for brick clay, and for stone. Several non-Mormon landholders were approached, but only one new property was purchased. 13 T h e farm of Peter French, oldest settler in the township, was desired for its brick clay and its 1!

Ibid., Sec. 92.

Joseph Smith, op. cit., I, 325; cf. Tax Duplicates, for years Mormons remained in Kirtland.

13

0 J, W- Hirt.ittut

This map represents Kirtland under a later stage of development and shows relative locations.

The old area, Kirtland fiats, is built in the proximity of the mills, and the Mormon Kirtland is in the vicinity of the temple. The Whitney store, the tavern, the ashery, and what remains of the Mormon subdivision plan for Kirtland are still visible.

1.1,1

l I * I. # 1 * l,K,.l *

tlSfMl S e a w t f , <!I#-l<ssrf, I 8 f 2 j

kiln. French had used the kiln successfully to build the first brick house in the area, and the Mormons wanted it to build a brick meetinghouse. French agreed to sell the 103 acres for five thousand dollars. T h e church could raise only two thousand dollars cash, but Joseph Coe, chairm a n of the building committee, signed a mortgage for the balance. 14 T h e next addition to the United F i r m was made in consequence of these arrangements. Frederick G. Williams, with a crew of men, sought to make bricks, but experienced insurmountable difficulties which made it advisable to abandon the project. 15 Although the land 14 Deed Record Book 17, p. 359 for the deed, p. 38 for the mortgage.

"Joel Hills Johnson, "Diary'' (MS Collection, Brigham Young University). Johnson says he worked at making brick for about three months, "but then it was decided to build it of stone."

338

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

was valuable for farming and joined the Williams farm on the north to make available a larger city site, the church evidently felt it could not afford to leave its money invested for such a purpose, and neidier could it afford to pay the balance due on the mortgage. At this critical juncture a conference was called to determine what should be done.

The decision was to admit John Johnson to the United Firm and have him "seek diligently to take away the encumberances that are upon the house."16 Johnson was accordingly admitted, paid the mortgage and the farm became the property of the United Firm under the name of Newell K. Whitney and Company.17 The decision to retain the French farm was a fortunate one, for although the Kirtland leaders evidently thought they were building their meetinghouse18 on die northeast corner of the Williams farm, property descriptions being what they were, they actually made their beginning on the French farm.19 The United Firm acquired some additional property, mostly for purposes connected with the needs of temple building during 1833; but early in 1834 it was decided to terminate the organization. According to the Law of Consecration, all of these properties belonged to the church and the only thing that could properly be done was to assign definite stewardships to each member of the firm. Since this was not done, the fiction of a Law of Consecration becomes evident. For an indicated value received, titles to each of the properties evidendy owned by the firm were made over to the private ownership of the individual partners. Sidney Rigdon received his place of residence and a tannery;20 Martin Harris was given the right to operate the French farm providing he allowed Joseph Smith to direct the use of the proceeds;21 John Johnson received his place of residence and the right to 10 Doctrine and Covenants, Sec. 96.

"Deed Record Book 17, p. 360.

18 Property deeds frequently call this structure the "stone meeting house.'' The Mormons soon began to call it a temple. As the term was originally used it meant either a house of worship or a church administrative building. The present connotation of the word as a special nonpublic building devoted to religious ceremonials was a later development. The Kirtland Temple was used for worship, for school, and for meetings.

10 Lucy Mack Smith, Biographical Sketches of the Prophet Joseph Smith and His Progenitors for Many Generations (Liverpool, 1853), 184, 203, says the temple was "in the northwest corner of a field of wheat which was sown by my sons the previous fall," which indicates that she thought it was on the Williams' property called the church farm. The dividing line was apparently just south of the Cowdery lot where the printing press was housed and just north of Joseph Smith's variety store. See Deed Record Book 18, pp.

478-79 and Book 21, p. 226. '"'Doctrine and Covenants, Sec. 104. See also Deed Record Book 18, pp. 487-88.

21 Doctrine and Covenants, Sec. 104:26.

THE

MORMONS

IN K I R T L A N D

339

subdivide the farm which had been purchased with his money, tiiough for the present the title was retained by Newell K. Whitney and Company; 22 title to the Williams farm passed to Joseph Smith, Jr.,23 and its operation was left to the Smith family; Williams received the property on which he was living and shared the printing establishment with Oliver Cowdery;24 Newell K. Whitney got his store back and an ashery as well.25 By 1834, then, the church owned no property in Kirtland. Legally, even the temple, whose walls were now rearing upward, was located on property purchased by Johnson and was owned by the Newell K. Whitney Company.

Other than the holdings enumerated above, diere was very little property owned by Mormons in Kirtland township. The county land and tax records reveal the surprising fact that in 1833, with the Mormon population approximately one hundred and fifty persons, only slightly more than four hundred acres of land were owned by church members.26 More than half of this amount was owned or controlled

by Joseph Smith and John Johnson. Even in 1836, with the population totaling approximately three thousand persons, property ownership had advanced to only seventeen hundred acres.27 The figures indicate a fourfold increase in land against a twentyfold increase in population.

Furthermore there had been a tendency in the intervening years for those who had large holdings to divide them so that they could have furnished no more than subsistence plots to their owners. By 1836 there were only thirty parcels of land owned by Mormons in Kirtland township that were larger than twenty-five acres. It is not at all certain that even these were being operated as farms. A thorough search of the records for adjoining townships failed to reveal that there were Mormon holdings in those areas. It is quite evident that the Mormons failed to develop a sufficiently broad land ownership to provide them with an agricultural base for their economy. It is, of course, entirely possible that some of them worked for local farmers, rented land without acquiring title, or that they entered into purchase agreements which were never consumated. But the evidence seems conclusive that 32

Deed Record Book 22, p. 497.

Ibid., 18, pp. 477, 480.

24 Ibid., 19, p. 203.

25 Doctrine and Covenants, Sec. 104.

20 Tax Duplicates, 1833-37.

27 Lucy Mack Smith, op. cit., 203, says there were thirty families in Kirtland in 1834.

The figure for June, 1836, is given as 1500, 2000 by Messenger and Advocate (Kirtland, Ohio), June, 1836. The figure 3000 is an estimate for late in 1836, early 1837.

13

340

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

the early Mormons did not enter farming as a vocation. In view of their subsequent experience in Far West and Nauvoo as well as on the Iowa plains and in the Salt Lake Valley where their engagement in agriculture was substantial, the Kirtland situation seems anomalous.

It may be that they had to learn to farm in order to survive. It seems likely also that many of them lived in Kirtland in a state of anticipated motion, prepared to leave on call and living meantime either on capital liquidated when they joined the church and heeded the summons to gather to Kirtland, or subsisting on credit until their situation should improve. It is evident in any case that many of them were not selfsustaining. The records of the church are filled with testimony that the branches and missions sent their poor to Kirtland and to Zion where they ate up resources that were sorely needed for other purposes.

The Mormon weakness in agriculture was not compensated for by industrial strength. Kirtland's industrial capacity was well developed by 1836, but it was not under control of the Mormons. On at least one occasion, Smith and Cowdery had prayed that certain wealthy owners of land and industry in that area would yield to the gospel, but none of them had done so, and there had not been sufficient money to buy their property.28 The industrial facilities here, had they been owned by the church, would have furnished an excellent economic base from which to expand as population grew. The sawmills and gristmill, the carding, fulling, and clothing factories owned by the non-Mormons, together with the Mormon owned ashery, tannery, shoeshop, forge, and pottery, would have furnished employment for a number of their own people and supplied many of their basic needs. They could have added such export products as carriages, wheels, cabinets, window sashes, and leather goods, easily produced by their own craftsmen, and built a sound economy.29 Without some industrial potential they could not hope to support a large population. Duplicating the existing facilities by developing water-power potential was not possible in the Kirtland area. There was some possibility in the use of the more expensive power source of steam, and a beginning on a steam plant was actually made. But developing such a source would likely be as expensive as buying the existing operations, and production costs would be considerably higher than with water power.

28

Prayer for property owners. Joseph Smith, op. cit., II, 24.

Such articles were being produced successfully at Chagrin Falls, even more distant from markets than Kirtland. See History of Geauga and Lake Counties (Philadelphia, 1878), 125-26.

20

THE

MORMONS

IN KIRTLAND

341

The chief economic activity in Kirtland from 1833 to 1836 appears to have been temple building. Working on die temple furnished jobs for Mormon mechanics and craftsmen; supplying materials for temple construction employed additional men in stone quarrying and lumbering. Money to meet the costs of these activities came partly from donated labor and partly from church expenditure. It seems likely that the entire economy in these years depended largely upon the church as a source of revenue. Persons employed on die temple or by its suppliers by their purchases furnished income for other craftsmen, laborers, and merchants. Unfortunately, this economy came to an end with the completion of the temple in 1836, and no substitute for it was projected by the church. In the absence of a sound agriculture and industry, this termination was disastrous.

A further weakness in the Mormon economy was to be found in the unusual proliferation of merchants which occurred in 1836. The firm of Newell K. Whitney and Company had originally supplied the needs of the church; but with the launching of the temple project, a temple committee consisting of Hyrum Smith, Jared Carter, and Reynolds Cahoon had set up a store especially to take care of the needs of the temple and of its builders. Others had followed. On the temple lot itself was located Whitmer, Rich and Company; while just south of the church buildings stood the long established store of Joseph Smith, the Prophet. John Boynton, Lyman Johnson, and Jonathan Hale had gone into business, as had Jacob Bump, Orson Hyde, and Edmund Bosley as well as Parley Pratt and John Goodson.30 Orson Hyde, looking to1 the needs of the future, had purchased two lots near the Whitney store in Kirtland Flats, and his wife, Marinda Johnson, soon chose a location midway up the hill to the temple.31 Besides these, there were a number of informal business arrangements affecting the leaders of the church in a variety of groupings. Now it was Rigdon, Smith, and Cowdery that signed a note for merchandise; now Smith, Whitney, and Rigdon; odiers were signed by Cahoon, Johnson, Smith, and Cowdery; by Smith, Whitney, and Rigdon; by Cahoon, Johnson, Hyde, and Whitney; or by Smith, Dayton, and Slitor, as opportunity arose.32 80 Geauga County Records, Court Records. For cases involving these men, see especially Book U, pp. 123, 230-31, 240, 332, 516, 541, and others.

"Deed Record Book 23, pp. 449-51. Hyde paid $1400 for one-quarter of an acre and $2500 for an additional acre.

32 There may have been others, but court records exist concerning each of these. For complete details, see R. Kent Fielding, "The Growth of the Mormon Church in Kirtland, Ohio" (Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1957).

342

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

The position of the Mormon merchant was, under existing arrangements, particularly vulnerable. Goods were, of necessity, purchased on credit. They were, also of necessity, sold on credit. An insecure economy had developed which kept die merchants in constant fear of failure for insufficient funds to meet their obligations when due.

If there should be a lapse in flow of money, such as was threatened by the limitation of church expenditures upon completion of the temple, they would inevitably be caught between creditor notes due and debtor bills unpaid. The arrangement thus far, however, had evidently been a profitable one even though precarious, for the merchant class was expanding, paying high prices for their building locations, and being accommodated by generous suppliers of credit. Through the summer and fall of 1836, as church expenditures slackened and sources of income declined and disappeared, these merchants resupplied tiieir diminishing stocks by new loans and continued dieir policies of liberal credit allowances to the members of the church.

If the church leaders saw the condition of their economy, there is no evidence that they moved effectively toward appropriate solutions. The situation seemed to call for continued church spending for a time to keep die economy alive. A movement at die same time to arrange a selective migration so as to build up the agricultural and industrial potential would seem to have been essential. Unfortunately the genius which Brigham Young exhibited years later in the setdement of Utah was not yet in evidence; perhaps it took the early failures to promote that genius. In any event, the leaders took steps which reflect either their lack of comprehension of the problems they faced or their lack of ability to control their members to achieve the desired ends.

What the leaders did do was to urge a gathering of the Saints and apply the full pressure of the church to accomplish it.33 They apparently believed that an increase of numbers would solve the existing problems and create additional economic opportunity. In a series of decisions, they arranged their credit problems, bought more lands and prepared them not for agriculture but for subdivision into housing lots, and committed their resources in a type of industrial development â&#x20AC;&#x201D; all of which had their rationale in the supposed virtues of the "gadiering." They organized a bank, bought lands for housing, and began the construction of a steam sawmill with the evident purpose of converting lands into a city and providing jobs for craftsmen and laborers "Messenger and Advocate, July, 1836.

THE

MORMONS

IN K I R T L A N D

343

in building homes for the incoming Saints. Unfortunately this kind of economic activity merely created a city without providing a reason for its existence and dried up sources of capital by encouraging spending for lots and homes. It simply provided for an exchange of goods and services within the Mormon economy without establishing a basic productivity that would provide a surplus which could be exchanged for necessary imports from sources outside the church. Furthermore, it posed die double threat of an inundation of the poor such as had bled the Missouri city of Zion of her strength and led in part to her downfall in 1833 and the equally destructive unleashing of a spirit of speculation which would prevent legitimate economic activity.

The plan worked poorly from the beginning. Forewarned by the failure of Zion, church leaders sought to control migration more closely, but they used the same techniques that had failed before. Persons were ordered to send their monies ahead and were requested to stay where they were unless recommended by a competent church authority. But the impulse to gather was, once more, strongly felt by the poor and scarcely heeded by the independent. Kirtland was soon overrun with indigents.34 Furthermore, the impact of the migration upon Kirtland was heightened by developments in Missouri. Through 1835 and early 1836, there had been much talk of returning to Zion in Jackson County, Missouri, and the tentative date of September, 1836, had been set and was anticipated with much hope by some of Kirtland's leaders.35 Instead, the Missouri Mormons were again evicted, this time peacefully, by their temporary hosts in Clay County. The Mormons moved northward, but W. W. Phelps wrote that the lands in that part of Missouri were most certainly those spoken of in the Book, of Mormon as the "land of desolation." 36 The possibility of going to Wisconsin was discussed, but there was little endiusiasm for it.37 The Saints gathered to Kirtland in large numbers, some of them to buy a house lot and settle there permanently, others to bide their time until more favorable circumstances should suggest a removal farther west, but few of them, apparently, with resources or interests appropriate to the solution of Kirtland's problems.

34

Joseph Smith, op. cit., II, 478-80. lbid., II, 282, 287, 291, 294. Note the correspondence of the date set with the term originally granted to Kirtland as a "stronghold." See Footnote 6.

M lbid., II, 445.

37 Ibid. m

344

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

In the meantime, as summer passed into fall and early winter, church expenditures on the temple ceased and no new employment projects were launched. The incoming Saints made plans to build houses and stores, and productive activity turned in the direction of supplying their needs, but they had little cash to match their demands and made their orders in anticipation of finding sources of income. The stocks of the merchants dwindled, and there was no cash to requisition new supplies. Accordingly, they signed notes payable in three months, six months, or a year, and businessmen in Painesville, Cleveland, New York, as well as local men of means, trusted the reputation for honesty which had been earned by the precarious but honest dealings of the Mormon community. The stock of credit goods, unless paid for in cash when due, threatened the reputation of die church in general and the solvency of certain church leaders in particular. It was necessary that something be done and very soon.

As the Mormon leaders became aware of the urgency of their economic situation, they moved to remedy it. They needed money immediately and in large quantities. The first effort to secure it was one of sheer romantic hopefulness. Late in July, in company with Rigdon, Cowdery, and his brother Hyrum, the Piophet went to Massachusetts in anticipation of finding a treasure said to have been buried beneadi an old house in Salem. No treasure was found, and the seekers returned to Kirtland in September with only the comfort of Smith's assurance that the Lord would give them power to pay dieir debts.38 Just slightly more than a month later a new plan, equally the child of desperation, had been devised. The complex problems of debts, credit, capital needs, employment, housing, land expansion, subdivision, and building up a Stake of Zion, all found dieir answer in a master project which, in November, assumed tangible form in die organization of the Kirtland Safety Society Bank Company.

Banks are usually organized to afford profitable returns for otherwise idle capital.39 The Mormon bank was organized in an effort to 3 "Ebenezer Robinson, The Return (Davis City, Iowa, 1889), 105. Compare Doctrine and Covenants, Sec. 111.

3 ° Painesville Telegraph (Painesville, Ohio), April 29, 1836, prints a story on the banking fever that seems appropriate at this point. Every town at the time, the paper affirms, thought itself as much entitled to a bank as representatives in the legislature.

Deacon Brown, the bank examiner, visited one town that had made application for a bank charter and reported the following: "How can you expect a bank when there isn't money enough in town to make half a bank?" The local organizer responded: "Bless you deacon, didn't you know that? To be sure we have got no capital, and that is the very reason we want a bank, because we want to make money to carry on our business."

THE

MORMONS

IN K I R T L A N D

345

make capital out of idle land dirough the process of housing subdivision. Smith had already experienced die relation between land and capital when he and Oliver Cowdery had signed a note in July, 1836, payable in September widi Missouri lands, and had received for it, $>621.32.40 The mediod suggested itself to the Kirtland situation. With land as a capital base, a bank could issue notes in the form of loans to individual land purchasers and secure the loan with a mortgage on the land. The mortgage could then be used as an asset on which to' issue more notes, or it could be discounted for specie or sound notes at another bank. Notes could also be issued on deposits received. Smith could not have been unaware that by such devices the original capital could be expanded several times over. The Bank of Canton, Ohio, before it failed, circulated twenty-three dollars in notes for every dollar of specie in its vaults.41 Even the conservative Bank of Geauga at Painesville, with a paid-in capital of just $67,000, had accumulated deposits and evidences of debt to justify a circulation of $196,000.42 The Bank of Geauga survived the depression of 1837. This was the age of "wildcat banking," and the Mormon enterprise compares well with some of the more extravagant enterprises. Some had started with only pledges for capital; some evidently widi even less. A contemporary Michigan bank that failed was discovered tt> have no assets and Ji38,000 worth of liabilities; another had only seven coppers when it ceased operations; while a third had only a table for assets.43 Getting a bank started would offer no difficulty for the Mormon leaders since notes issued would have unlimited circulation among the church members due to their confidence in their leaders. Establishing the currency outside of the community would be their greatest problem. If they were successful at it, Mormon merchants might convert their foreign debts into debts at the bank, giving their own people the benefit of the interest; mortgages could be converted into specie at other banks, and goods received for forwarding could be sold for valid bank notes; specie outside the Mormon area and all the gold and silver in Mormondom could be requisitioned in exchange for bank notes or received as savings deposits. Specie was critically short throughout the West and paper was freely circulated. If a reputation for honesty could be estab40

Court Records, Book U, p. 237.

Dayton Democratic Herald (Dayton, Ohio), March 3, 1838.

42 Journal of the Senate of the State of Ohio, 34th General Assembly (Columbus, 1835), 506-26.

43 Pelatiah W. Huntington, "History of Banking in Ohio," Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, XXIII, 313. Cf. A. B. Coover, "Banking in Ohio," ibid., XXI, 320.

41

346

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

lished, it was not likely that excessive demands for specie payment would be made.4"1 If plans had been carefully laid and modestly carried out there was room for hope that some kind of Mormon financial institution might succeed. The Mormons had a choice between establishing a regularly chartered bank or a joint stock association with limited monetary privileges. The latter type of institution might issue promissory notes of short duration and in limited number, but it depended wholly upon the reputation of its organizers for its success as its notes were not collectable by state authority.45 Among the Mormons themselves, and those with whom they habitually did business, their credit was good and their notes would have had full currency. Such an organization would have afforded a new form of credit where such arrangements were already in effect and would not have risked everything on general public acceptance of their notes. But apparently the need of money was too urgent and the envisioned project too vast to admit of such modest beginnings.

The decision was made to engage in banking as a regular institution with full power to issue notes and receive deposits. Such privileges were regulated by charter rights granted by die state legislature.

When the Mormon bank was planned, Orson Hyde was sent to Columbus for a charter, and at the same time Oliver Cowdery was directed to Philadelphia to secure plates and printed bank notes. Cowdery shortly returned with the plates and notes, but Hyde did not get the charter. "Because we were Mormons," Smith said, "the legislature raised some frivolous excuse on which they refused to grant us those banking privileges they so freely granted to odiers." 46 The reason the Mormons did not get their charter is by no means as simple as Smith indicated. As a matter of fact, the legislature did not refuse the charter; there is no evidence to sustain the idea that it was even asked to grant one. No bills to establish a Mormon bank " Cleveland Daily Herald (Cleveland, Ohio), January 3, 1837, said that those who made such demands were guilty of "officious intermedling" and that they made war upon their own best interests as well as the interests of the community. ''Messenger 40

and

Advocate,

July, 1837, quotes the authorizing Ohio statute.

Joseph Smith, op. cit., II, 468. This is the only source that states that an application was made for a charter. Orson Hyde does not mention it in any of his writings or his journal. His biography, carefully compiled from many sources, passes over the period from autumn, 1836, to spring, 1837, without mentioning it. He was in Kirtland during that time and could have made the trip. See Marvin Hill, "An Historical Study of the Life of Orson Hyde, Early Mormon Missionary and Apostle, from 1805-1852" (Master's Thesis, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 1955), 34.

THE

MORMONS

IN K I R T L A N D

347

were ever considered by die legislature.47 It is conceivable, as Smith suggests, that religious prejudice was a factor in the failure to receive a charter. It may have operated to prevent the introduction of a petition for a charter, but it is not likely; prejudice seems more like a ready excuse than a valid reason. The county delegates to the legislature were Senator Ralph Granger, of Fairport, and Representatives Seabury Ford, of Burton, and Timothy Rockwell, of Painesville.48 All were natives of Connecticut with residence in Ohio varying from ten to thirty years, and likely had some knowledge of Mormonism. Their attitude toward their Kirtland neighbors is unknown, but they were all prominent men and well-regarded. Ford later became governor of the state, Granger served as president of Willoughby College, and Rockwell was a director of the proposed railroad from Wellesville to Fairport. Political prejudice is another possible inference for refusal to ask for a charter. All of the delegates were Whigs, whereas the Mormons were Democrats. However, the legislature itself had a democrat majority in each house. It seems most likely that Hyde was persuaded of the uselessness of submitting a petition in view of the control of the legislature by the anti-bank democrats. In any case, no new banking privileges were granted to any petitioners by the state legislature in its 1836-37 session.

Even if the legislature had been willing to grant charters to any of the seventeen applicants or to the Mormons, it is unlikely that they could have acted in time to help the Mormon situation. Their sessions commenced on the fifth day of December, and ended the following April third. Under the best of circumstances it is not likely that a charter could have been obtained before late March when most bills were passed. The Mormons could not wait.

When news came that no charter was to be had, the Mormon situation became desperate. The old problems remained, and the expenses already undertaken in anticipation of forming a bank offered new ones. Quick action seemed necessary, and a decision was made to' put an end to the projected Kirtland Safety Society Bank Company and to form, in its place, a joint stock association for the management of the common concerns of the stockholders.49 The new company was obviously designed in an effort to meet the terms of the law granting lim47 Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Ohio, 35th General Assembly, First Session (Columbus, 1836), 850-71. Bank bills originating in the House are reported here, cf. Senate Journal, 791-92, for those originating in the Senate.

48 Western Hemisphere (Columbus, Ohio), February 15, 1837; November 2, 1836. m Joseph Smith, op. cit., II, 470-73.

348

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

ited money privileges to business organizations. A new name was necessary for the new institution, and a solution was devised to salvage the investment in the plates and printed notes and at the same time clearly indicate that banking was not its object. Thus was formed the Kirtland Safety Society Anti-Banking Company. Some of die notes for the old organization were inked over on the local press with a prefix and a suffix to the word bank, and they were ready to commence operations.50 As it was projected, there was never the slightest chance that the Kirtland Safety Society Anti-Banking Company could succeed. Even though the Mormon economy was in jeopardy, it could scarcely have suffered such a devastating blow as that which diey were themselves preparing to administer to it. There were many good reasons why banking â&#x20AC;&#x201D; or antibanking â&#x20AC;&#x201D; was not the solution to their problems early in the year 1837. Proper notice of any one of them should have directed their efforts in more hopeful directions.

The Safety Society proposed no modest project befitting its relative worth and ability to pay. Its organizers launched, instead, a gigantic company capitalized at four million dollars, when the entire capitalization of all the banks in the state of Ohio was only nine and one-third million.51 Such presumption could not have escaped the notice of bankers who would realize that such an amount of money could not be paid in, and would have been led to examine its capital structure more closely. They would have noted, upon examination, that according to the articles of incorporation capital stock was to be paid in by subscription but that the amount of the first subscription was not stated, and further payments were left to the discretion of the company managers. Furthermore, total issuance of notes was not prescribed, nor was the relation of notes to capital and assets. The members, to be sure, pledged themselves to redeem the notes and bound themselves individually by their agreement under the penal sum of one hundred thousand dollars. But there was no transfer of property deeds, no power of attorney, no legal pains and penalties. To a banker, the articles fairly shouted: "This is a wildcat, beware!"

A further error was in the issuance of bills of small denominations.

Although there was a general circulation of ones and threes through"" This technique was evidently soon abandoned. Only the three dollar bill could readily be altered. Many sources indicate, however, that this was the practice. See Berrian Collection, New York Public Library, item 18, which is a one dollar bill without alterations. See also Sheridan L. McGarry, "Mormon Money," Numismatic Review, LXIII, 1950. " Senate Journal, 1836, p. 53.

-^7777777777

THE KUtTLAHD SAFETY SOCIETY BANK.

Cash: B*w s r . -..,. tj i«* s voA A> n>iuJ-

^ ^ 2 ^ / / /•/,//•//• T H R E E D O L L A R S

THEEl^BTJ&AND §AFETY SOCIETY

'//s/7/,,sy> jrtWJS 110!

f-Qfa

r//'?/s////////

Aft zrr:—.. .'. .:dSffitefa«M---———•*COURTESY, CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF UTTER-DAY SAINTS, HISTORIAN S OFFICE

Facsimiles of bills issued in small denominations by the Kirtland Safety Society Ban\.

Note the prefix and suffix in\ed over the original word "ban^C on the $3.00 bill.

350

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

out the state, there was widespread dissatisfaction widi them since they were, in many cases, counterfeit or issued by companies or institutions with insecure financial structures. There had been pressure exerted by both federal and state authority to discontinue the issuance of such bills; and the Ohio Legislature, in March, 1836, had passed a law laying a tax of 20 per cent on the dividends of all banks which would not give up die right, by July 4, 1836, to issue bills less than three dollars in value. By July, 1837, there were to be no bills issued for less than five dollars in value.52 This provided another ground for suspicion, for the Mormon issue was heavy in small bills.

Even under the most advantageous conditions, the year 1837 was no proper time to start a bank. Even a cursory reading of the newspapers of the time indicated die fact that the country was far extended on credit and that there was a desperate shortage of specie â&#x20AC;&#x201D; conditions portentous of depression. The vigor with which the public domain was being taken up and the rapidity of the westward movement led to many misgivings.53 Payments for land were frequently made in depreciated, and often worthless, paper currency; and the opinion arose that unless the country were returned to a specie basis, honest folk would be defrauded by speculators, and the West would be enthralled to die money lenders of the East. The opinion was evidently based on political rather than on economic considerations; but, ostensibly to check speculation in lands, to stop the flow of depreciated notes into the national treasury, and to remove the menace of economic bondage, the Specie Circular was issued in July, 1836, by President Jackson. It required that after August 5, following, nothing except gold and silver might be accepted by land agents for purchases of the public domain.

The circular failed to end speculation in lands, but it did cast more doubt upon the worth of paper currency and increase the pressure for the short supply of specie.54 With nothing but confidence in the future to sustain the paper issues, it was inevitable that these pressures would soon undermine that confidence and precipitate a panic. For an organization without liquid capital to anticipate success under such circumstances was to hope for a great stretch in the laws of probability.

Although any one of these errors could have wrecked the bank, they were all minor in comparison with the fatal one â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the vain hope 52 Charles W. Huntington, "Banking and Currency in Ohio before the Civil War," Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, XXIV, 382.

53 For a contemporary newspaper account, see Painesville Telegraph, March 18, 1836. " Ibid., July 29, 1836, reprints from the New York. Journal of Commerce an excellent Whig analysis of the nature and anticipated effects of the Specie Circular.

THE

MORMONS

IN K I R T L A N D

351

that public opinion could be favorably disposed to a Mormon bank.

The church leaders were at least conscious of the need of cultivating public opinion and printed an extra edition of their paper for that particular purpose.55 But opinion was not persuaded. The repercussions were loud and violent. The first reaction came from Cleveland.

The Weekly Advertiser published an account of the forthcoming bank on December 29, and commented favorably on it. The following week, the extra was received together with the information that the bank had been changed into an "anti-bank." The Advertiser was still favorable, but the Weekly Gazette reacted indignantly at what it considered to be a base fraud, "a kind of radicalism that would flourish better in Michigan than Ohio," and cynically commented that the bills probably rested on a spiritual basis, for there were no responsible individuals whose honesty or honor was pledged for their redemption.56 The Advertiser charged the Gazette with religious prejudice and cited the Articles of Association and especially the redemption pledge as evidence of good faith. The Gazette, thereupon, also analyzed the articles, calling attention to their weaknesses and asserting that they guaranteed nothing at all. They noted that its president was Sidney Rigdon, "a notorious hypocrite and knave," and as for the pledge of honor, they added, did not these same people pledge their word to the existence of gold plates? A Gazette reader wrote the editor that politics prompted the attitude of the Advertiser and die Cleveland Herald as well. Their support of the Mormon money in defiance of law, he said, was an effort to break the bank monopoly by resort to mobocracy.57 In Painesville, the reaction was equally spirited and divided. The antagonistic Telegraph regarded the bank as an out-and-out fraud and suggestively warned the organizers that the statute prohibiting unauthorized banking was still in force and that a reward of one thousand dollars awaited any person who should apprehend violators. The Republican was sympathetic. It felt that restrictions on banking created unwarranted special privileges which a democracy ought not tolerate. It regarded die Mormon institution as an effort to break the monopoly and applauded it, but, at the same time, it advised its founders to make their effort a clear-cut issue by openly publishing their 55

Cleveland Liberalist (Cleveland, Ohio), January 21, 1837.

Cleveland Daily Gazette (Cleveland, Ohio), January 17, 18, 1837. No copies of the Advertiser for the period are preserved. References to them come from the Gazette.

"Ibid., January 24, 1837.

50

352

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

intent and by demonstrating their ability to redeem their notes when presented.58 Southeast of Kirtland, at Ravena, the editor of the Ohio Star, long opposed to the Mormons, emptied his quill of venom. "Rags, Mere Rags!" began his column. "The Mormons of Kirtland not content with exclusively monopolizing the Golden Bible, and the mortal remains of some old Patriarchs, are making themselves friends of the mammon of unrighteousness." He doubted seriously that there was any specie behind the circulation and denied the rumor that the banks in Painesville and Cleveland received or paid out the bills.59 Meantime, the great experiment had been launched. From its place of business in the old Peter French brick home, at the crossroads near Johnson's tavern and Whitney's store in Kirtland Flats, the issuance of Kirtland Safety Society Anti-Banking Company notes commenced on January 6.60 Smith advised his church members to bring their silver and gold (not their bank notes) and take stock in the company; but with a commendable caution, he wisely went to Painesville the day prior to the opening of business, where he and Rigdon signed a note for three thousand dollars from the Bank of Geauga, payable in forty-five days.61 The bank was obviously begun on a shoestring, and a borrowed one at that, but no one knew how thin and worn the string was until it was revealed that even the plates from which the notes had been printed had been purchased on credit.62 In view of what has been presented heretofore, it could not be expected that the Mormon bank would succeed, but evidently, for a time, it was welcomed and accepted. Among the Mormons and those like them not disposed to ask for specie, the bills circulated at par and were a tremendous help to Kirtland's sagging economy. There was an especial briskness in partaking of the stocks of the merchandise houses, and for several months land transfers were facilitated widi unaccustomed dispatch. For a time, even suspicious persons who presented 58 Painesville Republican (Painesville, Ohio), January 19, 1837, quotes the Telegraph and adds its own comments. ""Ohio Star (Ravena, Ohio), January 19, 1837. The Star had taken the lead in Ohio's anti-Mormon crusade as early as 1831 by publishing apostate Mormon Ezra Booth's letters exposing the church. °° Joseph Smith, op. cit., II, 473.

81 Court Records, Book U, 67.

Ibid., X, 34; cf. G, 676. Underwood, Bald, Spencer and Hufty, engravers, sued for recovery of $1450 and were awarded damages in April, 1839. The account was settled piecemeal by land sales under sheriff's condemnations. Almon W. Babbitt, as agent for Joseph Smith, filed a "paid in full" receipt with the court in April, 1841.

THE

MORMONS

IN K I R T L A N D

353

their bills for payment were accommodated. Even when specie was exhausted, certain persons accumulated Kirtland notes and exchanged them in the Mormon community for land, so that there was an air of prosperity that deceived many into thinking that the bank was on the verge of establishing its credit and, thus, the credit of die church. When specie was no longer to be had, Kirtland bills became objects of speculation and were received and paid out at widely varying discount rates.63 Details concerning the operation of the bank are unknown. No records have been preserved, and all of the principle parties to it either say nothing or are very general in their accounts. The critical problem, obviously, was to obtain sufficient specie or acceptable bank notes to meet the demand for payments. As creditors brought their bills for redemption, and persuasion failed to keep them in circulation, the little available specie was paid out. The articles of the association required that the organizers make the notes good either by paying in subscriptions for capital stock or "under the penal sum of one hundred thousand dollars"; but there is no evidence to indicate that the directors called for subscriptions or invoked the penalty. What they did do is not set forth with any conclusive authority. Smith, together with Cowdery and Rigdon, went to Michigan "on bank business," but what they did is unknown. 64 It is further said that they resorted to subterfuge in order to keep up public confidence by obtaining "one or two hundred boxes" each of which was marked "one thousand dollars" but which were actually filled with sand and shot. According to the report a few of them were open for the inspection of the doubters and were layered with gold and silver coins.65 This same type of story appears in descriptions of other wildcat banks and is of doubtful validity.66 A report later made by onetime Mormon, Cyrus Smalling, says that Smith sent out leaders of the church with quantities of Kirtland notes with a charge to exchange them for specie or valid notes at any available rate and that he allowed them to keep 50 per cent of the proceeds as their commission.67 Whether these steps were taken is open to' question.

03

Messenger and Advocate,

May, June, July, 1837.

"Ibid., April, 1837.

05 John A. Clark, Gleanings by the Way (New York, 1842), 331-36, quotes Cyrus Smalling, onetime secretary to Joseph Smith as authority for this story. s0 Peletiah W. Huntington, op. cit., tells a similar story involving a nail keg and another bank, indicating either that such stories may be spurious or that the practice was a common one. °7 Clark, op. cit., according to this account, Brigham Young had $40,000, Apostle John Boynton, $20,000, others, unknown quantities.

354

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Whatever measures desperation may have called for were unavailing, and after a lingering hopeless effort extending past midsummer the bank plunged widi the entire Mormon economy into a sea of insolvency.

The life the bank may have had among the non-Mormons in the community, died first. The signal for its demise was given when Samuel D. Rounds entered suit in February, 1837, for himself and for the state of Ohio, under the 1816 statute for illegal banking.68 In separate suits, he sought convictions against Sidney Rigdon, Warren Parrish, and Newell K. Whitney on die same charge. Unless that case could be won there was not a chance for survival of die bank. When Smidi's demurrer to the declaration of the plaintiff was overruled by the court in June, even diough the case was continued for j ury trial, he must have known that die bank was finished. Smidi does not mention the trial in his journal, but likely it loomed large in his estimate of the total situation. Sometime previous to July, possibly as early as May, he withdrew from the society, affirming that it was founded upon righteous principles, but that an age of "darkness, speculation and wickedness" would not allow it to continue operations.69 Even the faithful Saints refused to accept Kirtland notes at par after July, 1837.

So far in ruin was the Kirtland bank as early as May that it wasunable to benefit by die general suspension of specie payments which came at that time throughout the nation.

The causes for the failure of the Mormon bank are sufficiendy apparent in the errors incident to its founding, and were freely admitted in the official paper of die church at die time. Later, however, neither the Mormons nor their enemies were content to see the rise and fall of the bank in terms of these facts. There is little to support die claims of the opponents of the church that there was deception and fraud in the bank from beginning to end. On the other hand, die tendency of die church to find excuses for failure which do not reflect quite so strongly upon the judgment of its leaders lacks substantial factual foundation. It is alleged that the fall of the bank was caused by the poor business conditions and the nation-wide bank failures of 1837. It is evident from a study of the situation diat aldiough die causes are similar, they are not identical. And it seems most probable that, if there had been no panic of 1837, the Mormon bank, launched and operated as it was, could not have endured for long. The failure ' Court Records, Book U, 353, 356, 359, 362.

'Joseph Smith, op. cit., II, 497.

THE

MORMONS

IN K I R T L A N D

355

to produce sufficient goods to support diemselves and the tendency to use up their energies in speculations were as true of the Mormons as of any of their contemporaries. The Saints were not the victims of die folly of others, but of their own folly. A further excuse for failure was evolved in the general bitterness and apostasy which followed in the wake of economic disaster. The story was told diat Warren Parrish, leader of the apostate faction, had stolen twenty-five thousand dollars of the bank's money, and that he had been guilty of private speculations and mismanagement.70 These notions were widely repeated and generally accepted among die faithful Saints as the reason for the bank's failure. It is most likely that the story is not true. No official record exists which charges Parrish with culpability, and he lived for several years, following the incident, as a religious leader in Kirtland.

Still later, he became a minister in the Baptist church.71 As an officer of the bank, he may have retained possession of money printed by the society after it had declined in value. If Cyrus Smalling's story is true, Parrish may have been a commission agent for the bank and by that means have come into legitimate possession of large numbers of bank notes. It is known that Brigham Young, who had no official position in the bank, had large quantities of Kirtland notes, and that they were the official currency among the Saints soon after their arrival in Salt Lake Valley. Yet he is not accused of fraud or theft.72 There has been a natural, although regrettable, tendency among the Mormons to try by any device to clear Joseph Smith of blame for the failure of die bank; but he cannot logically be freed from all responsibility. The decision to establish a bank and later an antibank had been partly his. The bank had failed during the period in which he was one of its chief directing officials. He did not protest, so far as preserved accounts record, nor withdraw, until the ruin of the bank became a part of the general national ruin and identified with it.

Even though his own revelations pronounce him as without competence in temporal matters,73 Smith learned much from his experience. In Far West, Missouri, where the next Mormon city was com70 Elders' Journal (Far West, Missouri), August, 1838. Sidney Rigdon seems to have been the source of the story which is widely repeated in Mormon accounts.

71 Journal of Discourses (26 vols., Liverpool, 1854-86), VII, 115. Address in the Salt Lake Tabernacle, January 10, 1858, by George A. Smith.

12 Journal of George Albert Smith, January 1-6, 1849, recorded in the Journal History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in Church Historian's Office, Salt Lake City.

73 Doctrine and Covenants, Sec. 24:9.

356

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

menced, he forbade debt for church building and prevented the formation of a church agency for building a new temple. In Nauvoo, he became an economic czar regulating land sales and industrial development. The Mormon church today has an unusual aversion to debt which may in part stem from the experiences of the Kirtland period.

The failure of the bank, although it destroyed their economy, did not immediately end the Mormon hope of retaining their city in Kirtland. Throughout 1837 a desperate and at times heroic effort was made to salvage their affairs from the ruin of bankruptcy. Outlying members were urged to contribute to the rescue of Kirtland. In September a drive involving more than one hundred elders, fully supported by church officials and under the personal leadership of Bishop Newell K. Whitney, set forth on the errand of rescue.74 These efforts were unavailing. The burden of debt was too heavy, and one Mormon firm after another found itself in county court for failure to pay overdue notes. The sheriff was a regular visitor in Kirtland seizing land and personal property and selling it for debts. All the accumulating evidence of failure undermined church confidence in Joseph Smith, and the organizations of the church proved inadequate to cope widi what might more properly be called rebellion than apostasy. In September Joseph Smidi and Sidney Rigdon went west again, the first time since their trip with the army to rescue Zion in 1834. While there they were caught up once more in the optimism of the West â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the cheap land, the vigor of elemental labor, and the lack of such complications as attended eastern life. Smith's published intention to return to Kirtland only long enough to arrange his affairs before moving west for a new start was the signal for the end of Kirtland as a Mormon center.75 New dissent broke out which flared into uncontained rebellion against the Prophet's leadership. In January, 1838, hard after the departure of his chief lieutenant, Brigham Young, and two days ahead of the process serving sheriff, Joseph Smith left Kirtland never to return. His affairs were left in the capable hands of William Marks.76 Many others simply abandoned their property, defaulted their debts, and fled in midwinter leaving behind a snarl of property questions, unsettled court claims, their homes and beloved temple.

Joseph was the heart of Zion. Without him and devoid of faithful Saints, Kirtland fast deteriorated into obscurity from which it never recovered. " Joseph Smith, op. cit., II, 515-18.

Elders' Journal, November, 1837.

70 Deed Record Book 23, pp. 537-38; Book 24, p. 189.

75

BISHOP DANIEL S. TUTTLE (1837-1923)

The picture of Daniel S. Tuttle, Episcopal Missionary Bishop of Utah, was taken when he was in his early thirties, during the period he commenced his duties and responsibilities in the Far West.

DANIEL

S. T U T T L E , MISSIONARY BISHOP OF UTAH

By James W. Beless, Jr.*

"This is a true saying, If a man desire the office of bishop, he desireth a good work. A bishop must be vigilant, of good behavior, given to hospitality, apt to teach. . . ." 1 The words of the epistler resounded in the ears of Daniel Sylvester Tuttle as he sat in Trinity Church in New York City on die first day of May, 1867. In a few minutes he would kneel at the altar and be consecrated the first Episcopal Missionary Bishop of Montana, with jurisdiction over Utah and Idaho.

Dan Tuttle thought of his wife and two-weeks-old son, of his parish in the green hills of Morris, New York, of the friends at Morris whom he, as an Episcopal priest, had baptized, counseled, married or buried, and he tried to project himself beyond Buffalo, beyond the Missouri, to his new responsibilities in the Far West. "Go ye therefore and teach all nations," the Gospel for the day read.

His election by die House of Bishops in October, 1866, had come as a surprise to Dan Tuttle. He had been four months short of age * Mr. Beless, a practicing attorney in Salt Lake City, expresses appreciation to the Rt. Rev. Richard S. Watson, Episcopal Bishop of Utah, for the privilege of reviewing Bishop Tuttle's original register, journals, and letters. Much of the material here printed is gleaned from a now rare book, Daniel S. Tuttle, Reminiscences of a Missionary Bishop (New York, 1906), which still remains the chief source for the history of Bishop Tuttle's activities in Utah.

1 1 Timothy 3:1. The Epistle as appointed in the Episcopal Order of Consecration of a Bishop, Book, of Common Prayer, p. 549.

360

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

thirty, the minimum age for consecration. But he had the maximum requirements for a missionary bishop â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a strong physique, a winning personality, and a love of people, all sorts of people. He had a maturity of judgment beyond his years, the concern of a good shepherd, and the will and perseverance to take his Lord into the far places. In the four years since he had graduated from General Theological Seminary, he had established a corps of faidiful supporters in New York State who later aided his building programs and gave yeoman support to his missionary efforts in the West.

Bishop Tuttle was big enough, both literally and spiritually, to meet man-to-man the miners, ranchers, and camp followers of a rough and tumble post-Civil War Montana. He was prepared to meet the "Mormon problem" of Utah with no preconceived prejudices or zealous intentions of open opposition to the Mormon church or its practices. He determined to preach and practice his church's doctrines and to minister to his own people. His research determined diat his mission field covered 350,000 square miles, with 150,000 inhabitants. Of Utah Territory's 85,000 people, Salt Lake City had 15,000, even though in Salt Lake City he was to find but three confirmed Episcopalians.

The Bishop later discovered about 200 non-Mormons in the service of the stage company, 300 soldiers at Camp Douglas and Fort Bridger, 250 other Gentiles, mostly merchants, in Salt Lake City, and 250 more throughout Utah Territory, the majority being miners and traders.

Bishop Tuttle had received a letter from Warren Hussey, a banker in Salt Lake City, who encouraged the Bishop to travel first to Utah rather than to Montana by detailing the financial support that could be expected for a non-Mormon church in Salt Lake City and indicating that he had already solicited merchants and other Gentiles to support such a church. The first here would get that support. As to the Mormons he wrote: I am quite intimate with Prest. Young and have very frequently heard him express himself concerning other churches coming in here; and am very sure they will meet a hearty welcome from him, under certain circumstances. He is not at all prejudiced against other religions, but is most in favor of his own of course. . . . Prest. Young and the Mormon Church are, in my opinion, the worst lied about, if I may use this expression, of any people living. Parties here who are at enmity with them, and others who desire large government contracts, are exceedingly

BISHOP

DANIEL

S. T U T T L E

361

anxious to bring about if possible a collision between them and our government, in hopes of bringing on another Mormon War. . . .

Prest. Young said to me, he did not expect anything of this abuse and detraction from an Episcopal bishop. "They are men of education and better sense; they are gentlemen, and any gentleman is welcome here, no matter what his creed," were about his words.2 Thus encouraged, the Bishop decided to go first to Salt Lake City.

After an arduous journey, a great deal of it by stagecoach, the Bishop and his party consisting of his brother-in-law, Rev. G. D. B. Miller, Rev. E. N. Goddard, his sister Mrs. Nelly Foote and her fifteen-yearold sister-in-law, Sarah, arrived in Salt Lake City on the evening of July 2, 1867. The Rev. George W. Foote, Nelly's husband, and the Rev. T. W. Haskins, a young seminarian, had preceded the Bishop to Salt Lake City, arriving there on May 3, and on Sunday, May 8, these two had held an Episcopal service.

Before the arrival of the missionaries in Salt Lake City, a Sunday school of forty to sixty students had been meeting in Independence Hall under the guidance of Major Charles H. Hempstead, the United States Attorney who had succeeded the Rev. Norman McLeod, a Congregationalist chaplain at Camp Douglas.

Mr. McLeod had been associated in this work with Dr. J. King Robinson, an army surgeon married to an apostate Mormon. Dr. Robinson was an outspoken opponent of Mormonism, and he had become involved in a dispute with the city over the title to the Warm Springs in North Salt Lake. An unfortunate tragedy climaxed the doctor's career when he was beaten and shot by unknown assailants on October 22, 1866, shortly before midnight, and within a few rods of his home. Despite an offer of reward signed by Mayor Daniel H. Wells and another by local merchants joined by Brigham Young, suspicion was cast upon the Mormon authorities as efforts were charged lacking by the church-state to bring the murderers to justice.

The affair ended in a generally unsatisfactory and inconclusive, but highly inflammatory, inquest hearing.3 McLeod had been in the east at the time of the Robinson incident, and discretion dictated that he should not return to Utah. Thus, when George Foote and Thomas :

Daniel S. Tuttle, Reminiscences oi a Missionary Bishop (New York, 1906), 58-60.

'Orson F. Whitney, History of Uta\ (4 vols., Salt Lake City, 1892-1904), II, 151 ff.

362

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Haskins arrived in May of 1867, Major Hempstead happily turned the Sunday school over to them.

McLeod and Robinson had been eager to attack the Mormon church and its practices, particularly polygamy. Foote and Haskins, on the contrary, immediately established a policy of friendly coexistence with the Mormons. Mr. Haskins wrote to Mrs. Fidelia B. Hamilton, one of the first three communicants in Utah,4 years later saying: This opening service gave the key-note to the position and policy of the Church, which, I believe, has ever since been uninterruptedly maintained by the Church in Salt Lake City. It was, not to antagonize evil by direct assault, but to plant and maintain a positive good. It sought to win the judgement, the conscience, the affection, the respect and allegiance of men, whether Gentiles, apostate Mormon, or Mormon, by putting into competition with Mormon doctrine and practices the faith and practice of the Church, saying not a single word against the Mormons.5 The day before the Bishop arrived, the two missionaries had opened a grammar school in a former bowling alley owned by the late Dr. Robinson. The two months' advance work of Foote and Haskins had borne fruit, and Bishop Tuttle was welcomed by a growing Sunday school, an operating day school of sixteen students, and eleven persons asking confirmation.

In the Bishop's Episcopal Register, which he had maintained from the date of his consecration and which was to be a daily record of his work in Utah, Montana, and Idaho for the next nineteen years, he recorded the services held during the next ten days. On July 7 the Bishop wrote: In the evening I preached at Independence Hall. The Rev. Messrs. Goddard, Miller, Foote, and Haskins were present.

Congregation of 125.

On July 14 he entered: At Independence Hall I preached, confirmed the following persons, viz: Warren Hussey, Loretta Hussey, William Miles, Mrs. Miles, Fanny Gerrisch, Sarah Savage, Theresa Fulton, Margaretta McClintock, Sarah Crosby, Lucinda Lovering and ' The other two were Mrs. Augusta Tracy and Mrs. Mary Durrant. s Tuttle, op. cit., 368.

BISHOP

DANIEL

S. T U T T L E

363

Nelly Wells, and addressed them and consecrated the Holy Eucbarist which was administered to 16 faithful laity. In the afternoon I preached at Camp Douglas.

On July 9, accompanied by Warren Hussey and George Foote, the Bishop called on Brigham Young at the latter's office. The visitors exchanged pleasantries with their host, and the Bishop found Young to be courteous and well versed in current events. In his letter written that evening to Harriet Tuttle the Bishop quoted items of the conversation. In response to a remark that the Fourth of July was a reminder of being in the United States, Young rejoined: . . . Perhaps so, but they rather seem to me to be the Disunited States, for I see by the morning telegrams that the most rigorous military despotism is to be enforced in the South.

Brigham Young questioned Mr. Foote about a rumor supposedly heard by Foote that Brigham had taken the property of Amasa Lyman.

Foote denied having heard the story, and as the visitors were leaving Young pursued the subject, saying: Mr. Foote, I want to say to you what I said to the Cadiolic priest when he came here; if you hear rumors flying about touching me or this people, come right here to me with them and I will always set things right. That's the best way.

The Bishop felt that he was civilly treated in this call, but he commented that he was not asked to call again. He concluded his letter, saying: . . . He (Young) is so powerful a man in everything here, and so unscrupulous a man, I fear, in most things, that my policy will be to have as little as possible to do with him.6 There is no record of other meetings between Bishop Tuttle and the Mormon leader, although the Bishop attended various assemblies addressed by Young and had official communications through channels of the Mormon church.

The Mormon reaction to the presence of the Episcopal clergy as permanent residents was expressed in a conversation between Bishop Tuttle and T. B. H. Stenhouse, editor of the Telegraph, the Mormon newspaper. Tuttle reported this conversation, Stenhouse saying: 'Ibid., 114.

364

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

. . . You will find a great field for work in Montana, sir, a hard field. . . . Mr. Foote's will be harder too on account of us Mormons. He'll find us fixed and hard to be moved. I haven't had the pleasure of attending your services, yet; you have them at the same time as ours.

Stenhouse then commented that he was building a fine house, hoping to sell it to some Gentile, and he added: . . . I want you Gentiles to have fine sites and comfortable houses for we think you are cut off from many of the sources of happiness that we enjoy.7 Having acquainted himself with church affairs in Salt Lake City, Bishop Tuttle felt that he should now proceed to Montana, which was virgin territory to the church. Spreading thin his missionary forces, he decided that Foote and Haskins should stay in Utah with the prime purpose of expanding the church school. Mr. Miller left on July 9 for Boise, Idaho, and Mr. Goddard and the Bishop left Salt Lake City for Montana on July 15.

The Bishop spent the remainder of the summer and fall of 1867 visiting the new towns of Montana and Idaho, organizing Sunday schools and holding services wherever churchmen were found. The following winter was a dreary one spent in a log cabin at Virginia City. Many sermons were rehearsed there before the Bishop's faithful companion, Dick, the white cat. But the Montana early days were productive in developing in Tuttle a tolerance and love for the vagaries of human nature as expressed in the gamblers, stage drivers, and cowboys of the mountains. On April 28 the great fire at Helena swept through the gulch. A bucket line was formed to keep wet blankets on the roofs of houses in the path of the consuming flames. In the turmoil three men gravitated to each other and led the volunteers to meet the fire and save the lower town â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Bill Bunkerly, an Indian fighter, Joe Floweree, a leading gambler, and Bishop Daniel Tuttle.

The St. Louis Globe Democrat reported the fire incident and the comments of Bunkerly in saying of Tuttle: . . . he's the biggest and best bishop that ever wore a black gown, and the whitest man in these mountains. He's a fire fighter from away back, and whenever he chooses to go a brim7

ibid., 111.

BISHOP

DANIEL

S. T U T T L E

365

stone raid among the sinners in this gulch he can do it, and I'll back him with my pile.8 Bishop Tuttle was a builder, inspired and without doubt as to the plan laid for him or the approach. By the summer of 1869 he had established congregations at Helena, Virginia City, Deer Lodge, Gallatin, and Boise. His family joined him at Helena, and during the months when travel was feasible he began visitations by stage throughout his district. He was proud to record in his register on May 24, 1868, the opening of St. Paul's Church at Virginia City with the following entry: In great thankfulness to God, I stated to the congregation that the church had cost $3,409.08 and that all this sum had been paid or covered by subscriptions so that not one cent of debt was against the building. The church was without pews, unpainted and with muslin to supply the place of windows.

The day was rainy, the streets muddy, yet good congregations were present morning and evening. Non nobis, Domine, non nobis, sed Nomine Tuo laus est.

On June 1, 1868, the Bishop received a telegram from the diocesan convention meeting at St. Louis announcing his election on the first ballot as Bishop of Missouri. Alone in Bozeman, Bishop Tuttle faced the future, and weighing the advantages of life as a secure diocesan in St. Louis as against the mud, cold, and dust of the mountains plus the disappointments and physical dangers of a missionary bishop, he chose the latter and declined the election. He wrote to Bishop Horatio Potter, of New York, that he had prayed for guidance in his decision and he felt he should not leave the missionary field as he was now familiar with the problems and could plan wisely to meet them. A successor could not be as fit at once, he rationalized, and "Mormonism should not be dealt with by new men, and a succession of new men." 9 The Bishop had visited Salt Lake City in the fall of 1867 and the summer of 1868, and had received constant encouragement from his missionaries there to make his headquarters in the largest city in the Mountain West â&#x20AC;&#x201D; amid the problems most perplexing and challenging to a church-builder. Finally in November, 1869, the Tuttles, by now the parents of two small boys, embarked upon the stage trip to Utah.

8 Ibid., 236-37. For experiences of Bishop Tuttle in Montana, see John Linton Struble, "The People's Bishop," Montana, VI (Winter, 1956), 20-28.

0 Tuttle, op. cit., 187.

366

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Corinne was a tent town four months old when the Tuttle party arrived there. With the expectation of Corinne being the railroad-stageriver and lake junction of Utah, the Salt Lake merchants were now rushing stocks of goods and bidding for sites on the town's main street.

This was to be the Gentile stronghold of Utah. Already the Rev. Mr. Foote had secured a lot and was in the process of building the first Episcopal church in Utah, an adobe structure to be called the Church of the Good Samaritan. One thousand dollars had been raised on the spot, and the fifteen hundred more needed to complete the building was donated by Mrs. Robert Minturn, one of the Bishop's loyal supporters in New York State. The Bishop was aware that changes had taken place in Utah with the union of the railroads at Promontory Summit. He did not fully realize the significance of these changes, however, until he arrived in Ogden. Here he learned that already Brigham Young had countered the move of the transcontinental road and the plans for Corinne by building the Utah Central Railroad, and track was already laid half way to Salt Lake from Ogden. The last spike driven by Young himself on January 10,1870, spelled the death of the commercial hopes of Corinne and ultimately the end for the Episcopal church's mission there.

Bishop Tuttle made his episcopal residence in Salt Lake City during a period of momentous change on the Utah scene. He was to play a part for the next seventeen years in a drama enacted against a background of intrigue and power politics in a cold war atmosphere where strategy with religious overtones was carried out or countered by tactics secular, purely political or economic in nature, and where a hot Mormon war threatened continually.

Two years before Brigham Young had been able, in his conversation with Tuttle, to assume a position of isolation. He could view the problems of the United States with amused distraction and devote himself to directing the agrarian interests of his people, discouraging mining influences, and wielding tight controls. Now, in the fall of 1869, the isolation of Utah was history; Young himself was a large stockholder of the Union Pacific; the Emma Mine in Little Cottonwood Canyon was operating; ore was being shipped to San Francisco; and foreign capital poured into other Gentile operated mines. At the October, 1868, conference of the L.D.S. Church, President Young declared the self-sustaining policy of his people and the boycott of nonMormon merchants by enunciating that "a Latter-day Saint should

BISHOP

DANIEL

S. T U T T L E

367

not trade with an outsider." 10 At the same time the Mormon church entered upon its own co-operative venture in the formation of Z.C.M.I. The church owned the Utah Central Railroad, and Brigham Young was personally, and as titular head of his church, amassing a fortune.

Secularization was having some internal effect in the Mormon community, and die Godbeite "New Movement" had its beginning. A schism developed when polygamist merchants William S. Godbe and Henry W. Lawrence joined with editors E. L. T. Harrison of the antiMormon Utah Magazine and T. B. H. Stenhouse of the Telegraph and others in publicly criticizing the Mormons for equating their religion with secular enterprises and for the temporal domination of the Mormon priesthood. The Utah Magazine had sought a public quarrel with Brigham Young, and as a latter-day Socrates it had corrupted the youth by encouraging them to enter the mines.

Vice-President Schuyler Colfax first visited Utah in October, 1869, conferred with the Godbeites and headed east determined to report the Utah situation in no uncertain or favorable terms to President Grant.

Thus the stage was set for the federal contest of the next twenty years over polygamy, while statehood for Utah was denied. The Liberal party entered the political arena in 1870 to oppose the People's party, which made a clear division of non-Mormons and Mormons respectively in Utah politics for the next two decades, and die lines were drawn. The uninitiated and naive had no place in this scene into which Daniel Tuttle entered determined to coexist in peace and to build his church without asking economic favors or giving doctrinal ground.

Bishop Tuttle had already made a careful study of Mormon theology, practice, and place in the community. He had positive ideas on the subject, which he set forth in his Reminiscences in later years.

He was frankly critical of the anthropomorphic nature of Mormon theology, and he looked upon polygamy as an anachronism saved from expected corruption by the religious duty attached to it. He felt that by the 1880's the abrogation of the practice was due to the enlightenment of the Mormon youth. He admired the missionary force and zeal of the Mormons and approved of their ready indulgence in prayer and their practice of tithing. In fact the Bishop's opposition to Mormonism was in the union of the church and the state and the power of the Mormon priesthood in temporal matters. In Reminiscences he wrote: 10

Whitney, op. cit., II, 279.

368

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

. . . A priesthood, not only commissioned from heaven but receiving constantly thence messages of guidance and direction and commandment, touching all human affairs, must be acknowledged to be a power with tremendous and terrible possibilities enwrapped in it. The infallibility of the priesthood and the domination of the priesthood cause the state to die of inanity, or of absorption into the church. . . . Whenever an ecclesiastical organization sets itself up as supreme, swallowing either or both of the other coordinant powers [the family and the state], then it becomes a despotism to be resisted and a danger to be resolutely fought.

Mormon priestly domination is un-American and antiAmerican. . . . it should be firmly opposed. But let the instruments and weapons of opposition be reason, argument, education, enlightenment, influence, persuasive truth.11 Perhaps the above quoted remark prompted Orson F. Whitney, a contemporary of Tuttle's, to describe his manner as brusque, being die "blunt candor of a fearless and honest nature." Whitney reported that the Bishop gained the esteem of the Utah people through fair treatment and frankness. . . .Though stating plainly his points of difference widi the Saints, either to them or to others, here and elsewhere, he never condescended to abuse or misrepresent them, but on the contrary took pleasure in testifying of their good traits, their honesty, industry, and morality, even while deploring what he considered the errors of their religious faith.12 On his return to Salt Lake City, the Bishop was confronted by the physical needs for permanent quarters for the church, the school, and the rectory. Church services had been continuously held in Independence Hall. St. Mark's School for boys and girls was housed in Groesbeck's store on Main Street at a monthly rental of forty dollars with the overflow of students going into two adjoining old storerooms.

Mr. Haskins had married and had been appointed army chaplain at Camp Douglas. The church had purchased a full lot with ten rod front on First South Street. A house was built thereon, and the Haskins and Foote families occupied this dwelling known at St. Mark's Rectory. The Tuttles lived in an adobe house rented from the Walker "Tuttle, op cit., 354-55.

"Whitney, op. cit., II, 314.

HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTION

Center, Independence Hall, located between State and Main in mid-block °f what is now Third South was built by the Walker Brothers and was the scene of early school sessions. Around the corner on Main Street the building in front left is Groesbeck's store where early students of St. Mark's met.

Brothers on a ten by twenty rod lot on the southwest corner of Main and T h i r d South, rent sixty dollars a month, until they moved into the rectory in 1871.

F r o m the beginning in 1867 the Episcopal church in Salt Lake City had been self-supporting, paying the salaries of its priests. Growth of the church had gone on without any preconceived plan, but by bent of nature Mr. Foote had taken over the pastoral work, Mr. Haskins had directed the school, and Warren Hussey had led the laity in securing local supplies and in contacting the business community.

George Foote had traveled east in the fall of 1869, visiting parishes and soliciting funds for a church building. In May, 1870, he returned to Salt Lake City with $18,000 as the nucleus for a building fund and with a set of plans drawn by R. Upjohn, the noted designer and architect for Trinity Church in N e w York City. Bishop Tuttle had secured an 80 by 165 foot lot on First South Street for $2,200, raising funds locally; and on July 30, 1870, the cornerstone of St. Mark's

370

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Cathedral was laid. A loan was obtained from local bankers to finish the building, and on May 21, 1871, the first services were held in the basement of the church. On the following September 3 services were held in the church proper. The local congregation and generous supporters of the Bishop in the East paid off all debts on the building, and consecration took place May 14, 1874. St. Mark's congregation continued to grow, and soon a mission was organized under the direction and sponsorship of St. Mark's parish, which became known as St. Paul's. St. Paul's Chapel, the second Episcopal church to be built in Salt Lake City, was located at Main and Fourth South and constructed in 1880 as a memorial to Jane Mount, of New York City.13 On his eastern trip George Foote had interested a young seminarian, the Rev. James L. Gillogly, in the Utah work. Accordingly, after his graduation Gillogly proceeded to Ogden to begin missionary work among the railroad workers who were dien making Ogden their home.

A freight car, the Union Pacific passenger waiting room, and an old saloon were the sites for his first services. In March, 1871, the Bishop purchased for $1,500 an old tannery located on the site of the present Post Office, where services were held until the stone structure of the Church of the Good Shepherd was completed and consecrated in February, 1875. Again the Bishop's eastern contacts proved the genuineness of their interest in the church and its missionary outpost when John W. Hammersley, of New York City, donated $11,000 to complete the building as a memorial to his deceased daughter, Catherine Livingstone. Mr. Gillogly subsequently built a brick schoolhouse adjoining the church. He personally had saved a little money, bought some town lots in Ogden and realized a $2,000 profit on a quick sale, which he donated to the school building project.

Meanwhile, the Episcopalians in Salt Lake City had met on November 15, 1870, and organized St. Mark's parish. Wardens elected were Warren Hussey and J. P. Taggart. The other vestrymen chosen were T. F. Tracy, A. W. White, E. R. Humphreys, W. Nowele, and G. B. Moulton. Bishop Tuttle was chosen rector, but before accepting this call he defined the responsibilities of this cathedral parish and his relationship to it. He would belong to the mission field primarily, and he would personally nominate his assistant who would be pastor of the parish. This organization continued during the Bishop's remaining sixteen years in Salt Lake City. George Foote served as pastor until 13

Wain Sutton, Utah, A Centennial History (3 vols., New York, 1940), II, 663.

BISHOP

DANIEL

S.

TUTTLE

371

February, 1871, when he accepted the rectorship of a parish in San Jose, California, being succeeded at St. Mark's by the Rev. R. M. Kirby.

Bishop Tuttle had an almost Jesuit-like feeling for education and its place in the community. This attitude he so instilled in his clergy that Thomas Haskins later wrote, "The Episcopal Church considers education as the chief handmaid of religion." 14 The Bishop had taught Latin, Greek, and mathematics in a preparatory school associated with Columbia University. He was a great defender of the public school system in an age when the schools were subjected to the criticism of secularization and godlessness. His defense lay in his belief that the living example of the well-trained Christian teacher was far more efficacious than any book learning.

Utah was without a free public school system until 1890. Such grammar schools as existed met in Mormon meetinghouses, payment of tuition was exacted, and Mormon doctrine was taught. Brigham "Tuttle, op. cit., 369-70.

The first St. Paul's chapel, built in 1880, was located at Main and Fourth South streets.

HISTORICAL SOCIETY FILES, N . G. MORGAN, SR., COLLECTION

HISTORICAL SOCIETY FILES, N . G. MORGAN, SR., COLLECTION

St. Mark's grammar school, a day school for boys and girls, was erected in 1873 opposite the old City Hall (present fire station) on First South Street.

Young in his last Circular of the First Presidency in 1877 announced that hereafter education should be free to Mormon children and that "the teachers should be Latter-day Saints, so that the children might learn only what they ought to know." 13 As noted earlier, the first act of the Episcopal missionaries in 1867 had been to open a day school in Salt Lake City. St. Mark's grammar school, for boys and girls, met in the rented storerooms, bowling alley, and Independence Hall until 1873 when a school building erected opposite the City Hall on First South east of State Street was first occupied. St. Mark's girls' school was housed in die basement of St. Mark's Cathedral after 1871 until it merged as the primary department of Rowland Hall, a boarding and day school for girls. Charlotte E. Hayden was the teacher and manager of the girls school. T h e lot and building for Rowland Hall on " A " Street and First Avenue were purchased with beneficences of the Benjamin Rowland family, of Philadelphia, and the boarding school opened in 1881. Bishop Tuttle taught 'Morris Robert Werner, Brigham Young (New York, 1925), 451-52.

BISHOP

DANIEL

S. T U T T L E

373

in the schools. Mr. Haskins served as headmaster to 1873, Rev. J. M. Turner to 1875, and Rev. George Miller until 1889.

The Bishop found the need for schools a pressing one. Students came not only from Gentile but also from Mormon families. The Ogden School of the Good Shepherd was opened in 1870. In 1873 St. John's School, Logan, and a school at Plain City were opened. In Logan and Plain City all scholars came from Mormon homes. Tuition was charged where feasible, and a system of forty dollars a year per student scholarships was devised for poor children. Five hundred such scholarships were provided up to 1886, some extending for a period of many years. As other grants and memorials many of these aids to students came from eastern benefactors. The Bishop reported that Episcopal Sunday schools furnished 221; churches, 87; individual women, 145; and men, 47.16 The Bishop was satisfied as to the lasting effect of the schools. Eight pupils and three teachers became Episcopal clergymen, including Mahlon N. Gilbert, later to be Bishop Coadjutor of Minnesota. In St. Mark's School and Rowland Hall, 3,186 boys and girls had been taught by 1886. The Episcopal schools had become a real part of the Utah scene, and as early as 1869 Secretary of State William H. Seward had signaled the importance of the work, when he said: . . . the schools undertaken by the Episcopal Church in Salt Lake City would do more to solve the Mormon problem than the army and Congress of the United States combined.17 In his annual address to the convocation of the missionary district in 1877 the Bishop wrote: . . . In Utah three new schoolhouses are being built, Ogden, Logan and Plain city â&#x20AC;&#x201D; emphasizing the truth that our great work in this Territory is with the young.

The Episcopal schools continued in operation until a free public school system was inaugurated, at which time they had fulfilled their purpose, and, with the exception of Rowland Hall, the schools were closed.18 Salt Lake City in 1869 was a community with three doctors, including the army surgeon at Camp Douglas, to minister to over 10

Tuttle, op. cit., 374.

Ibid., 365.

1S J. H. Melish, Franklin Spencer Spaulding (New York, 1917), 152.

17

374

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

15,000 people in the immediate vicinity, and no hospital. The Mormon plan of bishops' aid to the poor and the sick had sufficed until the advent of mining and die railroad brought about the industrial accident.

By 1872 the need for a hospital was acute. Bishop Tuttle found a committee of diree waiting on him for advice and the support of his office.

These three, two of them vestrymen at St. Mark's Cathedral, Dr. John F. Hamilton, a former post surgeon, and Major Edmund Wilkes, a mine manager, and the Rev. Mr. R. M. Kirby, presented a plan for the mining companies and other businessmen to subsidize the hospital, which would operate under the auspices of St. Mark's with Mr. Kirby superintendent.

Thus began St. Mark's Hospital on April 30, 1872, in a rented adobe house located at Fourth South and Fifth East streets. Twentyone patients were admitted during May, and by the first of November 116 had received treatment.19 The hospital was from the beginning a self-supporting institution. The Bishop, as a trustee for fourteen years, was proud of its operation and its unique position as die only haven of mercy for a number of years between Denver and die Pacific Coast.

The Bishop continued to guide die missionary work of the direeterritory district until 1880 when the Episcopal General Convention set apart Montana as a separate missionary district and assigned and styled Daniel S. Tuttle as Bishop of Utah with jurisdiction in Idaho.

The Bishop had made annual visitations to the growing mining towns of Montana, and every mile traveled by him in that territory (estimated over 40,000) had been made by stage or horseback. The people of die territory were among his dearest friends, and in 1904 at die St. Louis Exposition, as first citizen of Montana, he had the distinction of opening die state's building at the centennial fair.20 His love for his mountain flock was fully reciprocated.

As today's commercial travelers ponder the newest in airline and streamliner equipment as sort of an occupational hobby, so Dan Tuttle had become familiar with the stage lines and their drivers, who were among his closest and most respected friends. He was one of the best known and most sought after passengers in the West. His reputation for good fellowship spread among the drivers, and he always found a welcome on the top of the stage next to the driver. His aversion was the "jerker," or five passenger stage, as contrasted to the relatively comfortable fourteen passenger Concord, nine within and five on top. '" Tuttle, op. cit., 397.

Contributions to Montana Historical Society, V (Helena, Montana, 1904), 93.

20

PHOTO COURTESY BISHOP WATSON

Dr. John F. Hamilton, front, a member of the committee which met with Bishop Tuttle to organize St. Mark's Hospital. Mrs. Hamilton, rear, one of the first three Episcopal communicants in Salt Lake when Bishop Tuttle arrived. Child is unidentified.

Early picture of St. Mark's Hospital located in north Salt Lake. First organized by Bishop Tuttle in 1872, it was the only such institution between Denver and the Pacific Coast for a number of years.

PHOTO COURTESY BISHOP WATSON

376

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Twice he was in stage upsets, once in Echo Canyon and again in Port Neuf Canyon in Idaho. Never was he in a stage holdup, but he traveled equipped, often carrying a revolver; he knew diat the road agents seldom attacked passengers, but his kinship with the drivers gave him an interest in the stage and its cargo. In later years the days on the stage were a source of pleasant memories. The only truly unpleasant experience he could recount was a three day trip in a "jerker" from Salt Lake to Boise, where he arrived completely exhausted and physically ill after the constant pounding of the springless stage. The Concord coach manufacturers had his full blessing.

The Bishop felt a high sense of responsibility for the members of his flock who were isolated by distance and weadier from the church.

His Episcopal Register is a running record of the birth and growdi of new communities in the mountains, of services held wherever "two or three are gathered together" in Masonic halls, miners' cabins, and saloons, and of baptisms in ranch houses, and burials in new cemeteries on open hillsides.

The Bishop's first convocation of the clergy and laity of his district was held in 1873 at St. Mark's Cathedral in Salt Lake City. Annually thereafter convocation was held at different churches of the district.

The Bishop's addresses at convocation each year set forth guides to his clergy and their congregations which established a continuing policy for the district. He admonished his people to seek self-sufficiency and self-reliance. He expressed his thankfulness for aid received from eastern benefactors, but he suggested that his churches take outside aid only when honestly needed. He urged that children be exposed to the church's services early, even in preference to Sunday schools, and he strongly advocated the family type service and family prayer. He believed that a priest should be ambidextrous as a preacher and a pastor, with the entire community, not just Episcopalians, as the charge of the pastor. Available means of public notice should be utilized in publicizing church services and functions. The Episcopal church stresses Christ in ascension, and the Bishop directed diat his churches should observe Ascension Day as having equal importance with Good Friday, Easter, and Christmas.21 He had reason to report satisfaction in the accomplishments of the district. By August, 1886, in Utah alone since his arrival in Salt Lake Valley there had been 1,274 baptisms, 411 confirmations, and the three 21 Journals of Convocations of the Missionary District of Utah 1873-1886, in office of the Episcopal Bishop of Utah.

PHOTO COURTESY BISHOP WATSON

A meeting of Bishops of the Province of the Pacific at St. Mark's Cathedral in 1917 to honor Bishop Tuttle at the fiftieth anniversary of the beginning of his work 'n Utah.

Bishop Tuttle, left foreground; back >'ow, left, Bishop Paul Jones, Bishop of Utah in 1917; and the Rev. W. F. Bulkley, third from left, back roworiginal communicants had multiplied to 324. St. Mark's Hospital had cared for 4,776 patients, and St. Mark's School and Rowland Hall had taught 3,186 boys and girls. 22 There were 763 pupils in the Episcopal schools in Utah in attendance in 1886.23 May 27, 1886, found the Bishop on a visitation to southern Utah.

T h e lumbering stage with D a n Tuttle atop, covered thick with dust, stopped at the Wells Fargo office at Silver Reef. A telegram was handed up, and the Bishop read the advice of die convention of the diocese of Missouri of his election as Bishop of Missouri. T h e diocesan convention called for his deliberate reflection, recalling his rejection of the call in 1868. T h e Bishop conducted services at Silver Reef and returned to Salt Lake City to consult with his family, his district clergy, and the vestry of St. Mark's. W i t h nineteen years of episcopal experience behind him he could no longer plead youth and inexperience to cope with the responsibilities of a diocesan bishop. H e was now forty-nine years old, and felt that die demands of a mountain "Tuttle, op cit,, 487.

13

Whitney, op. cit., II, 316.

378

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

missionary bishop were for a man at least no older. He had conducted services in forty-four places in the past year. Even limited to Utah and Idaho, his visitations covered the entire period from April to November. He felt that the call to Missouri must be considered as a demand for his services, and his personal conveniences and desires must be subordinated to a call to duty in new fields. On June 16 he accepted the call to Missouri, subject to the consent of the bishops of the church.

August 9 found die Bishop at Soda Springs, Idaho, where he received notice of the certification of his election and the consent of the bishops and standing committees of the church. He was now Bishop of Missouri, and his work in the mountains was at an end.

The years from 1886 to 1923 tell a whole new story for Bishop Tuttle. Beloved by his Missourians and a civic leader in St. Louis, his last twenty years were spent as Presiding Bishop, the highest administrative position of the church. There he directed his church through a period of growth and changes in organization. His was the responsibility for the chaplaincies of World War I and the participation of the church in the Anglican Communion at Lambeth in England.

Bishop Tuttle's love for the Mountain West never waned. He was on a trip through Idaho visiting friends of the early days on August 18, 1899, when he received word from St. Louis of die sudden death of his wife and helpmate, Harriet Tuttle. In 1903 he served once more for a year acting as Bishop of Salt Lake, a newly created missionary district, after the death of Bishop Abiel Leonard, who had been his immediate successor in Utah. He remained vigorous in health and an active preacher and pastor to the end. At the time of his death at eighty-six he had been planning one more trip west. But the Bishop wrote his own finale to the mountain people when on August 9, 1886, he added the final entry in his Episcopal Register, reporting his receipt of certification of his election to Missouri, and as was his habit in quoting the psalmist, concluding, "This my record is closed. Miserere mei, Deus.

Dan'l S. Tuttle"

Facsimile of the two pages of the Bliss lournal which were torn apart. Photostat copies of the complete journal are now on file in the library of the Historical Society.

THE

ROBERT

S. B L I S S

JOURNAL

Edited by Everett L. Cooley *

INTRODUCTION In December, 1958, the records of the Mormon Battalion Monument Commission and the records of the State Society Daughters of the Mormon Battalion were transferred to the Utah State Archives. Found in these records were thirty-three pages of a handwritten journal. They were written in both brown and blue ink on ruled sheets, four by six inches in size.

The journal itself offers no positive clue to the identity of its writer. It does reveal the fact that he had served with the Mormon Battalion. He had now returned to Salt Lake City and was anxiously awaiting the arrival of good weather so that he with other Battalion members could journey eastward to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, to meet the families they had left in July, 1846, at the beginning of the famous Battalion march.

Although the journal fails to identify the author, correspondence among the records of the Daughters of the Mormon Battalion reveals that the author was Robert S. Bliss, private in Company "B," Mormon Battalion. The - correspondence also throws considerable light on the * Dr. Cooley is Director of the Utah State Archives, a Division of the Historical Society. Changes in spelling or punctuation in the journal have not been made unless necessary for clarity.

382

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

circumstances surrounding the whereabouts and publication of the larger portion of the Bliss journal which appeared in this magazine in 1931.1 This previously published portion gives an excellent account of the march of the Battalion from Kansas via Santa Fe to San Diego, It contains interesting details of garrison duty in San Diego, the march northward through central California, the climb over Donner's Summit, and the discovery of the unburied remains of the ill-fated Donner party. A description of the route Bliss's party followed eastward along the Marys River (the Humboldt) to Fort Hall, then southward into the Valley of the Great Salt Lake in October, 1847, is of real interest.

However, the journal ends abruptly in the middle of an entry, January 13, 1848, in the middle of a sentence and the middle of a word, "the people are making extensive prepa" . . . .

At the time of its appearance in 1931, Editor J. Cecil Alter wrote an introduction, which says in part: Here is presented another valuable day-by-day journal written by a member of the Mormon Battalion,...

But little is known concerning the previous or subsequent history of this journalist. Through the Latter-day Saints temple archives it is learned that Robert S. Bliss, in taking his endowments at Nauvoo on January 29, 1846, gave his birth date as August 1, 1805; and that he was a member of die Seventies organization of the Church. Mary Ann Bliss, presumably his wife, took her endowments on the same date and at the same place, giving her birth date as March 23,1811.

The original of this journal is now in the files of the Historical Society at San Diego, California, presented by Mrs. Mary J. Clawson, 124 Second Avenue, Salt Lake City, Utah, who also furnished for publication in this Quarterly, the journal of her father, Nathaniel V. Jones. Mrs. Clawson relates that the Bliss manuscript journal came to her in a rather mysterious manner, the sender still unidentified, while she was publishing a weekly story in the Deseret News several years ago of the week-by-week movements of the Battalion.

At that time Mrs. Clawson had organized and was promoting the interests of the State Society, Daughters of the Mormon Battalion (and of which she is still the historian), which organization after ten years of labor, finally turned over to the state of Utah the project which resulted in the magnificent Mormon Battalion Monument on the Utah State Capitol grounds in Salt Lake City.

1

See Utah Historical Quarterly, IV (July, October, 1931). Copies are still available.

THE

BLISS

JOURNAL

383

The Bliss journal, as it came to Mrs. Clawson having been carried throughout the Battalion's long march to California, back again to the Missouri River, and thence again to Utah, was of course pretty badly dilapidated, dirty and dog-eared, though still perfectly legible, and complete as originally written down each day. The journal begins abruptly as shown herewith, on August 18, 1846, as if the storekeeper's leatherbound, rough-paper daybook had not been obtained until the Battalion had been on the march four weeks, and had just crossed the Kaw or Kansas River and reached Spring Creek, where the first journal entry indicates some of the Bliss laundering was done. Possibly the previous diary was on other paper, lost long ago.

Some of the original entries were made in blue ink, though most of them were in black ink, indicating variable sources of writing materials. One section of die journal, consisting of several pages, was written in a mysterious red ink, being a portion in the midst of the work, at a time when and a place where ordinary inks were doubtless unobtainable.

Mrs. Clawson mentioned the Bliss journal in a general way to Mrs. Oliver G. Workman, on one occasion, and Mrs. Workman replied with some enthusiasm: "Why that is the journal that was written in blood. The writer ran out of ink, and pricked his arm widi a pin to obtain his writing fluid."

Questioned as to the origin of the information, Mrs. Workman explained that her husband, a mess mate in Company B with Mr. Bliss, had seen the ink so produced and used, and had often spoken of the circumstances to Mrs. Workman.

(J.C.A.) Following the last entry of the journal, the editor then added a terminal statement: Here the journal ends as unceremoniously as it began, in the midst of interesting entries. . . .

Unfortunately no more of the Bliss Journal has been found; and the only intimation of his future movements is contained in the following brief entry in die Documentary History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, for 1848, page 35, in the Church Historian's Office in Salt Lake City.

"Wednesday, May 3, 1848. Capt. Gardner, accompanied

by Samuel Lewis, Alva C. Calkins, William Garner, Ami Jackman, David Stewart, Robert S. Bliss, and Abner Black-

384

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

man, arrived at Winter Quarters from the Valley, bringing many letters." Winter Quarters were at the Omaha-Council Bluffs frontier settlements; "The Valley" refers of course to the Salt Lake Valley.

The discovery of this last portion of the Robert S. Bliss journal contradicts the final statement of the editor, for the entry of January 13, 1848, is completed, and the journal continues through May 2, 1848, with Bliss within one day's travel of Winter Quarters.

Of interest to this writer is, how did the journal become separated? Why is the original of the first portion located in the San Diego Historical Society? Why was the original of the last portion found among the records of the Daughters of the Mormon Battalion?

And why was Editor Alter not shown the last portion of the journal in 1931?

The apparent answers are these. Some time prior to 1915, Mrs. Mary J. Clawson came into possession of the complete Bliss journal.

Being of a generous nature, Mrs. Clawson removed that portion of the journal concerning Bliss's service in San Diego and his journey from that point to Salt Lake City. This she sent to Margaret V. Allen in San Diego. The journal was there placed on display as part of the "Old San Diego exhibit" in the Gallery of California History at the Panama-California Exposition.2 At the close of the exposition, the portion of the Bliss journal in San Diego became the property of the San Diego Pioneer Society.

Here it reposed, as far as we know,! unmolested and unnoticed, until 1927 when George I. Putnam became interested in it. "A note affixed to the corner of the journal" directed Mr. Putnam's attention to the Daughters of the Mormon Battalion.3 Mrs. Mary J. Clawson, historian of the Daughters, replied to Mr. Putnam's inquiry in the following words: Your letter of Oct 11 referring to the Robert Bliss diary or the portion in the Historical Society at San Diego was interesting. We have never had a typed copy made. Realizing the important contribution it has made to western history, it must be made complete. We gave to San Diego the portion refer1

Letter of Margaret V. Allen (no date) in the Utah State Archives.

Letter from Mr. George I. Putnam to the Secretary's Office Daughters Mormon Battalion, dated October 11, 1927, in Utah State Archives. The note affixed to the journal read, "This is a part of the journal kept by Robert Bliss, Private Co B. Mormon Battalion.

The portion referring to his march before and after arriving in Utah has been retained by the Daughters of Battalion."

3

THE

BLISS

JOURNAL

385

ring to that Town, from sheer sympathy on finding how little history they possessed of that period, and we possessed so much that was vital. The journal never should have been separated. However, you might have a copy made of die part in San Diego. I will have one made of the part we have. In that way it will be complete, and we can make the exchange. If the historical society will permit you to do this, let us hear later.4 There then followed an exchange of correspondence between Mr. Putnam and Mrs. Clawson which apparently resulted in Mrs. Clawson's sending another portion of the original Bliss journal to Mr. Putnam.5 Mr. Putnam then turned the journal over to the San Diego Pioneer Society.

A letter from the "head" of the Society, Miss Louise Verlaque to Mrs. Clawson, gives still further information on the later gift of a portion of the Bliss journal: I have just received from Mr. George I. Putnam of San Diego the portion of the Robert S. Bliss Diary which he informed us you have presented to the Pioneer Society of San Diego. We had the other portion of the Diary which I believe was presented to us also by the Daughters of the Mormon Battalion. We do indeed feel very grateful to you for the completion of the Diary.

Mr. Putnam has been very interested in it and has also presented us his copy â&#x20AC;&#x201D; so we are fortunate in being able to keep the original and circulate his copy.

Thanking you and yours â&#x20AC;&#x201D; in the name of the Pioneer Society of San Diego.6 4

Letter in Utah State Archives.

Mr. Putnam's letter of January 26, 1928, now in the Utah State Archives, to Mrs. Clawson reads: As you must know by this time, your package was received in good order, and I have been deeply interested in the study of its contents. Your letter was also received. I feel deeply indebted to you for all your kindness in placing at my command first-hand documents of such great historical interest.

This morning I have succeeded in communicating with Miss Louise Verlaque, who heads the Pioneer Society, and told her of your generosity in sending the balance of the original Bliss Diary. She was very appreciative and said she would call for it very soon, as the Society is to hold a meeting on Monday, the 30th, and she wished to have it in hand before then. So I do not doubt but you will shortly receive genuine thanks from the Society. For myself, I am surprised and deeply gratified by your gift. It had not occurred to me that you would willingly part with it, and the diary, as a whole, more intimately concerns Mormon history than it does San Diego. But it is a record that I am sure the Pioneer Society will cherish as one of its choice possessions. . . .

0 Letter in the Utah State Archives.

5

386

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

From this it appears that in 1928 Mrs. Clawson presented, through Mr. Putnam, the remainder of the Bliss journal to the San Diego Pioneer Society. If this is so, when and how did it get back into the files of the Daughters of the Mormon Battalion and finally into the Utah State Archives in 1958?

One possible answer is that there were two portions of the Bliss journal which were not given to the San Diego Pioneer Society in 1915, but were retained by the Daughters of the Mormon Battalion.

The first gift was die middle portion which was displayed at the Panama-California Exposition. A later gift to the San Diego Pioneer Society in 1928 was the first portion (August 18, 1846, to March 15, 1847) of the Bliss journal. The original of the last portion (January 13, 1848, to May 2, 1848) was possibly never sent to California. Mr. Putnam probably had access to a copy of this portion only.

If this is the answer to the question of how the Bliss journal was found in the records of the Daughters of the Mormon Battalion, it still does not answer the question why it was not made available to Mr. Alter when he edited and published the Robert Bliss journal in the Utah Historical Quarterly in 1931.7 Certainly Mrs. Clawson and Mr. Putnam were familiar with the complete journal.

Whatever die answer, here is presented die final chapter of the Bliss journal.

JOURNAL January 13, 1848 â&#x20AC;&#x201D;May 2, 1848 [Jan 13th yesterday removed my lodgings to Bro Drakes last night had some rain the People are making extensive prepa] rations for Gardens Plowing &c &c the Weather is warm like Spring & the grass is growing fine so that cattle & horses have plenty of green grass; the atmosphere is pure & there has been no sickness as yet among us to speak of 7 A letter from Mr. Alter to the author dated April 25, 1959, has this to say about the newly discovered Bliss journal: Your letter is the first and only intimation I have ever had of the existence of the missing parts of the Bliss journal. It is therefore quite surprising, to put it mildly, to learn from your letter that "both Mrs. Clawson and Mr. Putnam had knowledge of this later section" of the journal, while the other part was in our hands. I was not so informed! There must be some extenuating circumstance: Mrs. Clawson's sudden, untimely, and prolonged illness?

It was never brought to my attention that the part of the journal at San Diego had a note affixed stating that the rest of it was in Salt Lake City. . . .

THE

BLISS

JOURNAL

387

From 13 to 16th fine weather like summer days; some Frost nights; we are in hopes of starting for the States in about four weeks if the weather continues as it is now there is some 4 or 5 sawmills building one Grist Mill in operation & one or 2 more building besides other machinery in progress; the streams in this valley are good for all kinds of machinery as I ever saw in any country Jan 19th for the last few days have been in the mts cutting timber I find more timber than I expected [to] find among the mts. the snow is melting fast & I hope soon to be on the road for my family; I learn Onions Lettuce & Tomatoes are comeing up here the weather is like summer in the valley although we have some frost nights All are pleased with Climate &c &c Sun 23 d I am to day at the ringing of the Bell assembled to meeting Eld Taylor Preached to us & gave us good instrution; the Weather is fine & uniform Pleasant days & cool nights; to day a company starts for Fort Bridger & soon a company starts for the Pacific Ocean to explore a new rout for the Saints to come to this valley; the longer I stay in this place the more I am pleased with the Location climate &c Jan 27th 1848 two weeks from to day we expect to start for the states; the weather continues warm as usual Jan 28th Warm & Pleasant like summer I am reminded of the words of Sister Webb "Where the sky is serene & the Pure Waters flow; where the Climate is healthy, O there let me go" this is truly the finest climate I ever was in with the exception of the Pacific Coast, there is but little sickness here & those that complain their diseases were brought on by other Climates. There are some disadvantages we labour under here our Timber & wood has to be brought from the mts & there are many deep springs in this valley which are dangerous at present for cattle an[d] also the wolves kill some cattle; but the springs will be drained & the wolves will be killed in a few years indeed we have cought & killed more than 300 wolves this winter already the People are busy & doing all they can for the general good of the Settlement with a verry few exceptions & they appear to be self willed &c I am pleased with the Officers who are left to Preside here in the absence of the 12 Apostles; no man will do wrong if he will adhere to there Counsil for they are good men; & men of God & I feel to Bless them in my heart all the day long & I want to be blessed of my Heavenly Father under the hands of such men & hope I may live &

HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTION

Artist's drawing of early sawmill operations. Whipsaws were used in the early mills.

A saw pit was built, and an upright saw was operated by two men, one standing above the log and the other below it. The log was anchored over the pit and the men drew a large saw with handles on each end up and down to cut the desired widths.

THE

BLISS

JOURNAL

389

assist such men in their work for the Last time though it be through much tribulation8 Sun Jan 30th 1848 Yesterday & to day some snow fell the Wind is in the North & it is some cooler than usual; one more sabbath is all I expect to spend in this valley untill I go for my beloved Family whose anxiety & concern for my wellfare must be Great after more than 18 months absence through an Enemys Land of Deserts & mountains. Suffering more than Death by hunger thirst & fatigue While I think of the trials Privations & exposures my family must have endured in my absence being left on the naked Prairie with only a covered wagon for their shelter from the elements destitute of many of the comforts of Life[,] I can hardly wait with Patience for the time to arrive which is set for our departure Mon 3 I t Jan snowed some & appears some cooler than usual Tues Feb It to day some snow on the mts & in the valley some fill at night Wed Feb 2d 1848 Warm & Pleasant through the day From 2d Feb to the 6th Warm & pleasant days with Frost nights to day Sun 6th attended Publick meeting in the Old Fort & listened to a good discourse from Eld P. P. Pratt on the subject of the Gospel which immediately concerned us as a People; the People are well & enjoy the best health here that they ever enjoyed before & we conclude this is as healdiy as any part of the World for there are some from different parts of the World, the longer I live here the more I am Pleased with the Location & Wisdom of the 12 in leading this People to this little World of Blessings; here is the Great Salt Lake answering to the Ocean with all the Rivers & Streams of the Great Bacin flowing into it & having no communication with any Part of the World; & surrounded by a chain of Everlasting mountains to enclose us we hope from mobs & the heavy hand of Percicution that has hithto followed us Feb 9th the weather continues warm & pleasant I have seen Grasshoppers & butterflies & outher insects to day Sporting in the sunbeams & the Geese are coming back to Salt lake from the South s Those "left to Preside" were: John Smith, president; Charles C. Rich and John Young, counselors; and Henry G. Sherwood, Thomas Grover, Levi Jackman, John Murdock, Daniel Spencer, Stephen Abbott, Ira Eldredge, Edison Whipple, Shadrach Roundy, John Vance, Willard Snow, and Abraham O. Smoot, high councilmen.

390

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Sat. Feb 12th 1848 the weather continues warm; a company has just returned from Fort Bridger with Beef cattle tiiey report the mts passable for Pack Animals but the snow is in places 8 or 10 ft deep we expect to start the fore part of next week for Winter Quarters with letters &c for the Church; we learn that the company that started the 12th of Jan are at Bridger waiting for us to come up before they go any farther Last night about 9 O'Clock Bishop [Jacob] Fouts died of a Fit of Apoplexy but few Deaths have occurred here & those of Diseases of other climates Sun 13th Feb assembled for meeting & partook of the Sacrement &c we can see to day die snow falling on the mts & die Council thinks we had better wait another week before we go to Winter Quarters as some of the men were frozen badly who came from Fort Bridger. My anxiety is so great to see my family I would freely endure almost any privation or hardship to get to them Mon 14th we can see some snow fell on the mts last night & we are under the direction of die Council to go as soon as they diink we can go in safety as they have important letters to send; which must be carryed in safety & they think we should not start for winter [Quarters] untill there is a prospect of our Animals as well as ourselves subsisting among the cold mts we are to pass over the company that returned from fort Bridger some of them were badly frozen & the snow & cold winds was verry severe on them; although here in the valley it is warm & pleasant & no snow; horses and Cattle are doing well for Grass is fine on the benches of the mts and wheat is coming up in short this is one of the most beautiful locations I ever saw as to health pure water & mill Privileges excelent. Soil Salt &c the atmosphere is so pure we can see 20 or 25 miles as plain as we can see 5 or 6 miles in Illinois or the eastern States; & I have seen cattle pla[i]n feeding near Salt lake at least 18 or 20 miles of[f] when the sun was nearly setting I could not believe such storys myself if I had not traveled so much in the valley & [k]new the distance. I have often seen mts ahead in my travels which seemed to be only 18 or 20 miles off which has taken 3 day hard travel to reach Tues 15th 1848 Visited a canion of the mts & saw some fine trout in the stream that run from the mt there is also flowers in bloom in the canions I also saw Green Grass 3 in high my horses are doing well &c

THE

BLISS

JOURNAL

391

Wed 16tb fine day Thur 17th last night we had a fine shower which will probably cause the Wheat to come up & the Grass to grow finely; the inhabitants were just agoing to water their wheat ground but die shower was in time; so it saves much work; although the rain fell here in the valley it snowed on the mts so as to cover many mts that were bare before Frid Feb 18th 1848 Last night about 4 In snow fell in the valley & about one foot deep on the mts & to day it snows some though it thaws as fast as it falls & the weather is warm Sat 19th warm but cloudy & some snow storms around us on the mts; some cattle have been killed by the wolves lately; how soon we shall be able to start for Winter Quarters I know not for there has much snow fell lately on die mts which will put us back for some time yet Last night Mrs Allen died in this place of consumption Sun 20th 1848 Last night froze some but to day it is warm & pleasant & the snow is dsappearing fast & from every appearane I hope we shall be able to start for our families soon; I have been about 17 months from my family & have not heard from them for more than 8 months no one knows my anxiety to see them unless they have been in like circumstances & possessed of like refined feelings of home & the joys of domestic life But I am thankful to my Heavenly Fadier diat I am with kind Brothring & Friends who administer to my necessities & am not under Tyranical U S Officers suffering hunger thirst sickness & fatigue on trackless deserts & mountains crowned with snow as formely & hope I may never [see] such times again Mon 2 I t & Tues 22d good weather the snow that fell a few days ago is nearly off in the valley; Yesterday two Gentfiles ?] arived from Fort Bridger on their way to California they report the road passable over the mts which makes me hope we shass [shall] start soon on our Journey to winter Quarters to day there was a Wolf Hunt which proved fatal to 1 man by the mane [sic] of Shade he dug & eat a Root which proved to be musquass & only lived a few minutes after he returned home9 Wed 23 d Last night the wind was in the North East & it froze as hard as any night this winter but to day it is more moderate & thaws some ' For another account of this see "Diary of Lorenzo Dow Young," Utah Historical Quarterly, XIV (1946), 165.

392

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Thurs 24th to day the weather is fine as usual Frid 25th four months to day since I arrived in this valley; die time seems long since I parted with my Family & friends at Council Bliffs [sic] but I hope the Council will let us go soon to our families I am sure if they had been as long from their Familes they would feel different but it is all right they do not want us to go untill we can go safe & not endanger our lives & those of our Animals among the cold bleak mts we have to cross over; to day the weather has been warm although we can see the snow falling on the mts around us Sat 26th Feb 1848. Last night Prest Levi Hancock visitet us & sung some of his Excelent songs composed while on our Journey to California accompanyed by die violin;10 the description of our Sufferings and Hardships brought vividly to my mind scenes I hope never to see again; Prest Hancock is one of our best men; his counsel on all occasions was good I have been with him in many trying circumstances & always found him faidiful & True; I hope I may so live that I may never forfeit the friendship of such men; I have Just returned from a visit to die warm Springs the Ensign Peak & a bed of Red paint on the side of the mt 11 the Springs are a curiosity & have effected cures & probably will yet be a resort of Thousands; my ^eart is full of Gratitude to my Heavenly Father when I think of His Mercy & Goodness to this People; our situation in this valley is delightful here I breath a pure & free Air not contaminated with foul Spirit of Mobocracy & misrule & trust here we can sit under our own vine & fig tree Sun Feb 27th 1848. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; T h i s morning is pleasant & beautiful & appears like Spring weather; last night we had some frost but the Grass in places is 5 or 6 inches high especially on the benches of the mts at 12 O Clock to day Prest L. Hancock called the 70's together on some business concerning the erecting some houses for Prest Joseph Young &c while we were assembled a boy of Mr. Oakee was killed in a moment by the rooling of a sawlog from the top of a saw pit to see the sorrow & anguish of the Parents was Lamentable some men for the lack of Cautiousness involve many in Sorow & Destruction this axident has involved us all with a feeling of simpathy & sorrow Mon 28th the weather is still warm & the appearance is we shall soon start for winter Quarters 10 Levi W. Hancock was a musician in Company "E" of the Mormon Battalion. " The "red paint" is iron oxide, a precipitate from the sulphurous waters of the springs. The Indians used this for their war paint.

THE

BLISS

JOURNAL

393

Tues 29th Is the Last day of Winter; to day Prest L Hancock called us together who are going to Winter Quarters to fix on a day to start; the Council decided last night we might go when Prest L. Hancock thought best & it was agreed unanimously we start next Monday; which is a great relief to my mind after an abscene of nearly one year & eight months from my Family; Last night it rained all night & to day is a lowry misty day if the weather should clear off pleasant Grass & wheat would grow finely; the Indians around us in this valley are Singular beings; they took some Indian Prisenors from another tribe soon after our People came here & killed them after trying to sell them to us with the exception of one a female & soon as our People saw they killed their Prisenors they bought the Squaw & clothed her & she is now living in town & learning our Language fast a few days ago the Indians agreed to go on a hunting Expedition they had one lame Indian among them who was unable to go with them or get a living they therefore for fear he would fall into the hands of their Enemies decided he should die he was accordingly killed; we frequently saw the poor fellow in Town & did not know they had killed him untill a few days ago March 1 * 1848 commences another Spring which is the seccond Spring I have seen since I parted with my Family & friends at Council Bluffs to day is one of the Pleasantest & warmest days we have had since last fall and from every appearance we shall have a tolable good time to cross the mts Thurs 2d March To day 40 men started against a tribe of Utah Indians who have killed some of our Cattle & drove others away; fine day warm as usual &c Frid 3d March 1848 Yesterday I saw wild Geese returning from the South which indicates Spring I also see the Salmon are coming from their Winter Quarters to the stream in the valley I saw some fine ones in Mill Creek the other day they are an excelent Fish their flesh is yellow & sweet eating;12 this is the warmest day we have had this spring & I trust we shall have a good time in crossing the mts the time has come for spring crops some are plowing some sowing & others are making Gardens fencing &c the Wheat is coming up & Grass is now fine for stock &c 12 According to Lee Kay, of the State Fish and Game Department, these "salmon" were what are now called "native trout."

394

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Sat 4th March 1848 The boy that was killed last Sun I have since learned the particulars of an Iindian was die cause of the log rooling on the boy I saw a number of Indians at the time running for home when the axident took place; he reported the affair to his Chief; the Chief told him to take one of his children a little boy & go & deliver him to the man who lost the Child to kill or adopt in his family as he saw fit & to the astonishment of the Parent the Indian came with his boy & offered him in sacrifice to atone for his supposed Crime Mr Oakee gave him to> understan we had no> such customs among us he therefore could take his boy home This morning has ushered in fine as usual I think Spring Weather is farely commenced; at all events the People mean to have it so by their diligence & Industry in Gardening fencing plowing &c Sun 5 th March This morning the troops came in to Town that went out the 2d March; they found the Indians had stolen 17 head of cattle & one horse they took one Gun from them & caused some to be Whiped & they promised not to do the like again So they left them;13 To day is a beautiful day warm like summer; while the People assembled for meeting at the Stand Prest L. W. Hancock myself & others met at Father John Smith [']s to receive his Benediction & Blessing we found him in Excelent Spirits and were Blessed with a Blessing indeed He said we should be prosperd on our Journey our Animals also we should enjoy Health be preserved from our enemies & go safely through & find our families Well &c &c. & I felt truly it would be so inasmuch as we were faithful to our God & Each other; it is truly gratifying to me & I rejoice we have men in this Church whose Words are the Word of the Lord & whose faith Prayers & Blessings Prevail with the mighty God of Jacob in our behalf & I know the Lord has sustained us in time past as the Prophet told us & verily he will again Mon 6th March 1848 The long wished for day has at last come when we were to start for our famileys & friends at winter Quarters we were supplyed by the Liverality of the Saints with Provisions for our Journey; came 6 miles from town to the mouth of the canion & encamped to wait for for some to find their horses at night we were 13

A report of the event, made to Brigham Young in an epistle from Salt Lake, reads: The Marshall with forty four men has just returned from visiting the Indians on the east side of Utah Lake, and reports that they had driven off and killed seventeen of our cattle and one horse; the only compensation obtained was one gun; the chief whipped several of the band and they all promised to do better. (See Manuscript History of Brigham Young, March 2nd, 1848, pp.

14-15, L.D.S. Historian's Library.)

THE

BLISS

JOURNAL

395

exposed to a severe shower of rain which ended with a snow storm towards morning Tues 7th March lay by for the boys to come up Wed 8th March our boys came this morning & reported that Prest L. W. Hancock had concluded to stay So we chose Bro Wm Garner for our Capt & R S Bliss Historian & forth with packed up & started for the mts soon after we started it commenced snowing & continued snowing severe untill we camped which was after passing over one mt. about 19 miles from the valley near Willow Springs Thurs 9 passed up the mt we soon found the snow to increase in depth after taking the waggon some 3 miles we was obliged to leave it; we continued to progress slowly untill we came within a mile of the top we laboured hard ttÂť brake down the snow untill night & were obliged to camp in the snow & our horses had nothing to eat all night Snowed all day Frid 10th 1848 March this morning some went back to the waggon to get letters &c while others went to brak roads & examine the mt we soon assertained it was impossible to go over the mt in this pass So we had to go back came as far as willow Springs & encamped on our old camping Ground; the snow was from 2 to' 10 ft deep & perhaps more our animals as well as ourselves have had a hart time we assended a mt with our animals untill we were enveloped in the cloud that had rained and snowed all day on us & it was so thick & dark we coud not see each other only a few rods apart Sat 11th to day came down die Canion to the Valley & encamped on Red Butfte] Creek to wait for some to arrange their baggag for packing as we shall leave the Waggon & go up the Weaver [Weber] River some 30 or 40 miles North of here Sun 12th March this morning some of our animals strayed away & it took us untill late to find them started however earley enough to reach the City Plot about noon where some of our friends met us from town & bid us good-By again came this afternoon about 10 m & encamped hoping some more will Join us here there being but 7 now in company 4 having left us on account of the waggon being left behind.14 Their Baggage could not be carried 14

Appearing on the torn last page of the journal are seven names, apparently of the men who accompanied Bliss. The names as they appear are: Wm Garner, Capt.; R. S. Bliss Historian; Alvah C. Calkins; Abner L. Blackburn; Ami R. Jackman; Saml Lewis; David Stuart.

396

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Mon 13 th 1848 This morning started in good season & traveled to the mouth of the Weaver & encamped we observed a variety to entertain us to day[,] Wild Geese Sand bill Cranes Spring Birds Butterflies & a variety of insects Flowers of various hues & was cheered by the Peeping of the frogs in many places just as we camped we saw 13 mt Sheep Tues 14th Last night was a cool Windy night but to day is again fine weather passed up the weaver through a difficult pass through among the Rocks & Sides of the mt which opened into a fine valley some 2 miles wide with considerable timber on the streams came to the upper end of the valley & encamped near Some Indian lodges lately deserted this valey would afford great advantages for a settlement15 Wed 15th March continued our Journey up the weaver & crossed it some 16 times within ten miles; we came to' the waggon road about 2 O'Clock P.M. & traveled some 5 miles farther & encamped by some mts of rocks resembling Ancient Castles making about 20 miles to day we are now 45 miles from Salt Lake16 Thur 16th Last night it rained nearly all night soon after we started it commenced raining again & continued to rain by Squalls untill about noon then snowed untill we camped which made it verry disagreeable traveling we made 26 or 28 miles to day Frid 17th Snowed all night but we started for Bear River that our Animals might find some grass to sustain them for they found none last night to day is cold & Windy we found some difficulty in going through snow banks & fording the streams reached Bear River about 10 or 12 miles & forded it & camped on the East Bank found plenty of wood which we were destitute of last night Excepting a few willows Sat 18th March Last night it snowed & this morning the mts & valleys were covered with a mantle of snow the weather is cold we had frequent snow squalls through the day & some difficulty in getting With variations in spelling, these same names appear in the Manuscript History of Brigham Young,.p. 35.

William A. Garner was a private in Company B of the Mormon Battalion, while Alva C. Calkins was a private in Company A and Abner L. Blackburn and Samuel Lewis were privates in Company C. The names of Jackman and Stuart do not appear on the Battalion rolls.

15 The "difficult pass" was undoubtedly Devils Gate, and the "fine valley" was probably Morgan Valley. '"For earlier accounts of traveling this route, see: "The Journal of Heinrich Lienhard," Utah Historical Quarterly, XIX (1951), 130.

THE

BLISS

JOURNAL

397

our Animals through the snow drifts for the last few days our Animals were frequently down & it was by much exercion they could extricate themselves from the drifts of snow came some 18 miles to day and encamped on a stream called Muddy Sun 19th March 1848 Last night was cold with some snow traveled 14 miles & reached Fort Bridger here we encamped to buy meat &c for our journey here Bro Armstrong left us who had accompaned us from the valley here we were joined by a Gentleman who wished to go with us to the states to day is a cold raw day with snow squalls Mon 20th March 1848 Left Fort Bridger this morning & crossed a number of streams on the Ice which were verry difficult to cross to day is also cold & snows some occasionaly; had some sport to day with a herd of Antelope they were hemed in between two creeks & they had to run by us before they could get out of our reach we fired one shot at them but they were to far of[f] to take effect we came about 18 miles & camped on Blacks Fork Tues 21t March Last night was the coldest night we have had but today has been pleasant there is no snow on the ground here & has been none since we left Fort Bridger saw many Antelope today & some Sage hens they are a fine fowl much larger than the Prairie hen of Illinoiss; came 19 miles to day & camped on Hams-Fork a fine stream this is comparatively a level country though upon the height of the mts we have been some 5 or 6 days traveling on verry elevated ground & expect it will take some four or five days more to' pass to the other side of the mt Wed 22d This morning left Hams Fork & traveled 18 miles to Green River a tributary to the Old Colerado which we crossed near the Gulf of California we crossed after comeing up the West Bank 5 mil by fording it this is a fine River & plenty of Cotton Wood growing on either side continued our Journey 6 miles farther to Big Sandy which runs into Green River below the ford making 29 miles to day saw many herds of Antelope to day there is no snow here but we can see the Wind River mts white with snow far to the North east of us Thur 23d to day came about 28 miles & camped on little Sandy from Big Sandy to the ford of the same is about 18 miles & from the crossing to little Sandy 10 miles making 28 miles to day saw many fresh signs of Buffalo this afternoon also saw many Antelope to day but they are verry Wild having been hunted so much by the Indians

398

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Frid 24th Came 30 miles over the Pass or divide & camped on to Sweet Water; Last night had some snow & to day frequent snow squalls & verry cold colder than we have seen this winter this afternoon the snow difficult to pass & injurous to our Animals feet on account of the crust Sat. 25th March 1848 to day came 12 or 14 miles down sweet water & camped on camp creek verry cold & disagreeable found considerable snow in drifts which was hard enought to bear our animals in some places; saw some herds of Antelope on our way to day & signs of Buffalo Sun 26th this morning was to cold to think of traveling & as we were in a good place & plenty of grass we called it Camp creek & concluded to lay by & rest ourselves & animals over Sabbath Mon 27th March came about 16 miles & camped on Sweet water through a snow storm all the way; we are now probably one hundred feet lower than our last camp & it is much warmer soon after we camped we found two of our boys who' left the 15 Jan last they were in a deplorable condition one had froze his feet so he was unable to travel & they had killed their only horse to subsist upon & had eaten the most of it the day before we found them they killed an Antelope & 2 Geese which was better than horse Beef we took them & their effects with us the next day Tues 28th March the snow fell several inches deep last night we came 25 miles to day after leaving camp crossed some high hills17 over to Sweet Water 10 miles crossed then struck across die Plains 15 miles & camped snowed all day made a most disagreeable camp in the snow & storm Wed 29th Last night it continued to snow nearly all night the snow loaded down the tent so that it fell upon us in the night had a most disagreeable time in making a fire of Buffalo Chips to cook our breakfast; came some 20 miles & encamped; snowed occasionaly through the day; had to make our beds on the snow again to night Thur 30th Snowed again last night continued our journey but made only about 16 miles to day on account of the depth of snow saw many antelope to day & where 2 Bear had crossed our Road " This was probably the crossing of the divide at South Pass.

THE

BLISS

JOURNAL

399

Frid 3 It Cold night & clear cold day made only 16 miles to day passed a place called Hell Gate where Sweet water river cuts its way through a mt of Rocks & camped at Independence Rock named by Mr Sublet many years ago who celebrated the 4th of July on the top of it April It 1848 Cold night & to day is cool & fair after we had come this morning some 4 or 5 miles we discovered a number of herds of Buffalo & concluded to lay by & kill some meat as we were nearly out of meat; came about 12 miles to Sage creek & camped about one hour after we had encamped one of our boys came in & reported he had killed a Buffalo we immediately took 6 Animals & dressed & packed it into Camp Sun April 2d 1848 this morning packed our meat & started for Willow Springs 12 miles from our last camp here we dried our meat ready to start on the morrow to day was one of the most Windy days I ever saw we could hardly keep our feet saw many Buffalo to day; they have eat all the Grass in this country or left but little for our Animals Mon 3d Last night the snow fell on us about 2 Inches came 28 miles to Plattfe] River on our way passed Poison Springs & a good spring for emgrants to water at also saw thousands of Buffalo' & killed 1 sage hen for supper Tues 4th April crossed the River & continued down the same 16 or 17 miles & camped on account of one of our Animals giving out the Grass is so poor our horses & mules can barely subsist the Spring Grass is just beginning to start out of the Ground & there is but little dry feed; last night verry Windy Wed 5th April After we camped yesterday a herd of fine Buffalo came near our Camp & we shot one & took the tallow & some of the best meat the Grass is so poor we came only 12 miles to deer creek & camped Deer Creek is a fine clear stream With much timber for this country saw some fine herds of Buffalo to day they are verry tame any number could be killed with ease here & on Sweet Water is a fine place for Emigrants to lay in for meat for Journying West this is one of the finest days we have seen sine we left the valley while walking about I discovered a fine bed of stone coal near our camp Thur 6th April 1848. Came 5 miles then struck over the Blk hills passed a number of clear streams of water & camped on a creek near to Arch Bridge we killed one Antelope to day; about sun down

Independence Rock, famous landmark of the Western trail, has been called the "Register of the Desert." It is near Wyoming State Highway 220 approximately seventy miles north and east of Rawlins. The print here reproduced is from a sketch by Frederick Piercy printed in Route from Liverpool to Great Salt Lake Valley, fames Linforth, ed. (Liverpool, 1855).

This print of a buffalo hunt on the plains is reproduced from a sketch by Frederick Piercy and first printed as a steel-engraving in Route from Liverpool to Great Salt Lake Valley, fames Linforth, ed. (Liverpool, 1855).

mtT.J4smf

THE

BLISS

JOURNAL

401

our boys killed a Buffalo & brought some of the choicest meat & tallow into camp came 18 miles to day Frid 7th 1848 came 19 miles to day; saw many Buffalo Elk & Antelope our Animals are failing the Grass is so poor they cannot find enough to eat Sat 8th April came 18 miles over the most rough road among the Blk Hills we found no water the whole distance only from melted snow passed some Pine to day the buffalo are not so plenty here & the Grass is better camped at Kimball Spring Sun 9th April 1848 â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Last night soon after commenced blowing & soon it commenced snowing untill Sunday night the wind blew & the snow came west without cessasion one of the most severe storms encd; conciquently we had to Lay by all day

dark the wind from this time from the North we have experi-

Mon 10th April 1848 came about 15 miles to Bitter Wood creek & encamped to let our animals feed as they were kept tied all day Sunday Tues 11th April came 15 miles to Warm Springs & drank of its waters & continued our Journey 15 miles farther to Fort John18 & encamped the weather appears to be settled yet we have cool nights with Frost with the wind in the North Wed 12th left Fort John this morning & continued down the Piatt about 12 miles & came [to] a traders Lodge where through the acquaintane of Mr Wheatley who accompanied us from fort Bridger; we obtained 50 or 60 lb of fine dried Buffalo meat which was generously given us by the Gentleman of the Post this afternoon continued our Journey some 10 miles farther making about 22 miles Thur 13 th traveled about 28 miles to day & camped in sight of Scotts Bluffs Frid 14th Started without Breakfast & traveled 10 miles for Breakfast opposite Scotts Bluffs continued on Journey 12 miles farther making 22 miles to day 18 Originally called Fort William, the post was built in 1834 by Robert Campbell and William Sublette. Fort John was the name given to the post after it was acquired by the American Fur Company. About 1846, the fur company built a new post a mile upstream on the Platte and called it Fort Laramie. See Edgar M. Ledyard, "American Posts," Utah Historical Quarterly, III (April, 1930), 61-63.

402

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Sat 15th the weather has been fine since last Sundays storm & Grass is growing & the elements seems to rest from their War we experienced among the mts Started soon after sun rise & came 14 miles before we took breakfast past chimney rock to day it resembles a light house some 300 ft high from the bed of the River saw herds of Buffalo this afternoon we have now entered the Buffalo country again came 25 miles to day Sun 16th April 1848 Started at Sun Rise & came about 12 miles to Breakfast then continued our Journey about 13 miles making 25 miles Mon 17th April came 22 miles to day Buffalo crossed the River almost into our camp

Last night a herd of

Tues 18th came 4 or 5 miles to ash hollow here we left one of our animals which gave out supplied ourselves with some flour & Buffalo meat for a few days & continued our journey Some 10 miles & encamped [There follows three (3) pages of illegible writing. However, some of the entries have been recopied on the following four (4) pages.]

Wed 19th April continued down the platte about 10 miles and encamped saw a herd of Buffalo feeding not far off we soon killed one took about 100 lb of the best of the meat & dryed it for packing for our use on the road here we also kill a goose & Prairie Chicking Thursday 20th Started early saw many herds of Buffalo feeding killed one that was laying in our road he was to poor for our use came 25 miles Fri 2 I t came about 16 miles & camped on an Island to obtain wood to dry our Buffalo meat for our Journey the remainder of the way fo[r] we expect soon to be beyond game of any kind crossed Buffalo creek to day a fine stream saw a herd of Buffalo feeding sent one of our men to kill one he soon gave us a signal that he had killed one went to him & found he had killed one two years old we got him in camp about sundown & set up nearly all night to Jerk it in order to start early the next morning 22 Sat Started about noon to day we was delayed in conciquence of our meat not being dry enough came 14 miles to day & camped

THE

BLISS

JOURNAL

403

Sun 23d came about 28 m & encamped in a grove of timber one of our men did not come into camp as soon as we expected him we sent back after him but could not find him we made signals by fire & Guns but he did not come up we spent an anxious night for him while the wolves growled & snapped there teeth around us all night we was fearful he had fell in with Indians & killed 24th after looking some time this morning for the lost man started on our way came a few miles & found one of the horses our lost man had left & soon found him he had missed our camp & gone some 5 miles below our [camp] camped alone he said he did not sleep much on account of the wolves [The entries for April 25 through 29 are illegible.]

Started again & made 30 miles & camped without fire to elude the Indians Mon May It 1848 Started before sun Rise & came 18 miles before breakfast continued our Journey 12 miles farther making 30 miles & camped on the Piatt below the Forks Tues 2d May started Early & traveled 10 miles for Breakfast to the liberty pole when we came in sight of it we gave a Shout for Joy knowing we were only 16 miles from the Horn & 42 from Winter Quarters where we hope our Family & friends are we have not seen for nearly 2 years after breakfast continued our Journey crossed the Horn by Swimming ourselves & animals over; then traveled 8 miles & camped to avoid a band of Pawnees who were verry saucy and impident to us stoping our Pack animals & holding our horses by the bits till they had took whatever they fancied

Here the journal ends, but we know that Bliss and his companions reached Winter Quarters. The Manuscript History of Brigham Young (p. 35) and the Hosea Stout Journal both give the account of the arrival of the party from Utah.19 What we do not know is when and under what circumstances Robert Bliss met his family. A search of the records in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Historian's Library and the files of the Daughters of die Utah Pioneers has pro10 Stout's entry for May 3, 1848, reads: "Eight men arrived from the Valley. News Good." (The Hosea Stout Journal is in the manuscript collection of the Utah State Historical Society).

404

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

duced no additional information about the Bliss family coming to Utah. However, a Bliss genealogy published in 1881 has this to say of the journalist.

Robert Stanton [Bliss], of Cold Springs, Cal., (son of Capt.

John Bliss and Lucretia Bishop, of Avon, NY.,) was born in Montville, Conn., Aug. 1, 1805, and married in 1833, to Mary Payne. He was in the Mexican War in 1846-7, after which he went to California as a pilot or guide, with the first company of golddiggers, and died at Cold Springs, in 1851.20

20 Genealogy of the Bliss Family in America, From About the Year 1550 to If (Privately printed, 1881).

t. - ' Tr*R •a- • «

1

J ''

Board of Trustees, Utah State Historical Society. Left to right: Joel E. Ricks, Russel B. Swensen, Everett L. Cooley, Nicholas G. Morgan, Sr., Juanita Brooks, Leland H. Creer, A. R. Mortensen, J. Grant Iverson, Richard E. Gillies, L. Glen Snarr, J. Sterling Anderson. Inset: Lamont F. Toronto and Mrs. A. C. Jensen. Date, May 9, 1959.

THE

PRESIDENT'S

REPORT

By Leland H. Creer *

Organized for the purpose of collecting, preserving, and disseminating the materials of history, particularly those pertinent to the Intermountain West, die Utah State Historical Society was created during the Jubilee Year, 1897, which occasion marked die fiftieth anniversary of the arrival of the pioneers into the Valley of the Great Salt Lake. With great seriousness and steadfastness of purpose, the seventy-four charter members on December 28, 1897, defined and adopted as their objectives the following: The encouragement of historical research and inquiry by the exploration and investigation of aboriginal monuments and remains; the collection of such material as may serve to illustrate the growth of Utah and the Intermountain region; the preservation in a permanent depository of manuscripts, documents, papers and tracts of value; the establishment of a library of books and publications, and a cabinet of antiquities * Dr. Creer is head of the department of history at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City. He has served as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Utah State Historical Society since 1949 and has served as its president since April, 1957. His Report was delivered at the seventh annual dinner meeting of the Society on May 9, 1959.

408

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

and relics; the dissemination of information and the holding of meetings at stated intervals for the interchange of news and criticisms.

Under the capable leadership of Dr. A. Russell Mortensen, who is now serving his ninth year as Director and Editor of its publications, the Utah State Historical Society has made steady progress toward the realization of the above aims. The former governors' mansion, a gift to the state by the widow of Senator Thomas Kearns, its original builder and owner, has been the headquarters of the Society since 1957.

This spacious edifice, exquisitely furnished throughout, provides ample space for the many activities featured â&#x20AC;&#x201D; editorial, library, archival depository, military records, reading rooms, microfilm operations, and reception facilities. Since its occupancy by the Society it has always been "open house" at the Mansion, for be it understood the Historical Society is a public institution, housed in a public building, and designed to render at all times a public service. During the two years of occupancy, hundreds of writers, historians, graduate students, genealogical workers, public officials, and foreign visitors have frequented its many rooms and utilized its splendid facilities in quest of further knowledge. Under careful regulation by die Building and Grounds Committee, the building also has been made available for organized lectures, chapter meetings, programs, etc., which are compatible with the aims of the Society. During the past year four major art exhibits and four lectures, sponsored by the Committee on Public Relations, have been offered to the public. In August, 1958, the Society served as major sponsor for a most successful joint convention of the American Associatoin for State and Local History and the Society of American Archivists.

The Society is deeply indebted to Nicholas G. Morgan, Sr., through whose generosity the Nicholas G. Morgan Collection, containing more than two thousand volumes in Western Americana, and several pieces of sculpture have been acquired. Mr. Morgan's latest gift to the Society is the assignment to it of potentially valuable royalties from oil, gas, and mineral leases on some seven thousand acres in the Paradox Basin of southeastern Utah. In consideration of the above philanthropies, the library of the Society has been officially named die John Morgan Memorial Library and from the anticipated income accruing from the above leases, the Morgan Endowment Fund has been created.

This fund is to be used at the discretion of the Board of Trustees of the Utah State Historical Society in pursuit of the following purposes:'

THE

PRESIDENT'S

REPORT

409

(1) the general development of the Morgan Library over and above the normal state support, emphasizing particularly Utah, Mormon, and Western history; (2) the purchasing of necessary real property for a suitable Archives building; (3) a program of research fellowships which shall include the publishing of articles, monographs, and books; and (4) for the purchase, support, and operation of historic sites and museums and for the purchase or erection of monuments to individuals, institutions, and significant historical events.

Since 1957, six important standing committees have been created in an effort to promote and revitalize committee action. These are the committees on Archives; Public Relations; Library; Publications; Expansion and Membership; and Finance, Buildings and Grounds.

Bimonthly meetings of the Board of Trustees have been scheduled at which time written reports are made by committee chairmen.

ARCHIVES. In 1951 the legislature created the Division of State Archives and made the Utah State Historical Society responsible for the examination and preservation of all noncurrent public records. The function of the Archives Division was declared to be "to serve as custodian of all records, documents, relics, and other materials of historic value which are now or hereafter may be in charge of any state, county or other public official." In this relationship, the Archives Division, of necessity, is involved in other activities. These, according to Dr. Everett L. Cooley, our State Archivist, include "the management of the creation, filing, storage, and disposal of records." This involves the employment of skilled personnel. There is immediate need for at least two additional staff members in the Archives Division â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a trained assistant in record management to insure the creation, filing, indexing, and preservation of current records before they reach the archival stage, and a field representative whose chief concern should be expert advice tendered to city and county agents relative to the proper disposition of documents.

Most of the archival material thus far collected is filed in basement vaults of the Mansion. This storage space is hopelessly inadequate. All of the valuable state documents should be housed in fireproof air-conditioned vaults, specially constructed under archival specifications.

Until this is done, many valuable historical records will have to remain in the agencies of their origin, many of them unclassified and therefore quite useless for research purposes. Any long-range program should anticipate the construction of an archives building to meet this emergency.

410

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Special commendation should be accorded Dr. Cooley, who, although working under financial and personnel handicaps, has accomplished a great deal during the past year to further the archives work of the state of Utah. He lists the following accomplishments: (1) the accessioning with the Archives records of the now defunct State Planning Board and the Department of Publicity and Industrial Development, including important studies in the state's mineral, industrial, and recreational resources, and the accretion of more than one thousand maps of inestimable value; (2) the critical examination of over one thousand transcripts of testimony on file with the Clerk of the Third District Court; (3) the compilation of a check list of more than three hundred microfilms completed by the Archives Division; (4) the preparation of a "Microfilm Guide" as a means of insuring uniformity in this important work throughout the state, county and city agencies; (5) the completion of plans, in conjunction with the Latter-day Saints Genealogical Society, to microfilm the records of Weber and Box Elder counties; (6) and the sound recording of die proceedings of die House of Representatives of the state legislature.

More funds are needed for salaries, archival space, fireproof vaults and microfilming. Thirty-five thousand dollars, an increase of ten thousand dollars, was appropriated by the legislature for the coming biennium. This is fifteen thousand dollars less than the request made by the department.

Concluding his 1959 report, Dr. Cooley appends diis pertinent comment: The chief monument of the history of a state is its archives . . . it is unquestionably as much a function of our government to provide for the preservation and use of its archives as it is to make laws and levy taxes. This is recognized in all civilized countries, and to neglect properly to perform this function is not only unbefitting the dignity of a great state, but it endangers an inheritance which future generations have a right to demand shall pass to them unimpaired.

LIBRARY. The library is the heart of the Society's activities and functions. Catalogues, indices, newspaper files, and microfilm facilities are readily available. A microfilm reader today services two hundred sixty rolls of films as compared with fifty a few years ago. In this regard the library has acquired thirty reels of the Weekly Deseret News (1850-1900), sixteen reels which record the entire manuscript collection of the Bancroft Library, and others which contain the records of price-

THE

PRESIDENT'S

REPORT

411

less diaries and journals gleaned from such depositories as the Library of Congress and the Huntington, Yale, Harvard, and New York Public libraries.

The number of books accessioned and catalogued is not large, some 5800 volumes, but the list, largely Western Americana, is well chosen.

There are 2400 pamphlets, 400 unpublished manuscripts, and 630 periodicals, of which 160 represent current subscriptions. In addition, the library has added some 3100 invaluable photographs and 100 maps, descriptive largely of the Great Basin area. Awaiting publication when funds become available is a comprehensive Union Catalogue of published materials on Utah and Mormon history. This project, begun several years ago by Dale L. Morgan, lists by author, title, and date all published materials of this kind found in every library in the United States. So far more than nine thousand separate items have been listed on some thirty thousand typed cards. Another less ambitious but equally worthy project has been the listing of some fifteen hundred graduate theses on Utah and Mormon history, registered in American college libraries. Mr. John James, librarian, estimates that the library served more than nine hundred students and writers interested in research during the past year.

Another interesting project closely affiliated with die Archives Division of the Society is the Military Records Section under the direction of Mr. Robert Inscore. Mr. Inscore reports that more than 250,000 separate records have been filed. These deal with die vital statistics of every Utahan who has served in the military forces of the United States since the organization of the territory in 1850. Of these, 72,000 deal with World War II alone.

PUBLICATIONS. The Board of Trustees is proud of the splendid work of Dr. A. R. Mortensen and the Publications Committee in the editing and publication of its Quarterly. When Dr. Mortensen first assumed the role of Director-Editor in 1950, only seventeen volumes had appeared, and these had been published annually. Since that time the magazine has appeared regularly on a quarterly basis and the issues have been made more salable by improving the type, adding timely illustrations and by providing a more attractive cover. The sale of the summer issue of July, 1958, dedicated to the theme: "Utah's Parks and Scenic Wonders," and enlivened by the inclusion of twenty-two illustrations, some of them in color, exceeded all expectations. More than twenty-five thousand copies were sold. This montii the second summer issue dedicated to the theme: "The Valley of the Great Salt Lake,"

412

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

will appear. Such timely articles as "The Changing Face of Salt Lake City," "Crossroads of the West: Temple Square," "Utah's Capitols," "The Great Salt Lake," "Wandering in the Wasatch," "The Shining Mountains: the Oquirrhs," and "Main Street: Salt Lake City," all beautifully illustrated and carefully annotated, are included. In addition to the regular issues of the Quarterly, it is hoped that special numbers containing the completed research of scholars will appear occasionally as special monographs.

EXPANSION AND MEMBERSHIP. Under the capable chairmanship of Dr. Joel E. Ricks, immediate past president, a comprehensive program of expansion is being planned. Excellent chapters have been organized in Cache, Utah, and Salt Lake counties, and it is expected that others will be established in those of Weber, Iron, Sanpete, and Sevier. The Salt Lake Valley Chapter, organized in January, 1959, already has an enrollment of more than ninety members and is holding regular monthly meetings in the Mansion. The growth of the Society during the past nine years has been phenomenal. Our membership, during that time, has increased from approximately three hundred fifty to more than eleven hundred members, and our biennial budget has increased from $40,000 to more than $200,000. However, with this increased growth, new and greater responsibilities to serve the state are ours. And we are ever mindful that our greatest objective is the preservation of our wonderful pioneer heritage. In this we must not fail. With a loyal and devoted Board of Trustees, a sympathetic governor and legislature, and the enthusiastic support of our many friends, the future of the Utah State Historical Society seems assured.

REVIEWS

AND

RECENT

PUBLICATIONS

Hole-in-the-Roc\. By DAVID E. MILLER. (Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press, 1959, 222 pp., $5.50) Mormon colonization of San Juan County via a short-cut across the Colorado River has long been a subject for romantic writing and confusion of facts. Hole-in-the-Roc\ by David E. Miller represents years of patient research among written and oral sources as well as several trips by foot, horseback, and jeep over the entire course involved in the study. The book is well written to hold reader interest and inspire confidence in reliability of subject matter. It will undoubtedly remain as the definitive work in the field. To ten chapters delineating interesting details of the historic pioneer ventures are added eighty pages of revealing appendixes, six helpful maps (plus end sheets), and a dozen pages of selected illustrative photographs. The author deals at length with problems of responsibility in choice of route and of leadership in an expedition which was undertaken with a sense of mission and brought to a conclusion through disillusionment, struggle, and heroism. The reader emerges from the work with a feeling of satisfying familiarity with a subject heretofore left hanging at loose ends. He is fully converted to the courage and tenacity of the pioneer band, if not wholly reconciled to claims for divine guidance in the choice of route.

The historian might raise a question as to the author's leniency in interpreting the episode. What happened is fully explained, but one is

414

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

left to wonder why it should have been allowed to happen as it did.

Agreed that there is "no better example of indomitable pioneer spirit" it might be questioned if it presents "an excellent case study of highest type of pioneer endeavor." For here is a case of departure from die usual Mormon way of doing things. The preliminary scouting by way of Lee's Ferry and Monument Valley and return by way of the Old Spanish Trail represented the typical caution involved in Mormon expansion, but the decision of the leaders of the main company of men, women, and children to ignore known routes in favor of an unknown short cut did not. Like the Donners they blundered into the unknown at terrific cost. Like the ill-fated handcarters of 1856 they learned the bitter consequences of moving against negative reports. In view of the preliminary scouting by way of southern and northern routes one can hardly join with the author in excusing an error by asking "who shall say that another route would have proven better?"

However, having taken the chance and having heroically conquered the unnecessary obstacles of the short cut the pioneers did introduce a worthy stock into San Juan County which came to play a significant role in its development. The reader of Hole-in-the-Rock arrives with the exhausted expedition at Bluff with a wish that another chapter might appear on how the valiant pioneers expanded their mission from the pitifully few acres to which they anchored themselves on the banks of the San Juan. _ _ T GUSTIVE O. LARSON

Brigham Young University A Ram in the Thicket. By FRANK C. ings House, 1959, 312 pp., $4.95)

ROBERTSON.

(New York, Hast-

"My parents were strong people. They lived in a period of the frontier that has been generally overlooked by the historians of the West. This is largely their story...."

Thus does Frank C. Robertson introduce his cantankerous, neerdo-well father, his long-suffering but strong-willed mother, his two older brothers and himself, the subjects of this disturbingly candid biography. Much of the story is about the parents and their hardships grubbing a poor living out of the timbered mountains of the Idaho panhandle and later on dry farms in southern Idaho. In the ultimate it, however, is most revealing about Frank Chester Robertson, the sage of Mapleton, Utah, "Chopping Block" columnist in the Provo Herald,

REVIEWS

AND RECENT

PUBLICATIONS

415

rebel extraordinary, the author of more than one hundred hardback books and an uncounted number of articles of Western fiction.

Just as historians have neglected the period of history and the little people about which Robertson writes, Utahans for a time neglected this state's best-known Western fiction writer. It is something of a commentary that some of his novels had a better sale in England than in Utah. Maybe this is just more proof that this state, settled to a New England blueprint, never has cottoned to the romantic Old West and its traditions.

While the Robertsons suffered their raw and almost incredible hardships in Idaho, their adventures included journeys into Utah.

These were occasioned by hard necessity and by the elder Robertson's restless search for "poor land for a poor man."

In the spring of 1906, Frank Robertson and his middle-aged parents quit Chesterfield, Idaho, and set out for the "promised land" of Utah's Wayne County in a covered wagon, some household goods and $116.00.

"When we drove up South Temple Street in Salt Lake City . . . I was unable to withstand the stares and the jocular comments of the people whose ancestors had come to the city in just such a rig as ours," says Mr. Robertson. "I crawled back under the wagon cover and did my sight-seeing through a slit in the canvas.

"We were, I am sure, among the very last of the covered wagon pioneers. The difference between us and our predecessors was diat they were called sterling pioneers while we were called wagon tramps.

In later years those same streets would see many a jalopy filled with transients even seedier than we were. But that would be in a new era, and we were hangovers from the old."

The Robertsons got as far as Loa, when disenchantment and the truth about the country they had thought they could help colonize, plus a flash flood, caught up with them and "we turned back without laying eyes on the poor man's paradise we had traveled so far to' see."

The father hired out on a wheat farm on the Levan Ridge, and Frank, at sixteen, went to work for $35.00 and board in Dog Valley, eight miles west of Nephi. There a group of professors from Brigham Young University, headed by the late Dr. John A. Widtsoe, were "reclaiming" a large tract of sagebrush land and growing wheat.

At Dog Valley (named for the coyotes so numerous there) young Robertson had some disappointing experiences which supported his conviction that some of the finest people are rough in manner and

416

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

appearance, and some of the most pious lack the milk of human kindness.

"That summer at Dog Valley ended my hopes of ever getting an education . . . It was an interlude, a lost portion of our lives. . . . I don't think Mother was surprised when one day Father came back from the ridge and, as in days of old, said, 'Start Packin', Ma. We're going back to Chesterfield.' " Frank herded sheep, went on the road, joined the army of unemployed, gravitated toward Salt Lake City's notorious Commercial Street, where he found the "red light district" girls kinder than most of the men with whom he sought employment and the landladies from whom he sought room and board.

The story of Robertson's writing career should be required reading for all who aspire to' become authors. The current president of the Western Writers of America and the founder of the Utah Writers League had modest beginnings in his profession, and several ups and downs occurred before he finally hit his stride, ran his earnings up into five figures, and baled out the family.

"Ram in the Thicket," to which his mother figuratively turned in adversity, was published first by a little-known firm nine years ago.

Characteristically, the printing plant burned down, destroying most of the volumes and the plates. The new edition is not a reissue in the ordinary sense. It has been completely rewritten, smoothed out, and vastly improved. It is excellent history. â&#x20AC;&#x17E; ,T T '

r

'

ERNEST H. LINFORD

Salt Lake Tribune The Fancher Train. By AMELIA BEAN. (New York, Doubleday and Company, 1958, 356 pp., $3.95) I believe it was Wallace Stegner who said that it was almost impossible to "fictionize" the Mormons because the facts were so preposterous. Certainly even a seasoned writer might balk at trying to create romance out of the grisly massacre at Mountain Meadows. Yet in this, her first novel, Amelia Bean manages not only to hold the reader's interest, but to create the illusion of actuality. And this is the more remarkable for the fact that her characters are all out of stock Western: the golden-haired heroine who becomes more and more the pioneering wife; the brave buckskin-clad hero; the villains mean as sin. In fact, Mrs. Bean's horses come more alive than her people! And it is also true that her incident are not overly original; her wagon train might

REVIEWS

AND

RECENT

P U B L I U A I IUI.O

417

be any wagon train going west. For instance, The Fancher Train never evokes the buffalo dung and trail dust of Guthrie's Way West, and Mrs. Bean's Indians are never the flesh-and-blood creations of La Farge's Laughing Boy. Moreover, Mrs. Bean's literary style not only gushes with purple passages occasionally, but positively reeks with such constructions as "pleasedly anticipated," "itchingly jumpy," and "plannedly."

Still, in the field of narration Mrs. Bean has unusual gifts, and I would like to see more of her writing â&#x20AC;&#x201D; but I do hope her next book is all fiction. For while as a story The Fancher Train is entertaining, as history it comes near to being cause for libel.

Mrs. Bean is unpardonably careless with the facts. She remarks in her preface that the "bones (of the Fanchers) still lie about one hundred miles from where I write this." It is too bad that she never crossed that hundred miles. It is obvious that Mrs. Bean used Juanita Brooks's scholarly Mountain Meadow Massacre as source material, since the latter is the only existing definitive history of the subject, yet it is equally obvious that Mrs. Bean did not take the trouble either to visit the site or to study Mrs. Brooks's footnotes. For certainly all her "years of study of history" failed to teach her anything of the character of Brigham Young, or of such men as William Leany and Isaac Haight.

And finally her book ends where it should begin, since even if her hero manages to escape peritonitis, there is only one way he can get out of the trap she leaves him in, and that is by helicopter!

To mention some of the book's historical blunders: 1. The episode of Haun's Mill is not detailed enough or sufficiently explicit. See the Journal of David Lewis, an eyewitness.

2. Jim Bridger was never "driven out of his fort" by the Mormons. In fact, on page 107 of Mrs. Brooks's book there is a note to the effect that Fort Bridger was "recently purchased" for $8,000.00 by the Mormon Church.

3. Mrs. Bean has her hero, Jed Smith, simultaneously born the bastard son of both Jim Bridger and Jedediah Smith, the Mountain Man. Indubitably a feat! Still, it is doubtful that Jedediah Smith could claim the honor. On page 132 of Dale Morgan's fine biography, Jedediah Smith, there appears this statement: "So far as the record shows, Jedediah had no interest in women, and there is no suggestion that he ever admitted a squaw . . . to his bed."

4. It seems to me a shade dishonest to use the names of people who once lived and whose descendants still live and to manufacture

418

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

personalities out of whole cloth to fit such names. For instance, Brigham Young would never under any circumstances have prefaced his remarks with "By God." Used as a byword, that expression meant "taking the Lord's name in vain" to the early Mormons, and even today is considered by most of them as an "unforgivable sin." Nor would Brigham have referred to "John Doyle Lee" or "Isaac Haight" as such; instead, he would have said "Brother John D. Lee," and "Brother Isaac Haight." And never would he have been guilty of the term "Injuns!" While it is true that Brigham Young could be earthy, he was always a leader; Mrs. Bean fails to make him this. Repeatedly she has him groaning over his "paper work." Apparently she has not taken the trouble to learn that Brigham Young, Prophet, Seer, and Revelator was never without at least three full-time secretaries! Mrs. Bean also mentions "ambitious" John Higbee, and "slovenly" Phillip Klingensmith. As for William Leany: far from aggressively bedeviling the Fanchers, William Leany forsook "counsel" to the extent of trading them grain and "greens," and was actually beaten with a fence railing by an irate fellow Mormon for his pains! Isaac Haight was never the cold-blooded and wily schemer Mrs. Bean depicts; it is a fact that when he received Brigham Young's message to protect the Fanchers, he burst into tears and cried, "Too late, too late!"

5. At the end of Mrs. Bean's novel, three people escaped the massacre. According to Mrs. Brooks's history, three people tried to' escape but were killed. Mrs. Bean insists she is right. How then does she explain the personal effects of the fleeing three men that Piute Chief Jackson brought to Jacob Hamblin ?

6. As I have said, the final indignity occurs at the end of the book.

Mrs. Bean has two people on horseback pull a wounded man on a travois from the massacre site to the Virgin River. Even on today's good roads it would take a horse at least fourteen hours at a fast gallop to make such a journey. Yet she has her people not only outwit three hundred determined Indians but, forced to a slow walk, reach the river bed overnight and find a cave high on its banks! Then she has Jed, the wounded man, plan to reach Wyoming's Powder River.

The banks of the Powder River and the cool retreats of the Canadian Rockies sound like the delirium of a fevered brain. How a wounded man, an Indian boy, and a girl â&#x20AC;&#x201D; without supplies, bedding, or tools â&#x20AC;&#x201D; could travel north toward Powder River would make a sequel far more exciting than the original book. Over this terrain, at this time of year, the struggle for survival would be keen indeed. To

REVIEWS

AND RECENT

PUBLICATIONS

419

leave the three stranded at the confluence of the Santa Clara Creek and the Virgin River with only dreams of so distant a paradise is to leave the reader skeptical and dissatisfied. â&#x20AC;&#x17E; , T7 MAURINE WHIPPLE

St. George, Utah The Diaries and Letters of Henry H. Spalding and Asa Bowen Smith Relating to the Nez Perce Mission, 1838-1842. With Introductions and Editorial Notes by Clifford Merrill Drury. (Glendale, California, The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1958, 379 pp., $12.50) Presented here are hitherto unpublished documents which help materially to round out the story of the Oregon Mission of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Henry Harmon Spalding, missionary to the Nez Perce Indians at Lapwai (near the present town of Lewiston, Idaho) for a dozen troubled years, gains more and more height as an impressive figure in die early history of the Pacific Northwest as his story becomes better known. Although he could even descend to methods like the whip to keep his converts on the path of righteousness, Spalding obviously achieved virtual miracles with the gentle Nez Perces and showed them, as well as the white men who were to follow, the way to make their land fruitful. His usually bright optimism and unswerving faith in the worth of his labors to make industrious Christians of this famous tribe color all his extant writings.

Oddly enough, these very qualities drew down upon him the wrath of the disgruntled missionary at Kamiah, Idaho, Asa Bowen Smith. It is hard to like the Reverend Mr. Smith. His pen he employed solely for the advancement of his views with the American Board's home officials. In letters as long as novelettes he spilled out his hopeless discouragement at trying to achieve anything worthwhile with a small and dwindling tribe like the Nez Perces. Since Spalding's optimism about the work had found its way into print back east, he became Smith's target. Smith objected to the teaching of agriculture to redskinned savages: better to keep them savage, indeed better to forget the whole thing. Eventually all this backbiting played a large role in the Board's order for Spalding's discharge and for the closing of the Lapwai and Waiilatpu Missions, which in turn led to Whitman's eastern ride of 1842.

Spalding sums up the basic issue in a passage in his diary under date of September 1, 1839: "Sabbath. Rev. Mr. Smith preaches against

420

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

all efforts to settle the poor Indians, thinks they should be kept upon the chase to' prevent dieir becoming worldly minded."

These documents contain much more, however, than the record of petty differences among the laborers in the Oregon Mission. For the first time a picture of the shortlived Kamiah Mission emerges. The unbelievable hardships under which all these people lived and worked are once more described. There is the woman, for instance, so ill with spinal disease that she could not sit or stand and several months gone in pregnancy, traveling by canoe from Fort Walla Walla to Lapwai so that her husband could set up a printing press to publish Spalding's Nez Perce translations of the Scriptures. Much additional data accumulates on Whitman and his Waiilatpu; Drury even prints the complete inventory of property lost as a result of the 1847 massacre.

Indeed, historians are fortunate that Drury is the presenter of these papers. His introductions bear the stamp, of course, of years of significant labor in the field. For the editing this reviewer has only awed praise.

One final note: Spalding's diary offers nearly incontrovertible evidence that he it was, appropriately enough, who baptized Chief Joseph, the appealing leader of the tragic Nez Perce revolt a generation later.

PHILIP C. STURGES

University of Utah Scotts Bluff National Monument, Nebraska. By MERRILL J. MATTES. National Park Service Historical Handbook Series No. 28. (Washington, D.C, 1958, 60 pp., 30<0 This little booklet, highly illustrated with original sketches and informative maps, tells the history of the country along the great North Platte Valley trunkline of the Oregon Trail. Early exploration, the fur traders and the rediscovery of the Central Overland Route, the Rocky Mountain Fur Trade, traders, missionaries and adventurers, the migration to Oregon, Scotts Bluff and the Forty-Niners, trail geography at Scotts Bluff, gold rush trading posts at Scotts Bluff, and even the prehistory are discussed in some detail. Scotts Bluff National Monument was created to keep alive the epic story of our ancestors who dared cross the wilderness of plains and mountains to plant the western stars in the American flag.

REVIEWS

Centennial

AND

RECENT

Colorado:

PUBLICAiiuna

Its Exciting

Story.

421

By ROBERT G. ATHEARN and

CARL UBBELOHDE. (Denver, Colorado, 1959,95 pp.)

This colorful hard-cover booklet published commemorating Colorado's centennial year is "excitingly" written. A sampling of the chapter headings indicates the range of subject matter covered and the colorful manner of presentation: " T h e Mesa Verde: Fairyland of Cliffdwelling"; "Explorers' Frontier: Spanish and American"; " F u r Trading: Early Trails a n d Forts"; "Gold in '59: Wealth in the Wilderness"; " T h e R e d Barrier: Peace Pipes and Blood-Baths"; "Railroads: Race to the Mountain Treasure Chest"; "A N e w Monarch: Queen Silver"; " T h e Cow K i n g d o m : A n Empire of Grass"; and so on down to the last chapter, " D u d e Wranglers Frontier: A Rare Inheritance."

Extensive use of black and white along with four-colored photographs beautifully illustrate Colorado's past as well as her present in diis interesting little book.

Our Strip of Land: A History of Daggett County, Utah. By D I C K and VIVIAN D U N H A M . (Manila, U t a h , 1947,106 pp., $2.00)

Attention is called to this little booklet which was first published several years ago. Although Daggett County is politically one of the youngest in the West, it was the first to be settled in the Great Basin.

T h e rugged beauty of the Uinta Mountains, the canyons of the Green River â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Flaming Gorge, Horseshoe, Hideout, and Red Canyons â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and the geological formations make this land unique. Daggett is primarily devoted to stock-raising, but the rich phosphate deposits, the natural gas produced from Clay Basin in the eastern end of the county, and the undeveloped deposits of manganese, oil, coal, copper and oil-bearing shales, as well as gilsonite, sooner or later are bound to stimulate the economic development of this sparsely settled region. T h e material presented is lightly written but very readable.

Long John Dunn of Taos. By MAX EVANS. (LOS Angeles, California, Westernlore Press, 1959,174 pp., $5.75) Volume X V , Great West and Indian Series, Long John Dunn of Taos, is the incredible life story of John D u n n , gunman, professional gambler, stage driver, saloon keeper and general opportunist, whose name and existence are so well k n o w n to natives of northern N e w Mexico that he has become almost legendary. H i s story is one of the strangest to come out of the West. T h e hard cruel facts of building

422

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

the West â&#x20AC;&#x201D; cattle drives, gun-slinging, gambling, homesteading, mining, and the building of communities in an arid land is told by Max Evans who spent many months as close confidant of D u n n . It is a book for every person w h o loves the West in all its truth, humor and pulse-stirring pageantry.

Prairie Schooner

Lady.

The Journal of Harriet Sherrill

Ward, 1853.

Edited by WARD G. D E W I T T and FLORENCE STARK D E W I T T .

(Los

Angeles, California, Westernlore Press, 1959, 180 pp., $5.75) Volume X V I , Great West and Indian Series, Prairie Schooner Lady, is the first-hand account of the W a r d family's journey across the plains in 1853 from Wisconsin to Indian Valley, California, written by the wife and mother of the family, Harriet Sherrill Ward. Mrs. Ward was sensitive to the things she observed daily about h e r â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the people she met, the Indians, die oddity and industry of the Mormons, the beauty of the days and nights on die prairie, the savagery of the storms and the beauty of the landscape through which they toiled. H e r journal proves her to be an educated and lucid writer, and through publication of it one more classic is added to our knowledge of die great Western migration to California during die Gold Rush.

American Murder Ballads and Their Stories. ( N e w York, Oxford University Press, 1958) Beyond a Big Mountain.

House, 1959)

By OLIVE W . BURT.

By PETER DECKER. ( N e w York, Hastings

Bill Sublette: Mountain Man. By JOHN E. SUNDER. (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1959) Clarence King: A Biography.

Macmillan Co., 1958)

By THURMAN WILKINS. ( N e w York,

Financial and Economic Analysis: Colorado River Storage Project and Participating Projects. A Study Prepared by the United States Department of the Interior. (Washington, D . C , G.P.O., 1958) From Wilderness

to Empire.

By ROBERT GLASS CLELAND. A Combined

and Revised Edition of From Wilderness to Empire (1542-1900) and California in Our Time (1900-1940). Edited by GLENN S. D U M K E . ( N e w York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1959)

REVIEWS

AND RECENT

PUBLICATIONS

423

Grand Canyon: Today and All its Yesterdays.

By JOSEPH WOOD KRUTCH. ( N e w York, William Sloane Associates, 1958) The

Great West, A Panorama.

Coward-McCann, 1958)

By CHARLES NEIDER.

( N e w York,

Journal of Travels from St. Josephs [sic] to Oregon. By RILEY ROOT. (Reprint of Galesburg, Illinois, 1850 ed., Oakland, Biobooks, 1955) Journey Through the Rocky Mountains and the Humboldt Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. By JACOB H . SCHIEL. Translated and edited

by T h o m a s N . Bonner. ( N o r m a n , University of Oklahoma Press, 1959) Massacres of the Mountains. A History of the Indian Wars of the Far West, 1815-1875. By J. P. D U N N . ( N e w York, Archer House, 1958) Montana, An Uncommon Land. versity of Oklahoma Press, 1959)

By K. Ross TOOLE. (Norman, Uni-

The Outlaw Trail. A History of Butch Cassidy and His Wild Bunch.

By CHARLES KELLY. (Revised and enlarged, 1938 ed., N e w York, Devin-Adair Co., 1959) The Pictorial History of Southern Oregon and Northern California.

By JACK SUTTON. (Jacksonville, Oregon, T h e Southern Oregon Historical Society, 1959) Portrait of America. Letters of HENRY SIENKIEWICZ. Translated and edited by Charles Morley. ( N e w York, Columbia University Press, 1959) Present Relations of the Federal Government (Washington, D . C , G.P.O., 1959)

to the American

Indian.

Relations with the Indians of the Plains, 1857-1861. A Documentary Account of the Military Campaigns, and Negotiations of Indian Agents â&#x20AC;&#x201D; with Reports and Journals of P. G. LOWE, R. M. PECK, J. E. B. STUART, S. D . STURGIS, and other Official Papers. Edited by LeRoy R. and A n n W . Hafen. Volume IX The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series 1820-1875. (Glendale, T h e Arthur H .

Clark Co., 1959)

424

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

The Spanish Entrada to the Louisiana Purchase 1540-1804. By CARL I. WHEAT. Volume I, Mapping the Transmississippi West 15401861. (San Francisco, Institute of Historical Cartography, 1957) From Lewis and Clark to Fremont 1804-1845. By CARL I. WHEAT. Volume II, Mapping the Transmississippi West 1540-1861. (San Francisco, Institute of Historical Cartography, 1958)

GENE M. GRESSLEY, " T h e Turner Thesis â&#x20AC;&#x201D; A Problem in Historiography," Agricultural History, October, 1958.

MARION CLAWSON, "Reminiscences of the Bureau of Land Management, 1947-1948," ibid., January, 1959.

FITZHUGH TURNER, "Railroad in a Barn" [Central Pacific in the Sierra Nevadas], American Heritage, December, 1958.

AUGUST C. BOLINO, "Brigham Young as Entrepreneur," Journal of Economics and Sociology, January, 1959.

American

"Sketches which Went to Congress to Prove a Myth and Preserve a Park" [Yellowstone] (Thomas Moran, painter), American Scene, Spring, 1958.

MAURINE CARLEY, "Oregon Trail Trek N o . Six," Annals of April, 1958.

Wyoming,

, "Oregon Trail Trek N o . Seven," ibid., October, 1958.

MRS. A. R. BOYACK, "Oregon Trail Trek N o . Eight," ibid., April, 1959.

THELMA GATCHELL CONDIT, " T h e Hole-In-The-Wall," Part V, Sections

2, 3, and 4, ibid., April, October, 1958, April, 1959.

DALE L. MORGAN, "Washakie and the Shoshoni" (conclusion), ibid., April, 1958. , " T h e Ferries of the Forty-Niners," ibid., April, 1959.

HENRY C. PARRY, "Letters from the Frontier, 1867," ibid., October, 1958.

JOHN W . CAUGHEY, " T h e American West: Frontier and Region," Arizona and the West, Spring, 1959.

REVIEWS

AND

RECENT

PUBLICAiiuno

425

WALTER RUNDELL, JR., "Concepts of the 'Frontier' and the West," ibid.

N I L S - E R I C BRODIN, " T h e Swedes and the Swedish L a n g u a g e in Utah,"

Augustana

Bulletin,

February, 1958.

LEONARD J. ARRINGTON, " A n Economic Interpretation of the ' W o r d of

W i s d o m , ' " Brigham

Young

University

Studies, Winter, 1959.

W I L L I A M W I L K E S , "John Tullidge: Utah's First Music Critic," ibid.

STEPHEN R. WILSON, "Gold Hill, U t a h " (Clifton District, Tooele C o u n t y ) , Bulletin of the Mineralogical Society of Utah, March, 1959.

AMELIA EVERETT, " T h e Ship Brooklyn," California Historical Quarterly, September, 1958.

Society

DELLO G. DAYTON, "Polished Boot and Bran N e w Suit" ( T h e California Militia in Community Affairs), ibid., March, 1959.

ROBERT G. ATHEARN, " T h e Denver and Rio' G r a n d e and the Panic of

1873," Colorado Magazine,

April, 1958.

, "Origins of the Royal Gorge Railroad War," ibid., January, 1959.

JANET LECOMPTE, "Charles Autobees," ibid., April, 1958.

"Rush to the Rockies Centennial Edition," ibid., April, 1959.

L. G L E N SNARR, "Mormon Angels of Mercy," Coronet, April, 1959.

NOLIE M U M E Y , "Writers of Western History" (James Watson Webb, 1802-1884), Denver Westerners Monthly Roundup, June, 1958. , "Writers of Western History" (Zebulon Montgomery Pike, 1779-1815), iWJ., July, 1958. , "Writers of Western History" (Warren Angus Ferris), ibid., August, 1958. , "Writers of Western History" (Benjamin L . E. Bonneville and Francis P a r k m a n ) , ibid., November, 1958. " F r o m Nauvoo to Kirtland," Church News [Deseret News], 1959.

N E L L MURBARGER, "Trail-Blazer of Grand Canyon," Desert October, 1958.

July 4, Magazine,

426

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

, "Ghost T o w n Dwellers," ibid., February, 1959. , "Discovering Fable Valley," ibid., March, 1959.

RANDALL HENDERSON, "Canyon Boat Ride in Utah," ibid., December, 1958.

MARY BECKWITH, "Life from the Earth" (Southwest Basketmakers 300 to 700 A.D.), ibid., January, 1959.

THELMA BONNEY HALL, "Progress at Glen Canyon D a m , " ibid., February, 1959.

CECIL M . OUELLETTE, "Exploring the Fiery Furnace" [Arches National M o n u m e n t ] , ibid., June, 1959.

FRANK A. TINKER, "Utah Creates State Parks," ibid.

CHRISTIAN JENSEN, " T h e Canal on the Canyon Wall" [Virgin River], Ford Times, December, 1958.

GENE AHRENS, "Farewell to Glen Canyon," ibid., April, 1959.

ROCKWELL D . H U N T , "Fifteen Decisive Events of California History," Part II, Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly, June, 1958.

"The Mormon Tabernacle" [in the series, "Landmarks of the World"], Holiday, December, 1958.

EARL H . SWANSON, "Problems in Shoshone Chronology," Idaho Yesterdays, Winter, 1957-58.

R. J. NEWELL, "Water for the West," ibid., Spring, 1958.

SVEN LILJEBLAD, " T h e Bannock of Idaho, A n Essay Review," ibid.

"Presidents of the Church" [with colored portraits], Improvement November, 1958.

Era,

VIRGINIA BAKER, "Brigham Young, Leader of the Mormons," The Instructor, April, 1959.

CARL J. CI-IRISTENSEN, " T h e Iron Mission of Pioneer Utah," ibid.

MARIE F . FELT, "Jefferson H u n t of the Mormon Battalion," ibid.

"With the Mormon Battalion," ibid.

REVIEWS

AND RECENT

PUBLICATIONS

427

G. ROBERT R U F F , "Racing Rails that United a Nation in Utah," ibid., May, 1959.

"Sheldon Jackson Invades the Rocky Mountains, 1869-76," Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society, June, 1959. " H o w the West Was W o n " (Exploring the Wild N e w L a n d ) , Part I — Part VII, Life, April 6 — May 18,1959. " T h e Glories of the Mountain West" (A Life Region), ibid., June 8, 1959.

trip to the Rockies

BERNICE EASTMAN JOHNSTON, " N a v a h o Education — T h e First Thirty

Years," The Master\ey,

January-March, 1959.

RICHARD A. BARTLETT, "Freedom and the Frontier: A Pertinent Reexamination," Mid-America, An Historical Review, July, 1958.

DONALD H . WELSH, " T h e Butterfield Overland Mail, 1858-1861, and Its Centennial Observance in Missouri," Missouri Historical Review, April, 1958.

"Copper and Communications," Monitor, November, 1958.

GERALD P . PETERS, "Recent Economic Development of T h e MountainPlains States," Mountain-Plains Library Quarterly, Winter, 1959.

BARTLETT BODER, " T h e Pony Express," Museum

Graphic, Spring, 1959.

CONRAD L. W I R T H , "Heritage of Beauty and History: T h e National Parks," National Geographic Magazine, May, 1958.

"Guide to Scenic Playgrounds and Historic Shrines of the United States and Canada," ibid.

WILLIAM BELKNAP, JR., "Nature Carves Fantasies in Bryce Canyon," ibid., October, 1959.

SALLY A. JOHNSON, "Fort Atkinson on the Council Bluffs," History, March, 1959. " T h e Colorado River in Nevada," Nevada 2, 1958.

Highways

Nebraska

and Par\s,

No.

GEORGE E. PERKINS, "On the Trail of a Renegade Pahute," Historical Society Quarterly, March, 1958.

Nevada

FRANK D . REEVE, "Navaho-Spanish Wars 1680-1720," New Historical Review, July, 1958.

Mexico

428

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

, " T h e Navaho-Spanish Peace: 1720's-1770's," ibid., January, 1959.

S. LYMAN TYLER AND H . DARREL TAYLOR, " T h e Report of Fray Alonso

de Posada in Relation to Quivira and Teguayo," ibid., October, 1958.

"Roundup T i m e on the Western Range" (Beyond the Frontier, Writers have found the Myths and Symbols Americans Live By), New York. Times Book Review, August 17,1958.

E. C. BLACKORBY, "Theodore Roosevelt's Conservation Policies and Their Impact upon America and the American West," North Dakota History, October, 1958.

WILLIAM H . ELLISON, "San Juan to Cahuenga: T h e Experiences of Fremont's Battalion," Pacific Historical Review, August, 1958.

HERMAN J. DEUTSCH, "Geographic Setting for the Recent History of the Inland Empire," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, October, 1958.

MAURICE E. COOLEY, "Physiography of the Glen-San Juan Canyon Area," Part I — Part III, Plateau, October, 1958, January, April, 1959.

ALEXANDER MAJORS, "Pony Express and Brave Riders," Pony August, 1958.

Express,

"Alexander Majors, 1814-1900," ibid. " 'Cross the Plains goes the Harlan Party — California Bound," ibid., November, 1958.

"History in Glen Canyon," Reclamation

Era, May, 1959.

PEARL WILCOX, "Reminiscing in Kirtland," Part I — Part V, Saints' Herald, August 25 — September 22,1958.

"Nauvoo in Perspective," ibid., September 15, 1958.

FRANK J. TAYLOR, " T h e Saints Roll up Their Sleeves," Saturday ing Post, October 11,1958.

Even-

ARTHUR W . BAUM, "Battle Against the Lake" (the Southern Pacific Railroad building the Causeway across the Great Salt Lake), ibid., December 13, 1958.

REVIEWS

AND RECENT

PUBLlbA i l u n o

429

CHARLES EGGERT, "Forbidden Passage" (a vignette about the most beautiful stretch of the Colorado River), Sierra Club Bulletin, November, 1958.

"Rambling D o w n Western River Trails," ibid., March, 1959.

N O N A SHIBLEY, " O p h i r — W h e r e a F o r t u n e was W o n and a Life was

Lost on a 'Pair of Fours,' " SUP News, March, 1958. , " T h u m b - N a i l History, Tooele County," ibid. , "Mercur, Tooele County's Fabulous Ghost Town," ibid., April, 1958.

LOWELL M . D U R H A M , "Utah's Pioneer Music," ibid.

JAMES P . SHARP, " T h e Old Spanish Trail Through Utah," ibid.

"Amasa M . L y m a n and Charles C. Rich Honored as Colonizers of Southern California Centers," ibid.

DAVID E. MILLER, "Strategy in Echo Canyon —100 years ago," ibid. , "Chinaman's Arch" [east of Promontory S u m m i t ] , ibid., April-May, 1959.

WALTER L . WEBB, "Notes on Fairfield, Once Roistering Army Camp," ibid., August, 1958.

CLARENCE A . REEDER, JR., " T h e Crossing of the Fathers," ibid., Septem-

ber-October, 1958.

HAROLD H . JENSON, " T h e First Christmas in the Valley," ibid., De-

cember, 1958.

N E W E L L K N I G H T , " A H o u s e of Government," ibid., February, 1959.

GUSTIVE O . LARSON AND CLAIR KILTS, " F i n d i n g a H o m e for Utah's

Legislature," ibid.

Dix LARSON, "Tumbleweed T o w n s " (Overland Express Route — Fairfield to Gold H i l l ) , Part I, ibid. , "Tumbleweed T o w n s " ( T h e Desert Trail from Callao to Gold H i l l ) , Part II, ibid., March, 1959. /'Tumbleweed T o w n s " ( T h e Mighty Tintic Area), Part III, ibid., June, 1959.

430

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

-, "Tumbleweed T o w n s " (National, Consumers, and Sweets — Pioneers of the Coal E r a ) , Part IV, ibid., July, 1959.

BERNICE GIBBS ANDERSON, " T h e Corinne Opera House," ibid., AprilMay, 1959.

BERNICE GIBBS ANDERSON AND JESSE H . JAMESON, " T h e Saga of the

Good Ship City of Corinne," ibid.

JESSE H . JAMESON, " T h e Last Fourteen Miles" [Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads], ibid. , "Corinne, Utah — 'The Burg on the Bear,' " ibid.

HAROLD H . JENSON AND JESSE H . JAMESON, " A Railroad to the Pacific,"

ibid.

ADOLF REEDER, "Before the Railroads," ibid.

"One Surprise After Another" [Utah's Pine Valley Mountains], Sunset, September, 1958.

"Into the Needles Country by Jeep Tour," ibid., October, 1958.

"Old Virginia City," ibid.

DOUGLAS ALLEN, "Drama A m o n g the Mormons," Theatre Arts, December, 1958.

BURR JERGER, "Medicine Men to the Navajo," Think,

January, 1959.

RICHARD L. NEUBERGER, " T h e Legacy of Lewis and Clark," ibid., June, 1959.

ERIC ENNIS, " T h e Platte Bridge Battle, July 26, 1865," Tradition, April, 1959.

LAUREN C. BRAY, "Louis Vasquez, Mountain Man," Trail Guide, December, 1958.

GENE CAESAR, "King of the Mountain M e n " [Jim Bridger], May, 1958.

True,

SAM WELLER AND K E N REID, " T h e Deseret Alphabet," True October, 1958.

West,

FREEMAN H . HUBBARD, "Wife of the Chief," ibid., December, 1958.

LESLIE G. KENNON, "Pony Express," ibid.

REVIEWS

AND RECENT

PUBLICATIONS

431

N E L L MURBARGER, "Ghostly Belmont" [Nevada], ibid., January-February, 1959. , "Murder on the Trail," ibid., March-April, 1959.

KATHRYN D . GROESBECK, " T h e Mountain Meadows Massacre," ibid. , "Utes at the Whiterocks Dance Grounds," ibid., May-June, 1959.

KAY MCDEARMON, "Silver Queen" [Baby Doe Tabor], ibid., M a r c h April, 1959.

EVAN A. IVERSON, "History and Organization of Utah Counties," Utah Counties, 1958. " T h e Counties of Utah," ibid.

OSMOND L. HARLINE, " W h a t a N e w Resource Development Means to' an Area" ( U r a n i u m and Petroleum in Grand and San Juan Counties), Utah Economic and Business Review, October, 1958.

JAY M.

BAGLEY, W A Y N E D . CRIDDLE AND R. K E I T H HIGGINSON, "Water

Going to Waste in Southwest Utah," The Utah Farmer, September 18, 1958.

W A Y N E D . CRIDDLE, " H O W can our Water Resources Best Be Used?" ibid., April 2, 1959.

D A N DUFPHEY, "Glen Canyon . . . Boom or Bust," Utah Fish and Game, April, 1959.

LEE KAY, "Bird Day in Utah," ibid.

"Historic Alta," USS Westerners, February, 1959.

"Pinkerton's and die Hole-in-the-Wall G a n g " [Butch Cassidy], Westerners Brand Boot\ [Chicago], November, 1958.

THERON H . L U K E , "Utah's 40 Years of Historical Amnesia," ibid., April, 1959.

K. Ross TOOLE, " T h e W a r of the Copper Kings," Westerners York Posse Brand Book, N ° - h 1 9 5 9 .

New

[Entire issue devoted to Utah Folklore], Western Folklore, April, 1959.

S. GEORGE ELLSWORTH, " 'Dear Ellen': A Utah-California Correspondence, 1856-1857," Western Humanities Review, Spring, 1959.

432

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

RALPH FRIEDMAN, "Cottonwood Wash Road" (short cut road to Glen Canyon d a m ) , Westways, September, 1958.

D A N L. THRAPP, "South Pass â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Gateway to Empire," ibid., October, 1958.

JUANITA BROOKS, "There's a Dixieland in Utah," ibid., December, 1958.

RUSSELL Q U I N N , " H e Made His Mark H e r e " [Lt. Col. Philip St. George Cooke], ibid., March, 1959.

JOSEF MUENCH, "Interlude on the Colorado" (photographs), ibid., May, 1959.

VIOLA LOCKHART WARREN, "History in Paper Bags" [Hubert Howe Bancroft], ibid., June, 1959.

CHARLES O. BURGESS, "Green Bay and Mormons of Beaver Island," Wisconsin Magazine of History, A u t u m n , 1958.

. f

Special certificates of recognition and honorary membership on the Board of Trustees of the Utah State Historical Society were presented to Levi Edgar Young, left, by Governor George D. Clyde, center, and to Edward M. Mabey, right, accepting the honor for his father, the late Charles R. Mabey. The two men so honored devoted long years of service to the cause of history generally and served untiringly on the Board of Trustees of the Society for many years.

HISTORICAL

NOTES

The seventh annual dinner meeting of the Utah State Historical Society was held Saturday evening, May 9, 1959, in the Panorama Room of the University of Utah Union. Dr. Milton R. Merrill, Vice-President, Utah State University, delivered the address, "Reed Smoot, Apostle and Politician." President Creer delivered the annual "President's Report" on the affairs of the Society, and Governor George D. Clyde appointed Professor Levi Edgar Young to honorary life membership on the Board of Trustees for his long years of service to the Society and membership on the Board. Edward M. Mabey accepted honors for his father, the late Charles R. Mabey, for his years of dedicated service to the Society. One hundred and fifty members and friends attended this most successful annual meeting.

The Fifty-Second Annual Meeting of the Pacific Coast Branch American Historical Association was held September 10, 11, 12, 1959, at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City. C. Bickford O'Brien of the University of California, at Davis, was general program chairman. The Local Arrangements Committee consisted of David E. Miller, chairman, Leland H. Creer, and Philip C. Sturges. A. R. Mortensen served on the general program committee.

A comprehensive program of general historical subjects was covered with several sessions directed toward Western history topics.

436

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

On Thursday, September 10, a Council meeting of the PCB was held at the Mansion of the Historical Society. That same evening Society President Leland H. Creer was chairman of a meeting at which John D. Hicks, professor of American History, University of California, Berkeley, gave an address "Two Post-War Decades, the 1920's and 1950's." At the conclusion of Dr. Hicks's remarks a buffet dinner was served.

On the morning of Friday, September 11, a major session was devoted to "The West." Russell Elliot, University of Nevada, was chairman. Papers presented were: "Edward Kern and Topographic Art in Western America, 1845-1851," by Robert V. Hine, University of California, Riverside; "Origins and Ends of the Federal Subsidy for the Southern Overland Route in the 1850's, a Revisionist View," by Edward H. Howes, Sacramento State College; "The Engineer and the Canyon," by Dwight L. Smith, Miami University, Ohio. Richard J. Morrisey, U.S. Air Force Academy, served as commentator.

At the luncheon meeting on Friday, John W. Caughey served as chairman; greetings were extended by University of Utah President A. Ray Olpin; and Boyd C. Shafer, Executive Secretary, American Historical Association, was the speaker: "History, Not Art, Not Science, But History."

On Saturday, morning, September 12, a session of particular significance to the Intermountain West was held: "The Conservation of Historic Sites in the Expanding West." C. Gregory Crampton, Director, Historical Research Program, Upper Colorado River Project, University of Utah, was chairman and commentator. Topics were: "Federal Responsibility and Policy," John O. Littleton, Chief, National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings, National Parks Service, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D . C ; "State Action," C. J. Olsen, Director, Utah State Parks and Recreation Commission; "The Role of the Professional Historical Agency," Clifford L. Lord, Dean, School of General Studies, Columbia University, President, American Association for State and Local History.

Another session held concurrently Saturday morning was of special interest because of the participants: "Legal History â&#x20AC;&#x201D; New Opportunities for Historians and Lawyers." Reed A. Stout, of the California State Bar and former resident of Salt Lake City, served as chairman. Papers presented were: "Legal History and the Historian," by Lawrence A. Harper, University of California, Berkeley; "Legal History and the Lawyer," by Moffatt Hancock, Stanford University Law School. Com-

HISTORICAL

NOTES

437

mentators were: J. Allan Crockett, Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Utah; Dello G. Dayton, Weber College, Ogden; and Francis D. Wormuth, University of Utah.

On Saturday afternoon excursions to various historic sites in the Salt Lake City area were sponsored by the Local Arrangements Committee.

One of the most beautiful, valuable, useful, and important gifts to the library in recent years is the remarkable series, "Mapping the Transmississippi West," by Carl I. Wheat (see the listings in the Reviews and Recent Publications section). The two volumes already published and presented to the Society by Mr. Wheat have attracted a great deal of attention and interest and have been used by several scholars in the library recently. The third volume in the projected series of five is to be printed this autumn. The Society expresses thanks and appreciation to Mr. Wheat for the generous gift of this valuable series to the holdings of the Society.

The Editor wishes to thank Dr. Howard R. Driggs of the American Pioneer Trails Association, Inc., New York, New York, for his generosity in loaning his colored plates of William Henry Jackson's "The Pony Express Rider" to the Desert News press for use in printing die beautiful colored cover which appeared on the April issue of the Quarterly.

In recent years the Brigham Young University library has published several excellent indexes to Mormon Church periodicals and publications. The latest is "Index to A Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, by B. H. Roberts," and this is to be followed shortly by an index to the Journal of Discourses (twenty-six volumes, Liverpool, 1954-86). Further information on these and other indexes available may be obtained by writing directly to Brigham Young University Student Supply, Provo, Utah.

439

INDEX

INDEX Adams, Ansel, 315 Adams Express Company, 108; issued franks, 118 Aderente, Vincent, 265 Adobe yard, designated, 214 Alpine Loop road, 317, 324, 326; picture of autumn scene, 241 Alta, Utah, described, 320; picture of, 318, 320, of ski lift, 240 Alter, J. Cecil, quoted, 382-84 Amalgamated Sugar Company, took control of U.I.C., 152 American Express Company, 105 American West, map of, 8 Anaconda, Montana, 295 Anderson, Robert, 147 Anderson Dam, 47 Anderson's Tower, 227 Angel Moroni, description of on temple, 253 Angel, Truman O., architect for temple and capitol, 260 Antelope Island, 303, 307 Apperson, A. B., 150 Archives, report on, 409â&#x20AC;&#x201D;10 Arthur, Utah, 288, 292 Arrington, Leonard J., 23 Ashley, General William H., 314; figure represented on monument, 204 Aspinwall, William, 104 Assembly Hall, 221, 248; built, 227; described, 255; picture of, 256 Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, reaches Pueblo, 130 Athearn, Robert G., "Utah and the Coming of the D & RG," 129-42 Austin, Moses, 9 Austin, Stephen F., 19 B

Bamberger, Simon, 266 Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 10 Bank of Canton, Ohio, 345 Bank of Geauga, 345 Baptiste, John, 309 Barnes, A. R., 263 Bartleson-Bidwell party, 301 Bear River, 396 Beehive House, 222 Beggs, James G., 119 Beless, James W., Jr., "Daniel S. Tuttle, Missionary Bishop of Utah," 359-78 Bell, Dr. William A., 133 Beneficial Life Insurance Building, 276 Benning, H. A., 152

Benson, Ezra T., 276 Bernier, Baptiste, 302 Bidwell, John, 301 Big Sandy River, 397 Bingham Canyon and Camp Floyd Railway, 133 Bingham, Utah, 291; picture of, 284; picture of copper pit at, 244 Bitter Wood Creek, 401 Blackburn, Abner L., 395n, 396n Black Hills, 401 Blacks Fork, 397 Bliss, Robert S., 395n; facsimile of journal pages, 380; journal of, 381-404 Bolton, Herbert Eugene, 10 Bonneville, Captain B. L. E., 301 Bonneville Terrace, 304 Book of Mormon, 69, 70; appeared, 65; literature of America, 70 Bosley, Edmund, 34 Bosque Redondo Reservation, 52 Boston Building, built, 231 Bowery, 226, 251 Box Elder tabernacle, picture of, 68 Boyd's City Express, isssued franks, 118 Boynton, John, 341 Brannan, Samuel, disfellowshiped, 167; joined Mormon church, 157; led Saints of Brooklyn, 158-61; letters to Brigham Young, 162-64; meeting with Brigham Young, 162; organized church branch in San Francisco, 163; picture of, 156; picture of his home, 166 Bridger, James, views Great Salt Lake, 302 Brigham Young monument, 229; picture of, 202 Brooklyn (ship), 63, 157, 158; arrival in San Francisco, 160 Brooks, Juanita, 23 Browning, Matthew S., member Capitol Commission, 263; picture of, 144 Buchanan, President James, 110 Buffalo hunting, pictured, 400 Bullock, Thomas, signature on plat map, 212-13 Bump, Jacob, 341 Bureau of Information and Museum, 248, 257; picture of, 252 Burton, Sir Richard F., 212, 226; quoted, 283 Butterfield, John, 105, 108

Cahoon, Reynolds, Kirtland temple committee member, 341 "Calico Line," see Utah and Pleasant Valley Railway

440

UTAH

California (ship), 104 California-Nevada volunteers, 226, 294; prospecting of, 322 California Star, first appeared, 162 Calkins, Alvah C , 395n, 396n Campbell, Eugene E., "The Apostasy of Samuel Brannan," 157-67 Campbellites, 331, 332 Camp Floyd, 288 Canon City, D & RG branch line toward, 130, 131 Cannon, George Q., describes apportionment of Great Salt Lake City, 215, fencing of lots in, 216, old fort in, 214 Cannon, Theodore L., "Temple Square: The Crossroads of the West," 247-57 Cannon shaft, picture of, 286 Capitol, building of, 2 5 9 - 7 3 ; architect for, 263; art works in, 265, 266, 2 7 1 , 272; building materials used, 264, 265; commission members, 263, picture of, 268; contractors for, 263, 264; cornerstone laying of, 267 ff; picture of, 239, of rotunda, 258 Cardiff mines, 319 Carey Act, 32 Carr Fork, 290 Carrie Steele lode, 295 Carrington, Albert, locates capitol site, 260 Carson, Kit, 302; cross of, 303 Carson Inn, 292 Carter, Jared, Kirtland temple committee member, 341 Carthage, Illinois, martyrdom at, 65 Castaneda, 23 The Cattlemen from the Rio Grande Across the Far Marias, by Sandoz, reviewed, 197-99 Cattle raising, in California, 14 Caughey, John W., picture of, 6; "Toward an Understanding of the West," 7-24 Centennial Colorado, by Athearn and Ubbelohde, reviewed, 421 Central Overland California & Pike's Peak Express Company, 103, 108, 109, 115, 116, 119; awarded mail contract, 107; loans made to by Holladay, 124; promissory note of, 122 Central Pacific Railroad, 137, 138 Central Route, 105, 107, 115; controversy over, 108, 109; divided into two sections, 111-14; mail service started on, 110 Chaffey, George, 19 "Chief Massassoit," 259, 266 Childs, E. Sâ&#x20AC;&#x17E; 110 Chimney Rock, 402 Chislett, John, 276 Chinese massacres, 16

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Chivington, Colonel, 18 Chorpenning, George, 107 Church of the Good Shepherd, 370 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, choir of, 248; conferences of, 248; offices completed, 2 3 1 ; organized, 65; other offices of, 222 City and County Building, completed, 229; picture of, 261 City Creek, first camp upon, 210; Fremont camped on, 303 City Dispatch Post, issued franks, 118 City of Corinne, see General Garfield Civil War, 64, 76; effect on mail service, 109, 115, 123 Clark, Senator W . A., 287 Clawson, J. W., 266 Clawson, Mary J., 382, 384, 386 Cleveland Herald, 351 Clear Creek, Utah, boom town, 135, 136 Clyde, George D., "History of Irrigation in Utah," 27-36; picture of, 26, 434 Clyman, James, 301, 302 Colfax, Vice-President Schuyler, visited Utah, 367 Collinston hill, picture of grade over, 149 Coloma, California, 164 Colorado River Reservation, 52, 53 Colorado River Storage Project, 33 Columbia Basin, Inter-Agency Committee, survey of recreational resources, 46 Compromise of 1850, 73 Confederate forces mobilized, 109 The Confederate Invasion of New Mexico and Arizona, by Kerby, reviewed, 200 Connor, Colonel Patrick Edward, 226, 294; prospecting of soldiers, 322 Constitution Building, 276 Continental Bank Building, built, 231 Cook, Fred K., 119 Cooley, Everett L., "The Robert S. Bliss Journal," 381-404; "Utah's Capitols," 259-73 Copley, Leman, 332 Coray, Sergeant William, 158 Corinne, Utah, 366 Corwin, Fanny, 167 Council House, description of, 217, 221, 275; picture of, 261 Cowdery, Oliver, 335, 340, 341, 345; secures bank notes, 346 Creer, Leland H., "The President's Report," 407-12 Creighton, Edward, built telegraph line, 120 Crosby, Sarah, 362 "Crossing at Council Bluffs," picture, 2 Culmer, H. L. A., 272 Custom House, in San Francisco, picture of, 161

INDEX

Dallin, Cyrus E., 266 Daly, Marcus, 287, 294 Dana, Marshall N., "Reclamation, Its Influence and Impact on the History of the West," 39-49; picture of, 38 Dana, Richard Henry, 9 Daughters of the Mormon Battalion, 382 Death Valley, 11 Deer Crek, water project, 232 Democrats, curry Mormon favor, 72 Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, bids for joint rates with Union Pacific, 142; buys out Atchison Company, 131; ground purchased for depot, 134; has control of Royal Gorge route, 131; incorporated, 130; last spike driven at Colorado line, 136; organized, 133; pictures of, 132, 133, 134; nears Ogden, 138 Dern, John, 263 Deseret, 73; alphabet, 67 Deseret Chemical Depot, 287 Deseret Evening News, quoted on D & RG, 136 Deseret News, quoted, 141 Deseret Telegraph line, 224 The Diaries and Letters of Henry H. Spalding . . . , edited by Drury, reviewed, 419-20 Dinsmore, William B., 108, 110, 114 Doctrine and Covenants, 69 Dodge, D. C , 133 Dominguez-Escalante expedition, 300, 313 Donner party, 206, 288 Dotsero Cutoff, completed, 141 Douglas, Donald, 19 Duncan, Sherman and Company, 130 Durrant, Mrs. Mary, 362n

Eagle Emporium, 277 Eagle Gate, 222; elevated, 229; picture of, 225, 230 East Chagrin River, 336 Eccles, David, 146-48; picture of, 144 Eccles, George S., 151 Eccles interurban, reached Hyde Park, 147 Edmunds Act, 76 Edmunds-Tucker Act, 76 Electric lights, in Salt Lake City, 228, 231 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 62; quoted on Mormonism, 66 Emigration Square, 229 Emma Mine, 319 Endowment House, 221, 251; picture of, 252 "Entering the Valley," by Harwood, 235

441 Episcopal church, attitude toward Mormons, 360-62; early vestrymen of, 370; first communicants of, 362; hospital organized, 374; numbers of in Utah Territory, 360; organized schools in Salt Lake City, 362, 372, 373; picture of Bishops of, 377 Evans, Edwin, 272 Expositor, press destroyed, 72

Facts About Utah, reviewed, 200 Fairbanks, Avard, 266 Fairbanks, Ortho, 267 Fairfield, Utah, 288, 292 The Fancher Train, by Bean, reviewed, 416-19 Farming: early beginnings in Utah, 29 Federal Building, 231 Federal Reserve Building, 231 Fenn, Lucius, letter of quoted, 64 Fiction writers, of the West, 9 Fielding, R. Kent, "The Mormon Economy in Kirtland," 331-56 Fillmore City, named capitol site, 260 Fillmore State Capitol, architect for, 260; picture of, 261; restored, 162 First Security Bank, 276; Building, 232 Foote, Mrs. Nelly, 361 Foote, Rev. George W., 361, 362, 369, 370; built church, 366 Foote, Sarah, 361 Ford, Seabury, 347 Forringer, A. E., artist, 265 Fort Bridger, 397 Fort Douglas, 231 Fort John, see Fort Laramie Fort Laramie, 401n Fort Sumner, 52, 53 Fourier, Charles, 70 Fox, Jesse W., locates capitol site, 260 Franks, first issued, 118 French, Peter, sold farm to Mormons, 336, 337 Freemasonry, 64 Fremont, John C , explorations of, 9, 13, 205, 297, 301, 303 Fremont Island, 302, 309 Fulton, Theresa, 362

"Gathering," 67, 71; in Kirtland, 342, 343 Gamble, James, built telegraph lines, 120 Garden of Eden, in America, 69 Gardner, Hamilton, review by, 193-94 Garfield Beach, picture of, 305 Garfield, Utah, 288, 292 Garner, William, 395n, 396n Garrison, William Lloyd, 63

442

UTAH

Gemmell, Robert C , 2 9 1 ; picture of, 289 General Garfield (City of Corinne), picture of, 305 Gerrisch, Fanny, 362 Giannini, A. P., 19 Gibson, Mack, 295 Gilbert, Algernon, 333 Gilbert, G. Karl, 303 Gilbert and Gerrish, 276 Gillogly, Rev. James L., does missionary work in Ogden, 370 Gittins, Alvin, 272 Gist, Governor, 108 Godbe, William S., 277, 367 Godbeite movement, 367 Goddard, Rev. E. N., 361, 364 Gold Room, described, 271, 272; picture of, 238 Golightly, M. J., 146-48 Goodman, Jack, "The Shining Mountains â&#x20AC;&#x201D; T h e Oquirrh Range," 2 8 5 - 9 5 ; "Wandering in the Wasatch," 313-27 Goodson, John, 341 Grand Coulee Reservoir, picture of, 48 Granger, Ralph, 347 Grant, Jedediah M., 276 Great Basin Kingdom,

by Arrington, reviewed, 191-93 Great Salt Desert, 288 Great Salt Lake, bathing resorts on, 306; boating on, 306, 309; discovery and early exploration, 3 0 2 - 3 ; islands of, 309; legends of, 2 9 8 - 3 0 1 ; levels of, 310; Lucin Cutoff, 310; picture of, 296; salt content of, 304 Great Salt Lake City, County Courthouse of, 222; described by early traveler, 217-18; early buildings in, 221-22; farming lands in, 216; first merchants in, 275ff; Jones's picture of, 208; Piercy's picture of, 220; plat of, 2 1 1 - 1 3 ; street planning of, 216; wall around, 222; water supply for, 216; see also Salt Lake City Great Salt Lake Valley, description of, 205 Greeley, Horace, 9 Green River, 397 Gregg, Josiah, 9, 23 Grist, F. R., artist wtih Stansbury expedition, 219 Groesbeck's store, 368 Guardsman's Pass road, 321, 323 Gunnison, Lt. John W., his impression of Great Salt Lake City, 218 Gwin, Senator William Mâ&#x20AC;&#x17E; 108

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Hale, Jonathan, 341 Hamilton, Mrs. Fidelia B., 362 Hamilton, Dr. John F., 374 Hams Fork, 397 Hancock, Levi W., 392-95 Handcart pioneers, monument of, 255 Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, 104 Hardy, John K., 263 Harriman, Mrs. E. H., inheritance tax paid to Utah, 263 Harris, Arnold, 104 Harris, Martin, stewardship of, 338 Harrison, E. L. T., 367 Haskins, Rev. Thomas W., 361, 369, 371, 373; appointed army chaplain at Fort Douglas, 368; letter of quoted, 362 Hastings, Lansford W., Cutoff across desert, 206, 303 Hat Island, 309 Hayden, Charlotte E., 372 Hearst, George, 322 Hearst, Randolph, 322 Heber Valley, 323 Hell Gate, 399 Hempstead, Major Charles H., 361 Hermitage, in Ogden Canyon, 145 Highland Boy Mine, 291 Historians, of the West, 9, 23 Historical Notes, 435-37 Hockaday, J. M. & Company, 107 Hogback Project, 55, 56 Hole-in-The-Rock, hy Miller, reviewed, 413-14 Holladay, Benjamin, 124 Holliday and Warner, 275 "Homestead," 324 Honolulu Friend, quoted, 159 Honolulu Polynesian, quoted, 160 Hooper, William H., 276 Hooper and Eldredge, 276 Hoover Dam, 46 Horner, J. M., 276 "Horseshoe" or "Oxbow Route," 105 Hotel Utah, 279; built, 2 3 1 ; picture of, 281 Humphreys, E. R., 370 Hungry Horse Dam, 47 Hunter, Bishop Edward, 276 Huntsville, Utah, 317 Hussey, Loretta, 362 Hussey, Warren, 362, 369, 370; quoted, 360 Hutchings, James M., 9 Hyde, Orson, 3 4 1 ; sent to apply for bank charter, 346 Hyman-Michaels Company, scrapped the U.I.C., 154

H Hafen, John, 272, 314 Hafen, LeRoy R., 10 Hale, Girard, 266

Independence Hall, 361, 368, 372; picture of, 369 Independence Rock, 399; picture of, 400

INDEX

443

Indians: in Salt Lake City, 393; irrigation projects of, 28, 51-56; Pawnee, 403; Utah, 393 Inheritances, apportioned in Great Salt Lake City, 215-16 Irrigation: ancient practices, 28, 42; cooperative development of, 29; Deer Creek project, 232; Indian uses of, 52; in Utah, 27-36, 210; modern period of, 33, 34; pictures of, 30, 31, 45, 48; private capital in development of, 32; problems of, 35, 36 Island Ranching Company, 309

J Jackling, Daniel C , 291; picture of, 289; statue of, 266 Jackman, Ami R., 395n Jackson, President Andrew, 350 Jackson, William Henry, 315 Jackson, W. Turrentine, review by, 197-99 Jacob, Norton, description of Valley of Great Salt Lake, 210 Jennings, William, 227, 277 Johnson, Hiram, 19 Johnson, John, admitted to United Order, 338, 339; stewardship of, 338, 341 Johnson, Lyman, 341 Johnson, Marinda, 341 Johnson Pass, 288 Johnston, Col. Albert Sidney, 18, 292; army of, 75; picture of camp of, 293 Jones, John S., 105 Jones, J. Wesley, picture of Great Salt Lake City by, 219 Jones, Paul, picture of, 50; "Reclamation and the Indian," 51-56 Jordan, David Starr, 19 judah, Theodore, 19

Kaiser, Henry J., 19 Kane, Thomas L., 266 Kate Connor (boat), 307 Kearns, Thomas, 322, 408 Kemble, Edwin, 159 Kennecott Copper Company, 288, 289, 291 Kimball, Heber C , figure of on monument, 205 Kimball and Lawrence, 277 Kimball Spring, 401 Kinkead, Charles A., 275 Kirby, Rev. R. M., 371; superintendent of St. Mark's hospital, 374 Kirtland Safety Society Anti-Banking Company, 348-50; bills of, 349; failure of, 354; notes issued, 352, 353 Kirtland Safety Society Bank Company, 344, 347

Kirtland Temple, building of, 341 Kletting, Richard K. A., 263; picture of, 268 Knaphus, Torlief, 266

Lake Bonneville, 303, 304 Lake Martha, 319 Lake Mary, 319 Lake Mead, capacity of, 35 Lake Solitude, 319 Lake Timpanogos, 300 Lamanites, 70 Land of Giants: The Drive to the Pacific Northwest, by Lavender, reviewed, 194-95 Larson, B. F., 272 Larson, Gustive O., review by, 413-14 La Veta Pass, 130 Law of Consecration, 333, 335 Law, George, 104 Lawrence, Henry W., 276, 367 Leadville, Colorado, 131, 134 Leavenworth & Pike's Peak Express Company, organized, 105, 107 Lewis and Clark, 9, 13 Lewiston, Utah, 295 Liberal party, 76, 367 Liberty Park, open to public, 228 Library, report on, 410-11 Life and Adventures of Frank Grouard, edited by Stewart, reviewed, 199 Lincoln, Abraham, 108 Lincoln-Roosevelt League, 19 Linford, Ernest H., review by, 414â&#x20AC;&#x201D;16 Lion House, picture of, 223 Litde Sandy River, 397 Livingston, James M., 275 Livingston and Bell, 276 Logan, Ida-Marie Clark, "Selections from a Bibliography of Theses and Dissertations Concerning Utah or the Mormons Written Outside the State of Utah," 85100, 169-90 Logan City, picture of early freight train in, 149 Logan-Hyde Park-Smithfield canal, picture of, 30 Logan Journal, quoted on interurban line in Cache Valley, 146, 147 Logan Rapid Transit Company, 146 Lone Peak, 314 Long John Dunn of Taos, by Evans, reviewed, 421 Loose, C. E., 263 Lovejoy, Elijah, 63 Lovering, Lucinda, 362 Lucin Cutoff, 310 Lund, Anthon H., 263

444

UTAH

Lyman, Amasa M., 157, 164; visits Brannan, 166 Lyon, T. Edgar, "This is the Place," 203-7 M Mabey, Edward M., picture of, 434 McCornick Bank, 276 McClintock, Margaretta, 362 McLeod, Rev. Norman, 361 Magna, Utah, 288, 292 Mahler, Mr., 146 Mail service to Pacific, bill for, 104 Main Street, Salt Lake City, 2 7 5 - 8 3 ; pictures of, 233, 274, 277, 279 Majors, Alexander, picture of, 102 Malin, James C , 10 Manifest Destiny, 14 Manifesto of 1890, 76 Manning, L. S., 295 Marshall, James, 14; discovered gold, 164 Mattson, David, 263 Medical Arts Building, built, 231 Mercur, Utah, 287, 292; picture of, 293 Middle Canyon, 287 Miles, Mrs. William, 362 Miles, William, 362 Millard County, created, 259 Miller, David E., "The Great Salt Lake," 297-311 Miller, Rev. George D. B., 361, 364, 373 Miller, Henry W., 309 Miller, Jacob, 303 Miller brothers, 309 Minturn, Mrs. Robert, 366 Montfort, H., agent for Pioneer Stage Line, 119 Moran, P. J., 263 Morgan, Dale L., 20, 23; "The Changing Face of Salt Lake City," 209-32; review by, 191-93 Morgan, Nicholas G., Sr., 267, 408 Morley, Isaac, 333 Mormon Battalion, 63; built Bowery, 248; monument of, 270; Sick Detachment arrives, 211 Mormon Hill, 66 Mormon Island, 66, 164 Mormonism: conflicts in Missouri, 72; differences with Missourians, 6 3 ; doctrine of inheritance, 72; early theology, 60; establishing Zion, 65, 66; political nonconformity, 72, 73; social experiments of, 6 1 , 62; social reforms, 67; theology, 62 Mormon Question, 76 "Mormon Meteor," 272 Mormons: arrival represented on monument, 204f; economy in Kirtland, 3 3 1 56; fail to get bank charter, 347; first winter in the Valley, 215; irrigation

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

practices of, 28; ownership of property in Kirtland, 339; population of in Kirtland, 339; relations with the D & RG 140; village ideal of, 74, 75 "Mormon War," 18 Mortensen, A. R., 2 3 ; "In This Issue," 3-4; "Main Street: Salt Lake City," 275-83 Moser, Henri, 272 Moulton, G. B., 370 Mountain Men, 14; figures represented on monument, 204 Mount McKinley, 11 Mount Majestic, 319 Mount Timpanogos, 324-27 Mount Whitney, 11 Muddy River, 397 Muench, Josef, 315 Mulcahy, P. H., 152 Mulder, William, 2 3 ; "The Mormons in American History," 59-77; picture of, 58; review by, 196-97 Mud Hen (boat), 307 Murray, Governor Eli, 76

National Express Company, 105 National Reclamation Association, 44 Navajo Tribal Council, 53; farm training school of, 54, 55; picture of, 54 Needham, James, 276 Newell K. Whitney and Company, 335, 338, 339, 341 Newhouse, Samuel, 291 Newhouse Building, built, 231 Newman, Rev. John P., 64 New Mexico, setdement of, 13 New Park Mine, 321 New York Herald, describes Great Salt Lake City in 1858, 224 Nixon, William, 276 Norris, George, 19 Nowele, W., 370 Noyes, Charles Humphrey, 61

Ogden, Peter Skene, 314 Ogden Electric Railroad, 145 Ogden Gateway suit, 142 Ogden, Lewiston and Northern Railway, 147 Ogden, Logan and Idaho Railway Company, 148 Ogden and Northwestern Railroad, 146 Ogden Rapid Transit Company, 145, 146, 150 Ohio Star, 352 Old City Hall, picture of, 261 Old County Courthouse, picture of, 261 Old Fort, building of, 214-15

INDEX Onaqui Peak, 288 Oneida Community, 61 Ontario Mine, 322 Ophir, Utah, 287, 292, 294 Order of Enoch, 61 Oregon missions, 14 Our Strip of Land, by Dunham, reviewed, 421 Overland Mail Company, 105, 107, 108, 114, 115, 119; appoints Wells Fargo agent in San Francisco, 118; line destroyed, 109; mail to California stopped, 109, 110; removal to Central Route, 110, 117, 118; service discontinued on Southern Route, 110; terminus of, 116 Overland Telegraph Company, 120; lines joined, 120 Owyhee Dam, 47

Pacific Coast Branch American Historical Association, meeting of, 435-37 Pacific National Life Building, 277 Pacific Railroad Bill, 19 Pacific Steamship Company, 104 Pacific Telegraph Company, 120 Pack, John, 275 Packard, Milan, 133 Paine, Thomas, 69 Painesville Telegraph, 351 Palmer, William Jackson, picture of, 128, 131 Palmyra, New York, 65 Panic of 1873, 130 Park City, Utah, described, 321, 322; picture in, 321, 323 Park, Samuel C , quoted on Capitol building, 263 Park Utah Consolidated, 321 Parrish, Warren, 355 Partridge, Edward, 333 Pauvan Valley, designated capital, 259 Pawnee Indians, 403 Penitentiary, 221 People's party, 76, 367 Perpetual Emigrating Fund, 76 Piercy, Frederick, 219; picture of Great Salt Lake City, 220; view described, 219-22 Pilot Peak, 288 Pinedo, Arie, 295 Pioneer day celebrations, beginning of, 218 Pioneer Park, 214 Pioneers, first band, 62; preparations for entering the Valley, 67 Pioneer Stage Line, 116 Platte River, 401, 403 Poison Springs, 399 Polygamy, 61, 62 Pony Express, fees charged, 116; letters, illustrated, 106; notice of, 121; officially

445 terminated, 120; reduction in postal rates, 116-19; salute to, 121; starting of, 103, 109, 110; total runs and mail carried, 123 Population, dependent upon land and water resources, 43 Portneuf River, 304 Post Office appropriation bill, 110 Post Route Bill, 108, 109 Potter, Bishop Horatio, 365 Prairie Schooner Lady, by DeWitt, reviewed, 422 Pratt, Addison, president of church branch in California, 163 Pratt, Orson, 158; locates capitol site, 260; represented on monument, 205 Pratt, Parley P., 158,331,341 Preuss, Charles, 302 Promontory Range, 310 Provo Terrace, 304 Provost, Etienne, 302 Public Works, 221, 251 Publications, report on, 411-12 Pueblo, Colorado, D & RG into, 130 Pueblo Indians, irrigation works of, 51, 52

Quantrill, William, 292

Railroads, influence on the West, 15; transcontinental completed, 278 Ralston, William, 19 Ram in the Thicket, by Robertson, reviewed, 414-16 Reclamation, act of 1902, 32, 40; and civilization, 42; and recreation, 46; contention regarding, 41; federal control of, 44; federal investment in, 41; great dams of, 46; impact upon history of the West, 46, 47 Recreation, survey of resources, 46 Red Rock Pass, 304 Reese, John and Enoch, 276 Religion, in American life, 60 Reviews and Recent Publications, 191-200; 413-32 Rich, Charles C , 157; visits Brannan, 166 Richards, Lee Greene, 266 Richards, Willard, quoted, 210 Ridges, Joseph, built tabernacle organ, 254 Rigdon, Sidney, 335, 341; Influence on settling in Kirtland, 332; stewardship of, 338; suit against, 354 Robidoux, Antoine, 9 Robinson, Dr. J. King, 361 Rockwell, Timothy, 347 Roosevelt, Theodore, and reclamation, 40, 41, 42

446

UTAH

Roseport and Palmetto line, 104 Rounds, Samuel D., 354 Rowland Hall, started, 372, 373 Royal Gorge, 130, 131 Rumel, Hal, 315 Rumfield, Hiram S., 114; agent for Overland Mail Company, 119 Russell, W m . H., 105, 108, 110, 111, 114; picture of, 102 Russell, Majors and Waddell Company, 103, 107-10, 119; Bible of, 115; Kansas Valley Bank check of, 122; reduction in postal rates, 117

Sage Creek, 399 St. John, Utah, 288 St. Louis Globe Democrat, quoted on Helena fire, 364, 365 St. Mark's Cathedral, consecrated, 370 St. Mark's grammar school, picture of, 372 St. Mark's Hospital, organized, 374; picture of, 375 St. Mark's Rectory, 368 St. Paul's Chapel, constructed, 370; picture of, 371 Salicornia (boat), 307 Saline Pass, 134 Salt harvest, picture of, 242 Saltair, picture of, 243 Salt Lake City, electricity in, 228, 2 3 1 ; gas lighting in, 224, 228; house numbering in, 228; major buildings built, 232; mail delivery in, 228; Main Street, 275-83, pictures of, 233, 274, 277, 279; naming of, 209; street numbering in, 214; street railways in, 224, 227, 232; telegraph lines joined in, 120; view from Capitol, 228; view of subdivisions, 229 Salt Lake and Park City Railway, 133 Salt Lake Daily Tribune, quoted, on D 6c RG, 136, 138, 139; on Union Pacific, 139, 140 Salt Lake Herald, quoted on D & RG, 135 Salt Lake Theatre, constructed, 224-26; picture of, 225 San Francisco (Yerba Buena), 63; early picture of, 161 San Juan Valley, 130 San Luis Valley, 130 Santa Fe, New Mexico, 131 Santa Fe Trail, 14 Savage, Charles R., picture collection destroyed, 217 Savage, Sarah, 362 Sawmills, early picture of, 388 School of the Prophets, 62 Scotts Bluff, 401 Scotts Bluff National Monument, Nebraska,

by Mattes, reviewed, 420

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Sea Gull Monument, 255 Semicentennial Celebration, 229 Settle, Raymond W., "The Pony Express Heroic Effortâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; Tragic End," 103-26 Seventies Council Hall, location of, 221 Sevier Valley Railway Company, organized, 133 Shakers, 61 Shasta Dam, 46 Sibley, General, 18 "Signal of Peace," 266 Silver King Mine, 321 Singleton, A. B., 150 Sloo, A. G., 104 Smalling, Cyrus, 353 Smith, Adam, 21 Smith, Azariah, 164 Smith, Henry Nash, 10 Smith, Hyrum, 341, 344; monument of, 255 Smith, Jedediah S., 314 Smith, John, 394 Smith, John Henry, 263 Smith, Joseph, 295 Smith, Joseph, Jr., 62, 68-72; 335, 341; and Law of Consecration, 333; confidence in undermined, 356; deatir of, 72; monument of, 255; organized Church of Christ, 65; responsibility for bank, 355; seeks treasure in Massachusetts, 344; stewardship of, 338, 339; store of, 341; suggestion on slavery, 63; withdrew from bank, 354 Smith, William, 158 Snow, Erastus, figure of represented on monument, 205 Social Hall, 221 Sorensen, Philip E., "The Utah Idaho Central Railroad," 145-55 Southern Route, destroyed, 109 Specie Circular, issued, 350 Spry, Governor William, 263 Staines, William C , locates capitol site, 260 Stansbury, Captain Howard, cabin used by, 257; survey of, 218, 303 Stansbury Peak, 288 State historical societies, preserve historic sites and monuments, 79-84 Steen, Rector, 322 Stenhouse, T. B. H., quoted, 363-64 Stevens, S. K., "The States Act to Conserve their Heritage," 79-84 Stewart, James and Company, contractors for Capitol, 264 Stewart, LeConte, 272 Stockton, Utah, 288 Stoddard, Charles, 309 Strawberry Valley Project, 33 Streetcar, picture of Birney model, 153

INDEX

447

Sturges, Philip C , review by, 194-95, 419-20 Sugarloaf Peak, 219 Sunset Peak, 319 Sutter, John A., 164 Sutter's mill, gold discovered, 104 Sweet Water River, 398, 399

Tabernacle ( n e w ) , 226, 248, 2 5 1 ; construction of, 2 5 3 ; organ of, 254; picture of, 236, 249; ( o l d ) , 2 2 1 , 226, 227, 251 Tabernacle Choir, 64, 255; broadcasts of, 248; picture of, 245 Taggart, J. P., 370 Taylor, Bayard, 9 Telegraph, completed, 224, 228 Telegraph, 363, 367 Telephone, in Salt Lake City, 224 Temple Square, construction of wall, 222, 250; cultural activities in, 248; described, 221, 2 4 7 - 5 7 ; picture of gate, 246; site designated, 210, 2 1 1 , 247; view of, 225 Temple, in Salt Lake, architect for, 260; building of, 226, 247, 250; foundation of, 2 2 1 ; picture of, 237, 249; others in Utah and elsewhere, 226, 250, 341 Templeton Hotel, 276 Terrace Mountain, 304 Territorial arsenal, 221 Territorial Enterprise, quoted on D & RG, 137 "This is the Place" Monument, picture of, 234; unveiling of, 204, 206-7 Thompson, Major M. Jeff, 103, 104 Timely Gull (boat), 307 Timpanogos Cave National Monument, 326-27, 316 Tingey, C. S., 263 Tithing Office, described, 2 8 0 - 8 3 ; picture of, 280, 282 Titus, R. E., 152 Tooele Ordinance Depot, 287 Tracy, T. F., 370 Tracy, Mrs. Augusta, 362n Trinidad, Colorado, D & RG branch, 130 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 4, 10 Turner, Rev. J. M., 373 Tuttle, Bishop Daniel S., consecrated, 359; elected Bishop of Missouri, 377; in Montana, 364, 365; on Mormonism, 368; picture of, 358; Presiding Bishop, 378 Tuttle, Harriet, 363, 378 TVA, 19 Twin Lakes, 319 U United Firm, see United Order United Order, 67; organized, 335; first members of, 335-39

Uinta National Forest, 316 Union Pacific Railroad, 136-38,142; branch line to Salt Lake City, 253; monopoly

of, 137 Union Square, 275 University of Utah, site of, 231 Uptown Theatre, 276 Utah, acquires statehood, 76, present boundaries of, 73 Utah and Pleasant Valley Railway, 133, 134 Utah Central Railroad, 366; Union Pacific subsidiary, 137 Utah Copper Company, see Kennecott Copper Company The Utah Expedition, by Hafen and Hafen, reviewed, 193-94 Utah Idaho Central Railroad, 145, 148, 150, 151; choice of route to Logan, 148; corporation named, 149, 151; demise of, 152-55; first receivership of, 150 Utah Magazine, 367 Utah Rapid Transit, took over Ogden system, 150 Utah State Historical Society, annual meeting reported, 435; Board of Trustees picture, 406; "President's Report" of, 407-12 Utah Territory, 73; changes on the Utah scene, 366-67; legislature of, 262

Van Buren, President Martin, quoted, 64 Vigilance Committee, 167; in San Francisco, 157 Villagra, 23 Villard, Henry, 9 Virginia City, Montana, Episcopal church in, 364, 365 Virgin River, picture of, 31 W Waddell, William B., picture of, 102 Walker Brothers, 276 Walker Bank, 294; Building, 231 Walker, Joseph Redford, 301 Wall, Col. Enos A., 291 Walls, building of in Great Salt Lake City, 222-24; around Temple Square, 250 Ware, Florence, 272 Warm Springs, 401 Wasatch and Jordan Valley Railway, 133 Wasatch Mountain Club, 318 Wasatch Mountains, hiking trails of, 318, 319; picture of, 312; roads into, 317 Wasatch National Forest, 316 Water, estimated use of, 4 3 ; policy, 43, 44 "The Water Hole," picture of, 56 Webb, Walter Prescott, 10 Weber River, 395, 396 Weekly Advertiser, 351

448

UTAH

Weekly Gazette, 351 Weir, Thomas, 291 Wells, Daniel H., 276, 361 Wells, Emmeline B., 266 Wells, Nelly, 363 Wells Fargo Express Company, 105, 276; claims for reduction in postal rates, 116; issued franks, 118; not responsible for Pony Express, 120 Wenner, Judge U. J., resided on Fremont Island, 309 West of the Great Divide, Norwegian Migration to the Pacific Coast, by Bjork, reviewed, 196-97 West, after 1890, 15; and the Civil War, 18, 19; becomes part of United States, 14; beginning of irrigation in, 28; cultural history of, 20; dependence upon federal government, 16; early settlement of, 13; "easternized," 17; economic and political discrimination against, 21, 22; economy of, 20, 21; English in, 13; environment of, 11; fiction writers of, 9; French in, 13; great dams of, 46; historians of, 9, 23; military operations in, 18; official explorers of, 13; population of, 9; regional approach to problems,23, 24; settlement of, 9; space devoted to history of, 22, 23; Spaniards in, 13; wealth of, 12 West, Ray B., 23 Whigs, curry Mormon favor, 72 Whipple, Maurine, review by, 416â&#x20AC;&#x201D;19 White, A. W., 370 White, Gilbert, 266 White, Jack, 315 Whitman, Marcus, 9 Whitmer, Rich and Company, 341 Whitney, Newell K., 335, 341, 356; picture

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

of, 334; property of, 333; stewardship of, 339; suit against, 354 Wilkes, Major Edmund, 374 Willard Peak, 317 Williams, Frederick G., 337; joins United Order, 336 Williams, Thomas S., 276 Willow Springs, 399 Wobblies, 16 Woman's Industrial Christian Home, 262 Woodruff, Wilford, figure on monument, 205 Word of Wisdom, 61 Wright, A. B., 266, 272

Yerba Buena, see San Francisco Young, Brigham, 19, 342, 361; colonizing Zion, 73, 74; figure on monument, 205; letter to Sam Brannan, 165; possessed Kirtland notes, 355; quoted in interview with Tutde, 363; reaches Salt Lake Valley, 310; returns to Missouri, 214; visited by Emerson, 66; by Tutde, 363 Young, Joseph, 392 Young, Levi Edgar, picture of, 434 Young, Lorenzo D., built first house outside the fort, 215 Young, Mahonri, 272

Zion, 68, 71; city of, 70; in Jackson County, Missouri, 343; Joseph Smith's vision of, 69 Zion Canyon, picture of, 12 Z.C.M.I., 276, 294; first home of, 277; organized, 227; picture of, 223 Zella Mine, 295

UTAH

STATE

HISTORICAL

fill

SOCIETY

^%

» _

. ^ -