Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 29, Number 4, 1961

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

October, 1961

IN THIS ISSUE

ABOUT THE COVER

East side of Main Street, Salt Lake City, about 1870. U. S. Land Office lower left corner.

Center, first Catholic church in Salt Lake, St. Mary Magdalene,

H I S T O R I C A L

QUARTERLY

A. R. Mortensen, Editor

UTAH

STATE

HISTORICAL

VOLUME

XXIX

SOCIETY

I 961

Copyright 1961, Utah State Historical Society, 603 East South Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah

CONTENTS ARTICLES

Utah and the Depression of the 1890's, BY LEONARD J . ARRINGTON. . . .

Mormonism s First Foothold in the Pacific Northwest, The

BY WILLIAM B. SMART

21

Ghost

33

of Mercur,

BY DOUGLAS D. ALDER

State Action in Relation to Preservation of Historical Resources in the Expanding West, BY C. J . OLSEN Archives Past and Future, BY EVERETT L. COOLEY Discourse by President Brigham Young Delivered in the Bowery, Great Salt Lake City, August 4,1867, EDITED BY G. HOMER DURHAM The

3

Dash

to Promontory,

BY ROBERT M . UTLEY

Indians,

149

The

Face of the Land,

The

Cotton

BY JUANITA BROOKS

193

BY JUANITA BROOKS

201

Song, "St. George and the Dragon" Color Country,

222

BY JUANITA BROOKS

Song, "Pounding Early Buildings,

Rock ^nt0

the Temple

223

Foundation"

239

BY JUANITA BROOKS

Culture

in Dixie,

Pioneer

Agriculture,

241

BY LORRAINE T. WASHBURN

255

BY A. KARL LARSON

269

Silver Reef, BY JUANITA BROOKS Vignettes,

281

BY JUANITA BROOKS AND DR. JOSEPH WALKER

In Appreciation,

289

BY LELAND H . CREER

305

Land Contest in Early Utah, BY GUSTIVE O. LARSON Estill &• Co. Express,

309

BY JAMES W . MILGRAM

327

Two Early Reports Concerning Roman Catholicism in Utah 1876-1881, BY JOHN BERNARD MCGLOIN, S.J Indian Sketches from the Journals of T. D. Brown and Jacob Hamblin,

Utah History:

119 129 137

1869, EDITED BY C. GREGORY CRAMPTON AND

DAVID E. MILLER Mission,

63 99

Polygamy: An Issue in the Election of 1860? BY VERN L. BULLOUGH. .

Edwin Bryant's Trail Through Western Utah, BY HENRY J . WEBB . . .

Naming of the Green, Sevier, and Virgin Rivers, BY RUFUS WOOD LUIGH fournal of Two Campaigns by the Utah Territorial Militia Against the Navajo

45 57

333

BY JUANITA BROOKS

Some Dimensions

for Further

347

Study,

BY G. HOMER DURHAM

363

The President's Report for the Year 1960, BY LELAND H . CREER 373 Reviews and Recent Publications 77, 177, 377 Historical Notes 91, 187, 393

ILLUSTRATIONS George Q. Cannon, President Wilford Woodruff, Joseph F. Smith.

Tithing Scrip Saltair Pavilion Pioneer Electric Power Plant; Cottonwood Canyon Power Plant; Lehi Sugar Factory

..

2 8 13 15

Portland, Oregon, Front Street, in 1852 20 Early Day Mormon Missionaries 24 Mercur Business District 32 Methodist Church Choir of Mercur; Mercur Volunteer Fire Department 38 G. f. Olsen 44 Camp Floyd Cemetery 50 Brigham Young Home in St. George; facob Hamblin Home at Santa Clara 53 East South Temple in the 1860's 62 Panorama of Salt Lake City in the 1860's 64, 65 John Kitchen Ranch; Petrified Wood in the Circle Cliffs 90 Chase Home in Centerville 93 One Thousand Mile Tree 98 Mormon Surveyors; Chinaman's Arch 103 Devil's Gate Bridge; "Jupiter"; Scene at driving of Golden Spike. . . .

113 Nauvoo, Illinois 118 Map of Donner, Edwin Bryant's Trail 128 Spring in Pass Canyon; Looking Toward Pilot Peak '34 Green River, near Jensen, Utah 136 Virgin River; Sevier River 143 Spanish Trail Marker 146 Map of Campaigns Against the Navajo Indians, 1869 148 Edwin G. Woolley, Adjutant 150 Paria Settlement; Indian Monument on Moccasin Ranch 152 Sentinel Rock 160 Gunsight Butte 161 Site of Lee's Ferry 164 Port at Pipe Spring; Lake in Three Lakes Canyon 175 Members of Board of Trustees, Utah State Historical Society 186 Air View of St. George 192 Desert Joshua 197 Utah's Dixie, Map 198-199 Erastus Snow 200 Jacob Peart Inscription 205 Washington Cotton Factory; Factory and Employees 213 Dugout Home; Adobe Home in Santa Clara 215 Pine Valley Mountain 221 Snow's Canyon 223, 224 Pine Valley Church; St. George Courthouse 225 St. George Temple 226 St. George Tabernacle 227 Arch of Drugstore at Silver Reef 228 Three Patriarchs 229 Looking Down the Valley from the Temple of Sinawava 230-231 Angels Landing 232 Falls of Sinawava 233 Switchbacks 234

Checkerboard Mountain Cedar Breaks Red Canyon Bryce Canyon St. George Temple Under Construction First Social Hall in St. George; Same street 1910 Brigham Young Home; Israel Ivins Home; Lorenzo Clark Home. . .

Margaret Laub Home; Thomas Cottam Home; William Carter Home George Brooks Home; The "Big House" Modern St. George Social Hall; First Dixie Martial Band Woodward School Dixie College; New Fine Arts Building Charles L. Walker Charles Ellis Johnson, Ellis and Jay; Jay Johnson DIXIE On Vermilion Cliff Melancthon Wheeler Burgess Home Joseph E. Johnson; Thomas Judd Grape Vineyard and Orchard Grapes and Fruit Alfalfa Field in Dixie Ruins of Silver Reef Wells Fargo Building; Western Gold and Uranium Company Operations Residential Street in Silver Reef The Reef Early July 24 Celebration in St. George Post Office in St. George 290, Toroweap A. R. Mortensen Facsimile of covers of Utah Historical Quarterlies Artist's Conception of the Eagle Gate Great Salt Lake Base and Meridian Monument Facsimile of a Land Certificate Facsimile of Stampless Letter, 1860 Bishop Lawrence Scanlan Academy of the Sacred Heart; St. Mary's of the Wasatch; Holy Cross Hospital Indians and Wickiups Jacob Hamblin facob Hamblin s Home in Santa Clara, Utah G. Homer Durham General fohn K. Cannon; United States Delegation to the PanAmerican Conference at Montevideo; George Romney Westminster College Campus, 1910; First Passengers, Western Air Lines, 1926 Utah State Public Records; F. T. fohnson, Records Manager

235 236 237 238 240 243 246 247 250 252 254 257 258 259 262 267 268 271 274 275 278 282 284 285 286 288 291 301 304 306 308 311 312 326 332 336 346 354 359 362 366 368 372

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

A. R. Mortensen, Editor

UTAH

STATE

VOLUME

HISTORICAL

XXIX,

NUMBER

SOCIETY

4

October, 1961

Copyright 1961, Utah State Historical Society, 603 East South Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah Entered as second-class matter January 5,1953, at the Post Office at Salt Lake City, Utah, under the Act of August 24,1912.

CONTENTS In Appreciation

305

Land Contest in Early Utah, BY GUSTIVE o. LARSON

303

Estill &• Co. Express,

BY JAMES W . MILGRAM

327

Two Early Reports Concerning Roman Catholicism

BY JOHN BERNARD MCGLOIN, S. J

in Utah

1876-1881, 333

Indian Sketches from the Journals of T. D. Brown and Jacob BY

JUANITA

Utah History:

BROOKS

347

Some Dimensions

The President's

Hamblin,

Report

Reviews and Recent

for Further Study, BY G. HOMER DURHAM

for the Year 1960, BY LELAND H . CREER

363 373

Publications

WALLACE, The Twenty-Seventh

Wife,

BY STANLEY S. IVINS

CONWAY, The Welsh in America: Letters from the

377

Immigrants,

BY WENDELL J. ASHTON

379

HAFEN AND HAFEN, Powder River Campaigns and Sawyer's Expedition of 1865: A Documentary Account Comprising Official Reports, Diaries, Contemporary Newspaper Accounts, and Personal Narratives,

BY RAY H. MATTISON

HUNT, Kirby Benedict,

381

Frontier Federal Judge, BY HOWARD K. LAMAR

FLETCHER, Free Grass to Fences.

The Montana

Cattle Range

382

Story,

BY A. K. M O R T E N S E N

384

The Advancement of Learning: Fifteen Years of Graduate Instruction Research and Service at the University of Utah 1946-1961, BY

MARJORIE WALKER

385

Other Publications Historical

386

Notes

393

ILLUSTRATIONS A. R. Mortensen

304

Facsimile of Covers of Utah Historical Quarterlies

306

Artist's Conception

308

of the Eagle Gate

Great Salt Lake Base and Meridian Monument Facsimile of u Land Facsimile of Stampless Bishop Lawrence Academy

Letter,

312 1860

326

Scanlan

332

of the Sacred Heart, Ogden, Utah; St. Mary's of the Wasatch, Salt

Lake City, Utah; Holy Cross Hospital, Indians

311

Certificate

Salt Lake City, Utah

and Wickiups

346

Jacob Hamblin Jacob Hamblin's G. Homer

354 Home

in Santa Clara, Utah

359

Durham

362

General John K. Cannon; United States Delegation Conference at Montevideo; Westminster

336

College Campus,

to the

George Romney

Pan-American 366

1910; First Passengers, Western Air Lines, 1926. . . . 368

Utah State Public Records; F. T. Johnson, Records Manager

372

A. R. MORTENSEN, director, August, 1950 — September, 1961

IN

APPRECIATION

On August 29, 1950, Dr. A. Russell Mortensen was appointed director of the Utah Historical Society and editor of the Utah Historical Quarterly. He served in this capacity for eleven years, resigning on July 23, 1961, to accept the position of director of the University of Utah Press.

During this decade of tenure at the Society, Dr. Mortensen won the admiration and respect of his colleagues and associates throughout the community and the state for his dedication and service, his unswerving loyalty to his many friends, his sincerity of purpose, and for his courageous leadership and consumate vision, resulting in the inauguration and implementation of numerous projects which gave the Society dignified status and recognition not only within the state but throughout the nation.

Born at Salt Lake City January 30, 1911, to Arlington Peter and Fanny Burnham Mortensen, Russell spent his childhood and much of his subsequent early life in southern California.

He began his collegiate career at Brigham Young University where he earned the Bachelor of Science Degree in 1937. His graduate work was completed at the University of California at Los Angeles where he was awarded the degree of Master of Arts in 1940 and the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1950. His doctoral study dealt with the subject, "The Deseret News and Utah, 1850-1867."

During the period 1940 to 1950 Dr. Mortensen acquired rich and valuable experience as a teacher of American History at Provo High School, San Bernardino Valley College in California, and the University of California at Los Angeles.

As director of the Utah Historical Society, Dr. Mortensen has achieved national fame. The Quarterly, under his skillful editorship, has earned a reputation second to none in the nation, and as a result his services have been solicited by many learned societies. Subscriptions have increased five-fold in the past decade. His featured articles, selected carefully from chosen fields but particularly stressing the American West and brilliantly illustrated with carefully drawn maps and

IN

APPRECIATION

307

many colored pictorial representations, have attracted national attention and received well-deserved praise.

Dr. Mortensen has demonstrated unusual skill as an executive.

Exercising great foresight he has organized and implemented many projects of great value to the state, such as the collection and classification of important territorial and state records, the creation of a records management center in the archives division, the microfilming of vital documents of state agencies and commissions, and the popularizing of the Society through well-prepared lectures, art exhibits, and research projects at the Mansion.

Dr. Mortensen, in addition to his work as editor of the Quarterly, has written numerous articles and book reviews in notable journals of the West. In 1957 the popular series of twenty-five articles on "Historic Sites and Buildings" appeared in the Salt Lake Tribune, and in 1958 he coauthored with Dr. William Mulder an important book on Utah history entitled Among the Mormons.

Dr. Mortensen's public service record indicates the high acclaim in which he is held by the citizens of the state. For six years (1955-61) he served on the Board of Directors of the Family Service Society. He has served on the Utah State Library Board and as a member of the Utah State Parks Commission. For several years he has represented the Rocky Mountain States on the Council of die American Association for State and Local History and as chairman of the Awards program of that organization. He is a member of the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association. This year (1961) he was elected vice-president of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. He is also a member of the Timpanogos Club and the Sons of Utah Pioneers.

With deep appreciation for his dedicated service and record of accomplishment, the Board of Trustees wishes him Godspeed in his new work.

LELAND H. CREER,

Past President, Board of Trustees, Utah State Historical Society.

«b*l y

W^

irtist's conception of the Eagle Gate, enrance to Brigham Young's estate, which ^trolled access to City Creek Canyon. The \gislature made exclusive grants to leading Mormons with a view to centralizing esponsibility and minimizing controversy *l the use of timber and water resources.

LAND

CONTEST

IN EARLY

UTAH

By Gustive O. Larson*

The problem of land ownership in America began when Europeans first set foot on soil occupied by another people. After a century of confusion the Constitution of 1789 provided authority for the new government to treat with the natives in relation to common boundaries. Accordingly, within a decade the results of several treaties were unified by Congress into a continuous line from Lake Erie to Florida. When the white population through expansion breached the line, further treaties moved it westward. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 provided ample room for "Indian Country" west of the Mississippi, and three decades later a "removal policy" placed the red men west of a line determined solely by the American government. Nevertheless, native rights to the soil continued to be recognized beyond the Mississippi, and when the white settlers pushed into the middle-west they relied on their government to negotiate new treaties extinguishing Indian land titles according to the latest advance.

But in the Great Basin circumstances differed. Here the Mormon colonial projection had overshot the margin of easy acquisition of land titles into a political vacuum where peculiar circumstances found the federal government indifferent to repeated calls for help. No govern* Mr. Larson is professor of church history at the Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.

310

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

ment stood ready to push the natives one step further by a treaty involving extinction of land titles. Hence native rights, which were still acknowledged by the United States government, were violated by Mormon colonization. For more than two decades the red men saw every tribal homeland occupied by the invader and the game driven from their hunting grounds. Conflicting claims developed, to be resolved between three groups, each viewing the situation through different eyes. There were the United States government extending sovereignty over its recent territorial conquest, the native defending his heritage, and the Mormon moving in to establish squatters' rights through utilitarian occupation.

Manifest Destiny which dictated conquest of the Soudiwest may have shunted the Latter-day Saints into a region "abandoned to the Mormons for its worthlessness." * But the religious exiles, on the contrary, viewed it as expressed by Brigham Young: "We have been driven from the habitations of man and hurled . . . as a stone from a sling, and we have lodged here in this goodly place . . . just where the Lord wants His people to gather." 2 With this conviction of divine sanction of their location and uncoupled from the processes of the federal government, the Mormons made their own laws. A committee was appointed "to draft and report to the convention a constitution under which the inhabitants of said territory might govern themselves until the Congress of the United States should otherwise provide by law." 3 Among the laws developed were those governing land surveys and disposition of property. The first governing principles were announced upon President Young's arrival in Salt Lake Valley. "No man should buy or sell land. Every man should have his land measured off to him for city and farming purposes, what he could till. He might till it as he pleased but he should be industrious and take care of it." 4 The first survey of Salt Lake City was begun by Orson Pratt and Henry S. Sherwood on August 2, 1847. Subsequendy the city was divided into ten-acre blocks, each containing eight lJ4-acre lots. Extending away from the city proper were larger areas of five, ten, twenty and 1 Senator Sneddon, quoted by H. H. Bancroft, History of Utah, 1540-1886 (San Francisco, 1889), 453.

2 Journal History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, August 7, 1847, in Church Historian's Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.

'Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 1849, p . 26, in Church Historian's Office. ' D i a r y of Wilford Woodruff, July 25, 1847, MS, in Church Historian's Office.

LAND

CONTEST

IN E A R L Y

UTAH

311

forty acres measured off for farms and pastures. At first the tens and twenties were enclosed as one big field by co-operative fencing. Both the city homesites and the outlying fields were distributed free to the settlers through drawing lots. Within a year of arrival in the valley eight hundred and sixty-three applicants had drawn property totaling 11,005 acres.

Salt Lake City became the pattern for the far-flung communities of Mormondom. Land surveys surrounding die town and cities were deliberately extensive in anticipation of rapid population growth as "the Gathering" would pour its thousands into "Zion." Responsibility

Orson Pratt and Henry S. Sherwood fixed the Great Salt Lake Base and Meridian of the valley of the Great Salt Lake in 1847. In 1855, David H. Burr, the first surveyor general for Utah, also located here the initial point of public land surveys for Utah and set the stone monument still preserved.

L A N D CERTIFICATE.

-

^L^7--.ir,}U7r-J-J-A7--^-,777<7

,.}/t——Jd.L./ <&„»d,/} tfl.o Ib> is to eetfifij % f — S J y Z u JL ^LM^JLMLLU._. , i //,„ /„,«£7

c^nant

c./ JMrt/^JLVJ-J.

LjiJ.L.(/M...£^^Ji

ll^f.JjJ.

tsitfeeejifity . j ^ / c ,

~7?'

Facsimile of a land certificate issued just a few months prior to the formal opening of the federal Land Office in Salt Lake City, March, 1869.

for classification and distribution of lands among the newcomers rested upon the local bishops.

The State of Deseret, organized in March, 1849, could make no provision for disposal of public lands. However, it did undertake to provide rights of occupancy in anticipation of subsequent confirmation of its action by the federal government. By legislative action on March 2, 1850,5 it created the office of Surveyor General and County Surveyor whose duties were to supervise and certify to all surveys. Certificates approved by them were to constitute titles of land possession when properly registered with the county recorder. The land itself came free to the applicant but a charge of one dollar and fifty cents was made to cover survey and recording costs. An ordinance of February 12, 1851, required the owner to enclose his land with a fence four and one-half feet high to protect against animal trespass.

When the Organic Act of the Territory of Utah, in September, 1850, also failed to provide for acquisition of land titles, further provisional measures became necessary. An act of 1852 placed the public lands under jurisdiction of the county courts. These were empowered to grant permits of occupancy to residents and users of described pieces 5 "The State of Deseret," Utah Historical City, 1940), 184.

Quarterly,

VIII, nos. 2, 3, 4 (Salt Lake

LAND

CONTEST

IN EARLY

UTAH

313

of property. Transfer of ownership was provided for through quitclaim deeds supported by survey certificates. Also, as protection against trespass and to encourage small land holdings in order to make room for additional settlers, each owner was required, by an act in 1853, to enclose his property with a pole fence within one year. Fencing was considered of such importance that breaching it to "jump a claim" was made a criminal offense. In 1855 the processes of transfer were extended to unsurveyed as well as surveyed lands, and in 1861 a law was enacted establishing land ownership through enclosure.

Water and timber, being equally vital to survival, were also declared communally owned and placed under jurisdiction of the county courts. T h e objective in their use was equitable distribution to the greatest number. W i t h reference to water the "doctrine of appropriation" developed in Utah in contrast to the law of riparian rights in less arid states. Timber for fuel and construction purposes existed only in the canyons, and building of access roads into wooded areas became community enterprises under direction of the bishops. Upon completion of a road, timber became available to all upon payment of a small maintenance fee. A strict policy of conservation permitted use only of dead wood for fuel. Frequently the legislature made exclusive grants to leading Mormons with a view to centralizing responsibility and minimizing controversy in the use of resources. A typical grant was made to Ezra T . Benson on January 9, 1851: An ordinance in relation to the timber in the Kanyons and mountains . . . passed December 3, 1850.

Section 1. Be it ordained by the General Assembly of the State of Deseret, that the exclusive control of the timber in the kanyons and mountains leading into Tooele Valley . . . is hereby granted to Ezra T. Benson, who is hereby authorized to control said kanyons, to work roads into them, and to direct when, where, and by whom timber may be taken out therefrom.

Section 5. Nothing in the above ordinance shall be so construed as to prevent, or hinder the citizens of said counties from getting timber, wood, or poles in any of said kanyons for their own use by observing the above regulations.6 While in no sense intended as monopolistic, these grants excited early non-Mormon opposition.

Salt Lake Valley stretched as an indefinite borderline between Shoshoni and Ute Indians. A "digger" band from each camped near the newly arrived Mormons on July 31, 1847. T h e record states, 'Ibid., 207.

314

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

"The Shoshones appeared to be displeased because the brethren had traded with the Utes. T h e Shoshones claimed that they were the owners of the land and that the Utes had come over the line to interfere with their rights. They signified to the brethren by signs that they wanted to sell them the land for powder and lead." 7 T h e next day the pioneers gathered for church service under a hastily prepared bowery.

Heber C. Kimball, who spoke for Brigham Young, discouraged the idea of paying the Indians for the lands, for if the Shoshones should be thus considered, the Utes and other tribes would claim pay also.

"The Land," said the speaker, "belongs to our Father in heaven, and we calculate to plow and plant it; and no man will have power to sell his inheritance, for he cannot remove it; it belongs to the Lord. We will all have farms and cultivate them and plant vineyards. And if we are faithful, five years will not pass away before we are better off than we ever were in Nauvoo." 8 Within a week fifty-three acres had been plowed and planted with some patches of corn and potatoes already greening the gray landscape.

Although the offer of the natives to sell their land was not taken seriously, its implications of ownership continued to haunt the Mormons in varied forms for two decades as they occupied every Indian homeland in the shadows of the Wasatch. " W e come as brothers," they said in effect, to the dispossessed, "to teach you to make your lands produce and if we drive the game from your hunting grounds we will help you stock them with cattle." T h e Ute Chief Walkara voiced a typical Indian response when he said, on the shores of Utah Lake, "The water (and the land) are mine. But tell Brigham that the Mormons may use them. W e want to trade." 9 So, without treaty or legal process, the choice lands passed into Mormon control while the natives contented themselves with the expedient of trade.

The Mormon "Kingdom" was exclusive by circumstance and by intent. The "Gentile" who came among diem as prospector, merchant, or territorial appointee, was an intruder; and when he multiplied in Zion he became the cause for much concern. It was doubly so as the outsider represented the federal government to which accounting would have to be made in the appropriating of its territory. So a defensive movement developed against the Gentile in the form of re' Journal History, July 31, 1847.

Ibid. The only land purchase made by the Mormons in their initial settlement was the Miles Goodyear ranch in Weber Valley for $1,950.00.

"Paraphrased from Journal History, June 2, 1849.

LAND

CONTEST

IN EARLY

UTAH

315

activation of the "law of consecration." This program, tried widi inconclusive results in Missouri, involved die transfer of individual property to the church to be received back "consecrated" to the service of the Kingdom. More than a third of the membership of the church entered the movement in 1855-56 by signing over their individual property to Brigham Young as Trustee-in-Trust on especially prepared forms. The president himself turned in property in the amount of $199,000.00. As the plan progressed it became one more ground for a general complaint against the Mormons in Washington, which caused President Buchanan to send an army to put down a so-called rebellion in Utah. Before the economic experiment was abandoned in face of the military invasion, the defensive movement developed into a fullblown "reformation" in 185610 in which the local Gentile found little favor.

FEDERAL LAND SURVEYS It was into this situation that the United States Surveyor General was introduced when he arrived in Salt Lake City on July 27, 1855.

The legislative assembly had petitioned Congress for a land survey on March 6, 1852, and President Pierce the following year recommended that the public land system be extended over Utah "with such modifications as the peculiarities of the territory require." Congress responded favorably and David H. Burr was accordingly appointed in 1855 to commence operations in Utah. After establishing the initial point for the survey at the southeast corner of the Temple Block where Brigham Young had previously directed the Mormon survey to commence, he proceeded by contract to determine the principle base and meridian lines from which the survey was extended throughout the valley. Other contracts carried the operations into surrounding areas until over two million acres had been surveyed at the cost of ninety thousand dollars when the "Utah War" brought the survey to a close in 1857.

Unfortunately, both surveyor general and much of his survey met official disapproval. The Mormons charged Burr with fraud and delinquency in his operations. Brigham Young wrote to Delegate John H. Bernhisel: The surveying is a great humbug. They have got their own party and surveyors imported for the purpose and I am told the surveyors have no trouble in making about one thousand dollars per month and that all they do is of no earthly benefit; they stick down little stakes that the wind could almost 10 See Gustive O. Larson, "The Mormon Reformation," Utah Historical XXVI (January, 1958), 4 5 - 6 3 .

Quarterly,

316

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

blow over, neither plant charcoal, nor raise mounds. Not a vestige of all they do will be left to mark where they have been in five years.

The Indians also watched the proceedings with disapproval. Wrote Burr on December 31, 1855: "Some danger has been apprehended from the Indians. They exhibit some uneasiness about the survey of their lands as they call it, and have made some threats. . . . Their chief (Shoshone) recently sent a delegation to the Indian Agent at this place to know why we were surveying the country before purchasing it of them." Soon his letters carried reports that Mormons were prejudicing Indians against the surveyors who were represented as government agents preparing to wrest the land from both Indians and Mormons." " Before the end of a year in Utah, Burr made a triple charge against the Mormons: (1) The territorial legislature was granting exclusive canyon rights of government property to certain of its members; (2) Salt Lake City exceeded, in its claims, the area allowed for a townsite described by the Congressional Act of May 23, 1844; and (3) The Saints were conveying their holdings by deed to Brigham Young as Trustee-in-Trust for the church. These were causes, he suggested, for government intervention in Utah.

A committee of rugged Mormons soon waited upon the surveyor general, who was confronted with the charges made and warned against repetition of such messages.12 A surveying contractor was mauled on the streets of Salt Lake City, and as threats of further violence spread through the community, Burr abandoned his post in July, 1857, without leave and fled to Washington. After making serious charges against die Mormons in his report to the U.S. Land Commissioner, he asked permission to return to his post by overtaking the Utah-bound military expedition. He was, however, dismissed from office and charged with fraud and disregard of regulations in the performance of his duties as surveyor general in Utah. These charges were later confirmed after careful field investigations in 1860 by his successor, S. C. Stambaugh.

Brigham Young, as Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and the territorial legislature repeatedly requested congressional action toward extinguishment of Indian land titles in Utah as the first step towards ownership by the settlers. A memorial on March 6, 1852, asked Con11 The Burr letters are on file under Letters Received, in the Land Division of the National Archives, Washington, D.C. 12 In his letters to the commissioner of the General Land Office, Burr reports considerable hostility to his operations and expresses fear of both Indians and Mormons.

LAND

CONTEST

IN EARLY

UTAH

317

gress to authorize the Indian Superintendent to make treaties with and purchase the lands of the local tribes. In December, 1853, Governor Young pointed out the desirability of locating the natives on a reservation apart from the white settlements, and in 1859 the legislature, in anticipation of the establishment of a land office, made provision for delivery of title to certain claimants. T h a t same year a memorial to Congress urged legislative recognition of the peculiar circumstances surrounding M o r m o n desert colonization. T h e Pre-emption Law of 1841, granting one hundred and sixty acres upon condition of fourteen months' residence on the land was not applicable to the Mormon farmvillage system. Residence was in the village, and few of the surrounding farms included more than twenty acres with most of them averaging ten.

By this means (read the memorial), from fifty to one hundred farmers cultivate the same section, which is watered by a canal owned by each agriculturist, in proportion to the area of his farm, meadow or garden, . . .

Your memorialists would therefore respectfully pray your honorable body to pass a law enabling the occupants of such portions of lands to appoint one of their number an agent who shall be authorized to pre-empt and enter said lands in a body, and distribute the same by giving title to proper claimants.13 Congressional response to all such petitions was delayed by reports from federal agents in Utah relative to "Mormon land monopoly," "opposition to public surveys," and "interference with Indian affairs." Surveyor General Stambaugh upon completion of his Burr investigation recommended against further surveys until establishment of a land office would make possible the sale of lands already surveyed. "And," he added significantly, "until a different policy may be devised by Congress to induce other than Mormon emigration to the Territory." 14 W h e n Samuel R. Fox succeeded Stambaugh as surveyor general in September, 1861, he was reminded by Commissioner E d m u n d s of the General Land Office that while two million acres of land had already been surveyed in Utah, not one had been sold to offset surveying costs.

Ignoring Utah's numerous petitions, he said that there had been no demand for land purchases and further stated that "it is not contemplated to make any additional surveys in your district until provision is made by Congress for the sale of the public lands already sur13 Acts, Resolutions, and Memorials Passed at the Several Annual Sessions of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah from 1851-1870 (Salt Lake City, 1870).

11 Stambaugh's reports on file in Land Office Division of the National Archives.

318

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

veyed." 15 In 1862, the Utah surveying district was consolidated with that of Colorado Territory and all of its archives removed to Denver.

The federal door, which had been opening to land acquisition in Utah was closed for another six years.

EVENTS DURING SUSPENSION In the meantime events were shaping to effect not only reopening of the survey district but the establishment of a long-delayed land district. To the benefits of the Pre-emption Law enjoyed by citizens of the surrounding territories and anticipated by Utah citizens, was added the Homestead Law of 1862. These two laws, however inapplicable to the Utah situation, became the gateways through which most of her people would ultimately enter into land ownership. Also the townsite laws of 1864-65 were liberalized by a Congressional Act of March 2, 1867, dropping the minimum lot cost from ten dollars to one dollar and twenty-five cents. President Lincoln set aside the Uinta Basin as an Indian Reservation in 1861, which act was confirmed by Congress on May 5, 1864. Then, on February 23 of the year following, that body passed "An Act to extinguish the Indian Title to lands of the Territory of Utah suitable for agriculture and mineral purposes." Accordingly, government officials and Indian chiefs, representing the principal tribes in Utah, met and signed a treaty at Spanish Fork on June 8, 1865. By this instrument the Indians relinquished claim to all lands in the territory except those reserved in Uinta Valley to which it was expected most of the natives would be gathered. Here they were to receive certain benefits to be paid over a period of years.

Unfortunately, the treaty after four years delay was rejected March 15, 1869.16 Meanwhile, treaty-making with the Indians came into political disfavor which crystalized into congressional action on March 3, 1871, providing "that no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States should thereafter be recognized as an independent power with whom the government might contract by treaty. . . ."17 Consistent with the intent of the Spanish Fork Agreement, the earlier Indian farms in Utah, which had already been abandoned, were surveyed and their combined acreage (92,637) made ready for sale.

Also Congress acted in harmony with the intent of the treaty by re" Letters on file in Land Office Division, National Archives.

10 Executive Journal, U.S. Senate, 1869-71, Vol. XVII, p. 7.

"U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. XVI, 566, 41 Cong., 3 sess. See also, L. B. Priest, Uncle Sam's Stepchildren (Rutgers, New York, 1942), 96.

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opening the Utah land survey in 1868 in preparation for disposal of public lands. It took for granted the extinguishment of Indian land titles without assuming responsibility for its reciprocal obligation to the native.

Substantial decreases in the territorial boundaries were effected during the period of Utah's suspended surveys. A slice of her eastern border was added to Colorado and her northeastern corner transferred to Nebraska in 1861. Also, that same year 73,574 square miles lying west of the thirty-ninth meridian were formed into Nevada Territory, which, with additional slices from Utah, achieved statehood before the original pioneer community was given a federal land district. T h e Mormons, w h o were the first to colonize between the Rockies and the Sierra, became the last to enjoy the privileges of land ownership.

While the Indians, as a result of the failure of the 1865 treaty, continued to assert their inherent rights to the public domain, the Gentiles in growing numbers began challenging Mormon squatters' claims on the ground that, until the national government released its proprietary rights to the soil, local titles were valueless. Their interest in Utah lands had been growing in proportion to coal and other mineral discoveries and the advance of the transcontinental railroad. These were indeed "inducing other than Mormon migration to< the Territory" and creating a Gentile as well as a Mormon demand for renewal of the public lands survey and establishment of a land office in Utah. Increasingly they challenged Mormon land monopoly through "jumping" unoccupied pieces of property to which value had accrued through pioneer industry. Such tempting areas included the race course and militia parade ground west of Jordan River, some private claims on the opposite bank, property in the W a r m Springs area and on Arsenal Hill, and an open field near the Twentieth Ward. Delegate W . H . Hooper relayed pertinent information on this subject to the General Land Office: I beg leave to call your attention to the following extract of a letter . . . "several land claims in the vicinity of the city (Salt Lake) have been jumped recently, three or four of them by gentlemen connected with the Land Office in this city, viz. Mr. Clement, brother of the Surveyor General . . . W. H. Hoffman, who is attending to Maxwell's business during his absence in Washington (Mr. Maxwell, register of the Land Office). Last week Mr. Hoffman took possession and claimed a city block. Some of these claims were enclosed and improved by water ditches years ago." 1S 'Delegate Hooper.

Letters Received, General Land Office, March 8, 1871.

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The Mormons, jealous of the fruits of their labors, were in no mood to regard land jumping lightly. Brigham Young thundered from the pulpit on August 12,1866: If you undertake to drive a stake in my garden with an intention to jump my claim there will be a fight before you get it; if you come within an enclosure of mine with any such intent, I will send you home, God being my helper....

We have spent hundreds of thousands of dollars in taking out the water of our mountain streams, fencing in farms and improving the country, and we cannot tamely suffer strangers, who have not spent one days labor to make these improvements to wrest our homesteads out of our hands.

Again, on December 23 he threatened, "If they j u m p my claims here I shall be very apt to give them a pre-emption right that will last them to the last resurrection. . . . T h e Latter-day Saints will never again pull up stakes and give their possessions to their enemies." 1S It was inevitable that the contest, which rose to a high pitch in the sixties, should become violent with life and death involved. T h e murder of John King Robinson on October 22, 1866, was linked with his having filed upon W a r m Springs property inside Salt Lake City's extended boundaries. A shack erected near the Jordan, together with its occupant, was dumped into the river, and threats of similar treatment persuaded others to leave the territory. T h e prospect of gentile acquisition "caused the 'city fathers' to survey the land lying east of the 20th ward and the 11th ward and give it out gratuitously to the brethren by drawing lots." 20 Federal officials in Utah, anticipating establishment of a land district in the territory, were as eager to control the processes of distribution as were the Mormons to hold on to their properties. A petition to the President, dated August 29, 1866, was accompanied by a letter of transmittal from acting Governor Amos Reed, which revealed gentile ambitions in relation to control of the program.

Hon. Joseph S. Wilson . . . You will find accompanying this a paper signed by myself and other Federal officers asking the President to establish a land office in this city and the appointment of proper officers to conduct it . . . we now recommend the appointment of William M. Johns, late Lieut. Col. 3rd Vet. Battalion, California Inf., and lately . . . in command of the U.S. military forces near this city, as Register, and Stephen E. Jocelyn, late Captain in the same organization, as Receiver of this Land Office. These gentlemen have served for the greater part of the rebellion in this Territory. They have been most efficient, energetic and patriotic officers . . . They are now "Journal of Discourses (26 vols., Liverpool, 1854-86), II, 281. : ° Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 1866, p. 752.

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out of service and settled here. . . . Now, Brother Joseph, (as the Mormons would say,) we are in earnest in this matter. Every interest public and private require this to be done. . . . 21 Commissioner Wilson concurred with the above. In his report to Secretary of Interior on October 2, 1866, he wrote: The Surveyor General reports the discovery of rich veins of argentiferous galena and silver which are attracting many miners to Utah, who are building towns in sections of the country heretofore imperfectly known and hence the establishment of a land office is imperatively demanded, with such additional surveys as settlers may require in developing the resources of the Territory.

H e recommended that the lands already surveyed in Utah be offered for sale. "This policy it is believed would bring to the Territory loyal settlers and afford them opportunity to acquire title."

Governor Charles Durkee, who, in appreciation of Mormon colonization, had urged federal action a year earlier, repeated his message to the territorial assembly, December 10, 1866: It is of highest importance to our settlers that they be enabled speedily to avail themselves of the beneficent provisions of the Homestead Act. The occupied lands of the Territory have been reclaimed from their desert state by a marvel of persevering industry, and the title of the occupants who have in truth created for the lands their only value should be placed beyond legal question. I would be pleased to unite with you in a memorial to Congress soliciting an appropriation for completing the public surveys, the appointment of a Surveyor General for the Territory and the opening of an office at this city for the sale and entry of public lands. Under the present laws title to the city and town sites can be perfected, and I urge in these cases the desirableness of immediate action.

Acting on the last suggestion, a number of communities made application through the L a n d Office in Denver for entry of townsites, only to be reminded from L a n d Commissioner Wilson in Washington on February 7, 1868: "There being no organized land district in Utah Territory, entries of townsites therein, cannot be allowed at present. T h e applications however are placed on file for future consideration."

T h e accumulation of townsite applications waiting the creation of a land district in Utah emphasized the peculiar nature of the Mormon communities. T h e territorial legislature, in the process of incorporating cities and towns, allowed liberal boundaries in order to include the surrounding fields as well as the residential areas. It was a defensive 21

General Land Office Records in National Archives.

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movement on the part of the Mormons to preserve as much land as possible for the original settlers in Utah. T h e Gentiles protested vigorously on grounds typically expressed by George R. Maxwell, former register, that "the corporate limits of some city or town extends over all the available arable lands of Utah . . . the reason of which is obvious, viz. in plain terms it is to prevent the Gentiles from acquiring title to the public lands. . . ." 2 2 In the main, the protests availed little. W h e n the very broad Congressional Townsite Law of March 2, 1867, failed to cover the area embraced in Salt Lake City, a memorial to Congress won as an amendment, "An Act for the Relief of the inhabitants of Salt Lake City in the Territory of Utah." It read in part: That the words "not exceeding five thousand in all" contained in an act entitled "An Act for the Relief of the Inhabitants of Cities and Towns upon the Public Lands" . . . shall not apply to Salt Lake City in the Territory of Utah; but said act shall be so amended and construed in its application to said city that lands may be entered as provided in said act for the full number of inhabitants contained in said city not exceeding fifteen thousand.

On October 3, 1867, Mayor Daniel H . Wells submitted a declaratory statement, with accompanying plat, of his intention to enter Salt Lake City under the Congressional Act of March 2, 1867. After five years, during which conflicting claims were eliminated, certificate of title was granted on June 1, 1872.

LAND OFFICE OPENED Congress responded favorably on July 16, 1868, to a memorial introduced by Delegate Hooper from Utah's territorial assembly, by passing an act "to create the office of Surveyor General in the Territory of Utah and to establish a land office in said Territory and extend the homestead and pre-emption laws over the same. . . ." In his letter of September 26, appointing John A. Clark as Utah's surveyor general, Commissioner Wilson instructed: You will select as the sphere of surveying operations such localities as the public interest shall require including actual settlements and where mining operations are carried on under the provisions of an Act of Congress approved July 26, 1866. As the Union Pacific Railroad is rapidly progressing westward and will likely reach Utah Territory the next fiscal year, you will take the requirements of that road into due consideration and direct field operations in the region through which it will pass so that selections of lands "Maxwell letter dated February 22, 1877.

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granted to that Railroad may be made as fast as the building thereof progresses. . . .

At long last the citizens of Utah were to receive the benefits of land ownership â&#x20AC;&#x201D; not because of two decades of heroic desert conquest, but because a government, unresponsive to their earlier petitions, finally decided that "other interests" justified the action. Clark arrived in Salt Lake City in the fall of 1868 as surveyor general, followed soon after by C. C. Clements as register and Lewis S. Hill as receiver of the public moneys. This combination was changed within a year when George R. Maxwell succeeded Clements and the latter assumed the responsibilities of surveyor general. Commissioner Wilson, reporting to the Secretary of Interior on November 5, reviewed progress toward land ownership in Utah over the past fifteen years: Surveying operations were inaugurated in Utah in the year 1855 and continued to 1857. During that time, 2,425,339 acres were surveyed. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1867, an area of 92,637 acres were surveyed . . . such area being vacated Indian reservations, increasing the surveyed lands in the territory to 2,517,912 acres. . . . No lands have been disposed of yet in Utah.

Much of the early surveying had been wasteful and contrary to regulations. T o suggestions for resurveys Commissioner Wilson replied on January 29, 1869: "In reference to the suggested resurveys . . . I have to say that no> such service can be undertaken as there is no positive evidence that former surveys are unavailable and for the reason that moneys appropriated for public surveys cannot be applied to resurveys."

T h e Land Office opened on March 9, 1869, and from the beginning found itself swamped with business. After two- decades of insecurity in face of unquieted Indian titles and gentile challenge of their squatters' rights, the Mormon settlers found relief in legal ownership of their lands. Gentiles, having drifted into the Mormon Kingdom from the westward migration, or through commerce, political appointment, military assignment or mineral prospecting, were no less eager to possess a slice of the once rejected corner of the public domain.

During the first six months of 1869, 148,403 acres were acquired by the citizens of Utah. Of these 51,638 acres sold for cash at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, and 96,765 were taken under the Homestead Law. T h e commissioner's report as of October 27, 1870, showed that a total of 208,073.93 acres had been taken up. At that time 3,211,508 acres had been surveyed.

324

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Notwithstanding congressional failure to provide for it, acquisition of individual land titles was expedited through joint action. A group of land owners, banding together, appointed one of their number as entryman, who, for a small fee, filed on one hundred and sixty acres in his name and then transferred the various tracts to individual owners.

Townsites were acquired similarly through the mayor, or probate judge, filing as trustee for the community. Despite gentile complaints against this procedure, Mormon communities lost no time in taking advantage of the opportunity to acquire title to their homes. According to Commissioner Wilson's report of November 1, 1869: "The town site law has given new impetus to building cities and towns on the public domain. . . . During the past year applications have been made to file declaratory statements, under the Acts aforesaid, for a number of towns and cities upon the public land, sixteen of them being in the Territory of Utah."

Looking back upon the long struggle for land ownership in Utah, the historian ponders the question of federal discrimination against her early settlers. Through failure to extinguish Indian land titles and to establish a local land office, the national government withheld the blessing of home ownership in the Mormon territory far beyond its readiness to receive it. The first colonizers in the intermountain region were compelled to watch dieir neighbors avail themselves of the benefits of the Pre-emption and Homestead laws and even win statehood while they still labored under provisional government which could neither clear Indian titles nor guarantee squatters' rights. The response of a generally liberal government in the distribution of its frontier lands was grudging indeed in relation to appeals from Utah. The explanation lies in a conflict of interest which developed in Utah resulting primarily from certain peculiarities of her colonizers and their methods of colonization.

When the public survey was first extended to Utah in the early 1850's already sufficient deviation from the frontier norm had appeared to prompt President Pierce to advise a survey "with such modification as the peculiarities of the Territory require." In 1861 Surveyor General Stambaugh recommended postponement of the survey until "other than Mormon emigration" could be induced to the territory. Commissioner Wilson in 1866 interpreted delays in Utah land surveys as due to an "anomalous condition of affairs" and urged adoption of a policy to bring "loyal settlers to the territory."

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The first surveyor general, David H. Burr, showed little tolerance for these "peculiarities" of the Mormons when they reported his surveys to Washington as fraudulent. He struck back with accusations of illegal timber land appropriations, land monopoly, deeding of private property to the church and interference with the Indians. This unfortunate beginning in land surveys added fuel to earlier fires of prejudice already kindled in the nation's capital by disappointed "runaway officials" in 1851. More fuel was added by charges of federal agents preceding the Utah War of 1857-58, and by a continued stream of correspondence between federal agents in Utah and their department heads in Washington.

Whether soundly based or not, hostility born of misunderstanding and mistrust between Utah Mormons and Gentiles resulted in negation of normal progress towards public surveys and land sales. Not until the rivalry of the opposing parties came to focus in a common desire for land acquisition did Congress respond to their petitions for renewal of suspended surveys. When gentile mining interests and the transcontinental railroad made common cause with Mormon agriculture in demanding land titles, victory was not far away. It would undoubtedly have come sooner if carpetbag government with its divisive influences could have yielded to statehood for Utah in the 1850's when she was prepared for it.

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'Col. L. M. Estill . . . laid before President Brigham Young and several brethren, in Great Salt Lake City, proposals for taking ttock in a company organized for carrying the mail and passengers from Independence, Missouri, to San Francisco."

ESTILL

&

CO.

EXPRESS

By fames W- Milgrami

When the hordes from the East crossed the country in 1849 and the following years to seek the gold in "them thar hills," they left many friends and relatives behind them. Naturally, a desire to trade news required the extension of mail service farther west. The government maintained a post office in San Francisco, but the gold seekers and settlers who crossed overland wished to write letters on the way to assure their families of continued safety and good health. On die Oregon Trail, Fort Laramie was an ideal stopping place between Oregon and Missouri. It was not until July 1, 1850, that a "regular" United States mail service was established between Salt Lake City, Utah, and Independence, Missouri, which passed through Fort Laramie.

The stampless cover here pictured is one of these early letters mailed before the advent of government mail service. What is especially interesting is the manuscript "Estil and Co., Express." The letter that follows (slightly edited for comprehensibility) besides being a fascinating account of life on the trail, gives us a few clues to the usage: * Mr. Milgram is a philatelist of New York City. His article which originally appeared in the American Philatelist, October, 1959, is reprinted by permission of the American Philatelic Society, State College, Pennsylvania.

328

My beloved wife

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY June

24

'

1850

I now take this opertunity to write a few lines to you to inform of my health which is good at presant and hoping that this will find you enjoying the same blessing. When I last wrote we were at Laramie. We saw A. Woodard that day after we left the fort the first and last man we have seen that we ever saw before since we left St. Joseph. He is now behind a few miles. We have ben in sight of snow on the mountains since I last wrote and to day we have past many drifts beside of the road in the valey of the sweetwater river. There is high mountains about ten miles distant on the right covered with snow. It is snowing on them this afternoon. We are now with in one and a half miles of the deviding ridge of the atlantick and passiffic nine hundred miles from St. Joe. We arived at die ferry on the upper platte on the 15th and was detained from sauterday noon til tuesday morning. We atemted to swim our stock cross the river but did not sucseed in getting but one over, the rest we had to fery them. The price was $5,00 for the wagon 2,00 per head for cattle 1,00 for pony and 3,00 to the ferryman to pass us. Before our turn came if we had not taken this course, we should have ben detained one day longer and had to kept our cattle tied up without anything to eat. There has ben quite a number drowned in the atemt to swim their stock. The water is verry cold and curent swift and in the parts whare catle can swim it, if a man gets in further than he can wade he has got to cross or drown. We have got one more stream to cross that is bad.

If we can not drive our cattle over handy we shall ferry that also. We have money enough; it is not the case with all. The teams that we are with has not any. We have traveled 70 miles among mountains composed of entire rock, basalt and granite. We have pased die most dangerous part of the road. On account of the alcalie water there has ben quite a number of cattle poisend. I should think that we have seen about twenty lying dead in the road. Our teame is in good condition. Three of them is a little sore footed but we have enough so that we can drive some of them loose and they will soon get over it. We feel perfectly safe as far as concerns getting through. We may loose some of our cattle by getting lame. If one should get so that could not keepup, we shall drive on and leave him. Our position in the emegration is good now and we mean to keep it so. We do not intend to fall back any, if anything gain on thos that are ahead. Aaron found a purse containing twenty-five dollars in gold. I expect to send this letter the express for the emegrants and is now recruiting five miles from here.

This is the last letter that you will be likely got from me that comes this way.

The rest will have to through calafornia. It is healthy on the road. There has ben a little sicness whare we have ben. I not any thing more to write.

I should like to see you, Ezra and sis but cannot now, but the time will come when I hope we shall be to gether in our log cabin whare I have enjoyed some of my happyest hours and if life is spared hope to enjoy many more.

Albert S. Holmes From the letter it is apparent that Holmes and Company were about to cross South Pass. His wagon train had evidently bumped into die

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& CO. E X P R E S S

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express on the trail. T h e most probable origin of Estill and Company seems to be Salt Lake City, for the Mormons were interested in maintaining communication with die East.

T h e Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake City has several original letters on file that go far in elucidating the composition of this company. In the Journal History under July 27, 1850: Col. I. M. Estill, of Missouri, laid before President Brigham Young and several brethren, in Great Salt Lake City, proposals for taking stock in a company organized for carrying the mail and passengers from Independence, Missouri, To San Francisco. The Colonel named several gentlemen, mostly of St. Louis, who were desirous of taking stock in such a company, the most of whom were willing and desirous that the community at Salt Lake should take half the stock of the company, and manage the line half the distance.

The subject of building stations along the line and bridges across the principal streams and stocking the line was discussed at length.

Also on file are two letters of Estill that try to persuade President Brigham Young to back the company financially. T h e first is dated July 10, 1850. T h e letter states that he brought out the express mail "this spring" as an experiment and was satisfied that it would be a lucrative business. Other pertinent points were that there: were twelve gentlemen of his acquaintance who were ready to take up die whole stock of a company of $200,000 to open a mail line from San Francisco to Ft. Leavenworth. It was to go twice a week for five months in twelve.

Mail and passenger coaches carrying seventy two passengers each at $250, besides the government would pay for the transportation of the mail. He expected to make a new road or change the old one greatly. Building houses some 25 to 30 miles apart to take care of the horses and mules, and for cooking and keeping passengers.

H e was desirous that the route go through Salt Lake City, and that Brigham Young take some stock and conduct and control a great portion of the road.

O n October 2, 1850, Estill wrote to Young from Mormon Tavern, California, describing part of the route to be followed. H e was satisfied, he wrote, that he could "go from the City of the Great Salt Lake to Sacramento in 600 miles, with not too many mountains and plenty of water and grass." T h e letter is not detailed enough to make out the exact route he took. H e mentioned the fact diat since opening the project to the people of California he had found that any amount of stock could be sold in a day. H e thought that all the beef needed in California must come from die "States," and his opening his company

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would enable him to control the stock market, making almost a complete monopoly. He could buy lame animals for practically nothing, put them in shape again, and sell them for a profit. He could do> this by having means of taking care of them every 25 miles. He thought he could "prevail upon Congress to increase their capital toÂť one million dollars."

There is no reference as to whether the company ever operated as outlined in these letters. However, the Holmes letter herein described indicates that at least trial runs were being made. The listing of express companies in The Stamp Specialist, Vol. 2, mentions an "Estrill and Co." operating in the west (1849-1851) but no further details are given.

Much factual information is to be found in an article by Clyde E. Smith in Weekly Philatelic Gossip (December 12, 1953) but until July, 1850, all expresses seem to have been failures.

The Holmes letter was placed in the mails August 16, 1850, in Weston, Missouri, and sent collect at the ten cents rate (over 300 miles) to Wisconsin. The "paid to here" was added by Mrs. Holmes, who sent the letter on to another relative.

We can just imagine the joy of the travelers to encounter someone to carry news home. A contemporary wrote: "The cry is 'still they come.' Yesterday 180 wagons passed here [Fort Laramie], making in all 656. A cartload of letters starts for the frontiers this morning, and I presume many mothers, wives and sweethearts will soon be made happy."

BISHOP LAWRENCE SCANLAN

(1843-1915)

v

he Right Reverend Lawrence Scanlan is ile priest and prelate whose name must be â&#x20AC;˘issociated with the origins of Roman Catholicism in Utah. He served from January !5, 1887 to his death, May 10, 1915. His tears might be called the "Age of Scanlan."

TWO EARLY REPORTS CONCERNING ROMAN C A T H O L I C I S M IN UTAH 1876-1881

By John Bernard McGloin, S.J:

The student of the American phase of the story of Roman Catholicism in the Far West is quickly convinced that a satisfying unity is attained in such studies by grouping them around the more successful missionaries or prelates of the day. Thus, to give two examples, it is but natural to think primarily of Joseph Sadoc Alemany, O.P. (1814-1888) when one endeavors to recreate the story of Catholicism in northern California in the post-Franciscan period. Alemany served as Bishop of Monterey, 1850-53, and as first Archbishop of San Francisco, 1853-84, and his pioneer deeds were so significant that these years might, indeed, be correctly called the "Age of Alemany." Similarly, with regard to the story of the Mother Lode and northern mines of California viewed in their Catholic aspects, one comes quickly to the realization that the two bishops, Eugene O'Connell (1815-1891) and Patrick Manogue (1831-1895), furnish focal points for the telling of that story. And so it is that, when delving into the story of the origins of Roman Catholicism in Utah, one is tempted to call most of it the "Age of Scanlan," for * Father McGloin is archivist at the University of San Francisco and also teaches Western history, specializing in the American period of Roman Catholicism in California.

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the Right Reverend Lawrence Scanlan (1843-1915) is the priest and prelate whose name must be associated most closely with these origins.

Bishop Scanlan has had several literary treatments1 and several interesting accounts have been published concerning the man and his manifold works for his church in Utah. However, there is always a delight in learning more about such a man, and it is hoped that the two reports here presented may serve such a purpose. They were seen by the present author in the archives of the "Societe pour la Propagation de la Foi" in Paris when he was engaged in some research there in the fall of 1957, and through the kind co-operation of officials of this still very thriving organization, he was enabled to have photostatic copies made of these materials which, in part, are here presented as a modest contribution to the mostly yet untold history of what we have already called the "American Period" of Roman Catholicism in die West. We may date this period quite generally from the 1848 discovery of gold in California or, more precisely, from December 6, 1850, when young Bishop Alemany arrived in San Francisco to begin his work as the newly appointed Bishop of Monterey. Not nearly enough has been researched and published concerning these pioneer bishops and priests of this period, and this is the compelling reason for presenting these reports of Father (later Bishop) Scanlan.

Lawrence Scanlan was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, on September 28, 1843, and was ordained priest at All Hallows College in Dublin on June 24, 1868. Since he was ordained to work in the far-off Archdiocese of San Francisco, he spent some time there before his permanent assignment by Archbishop Alemany to the "Mission of Utah." From 1873 until his appointment as first Vicar Apostolic of Utah on January 25, 1887, Father Scanlan worked zealously and successfully in what must, by all odds, be accounted a difficult mission.

San Francisco was the place of his consecration to the dignity of the episcopate as, on June 29, 1887, Archbishop Riordan consecrated Father Scanlan as Titular Bishop of Larandum and first Vicar Apostolic of Utah. Four years later his territory was erected into the diocese of Salt Lake, and on January 30, 1891, he was appointed to this newly created See. Many more years of service were to be his until, on May 10, 1915, Bishop Scanlan died in Salt Lake City at die age of seventy-two. During the more than forty years of his service in Utah, this pioneer priest found 1 See the interesting and satisfying account, Robert J. Dwyer, "Pioneer Bishop: Lawrence Scanlan, 1843-1915," Utah Historical Quarterly, XX (April, 1952), 135-58.

Bishop Dwyer is presently serving as Bishop of Reno, Nevada.

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it necessary to call on the help of European Mission-aid organizations to supply some of the financial backing which was almost entirely lacking to him in Utah. This explains the detailed reports submitted by him to the members of the council of the Parisian Society for the Propagation of the Faith, and it would appear that his appeals for help were far from unsuccessful. It was always necessary to present a complete (and persuasive!) account of the local situation in order to interest the French group, and Father Scanlan (who continued the same custom as Bishop) was not loathe to describe his work and its potentialities as well as its urgent needs. Here chosen are what are thought to be two of the more interesting and complete of the reports which are still on file in the Paris Archives mentioned above.

On October 12, 1876, after three years work in Utah, Father Scanlan wrote the following report in Salt Lake City. It accurately sums up the picture as he saw it in those days: he gave it the appropriate title of the "Annual Report of the State of Catholicity in the Territory of Utah, United States of America, to the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, France."

These two reports from an earlier era help to fill out, at least to some extent, the pioneer phase of the history of Roman Catholicism in Utah.

OCTOBER 12,

1876

ANNUAL REPORT OF T H E STATE OF CATHOLICITY IN T H E TERRITORY OF UTAH, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, TO T H E SOCIETY FOR T H E PROPAGATION OF T H E FAITH, FRANCE As we are taught by our holy religion that the best and surest way to obtain new favors from Heaven is to render due thanks for those already received: so, I begin my report by sincerely thanking you for the very handsome appropriation of $1560 which you, in your boundless charity, have made us during the year. This, indeed, seemed to have been sent us by Providence, as it came at a time when it was very much needed; and, I assure you that the good news caused many a fervent prayer to ascend to the Throne of Grace for you and every member of the Society.

With this short preface, I now proceed to give you an account of my stewardship, and lay before you how we have employed the talents

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â&#x20AC;˘ j - mil 'if vK It ' ff IIJ

Academy

of the Sacred Heart, located in Ogden,

St. Mary's of the Wasatch, Salt hake City, opened in 1875 for boarders and day pupils.

Holy Cross Hospital, Salt Lat\e City's oldest hospital, operated by the Sisters of the Holy Cross since 1882. Recently a new addition changed the face of this familiar landmark^.

COURTESY,

HOLY

CROSS HOSPITAL

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you have entrusted to us; what we have been doing during the past year, and what we want to do with your co-operation and the Grace of God in the future, in this far off and all but pagan land.

Although a decade of years has scarcely elapsed since the small grain of "mustard seed" was first dropped into this large and then seemingly barren and unfruitful field of the great "vineyard of the Lord," yet, through your fostering care, our own feeble efforts and the life-giving sunlight of a benign Providence, it has already taken deep root, is extending its branches higher and wider every year and is still full of life, health and vigor.

CHURCHES

There are, at present, two churches in the Territory. T h e Church in Salt Lake City, which, since its erection in 1871, lay under a heavy debt, is now free of all encumbrances. Its congregation is steadily increasing, and many indifferent and lukewarm members are becoming less irregular in attending divine Services and in the performance of their religious duties. D u r i n g the year, we had about 60 Baptisms, twenty of w h o m were adult converts; 12 marriages, chiefly "mixed"; and at Easter, about 50 communicants.

OGDEN CHURCH

I have just built a church in Ogden, the second city in the Territory. It is a frame building 33 x 40 with a small tower in front and recess for Altar in rear. Its cost, when furnished with proper benches, will range from $1500.00 to $2000.00 with an indebtedness of about $500. It is sufficiently large to accommodate the Catholics of Ogden and the surrounding district for a long time to come.

SCHOOLS

In my last report I had the honor of stating to- you that we succeeded in bringing to Salt Lake City and establishing therein a colony of faithful and devoted Sisters of the "Holy Cross." I hope the Catholics of this Territory shall never forget the generous support which you have rendered them in accomplishing diis grand and glorious work.

These good daughters of the "Cross," since their advent here, have been indefatigable workers, and have done more to remove prejudice and give tone and prominence to our Cause than we priests could have done in many years of hard work.

T h e Academy of St. Marys of U t a h : This large and commodious brick structure, described in my last report, was opened for the recep-

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tion of boarders and day pupils on the 6th of September, 1875, from which time, it has been wonderfully successful â&#x20AC;&#x201D; to the great credit of the good Sisters. The average attendance is about 100, and when we remember that the great majority of these are non-catholics, and that there exists in the minds of non-catholics, generally, in this country, a bitter prej udice against everything Catholic, this number must strike us as exceedingly large. But the Sisters, by their exemplary lives, their industry, their holy conversations, their solicitude and even love for the children and the good advices they give them, are silently â&#x20AC;&#x201D; but surely, not only removing all prejudices from their minds, but even gaining their respect and admiration! Hence, during the past year, many of the pupils expressed a desire to be baptized; I baptized about a dozen and refused to comply with the desires of many others, through motives of prudence and objections raised by dieir parents.

But, apart from the effect which the Sisters have upon non-catholic children, who can enumerate or comprehend the blessings which they have brought to our Catholic children ? We priests have been laboring here for the last ten years, have held Catechism class once every week and have done all in our power to teach Catholic children the theory and practice of their religion: but, owing to the want of continual, every day teaching, of a wholesome Catholic atmosphere, and, worse than all, the indifference, if not, scandalous lives of the parents, our efforts were all but fruitless! We never could collect more than two or three every year fit for first Communion! The Sisters are at work only a year, and note the contrast.

The Archbishop [Alemany] paid us the honor of visiting us last July, when he had the pleasure of administering Confirmation, for the first time, in diis land of Mormonism, to about 50 persons; and of witnessing the pleasing scene of about 40 children make their first Communion, all of whom have been gathered together, taught, and duly prepared for these Sacraments by the persevering efforts of the daughters of the "Holy Cross." Verily, the "Cross" is becoming a power in this benighted land, and the little "mustard seed" is already extending its branches and yielding abundant fruit!

St. Josephs School for Small Boys: This is a neat little building, but sufficiently large, however, to accommodate, in a healthful and pleasant manner, from fifty to one hundred pupils. It is entirely separate from, but adjacent to the Academy. It is designed for the education of small boys of 12 years and under that age, and is also conducted by the Sisters. The average attendance is about forty, most of whom,

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also, are non-catholics. What I have apply with equal force and truth the same good example, die same ing and educating the Catholic boys fying results!

339

stated respecting the girls school, to this. The Sisters are giving salutary instructions and trainwith the same fruitful and grati-

HOSPITAL OF THE HOLY CROSS

This is the crowning institution of our Church in this territory.

Persons may, and do, hate the Catholic name, but, in spite of themselves, respect and love its philanthropic spirit; its grand, broad hearted charitable institutions. They may curse the priest, but must bless the devoted Sister of Charity — the angel in human form. They may, and often do, close their ears and eyes to the teachings of the priest and spiritual directors, but they must open them wide to the inexorable logic of facts. They may listen for hours unmoved to the grand orator in the pulpit — wasting his eloquence in endeavoring to prove some grand dogma of the Church, or to portray the beauty or usefulness of some Christian virtue; and when he has finished, regard him as a hireling, a mere professional man, if not, a hypocrite: but, the poor emaciated Sister leaning over the bed of suffering, wiping away the sweat of death from the pale forehead of the dying man, soothing his declining moments, softening his pillow, administering to his last needs, consoling him in his expiring agonies, standing by him as his friend, when perhaps his own desert him, encouraging him to> enter with confidence on his long and mysterious journey, alleviating his sufferings in life, and closing his eyes in the last long sleep of death — all these acts performed for no. eardily reward, but through love of humanity, irrespective of creed, color, or country, and very often, to an enemy are sufficient proof, that even the most rigorous and seemingly repugnant maxims of the Gospel are, not only possible to be realized, but, are actually realized every day by hundreds and thousands of these devoted creatures in the Catholic Church — All these, I repeat, speak, indeed, true Christianity and with a logic and eloquence which the most bigoted and prejudiced cannot resist. And this is the logic and eloquence with which the Sisters in charge of the "Hospital of the Holy Cross" have loudly preached to the public, since its opening, and which has had already exerted a wonderful power in closing the mouths of many revilers of our Holy religion.

The Hospital was opened on the 26th of October, 1875 in a handsome brick building which was then considered sufficiently large, but which is now too small to accommodate, in a proper manner, the

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increasing number of patients seeking admission. Being unable to purchase or build an hospital of our own, we had to leave the building for a few years, during which time Providence may supply us with means to carry out His and our designs.

A Hospital is an absolute necessity here, as there are a great many poor men of all creeds working in smelters and lead mines which are very unhealthy and cause a sickness known among miners as "leaded" or "lead disease" — the effect of inhaling arsenic and other poisonous matter through smoke, in working in smelters, and dust, in working in the mines. It is a very severe and painful sickness, and if neglected, generally proves fatal. Over 500 patients have found in this institution, since its opening, a good home, kind treatment and nurses better than mothers — which is an abundant proof of its necessity. The average number in the hospital is about thirty.

So much for the past and present, let us now turn our thoughts, for a short time, to the future.

The old saying respecting the rich — "The more they have or get — the more they want" seems to be verified with respect to the church.

At least, I feel its truth here. The wants of this Territory seem to be multiplying every year. During last August, I visited the southern part of the Territory (about 200 miles from Salt Lake City) and received great encouragement from the few scattered Catholics and many noncatholics there, to start a little mission with a church, schools and hospital. I think a priest could do a great deal of good diere, but, the distances between the places he would have to attend are so long and the travelling so expensive, that it would be very difficult for him, at present, to obtain a living. I merely refer to this portion of my mission as a growing place that will soon need our attention. Ogden, now, having a church, ought henceforth be attended regularly every Sunday.

But this cannot be done without another priest. We have, besides Salt Lake, which has service every Sunday, six other places to attend and to do justice to those places, there ought to be here, at least, 4 priests.

Hence, one of our great needs, at present, is more priests with some little provision made for their proper sustenance.

Again, a Catholic School is very much needed in Ogden, where, all the Catholic children are attending either Mormon or protestant schools. This should be attended to at an early date, odierwise, there is not only a danger, but a certainty, that many of our children there shall be perverted and forever lost to the church.

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You have suggested that your last appropriation be applied to the purchasing or securing of a pastoral residence. Although, as I stated in my last report, this is very much needed, not only for the ordinary comfort, but even health of priests; yet, seeing the vast amount of good the Sisters have done and are engaged in doing; and knowing that they are heavily in debt; upon which, they are paying a high rate of interest â&#x20AC;&#x201D; I have concluded to- give them the amount appropriated and recommend the pastoral residence to a kind Providence and your future generosity. In pursuing this course, I hope to meet with your approval and not to< be disappointed in my expectations.

In conclusion, I again, in the name of the Archbishop, Sisters, Catholics and all interested in this mission, thank you most sincerely for your generosity and charity in the past, and in the name of die same parties, express a hope that you will not abandon us in our struggles, but will stand by us to die end, and that we shall never prove ourselves unfaithful servants or unworthy of your kindness and generosity.

Assuring you that, so far, you have no> reason to' repent your action towards us, but on the contrary, you have great reason to rejoice on having scattered with a judicious and bountiful hand the good seed, which has already yielded a hundred fold here, and will, I hope, bring you and us all life eternal hereafter, I remain Most respectfully your hble servant L. Scanlan _,.

Salt Lake City Oct. 12th, 1876.

Pastor of Utah Terr.

Five years later, in 1881, Father Scanlan had another report ready for the Paris Society. As usual in such matters, he sent it first to Archbishop Alemany for his approval, and the latter sent it on to Paris with the following enclosure of his o w n : San Francisco, Nov. 7/81 Respected Dear Sir: Only yesterday I received the Report on Utah Territory from the Very Rev. Lawrence Scanlan, its Vicar Foreign [sic]. The account is correct and encouraging. I earnestly and most respectfully pass on his petition, that you will kindly increase, (if possible) your holy chariabIe ald

'

Very gratefully and respectfully Joseph S. Alemany, Archbp of San Francisco Administrator of Utah Territory

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A notable feature of the 1881 report is found in its summation, in its last paragraph, of the contrast between the Utah Catholicism of 1870 with that of 1881. The report follows: ANNUAL REPORT OF T H E STATE OF CATHOLICITY IN T H E TERRITORY OF UTAH, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, TO T H E SOCIETY FOR T H E PROPAGATION OF T H E FAITH I feel great pleasure in reporting to you that our feeble efforts, aided so materially by your charity during the past year, have been blessed with more than usual success.

Since my last report, we have built two churches — one in Frisco, in the southern part of the Territory, the other, in Park City, about thirty miles distant from Salt Lake. Although those churches are not entirely finished, yet, they are sufficiently so, to have Service held in them. The congregation of practical Catholics in Frisco, is, at present, small: but; in the surrounding mining districts, there is quite a number of indifferent Catholics and others, and we must labor and hope and pray that these also may be converted and live. In Park City, away in the fastness of the Rocky Mountains, the congregation is much larger and more encouraging. There, also, many strayed sheep have to be brought into the fold by labor, patience and prayer. There is a resident priest in each place.

We have been also engaged, during the past year, in erecting a fine hospital for the Sisters in Salt Lake — the rented house hitherto used by them, being too small and otherwise unfit for hospital purposes and demands. The building of three stories — basement, rock and the two other stories, brick — stands on a healthy and commanding site of ten acres and will be ready for use in about two months. When finished, it will be, in all respects, well suited to its noble purpose and will afford ample accommodation to about eighty patients.

The great need of such a building has been long felt and, undoubtedly, it will be productive of much good in extending the usefulness of the Sisters and in showing forth, on a large scale, the grand practical workings of our holy religion. During the past year, there have been admitted and nursed by the Sisters over three hundred patients, many of whom could pay them only through the Great Representative of the poor in heaven.

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Our congregation in Salt Lake is slowly but steadily increasing.

Since my last Report, we have had fifteen adult and about sixty infant baptisms, many of the latter being children of non-catholics, who wished them baptized and educated Catholics. There has been a proportionate number in Ogden, Silver Reef and the other Missions. We have had sixteen marriages, a large proportion of which were "mixed."

But our great hope for the future of the Church in Utah, is in the schools: as it is only through them, we can reach and save, not only the children, but, also, their, in many cases, very indifferent parents. However, neglectful of their religious duties Catholic parents may be, they, generally, send their children to the Sisters schools. The children acquire or rather are made to acquire a habit of saying their prayers and of practicing their religious duties; and when they go home, the habit continues and thus, by dieir example, they revive the dying faith of their parents who are thereby shamed into the practice of their religion. We have had many instances of this influence of Catholic children, not only on their own parents, but also on others: and hence our greatest efforts are directed to the education of youth in good catholic schools.

St. Mary's Academy, in Salt Lake, under the charge of the Sisters of the congregation of the Holy Cross, during the six years of its existence, has done a great deal in this direction for the future of the church in this Territory. Through its boarding department, it has afforded to hundreds of children of poor Catholics, scattered in isolated places in the mountains and over the desert wastes, the benefit of a good Catholic education. Widiout it or some such institution, these children far removed not only from catholic schools, but from any school should necessarily grow up in ignorance of both the natural and supernatural sciences. It is not unusual for the Sisters to find some of those children, ten and twelve years of age, on entering their schools, not knowing how to make the sign of the Cross or to tell them how many Gods there are. The Academy is in a most flourishing condition, and its sphere of usefulness is being more and more extended every year. It has now about seventy boarders collected together from Utah and the neighboring Territories; and the constantly increasing number of applicants for admission will, in the near future, necessitate an enlargement of the present building. Besides this large number of boarding pupils, there are, in daily attendance about one hundred and fifty day scholars.

The Academy of the Sacred Heart in Ogden under the charge of the same Sisterhood is also very prosperous and more than meets our

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expectations in establishing it. It has about fifty boarding scholars and upwards of one hundred day pupils. The Sisters are preparing to erect a separate school there for small boys. More than half the pupils in both Academies are of non-catholic parentage and many of them express a wish to be Baptized, but we invariably refuse, unless they are of age or otherwise obtain the consent of their parents or guardians.

The Same Congregation of Sisters have a day school in Silver Reef with an attendance of about forty pupils. They have also there a hospital for the benefit of miners and others in the surrounding mining districts and settlements.

We hope with your continued assistance and the help of God, to be able to establish a Sisters school, during the coming year, in Park City. We also hope the day is not far distant, when we can report to you the doings of the Christian Brothers in Utah. During the past year, we secured at a cost of $5000.00 one of die most central and finest locations in Salt Lake for the future Christian Brothers College.

In order that you may see, at a glance, the progress of the Church here, and be thereby encouraged to "cast your bread on the waters" with even a more liberal hand, in the future, you have only to compare the Church [?] of 1870 with the Church of today. Then the practical Catholics in this large Territory, could have been numbered on your fingers: now, we have over 500. Then, there was no child attending a catholic school: now, there are about 500. Then, there was no resident priest, no church, no school, no hospital. Now there are six priests, five nice commodious churches, at a cost of about $25,000.00; two large imposing academies in a most promising state and costing together about $40,000.00, one day school and two hospitals â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the only ones in the Territory â&#x20AC;&#x201D; costing about $20,000.00.

These figures tell you of what we have been doing, show you that you have not assisted us in vain, and we hope may encourage you and us to continue the good work in the future as we have in the past.

Your humble servant L. Scanlan Salt Lake City Nov. 3rd, 1881

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'ickiups of the Indians were "composed long branches of willows, cottonwood â&#x20AC;˘d stalks of corn . . . stuck 'n l^e ground mtingly so that they meet at the top . . . '. the shelter from wind and ruin."

I N D I A N S K E T C H E S FROM T H E JOURNALS OF T . D. B R O W N AND JACOB H A M B L I N

By Juanita Broof\s *

Since the Mormon Church was founded, its leaders have had an especial interest in the Indians. The Book °f Mormon, accepted as scripture by all the faithful, tells the story of the origin of the American Indian, declares that they are of the "blood of Israel," and holds out the promise that they shall yet become a white and delightsome people. The fulfillment of this promise lay in part in their taking on die ways of civilization and becoming members of the Mormon Church.

A practical man of affairs, Brigham Young had odier reasons also for establishing friendly relations with the Indians. The dream of a great inland empire and the hope of establishing a self-sustaining society which would be a literal Kingdom of God upon the earth, both demanded that there be a corridor to the Pacific Ocean in order that converts and their goods might travel by water to the coast and come to Utah from California.

As soon as the first large company of Saints was settled in the Valley of the Great Salt Lake, Brigham Young sent exploring parties in every direction to determine the location of water and suitable sites for settlement. In every case those in charge were to become acquainted with the natives of the area and set up friendly relations, since the theory was that * Mrs. Brooks is presently a member of the staff of the Utah State Historical Society.

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"it is cheaper to feed them than to fight them." Missionaries were also counseled to secure Indian children who might otherwise be taken by the current slave trade into Mexico, and instead of making them slaves give them food, clothing, and shelter. They should see also that the children were sent to school and taught the Gospel.

Several groups of Indian missionaries were sent out to different places, but only the mission established on the Santa Clara Creek in southern Utah could be called successful. These young men received their call at the October conference of 1853, and were given until the next spring to make preparation. Twenty-five men left on April 14 in a train of ten wagons, eight of which were drawn by horses or mules and two by ox teams. They were loaded with flour and other provisions and tools; the missionaries had among them nineteen guns and full ammunition in order that diey might supply their meat. For milk they drove a herd of seven cows.

Of the group, only three were older than forty years, while three others were still in their teens, and all but two of those remaining were in their early twenties.

THOMAS D. BROWN Thomas D. Brown, who listed himself as being forty-six years old, married, father of two children, and a president of the seventies' quorum in Salt Lake City, was the recorder for the mission.

He was born December 16, 1807, in Stewarton, Ayrshire, Scotland, and baptized into the Mormon Church on June 9, 1844. By 1852 Brown was living in Salt Lake City and operating a mercantile establishment on the east side of Main Street, near the Salt Lake House. His home must have been one of the best for its time, because George A. Smith, writing of the establishment of the Deseret Philharmonic Society, stated that "Elder James Smithies is their president and their meetings for the present are held in Elder T. D. Brown's large room."

That Thomas D. Brown was a man of wide skills is shown by the fact that he could survey land, compose a memorial to her Majesty, Queen Victoria, and write letters for Brigham Young. But nowhere else are his personality and training more evident than in his "History of the Southern Indian Mission," a manuscript notebook1 of two hundred and twenty-one pages. In addition to the daily diary, the book contains a number of letters and other items.

1 A typescript copy of Brown's journal is in the library of the Utah State Historical Society.

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Brown wrote every day, giving date, place, and weather conditions before he summarized the activities of die group. H e took detailed minutes of all meetings; he described the country, becoming lyrical over some of its color and form; he told of the inconveniences and hardships of frontier life and of the frictions which sometimes arose among the missionaries. But the best parts of all this vivid and eloquent account are the pen pictures he made of the natives themselves. N o one else has left anything so graphic.

T h e missionaries had been on the road ten days before they saw any Indians. As they neared Fillmore, they had their first encounter, which Brown described as follows: Tuesday, 25 April. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; A fine morning after leaving camp up to Corn Creek, very wet and heavy driving. About 20 Indians of Walker's Band came and surrounded our wagons and finally crossed die road and stood ahead of them. After many strange gestures and much loud speaking by the eldest of them, a blanket was thrown down. We all understood this to be a demand of toll for passing over their lands; we all contributed some bread and flour and tobacco. They sat down and seemed to enjoy the bread. We passed on and soon some more came down to the creek, they too had to be satisfied.

T h e record continues through three weeks of activity, during which Brown told of the problems of clearing land, digging ditches, holding meetings, and setting up friendly relations with the local natives. On May 11 he reported that Indian Abraham's wife was ill with breast infection following childbirth. They had called in some of the Mormon missionaries to pray over her, or as the Indians called it, "do their poogi."

Since it had no effect, they tried their own cures. Brown wrote on

May 12: The Indian Doctor or medicine man came to-day, and after giving the sick woman some hot water to drink, but no herbs in it began to sing, "Nani, nani, nani, Nani, nani," &c, varying the sound as I have written it, first loud then falling by degrees, then beginning aloud again, this he continued till, 1 suppose, having invoked the healing spirit long enough he would get to his knees, then roll over to his back would draw himself close to the patient, and with closed eyes, still singing, lift up his hands so as to receive her, she would fall across him and he placing his arms around her and near the sore shoulder, would begin to press her breast, would crawl out when breath seemed almost gone to him, would spit out some nasty green stuff, expectorated from his own lungs, or chest, would again begin a new murmuring song "H-a-a-a H-a-a-a H u m -m-m-m," &c, would continue again for half an hour till he would again fall on his back, again receive her into his arms

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crosswise — again suck till he would expectorate one of his dark green stones, about the size of a bean, this he would carry off, crawling in a stooping posture some 20 yards and hide it among the brushes or in the earth, burying the disease or evil spirit.

These stones they carry in their medicine bags — and I doubt not resurrect all they bury, at their own convenience, for I suppose diey esteem these stones sacred; then he returned and would begin singing, continue again in the same way till after another pressure and suction — a white stone would be expectorated and buried, this continued for two hours, crawling off once on his hands and knees and once sucking the shoulder and pressing the breast.

Whether they induce faith in the patient, that by their songs, suctions and carrying off the disease; or whether a healing spirit attends them in their administrations; or a magnetic stream passes from the whole through the diseased person — a mesmeric influence that heals, I know not; but the general testimony is that, often remarkable cures are effected.

On June 7, as the missionaries were en route to Santa Clara, they passed what seemed to be an Indian burial. It was of a man named Pierre, w h o m they had seen a few days before, a skeleton of a man who had been hurt in one of the Indian fights for a wife. Rachel Lee had told them of her unsuccessful attempt to persuade an Indian mother to bury her dead child according to the white man's way, and impressed upon them the fact that die natives did not like to be under observation while they performed their sacred rites. For diis reason the missionaries rode on widiout stopping, but the recorder could not resist reflecting upon die event: When he lay dying his only bed was the dusty earth. I could not help reflecting "to dust we must return" — Alas! poor Indians how near the soil they have been! at birth dropping into the dust, creeping, lying and running in it with no other table — thy work-bench — thy gambling table thy theatre — pulpit — stage — bed of joy, sorrow and death: With apparent sympathy thou art surrounded by thy wives, children and friends, though at a little distance in sad and mournful silence — the head of the dying one resting on the roots of a bunch of brushoak, his feet drawn up to his back, his legs and thighs wasted away except at the joints; "return to dust!" Why poor, dark degraded Lamanite thou never went far out of it!

For all of the group this trip to the Santa Clara was new, untrodden ground. T w o Indians accompanied them, leading them by dim trails around the steep, rocky hills, until near sunset when they came to Chief Toquer's wickiups on Ash Creek. They had traveled twenty miles this day, and had it not been for their Indian guides, they would never have found the place. Brown said the wickiups were: composed of long branches of willows, cotton-wood and stalks of corn, 3 of them — the willows stuck in the ground slantingly so that they meet at the

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top, the leaves of these and a neighboring ash tree was all the shelter from wind or rain.

Toker is a small broad old man about 50 years of age. Broad bald forehead, rather flat: flat nose and darker in color than most other Indians. . . .

He received us very cordially, and when told that R. C. Allen was our Captain — the two big men embraced each other very affectionately, more like the refined French and people of civilized Europe than the rude Indians.

Toquer then led them to the camp in the sandy bottoms about thirty yards north of the wickiups, warning them to keep their horses off the grapevines.

T u r n i n g their horses out to pick the scanty grass among the rocks, the missionaries took out their meal of raw bacon, bread, and cheese, which they shared with fifteen Indians, two squaws and two papooses.

From here they all went together to the wickiups of the regular camp.

Brown's description of the supper is classic: We . . . found their women grinding seeds by the light of the moon, and boiling a large potful of pottage — in a conical shaped dish made from clay and sand thin and hard. This mess seemed of a darkish grey color with like chunks of bacon in it. We tasted the flour which the women were making from the seeds of grass — by rubbing them between two rocks. It tasted much like buckwheat flour or bean meal. What we fancied to be pieces of bacon, I have been told were bunches of matted ants. One of the brethren tasted this food and said, these clusters tasted very oily but knew not the cause.

This porridge the female stirred with a large spoon or ladle, like the water gourds of the states made from the horn of a mountain sheep; with this the mess was divided on wicker baskets, flat, in the shape of flat wood turned dishes, about 1 quart to each — the elder served first — this was soon cleaned out by bending the forefinger of the right hand inwards around the point of the thumb for a spoon. — the Same dish handed back and filled and passed around. They supped this up greedily, and with the head of a roasted porcupine, brains and bones, added to an entire roasted sand lark, seemed, added to what we gave them — to about satisfy. Then like hogs with little or no covering they huddled together in the sand. Oh! how Ephraim has fallen!

After prayer, we too were soon asleep — on our buffalo robes — not far from our friends.

As they traveled down Ash Creek, the missionaries noted the Indian farms planted in long narrow strips. In one place they saw a good irrigation canal about a half mile long below which were about three acres well planted with watermelons as well as the staples of corn, squash, and potatoes. Often they passed last year's abandoned farms with the corn stalks still standing. Because the natives had no way to get these roots

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out of the ground, they were forced to start each year's garden in a new place. Wherever the white men tried to talk to the Indians, the burden of die conversation was always the same: " W e are hungry often, we want food, we are naked, we want shirts, pants, hats."

Near the Virgin River they saw some squaws and children gathering berries, and Brown and William Henefer rode over to a young squaw. "Oh! how she feared to approach us when we kindly asked [for] some shutcup holding out a basket of berries at full arms length yet some feet off from where we could reach, we approached a little near, she trembled and sweat and [held] her limbs together as if required to keep her reins steady that diere should be no apparent leakage; such was her fear."

As Brown traced their travel each day, he saw the same general pattern of life — naked, hungry children, all full of awe and fear at diese strange visitors mounted on fine horses with saddles and other trappings. W h e n they left the Virgin River, Parouse, as the Indians called it, and came to die Santa Clara Creek, or Tonaquint, Brown remarked that: "This place seemed more comfortable to me than any place we had come to." As to the natives and dieir association there, he said: They were much afraid especially the squaws and children. The most of the Indians that were with us yesterday travelled with us this day . . . very hot — they slept near us in the wickeups last night, and now their number is swelled to 22; they are as hungry as we, and I suppose more so, even so that they could have eaten all we had at one meal, yet we disliked to eat in their presence and they not enjoy food with us, so we abstained from eating till all cleared off.

After supper 5 of us left camp to visit "Matuprenups" wickeup — there we found some 8 or 10 men and 2 squaws only, and a "nansits" — female child — they were in great fear (sherreah) when we approached, so much so, the red men became pale and trembled; this wore off after a while.

We found an old man had fled, they called him, he did not come, Jacob Hamblin a quiet man went out and found him rolled up in his rabbit skin mantlet, like a rabbit hid in an old wickeup, he patted him on the shoulder, looked kindly upon him and told him the Mormons were "toojee Tickaboo toinab," very friendly, and the same as the Pahutes. Finally he came and sat down beside me all trembling. After smoking with us he became more composed.

The little child that had buried itself in her father's bosom crying, rushed out sweating and ran towards her mother and hid behind her. The grandmodier of this child, a very old woman, was the only one that did the hard work; she brought a wicker basket full of water slung on her head as the fish women of Edinburgh carry their loads of fish.. . .

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She called aloud for me to come and sup: she handed me a large spoon made of the horn of a mountain sheep that would hold about a pint, full of this home made wine, she then sat down a large bowl made of small willows, and pitched within full of this wine to our men, and we all partook freely of this sweet and nourishing fluid. We smoked with them and sung some of the Saints hymns, and a good spirit prevailed. Their fears gave way to confidence and love; they were liberally kind with their wine, wheat and seed flour porridge and berries.

They asked us to sing again, we told them it was one way the Mormons spoke to Shenowab. . . . During our singing they all kept very still... .

There appear many pieces of good wheat land on this stream, across which Beaver dams are built every few rods, and the banks being low, the water overflows much and renders the bottoms good grazing patches.

T h e company of missionaries, their food supply exhausted, decided that they must return to their farm near Harmony, leaving behind two of their men, Jacob H a m b l i n and William Henefer, to continue the missionary work.

Thomas D . Brown did not have further close contact with the Indians; he was sent to explore the Las Vegas area, and upon his return was asked to take the place of Christopher J. Arthur as clerk and recorder in Cedar City. O n December 22,1855, he married Mary Lucretia, daughter of William W . Willis, as his only plural wife. In 1856 he was released from his mission in the south and sent to survey the Weber River for a place suitable to bring out the water, then to lay out Fort Supply and Fort Bridger, and later to survey five sites for mail stations between Fort Laramie and Salt Lake City. For a time he was also corresponding secretary to Brigham Young.

Later, though he continued to live in Salt Lake City and kept his store on Main Street, he became disaffected and joined the Liberal party as a member of their central committee; in 1874 he ran as a candidate for councilman on the ticket.

Whatever his later activities, Brown's record of the Southern Indian Mission remains of great value for its clear description of the natives as they were when the first white men came among them.

JACOB H A M B L I N Of all the men called to the Southern Indian Mission, Jacob H a m b lin seemed to take his assignment most seriously, so seriously, in fact, that the mission lasted all his life. His shadow still falls across the barren desert wastes, where he pushed into the undiscovered areas to be one of the "firsts": at Kanab, at the Colorado crossing, at the Paria settlement

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JACOB HAMBLIN (1819-1886) Missionary to the Indians who worked for peace with the tools of peace, understanding and love.

or on the Moenkopi, he blazed the trails which others followed. His name is legend among the Indian tribes for integrity and honor, a man who did not "speak widi a forked tongue."

Hamblin was born in Salem, Ohio, April 2, 1819, and at the age of twenty he married Lucinda Taylor. They joined the Mormon Church in 1839, and followed the fortunes of the Saints from Nauvoo, across Iowa, and to Winter Quarters. From this point Lucinda refused to go farther west, but returned to her home, leaving Jacob with four young children. A few months later he married Rachel Judd, who helped him collect means to go on to the valley of the Great Salt Lake in 1850.

They settled first in Tooele County.

In the Tooele area the Indians made repeated raids on the herds of the settlers, until at last Jacob Hamblin was put in charge of a posse to go after them, recover the stolen cattle, and punish the leaders. The posse came upon the Indian camp just before daybreak on a snowy morning, and Hamblin ordered his men to charge upon it. They caught the braves entirely by surprise and could easily have killed the whole camp, but at the sight of the frightened, running women and the ter-

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rorized children, Jacob ordered his men not to shoot. Instead, he talked to the chief, persuading him to return with the posse to the town and get acquainted with the leaders there, in the hope that the thieving would cease.

The Mormon authorities were not pleased with this action and condemned Jacob so vigorously that he went alone into the mountains, ostensibly after a load of wood but actually to try to come to peace with himself. Here he met other Indians supposed to be hostile, and was surprised at how well he could communicate with them. He found a small Indian boy who had been left behind with his grandmother, gave the old woman food to enable her to travel on, and persuaded her to give him the child. As he lay in bed that night with the little body close against him, he received an answer to his problem, a peace and satisfaction with his course and a promise that "so long as you do not thirst for the blood of the Indians, they shall not have the power to take your life."

The voice he heard was so real to Jacob that he never doubted it; because of it for the rest of his days he walked unarmed without fear among his red brothers.

It was his dedication to the mission that led his captain to leave him to remain longer on the Santa Clara at the visit of Thomas D. Brown and the group; it was his success in inspiring confidence in the natives that made Brigham Young appoint him president of the mission there.

Jacob Hamblin's journal continues with his experiences where Thomas D. Brown's leaves off. He and William Henefer ate and talked with the Indians; he cut some of the wheat heads with his knife, filling a basket to demonstrate how the white brethren might help the natives to improve their condition; they helped repair a broken ditch. When their food was almost exhausted, they started back to Harmony on foot, traveling at night over the burning sand. When they reached Toquer's wickiups, Hamblin records: "he was watering corn. He said he was very hungry; had not eaten anything but a few lizards for 3 days. I was glad to find I could understand him so well, only gone 3 weeks from Harmony; we gave him all the flour we had."

Excerpts from his journal give a good close-up of Indian life. When he left Harmony on December 10 with Augustus P. Hardy and Thales Haskell he wrote: December 10th [1854] I started for the Clara . . . found some Piedes hunting; they were much pleased to see us. I told them that we had come to stay with them now & teach them how to build houses & raise grain; this pleased

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them very much. They left their hunt and went home with us to dieir lodges or wickeups, as they call t h e m . . . .

The next day the Piedes were much alarmed. They said that the Utahs were coming to steal their children that night. The Chief wanted to know if we would fight for them if the Utahs should come to steal their children.

I counseled with Bros. Hardy & Haskell, all that were with me. I then told him we would fight for them if it was necessary.

I then let them have 100 rounds of ammunition to each gun mat they had.

Spies were sent out and everything made ready. The Old Chief commenced Preaching to the Utahs if there was any in hearing, as he said; he told them that they must not come here now to steal children; that their white brothers (the Mormons) had come here and would fight for them.

He then came and told me to lie down and not sleep sound; he would awaken me before the Utahs could get here. The night passed; no Utahs came.

Nor did they come the next day or the next. W h e n they did arrive, diey bargained with the Indians, purchasing the children instead of stealing them. They gave one horse and two guns for three girls. . . . the girls father & Mother cried to see them go; but they had nothing to eat and it would be better for the children than to stay & starve. I saw tears fall fast from the eyes of the oldest of the three; a girl about ten or twelve years old. I felt heart sick to see them dragged from their homes to become slaves to the Gentiles. I saw the necessity of the Elders doing all they could to ameloriate the condition of this miserable people.

Sometime later the missionaries were invited to an Indian wedding. " W h e n a Piede squaw is old enough to marry, there is from six to twenty wanting her for a wife; so they get together & fight for her, until they are all whipt but one; he takes the bride," Jacob explained.

T h e shortage of girls was due to the slave trade, for girls were more in demand on the Mexican market and would bring a much better price than boys. Parents, also, seemed more willing to part with daughters than with sons.

T h e following incident arose because the squaw's husband, a brave of another band, had stolen her from her first husband, who was one of her own people. T h e chief declared diat they must fight for her: About fifty fighters gathered near the bank of the River naked except a strip about their loins; their hair tied back; the two husbands commenced the fight, bruising each other's faces at a horrible rate. At length one fell, when one of his friends took his place. Thus they fought until they all got their faces badly bruised.

They took the bride by the arm and pulled her along. This was a signal for another fight; he had not proceeded far when he was met by an opponent, &

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now again commenced the fight. Thus they fought until an hour after sundown; dragging and hauling her around.

Once they undertook to cross the river with her; she gave them the slip & ran back near where I was standing on the bank. She reached out her hand and asked me to pull her up which I did. One of the warriors presented himself for a knock down. I told him I did not want to fight. He said I must not take hold of that woman then. I told him I did not understand it. It passed off. I was glad to get out of it without a bruised face.

T h e above version, written at the time in detail, is in harmony with the general character of Jacob Hamblin, and a far cry from the story which has been told picturing him as challenging the whole band and knocking out one after another as fast as they came up, until there were none left to oppose him, then generously letting the squaw select the one she preferred for a husband. This time the fight continued until one contender got the other by the hair and began to drag him. Because this was considered foul play, one of his friends went to the defense when: . . . they all commenced fighting like so many bull dogs. This presented a sight & sound that I cannot describe, the women & children hallooing & screaming; throwing fire, ashes, & whipping the crowd over the heads with long sticks. At length, having beaten one another until they were tired, they quit; the woman had fainted. There was no appearance of life in her.

Two of them hauled her back of one of their lodges, here they quarreled some time. They tore her buckskin shirt off her, & pulled and fought over that until they were tired. One of the claimants got the shirt and slept on it.

The marriage was not decided that night. The next morning I counted one hundred that had assembled for the fight T h e fight continued all day long; the squaw was so badly handled that Jacob H a m b l i n went to the chief to remonstrate. At first Tutsegavit insisted that he could do nothing; they had always acquired squaws in this way. N o t until Jacob threatened to tell the White Father all about it and insisted that it would not be a pretty story, did he promise to do something to end the barbaric custom. Alas for Jacob's hopes. Tutsegavit nor any other m a n could stop a custom so long established.

By February 4, 1855, Ira Hatch, Samuel Knight, and Amos Thornton arrived bringing spades, hoes, and picks to help build a dam in the creek so that they might plant grain. Under date of February 11 following, Jacob wrote: We have been laboring to complete the dam the past week. The missionaries & Piedes too hold together as the heart of one man; the work prospers.

We built a dam across the Santa Clara eighty feet long, fourteen feet high & three feet thick, of rock. We had no stone hammers except one old axe we got

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of the Piedes. With this, we were enabled to split the small rocks. The Piedes brought them to the dam with handbarrows. The work prospers greatly.

In spite of this encouraging note, he wrote his real feelings a few days later: . . . I feel grateful to the Lord for health & strength to resume my mission; yet there is not a day passes over my head, but that I consider it a great privilege to have an hour to myself, where the Piutes cannot see me: so that I can realize the task of civilizing this People. They are in a very low, degraded condition indeed; loathsome & filthy beyond description. I have wished many times for the moment, that my lot was cast among a more cleanly people; . . .

Jacob Hamblin had a part of this wish fulfilled years later when he worked with the Navajo and the Hopi, but always his calling was with the Indians. T w o events this year of 1855 built up his prestige. The first was the fact that this was a drought year. T h e stream dried up until it did not reach the fort; their dam, built at such a cost was useless; their crops were almost dead. Tutsegavit demanded that he keep his promise that there would be food for the Indians and urged that Hamblin do his poogi, or magic, or pray to his God to bring rain.

Jacob reassured the chief, feeling that God would surely honor the promises that had been made in His name in this attempt to help His most unfortunate children. His journal said only diat "I was considerably wrought up in my feelings." But the rain did come, the crops were saved, and the natives credited Jacob, whose God would answer.

Even more impressive to them was the case of Old Agarapoots, the angry Indian who wanted nothing of the Mormons or their ways. He came with his braves to the Santa Clara and went about glowering and snarling, frightening the women and children. At last in defiance he killed an ox, skinned it, and divided it among his band with no attempt at secrecy.

Most of the settlers thought he should be punished; they had put up with him and his ways long enough. A sound whipping would do him good, some of them declared. Jacob insisted upon handling the matter in his own way, which was to go to Agarapoots' lodge and try to talk to him. T h e chief was surly, expressing only scorn for the Mormon poogi.

"You will make your own bad medicine," Jacob told him.

T h e next day Agarapoots' little son was taken very ill, and in desperation he sent for Jacob to pray the child better. Jacob, seeing that there was no hope for the boy, refused to "do his poogi," and while they

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talked about it, the boy died. N o w the chief swore that Mormon children would be sent to the happy hunting ground to follow his son.

Tutsegavit came again to beg Jacob to pray, this time to pray Agarapoots dead, and when very shortly thereafter the old chief did sicken and die, Tutsegavit was all the more convinced of Jacob's power. Without arrows or knife or gun he could kill those people who were evil and who worked against the white man's God. Most effective in the long run were the rules which Jacob adopted in his dealings with the Indians. They were: never talk to them of things beyond their comprehension; listen to them patiently and try to understand their point of view; never laugh at them, no matter how ridiculous their ideas are; always keep your word to them; never take advantage of them in a trade. Yet, there were times when he must be firm with them, as this incident shows: As yet they have not stolen anything from us. It is surprising to me that they have not; for the house has been left for weeks (without a lock on the door), with many things in it to tempt poor miserable souls like this to steal yet they have not. Some few of them have attempted insults, or to run over us in the house, which I would not allow. I jerked one, cuffed another, and told the third to go out of doors; he said he would not. So I led him out by the hair of the head, & took my foot from his seat of honor, which gave him to think

nsftw Jacob Hamblin's home in Santa Clara, built in 1863 and occupied by his family until 1870, as it stands today against its barren hillside.

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I meant what I said. The next day I was two or three miles from home on horseback. I saw him coming on the run with a gun in his hand. I turned my horse about to meet him; asked him what he wanted; O nothing only walking said he, & stepped into the trail behind me and turned back.

Not liking his manoeuvre, I turned my horse about, told him to take the trail & go ahead, which he did for about a mile. He then said he wanted to turn off to visit some other lodges. I told him to go ahead keeping my eye on him for a while.. . .

T h e Indian mission took on a new outlook with the coming of the families. "September 11, 1855, I started for Santa Clara with Oscar Hamblin my brother, & Dudley Leavitt & our families. W e arrived there the 18th of October. They were almost overjoyed to see our women and children. W e had many good talks with our Red friends," Jacob wrote.

In 1870 Hamblin was called to Kanab to use his influence to control the raiding Navajos. F r o m there he worked his way to the upper Paria, and across the Colorado to the Indian nations there. As official "Apostle to the Lamanites," he must go wherever there was potential trouble.

W h e n he died in 1886, it would seem that his life was a failure, for he left his families so poorly provided for that an article in the Deseret News solicited contributions for the support of his children. But time has added to the stature of this m a n until now he is known as one whose contribution is most permanent. H e worked for peace with the tools of peace â&#x20AC;&#x201D; with understanding and tolerance and love.

DR. G. HOMER DURHAM

addressing Society members.

fore history needs to be written of Utah's :t. When this task *s done it may be more ar as to what area a future Escalante ght select in order for him, as well as his ry, to assist in shaping the future."

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By G. Homer Durham*'

All history may be said to be "local." That is, events happen, movements become identified, forces appear at some particular place. But is all local history important? How important, to how many, and for what reasons?

The first element in this case is the obvious one that history is a literary enterprise. That is history is written. If well written, history has a better chance of being remembered. This is true also of die historian who writes. Escalante lives. He wrote. But who remembers Domihguez â&#x20AC;&#x201D; except for a few gathered around diis table tonight?

Father Escalante wrote about the things that he and others did. But supposing he were a graduate student or had available to him the modern resources of historiography. About what should he write today; what could be his choices if he were concerned with Utah history?

As all history is local, so, all localities produce material for history.

Some also produce historians of better quality than others. This last factor makes the events, the life, the culture of a locality, influential.

And the better the writing, the more the history may have influence in the future. Ur of the Chaldees was a locality. So were ancient * Dr. D u r h a m , president of Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, delivered the address here printed at the ninth annual dinner meeting of the Society on May 13, 1961.

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Thebes, Hebron, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Athens, Sparta, Rome, Florence, Venice, Hastings, Boston and all the rest.

There are matters besides the literary facts of written history which bring the influence of Athens, Rome, Venice, Paris and London to our times with great force. But the facts of historiography also remain.

Are there some dimensions, therefore, which this Society might consider in order to vouchsafe the possibility that the history made in this locality may acquire the importance it deserves; or, reach the potential influence of which it is capable?

This, of course, raises the interesting problem as to whether people should attempt to "make" history as well as write it. I will not proceed into the maze posed by this question. I will confine my remarks to the proposition that we should make the best and most intelligent effort to write about what has been and is being done. A future Toynbee may then have something more to note, concerning Utah, than the two passages found in his ten volumes, A Study of History.

A cursory review of what has been important to report in history might be noted under four headings: 1. Culture and civilization — literature, art, science, and education.

2. The power struggle — politics, fortresses, weaponry — who bears rule — how, when and where.

3. Religion and religions — the founders, the doctrines, the practices, the religious configurations among peoples.

4. Agriculture, commerce and navigation — die search for sustenance, survival and affluence.

Ur, Babylon, Thebes, Jerusalem, Persepolis, Athens, Sparta, Rome, Paris, Peiping, Hastings, Boston, appear to live in history today because of "local" history that seemed important, or was described as important, in one or more of the foregoing four categories.

All four categories bear heavily in Utah history, as in any community. The history of power and conflict is writ large in Utah history in terms of the Utah War, the Nauvoo Legion, the Liberal vs. Peoples party struggles, and so forth. Commerce and navigation are writ large in terms of the trek that penetrated a land mass, the Mormon migration, the Overland Trail, the Forty-Niners, Jedediah Smith, and the others. True, this was land navigation, but it was navigation nonetheless and ranks with at least the lesser ocean voyages. The story of irrigation and copper is also heavily laden in this category. But past evidence suggests that prominent opportunities are open to future

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Escalantes (if they are seeking an important means of influencing the future) in selecting materials from the fields of culture and religion.

May I outline some areas, however, under each of the four headings where, in my opinion, more history needs to be written of Utah's past. W h e n this task is done, it may be more clear as to what area a future Escalante might select in order for him, as well as his story, to assist in shaping the future. I will rearrange the order of analysis.

T H E FIELD OF ECONOMIC ENTERPRISE — AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE A N D NAVIGATION Despite what exists in archives, in university and college libraries, and in other resources, may I suggest that history needs to be written, from many angles, of the following: The Utah Copper Company The history of the uranium industry in Utah Thiokol — history of a chemical and a new weapons system Western Air Lines (taking for the point of departure the first commercial flight with a paying passenger from the Salt Lake Airport) The Christensen Machine Company The story of the Rosenblatts and their Utah industries Charles Steen The history of irrigation — institutions Below the ditches' fall line Geneva Steel More about gilsonite Oil — especially new developments at Four Corners.

And, let us not forget George Romney, the compact car, and possible Utah connections therewith. (Is the Rambler a practical compromise between the prairie schooner and the handcart?)

T H E FIELD OF G O V E R N M E N T A N D POLITICS In the field of government and politics — w h o bears rule in Zion — we need more studies of the following than we have now: Brigham Young — someone needs to write the story of Brigham Young from the standpoint of his impact on the world (and vice versa) in his own day. Think of the interaction with the world growing from his 1851 and 1852 discourses alone.

Reed Smoot and world affairs: Neutrality 1914-17, World War, Russia, China.

The "American Party" in Salt Lake City around 1905.

The "Loyal Order of Sevens" in the 1920's.

Ezra T. Benson, eight years as Secretary of Agriculture.

GENERAL fOHN K. CANNON (1892-1954), Utah's highest ranking military figure, one of the world's foremost specialists on tactical aviation.

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GEORGE ROMNEY, president American Motors Corporation, a descendant of Utah pioneers.

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J. Reuben Clark, Jr., a history of the U.S. negotiations in which he participated, alone, would have interesting value. His private papers, I understand, can be made available for dedicated study.

And what about Culbert L. Olsen and Goodwin Knight, the Utah-born boys who became governors of California, a neighboring state?

What was the history of Olsen's years as governor of California?

It ran from 1938 to 1942 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; not an uninteresting period in American, world and California history. What about Knight's?

What about a history of Utah-born men who have served the United States Navy, Air Force and Army? There recurs in my memory the story of one son of Ogden, skilled in the German language, who reportedly did something quite interesting and significant in the negotiation of the cease fire on the western front in World War II. What else?

A history of the ROTC at Utah State and the University of Utah â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and the leadership produced.

T H E FIELD OF CULTURE A N D CIVILIZATION It is a tremendous fact that an examination of listings in American Men of Science indicates the possibility that for every 381 babies born in Utah, one will find a listing in this important scientific biographical reference, whereas from some other states, as high as 3,000 babies have to be born. W h a t goes on here? As with the record of Utah-born men in the Navy, Army and Air Force, there may be great challenge here to capture and record history for the future. There has been much editorial comment recently on the fact that such native Utahns, or near native Utahns, as J. Roscoe Miller, V. O. Knudsen, John T . Wahlquist, O. Meredith Wilson, James Jarrett, A. Ray Olpin, ErnestWilkinson, Sterling M. McMurrin, and others, preside over such institutions as Northwestern, the University of California at Los Angeles, San Jose, the University of Minnesota, the U.S. Office of Education, and so forth, as well as local campuses. N o t all these men may have time (I can testify) to dictate a diary every night for posterity. Yet here is something unique for a small desert population.

And could not someone, now that the record is closed, be persuaded to write the history of that young, vital Utahn who represented the radio and television industry before the Congress of the United States in the most volatile period of the growth and development of television, as well as the day of the radio networks ? I refer, of course, to the history of the late Ralph W . Hardy. Maybe I am speaking about biography. I think not. I am thinking, in mentioning individuals, of biography as related to history, events, social forces in our times.

Westminster College Campus in 1910, view looking east. Converse Hall left; Ferry Hall, right.

COURTESY, WESTMINSTER COLLEGE

First passengers, Ben Redman, left, and J. A. Tomlinson, right, pose at Salt Lake City before boarding Western Air Lines first passenger flight on May 23, 1926. The history of the nation's pioneer airline has been linked with that of Salt Lake City since Western first took to the skies on April 17, 1926, on a flight linking Salt Lake City with Los Angeles, via Las Vegas.

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Have the archives anything on Grant Johannesen, his world travels and experiences, for example? What about Emma Lucy Gates, who sang in the German state opera for a decade â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and who inspired a new generation of Utah musicians to look upward and outward? Spencer Cornwall has given us his volume on the Tabernacle Choir. Should there be others? Is there a life of John Hafen, the Springville artist?

T H E FIELD OF RELIGION Andrew Jenson is gone. But what a treasure-trove he left behind and what a challenge to those who work in archives today! What a history could be written of Andrew Jenson as a historiographer. To anyone who has examined the notes, the history of stakes, of missions, the memorabilia, and the other documents gathered throughout the world which he brought to Salt Lake City, must only marvel and admire. The rough configuration of his work challenges what many graduate students in our colleges and universities and others interested in the writing of history might do in dieir generation.

Each of the missions of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has a remarkable history. Each needs to be written, rewritten, and added upon. Then in a few years someone can write the history of the missions of the nineteenth century, of the twentieth century, and thereafter. What happened in Chile in 1849 ? In China with the group in the 1850's? In Gibraltar, the British West Indies, India, Siam?

We have a number of distinguished volumes on the founding of the Utah empire, the gathering, the trek west. To these need to be added volumes on the dispersion, the Diaspora, the spread of the stakes.

Then there is the great, still largely unwritten story of the Presbyterian missions and schools in Utah. And all die rest. True, much has been done along these lines. But, generally speaking, it has been written in the anecdotal, biographical sense, or as chronicles. Of course, because of the influential role played in Utah history past, one is tempted to comment more on the opportunity with respect to the history of L.D.S. religious ideas and practices. May I be forgiven if I do so. But may I also call attention to the opportunity that awaits more enterprising scholars in the future to call attention to the debt Utah owes the other religions for the growth of the splendid public school system of Utah, for public improvements in Salt Lake City, including paving projects and the water system, and other very practical and significant details which need to be rendered into rich history.

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Projecting the foregoing thoughts into the future, I would urge that the history of L.D.S. religious ideas and practices, when tackled by young scholars, should be reviewed against the broad, rich background of western civilization and the lesser configurations dierein, as suggested by the work of Spengler, Toynbee, and others. Among the religious ideas and practices which would bear such historical study and literary treatment are, obviously, the marriage customs and the family life of the Mormons. What happened to the Brigham Young family after 1877? The Kimballs? The George A. Smiths, Wells, and others? Where else are there such rich materials for the study of family history through generations? These histories can now be proudly written.

Then, what about that unique unit of religious practice â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the Mormon ward ? What light on man's culture and civilization might be thrown by means of a history of the Eighteenth Ward of Salt Lake City, its people, the scope of its program and organizational life ? Compared with Garden Park, Scottsdale, Bartlesville, Oklahoma or Manchester, England, what could be learned here about social organization ?

Dr. Leonard Arrington has shown us the way with respect to ths economic practices. But could a history of the Corporation of the President be written, the welfare plan? Obviously, all materials are never available, even when they are extant, for any historian. This should excuse no one with interest from writing with what materials are available. We know more about Thomas Jefferson and John C. Calhoun today than we did when their early biographers went to work.

What light on the behavior patterns of men might be gained from a history of some of the doctrines, such as the dietary practices, the notion of the necessity of activity (perhaps as viewed through one of the general boards), or even as a social process in religious societies, as well as obedience and faith?

Well, here are some ideas for future master's and doctor's theses, if nothing else.

What shall a present-day Escalante select for his topic?

Reinforced by ancient evidence, as well as Toynbee's doctrine, if a present-day Escalante wants to be long remembered, he may well sharpen his historical tools in the field of religious history. Material respecting religious ideas and practices is found in rich abundance on the Utah scene. The book of Genesis persists and is found in a volume that continues to lead all bestsellers. The Battle of Bunker Hill will

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not be forgotten. But the story of Jonathan Edwards and Roger Williams has found its way into the tradition of the race also.

I make this point because sometimes, in our anxiety to capture the durable and significant, we overlook the obvious opportunity.

All history is local. All localities make history. But is all history made by a locality important ? What should be captured and recorded ?

"What is written is written," and it depends on us. Accordingly, nothing should be overlooked. We cannot always tell, in our own times, what is important. Having learned this, the State Historical Society has been established in order to encourage, develop, and broaden the scope of our historical sensitivity and search. Thereby, our historical production may one day reflect more that is important.

Thereby, those who come later may have a wider choice, choice with respect to the richness and rewards of life itself, as well as choice with respect to the range of influence their light and their times may bear for others yet to come.

Previous deplorable storage conditions of Utah State public records which have become too bulky to be maintained in active office space but cannot be destroyed because of administrative, legal or historical value.

Records Manager F. T. Johnson points to storage facilities offered to the departments of the State of Utah by the newly created records center. Records are now accessible for efficient and economical servicing.

THE

PRESIDENT'S REPORT For the Year I960

By Leland H. Creer*

Organized for the express purpose of collecting, preserving, and disseminating the materials of history, particularly those pertaining to the Intermountain West, the Utah State Historical Society was created during the Jubilee Year 1897. W i t h great steadfastness of purpose the seventy-four charter members, on December 28 of that year defined their objectives as follows: The encouragement of historical research and inquiry by the exploration and investigation of aboriginal monuments and remains; the collection of such material as may serve to illustrate the growth of Utah and the Intermountain region; the preservation in a permanent depository of manuscripts, documents, papers and tracts of value; the establishment of a library of books and publications, and a cabinet of antiquities and relics; the dissemination of information and the holding of meetings at stated intervals for the interchange of news and criticisms.

Under the capable leadership of Dr. A. Russell Mortensen who is now serving his eleventh year as director of the Society, marked progress has been made toward the realization of these aims. Headquarters of the Society were established by the state in 1957 in the former governors' mansion, 603 East South Temple, which in turn had been acquired as a gift from its original builder and owner, Senator Thomas Kearns. T h i s spacious edifice, artistically and lavishly furnished throughout, provides ample space for many of the activities featured â&#x20AC;&#x201D; library, editorial rooms, microfilm operations, and research facilities.

However, archival facilities, including fireproof vaults for the storage of permanent records, are noticeably lacking. Since its occupancy by the Society the mansion has always been available for the visitation of the public, for be it understood the Historical Society is essentially * Dr. Creer, professor of history, University of Utah, served as president of the Board of Trustees of the Society from April of 1957 to April, 1961.

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designed to render public service to all its patrons who may be interested in its many services. During the last four years, hundreds of writers, graduate students, genealogical workers, public officials, and foreign visitors have utilized its splendid facilities in quest of further knowledge. Frequent art exhibits, planned conventions of noted societies and many informal conferences by state, county, and local governmental agencies have been held here. During the past year five very popular lectures sponsored by the Comrnittee on Public Relations were attended by many interested patrons.

Due to the generosity of its donor, the Nicholas G. Morgan memorial fund was created in 1958 to be used at the discretion of the Board of Trustees for the following purposes: (1) the general development of the Morgan Library over and above the normal state support, emphasizing particularly Utah, Mormon, and Western history; (2) the purchase of necessary real property for an archives building; (3) an extended program of research fellowships; and (4) the purchase, support, and operation of historic sites and museums and the purchase or erection of monuments to individuals, institutions, and significant events. Other gifts of this worthy philanthropist to the Society and the state of Utah include: the Nicholas G. Morgan Collection of more than two thousand volumes of Western Americana, several pieces of sculpture, the restoration of the old City Hall, and the assignments of potentially valuable royalties from oil, gas and mineral leases on some seven thousand acres of land in the Paradox Basin of southwestern Utah. For these many fine gifts the Board of Trustees expresses its thanks and appreciation.

In 1951 the state legislature created a division of State Archives and made the Historical Society responsible for all noncurrent public records. Since then this material has been filed in the basement vaults which are quite unsatisfactory for that purpose because they are neither fireproof nor air conditioned. Lack of funds too has prevented the employment of much needed trained assistance in this department.

With the resignation of Dr. Everett Cooley, state archivist, much of this work has had to be assumed by the director, Dr. Mortensen, at the expense of his own responsibilities. On July 1, 1960, some assistance was assured through the appointment of Ferdinand T. Johnson as records manager, with the assigned task of sifting, examining and filing public documents with a view to their permanent filing in the archives of the state or their disposal as useless records. During his first year of employment, Mr. Johnson made thirty-two trips to various counties to

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help county clerks establish effective county record management programs. As a guide to this program he has prepared and published two manuals, The Record Management Manual and The County Records Manual. H e also has completed plans for the establishment of a Records Center in the basement of the State Capitol as soon as appropriate space can be made available. In his filed report, Mr. Johnson states: The archives staff has continued the practices and projects instituted by the former state archivist. Through consultation with various state, county, and municipal offices, we have been instrumental in destroying some 2,242 cubic feet of records which represents a saving to the state of $25,410 in recovered filing equipment and floor space. Records from Weber County, Utah County, and Salt Lake City have been accessioned into the archives and are now being processed. The cleaning, cataloguing, filing, and indexing of records already in the archives is continuing.

T h e appropriation of $37,000.00 made to the State Archives by the 1961 legislature was less than half of what had been requested. Of this amount $29,800.00 is needed for personnel and $4,100.00 for shelving for the Record Center and $2,600.00 for Current Expense.

In a revealing report at the annual meeting of the Society in May, 1960, State Archivist Cooley in part said: The Archives of the state in 1959 destroyed some 3,345 cubic feet of records, thereby saving the state some $43,890.00 in recovered filing equipment and vacated floor space. This is what I consider a negative approach to the archival program, although it is a necessary phase and it is one that can be sold to the budget-makers and legislators whereas the preservation of historical documents or permanent records is too often classified as one of the "frills" of government that should be eliminated or can wait for some other time. But we can wait no longer. The records of the state have been accumulating for 110 years. They need protection. The great bulk of the recent records can be screened out and destroyed. The remaining permanent ones should be filed with the old ones in vaults specially designed and constructed for their preservation.

In summary, let me conclude my report on archives by inserting a quotation used as an introduction to my report of two years ago.

The chief monument of the history of a state is its archives. . . it is unquestionably as much a function of the government to provide for the preservation and use of its archives as it is to make laws and levy taxes.

This is a recognized fact in all civilized countries, and to neglect properly to perform this function is not only unbefitting the dignity of a great state, but it endangers an inheritance which future generations have a right to demand shall pass to them unimpaired.

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A special word of commendation concerning the excellent work of our director and editor Dr. A. R. Mortensen should be added. The summer issues of our excellent periodical alone have done more to advertise the state favorably perhaps than any other medium. The editor's vision and acknowledged scholarship, have produced a Quarterly of distinction with a reputation second to* none in the nation. Over the past four years the summer sales have averaged more than 25,000 each season. The paid membership of the organization has increased from 400 in 1950 to more than 1,600 today, an increase of 400%. The annual appropriation has increased from $40,000.00 to $200,000.00, or 500% during the past decade.

A beginning was made during the past year in the field of planned research through the appointment of Juanita Brooks as editor of the excellent and valuable journal of Hosea Stout. This type of service I believe is indispensable to the continued reputation of our organization as the sponsor of planned research projects.

Under the very capable chairmanship of Dr. Joel E. Ricks, past president for eight years and currently the oldest member of the Board of Trustees, serving continuously since 1927, new chapters of the Society have been added. Two years ago a strong unit covering the Salt Lake Valley was formed and still more recently chapters in Cedar City and Ogden were organized. Older chapters were already established at Provo and Logan, serving Utah County and Cache Valley. Plans are in progress for the organization of similar groups in Uintah, Carbon, and Sanpete counties.

This report represents the last official function of my term as president. I have been affiliated with the Board of Trustees for fourteen years. During that time many changes have been noted as our functions have become more diversified. Today the reputation of our group as a civic organization of the first rank is unchallenged. To President-elect Iverson and the new board members I extend my heartiest congratulations and pledge to them my continued loyalty and support. With a devoted Board of Trustees, a sympathetic governor and legislature, and an efficient staff of co-workers, the future of the Society seems permanently assured.

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The Twenty-Seventh Wife. By Irving Wallace. (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1961, 443 pp., $5.95) Although he is generally credited with only twenty-seven wives, there is evidence that Brigham Young was married to more than fifty living women. With so many wives, it might be expected that he would be continually faced with family problems. However, it appears that only one wife ever gave him any serious trouble. Two months before his 67th or 68th birthday, he married Ann Eliza Webb Dee, a 23 or 24 year old divorcee with two children. (The records and Ann Eliza's statements disagree as to the date of the marriage.) Four or five years later, she filed suit for divorce, on the grounds of neglect and cruelty. Claiming that her husband was worth millions and had a monthly income of forty thousand dollars, she asked for temporary alimony of a thousand dollars a month, twenty thousand in attorney's fees, and a final settlement of two hundred thousand.

The filing of this suit placed Brigham Young in an embarrassing position, with a difficult decision to make. As head of the Mormon Church and leading exponent of the doctrine of plurality of wives, he had tried to convince his female followers that the position of a plural wife was as secure, and otherwise as desirable, as that of a lady with a husband all her own. Now one of his own wives had challenged him to make good by recognizing her as a legal wife and negotiating a

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financial settlement with her. But if he did this, other plural wives might be encouraged to rebel against their husbands. If, on the other hand, he contested the case and reminded Ann Eliza that she was not legally his wife, and so had no claims against him, he would be publicly notifying all Mormon women that a plural wife who might be abused or deserted by her husband could do nothing about it. And this might be a serious setback to the cause he had so ardently championed.

He decided to contest the case, and after failure of an attempt to buy off Ann Eliza for $15,000.00 filed his answer. Denying the charge of abuse and neglect, he declared that he was worth only about $600,000.00 and had a monthly income of not more than $6,000.00. But most important, while acknowledging that he had gone through a marriage ceremony with the complainant, he insisted that it had not counted because he was already married and her divorce from her former husband had been technically illegal. And he reminded her that, at the time of this strange ceremony, he had explained to her that she could not expect to enjoy the ordinary relationship between husband and wife.

The case was spread over nearly four years and went before five different judges, who could not agree about it. For refusing to pay alimony, the defendant was twice held to be in contempt of court, and served one day in the penitentiary and several weeks under house arrest. And some of his wagons, carriages, horses, mules, and cows were seized and sold at public auction. When this sale did not bring enough to satisfy the alimony he owed, money coming to him from rental property was ordered attached, but it is not certain whether or not anything was obtained from this source.

Finally, three years and nine months after filing of the divorce suit, Judge Schaeffer rendered the only possible decision in the case.

While rebuking Brigham for his treatment of Ann Eliza, he ruled that their marriage was null and void, and that she had no financial claim against him, except for the wages of a menial servant. Since she had already received more than enough to satisfy this claim, she was awarded nothing more.

Four months after this decision, Brigham Young was dead, but Ann Eliza was very much alive. Her case had attracted wide attention, with newspapers all the way from London to San Francisco giving it publicity. Taking advantage of this, she had gone on a lecture tour,

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speaking against polygamy. She attracted large audiences, and during the next ten years delivered nearly two thousand lectures. She also wrote a 600 page book which sold well. A few weeks after her last lecture, she was married to Moses R. Deming, a Michigan banker, from whom she was later divorced. When the nation-wide interest in polygamy and the Mormon problem died out, she dropped out of sight, and no one seems to know the time or place of her death.

In her book and lectures, Ann Eliza told only her side of her case, and now Mr. Wallace has told the whole story for the first time. He and his assistants have obviously done a great amount of research. Ann Eliza's side of the story has come largely from non-Mormon and antiMormon sources, but for the other side, die author has turned to1 the Mormons themselves. His information has come from more than forty Mormon publications and fifty or sixty individual Mormons, many of them belonging to the family of Brigham Young. The resulting book, with no index or footnotes, and containing a few minor errors, is written as entertainment rather than for use in historical research. However, it furnishes those interested in Utah history with a surprising amount of information. There are things in it which may offend some sensitive readers, but for those capable of looking at such things objectively, it should be a very interesting story and a good picture of some of the things that were going on in Utah during the second half of the last century.

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STANLEY S. IVINS

Salt Lake City, Utah The Welsh in America: Letters from the Immigrants. Edited by Alan Conway. (University of Minnesota Press, 1961, x -j- 341 pp., $6.00) Books coming off university presses are usually rich in erudition.

What they too often lack is readability. This book is a happy blend of both â&#x20AC;&#x201D; with some pertinent notes on Utah history. The volume is a compilation of nineteenth-century letters from Welsh immigrants in America. Often the letters are extreme in their views, and there is an abundance of traditional Welsh enthusiasm running through them.

Most of them were written in the fast-fading Welsh language to friends or publishers in Wales. In the letters is a treasure chest of both interesting and significant sidelights on history.

The editor has done an excellent job of sifting. He has eliminated the wordy trivia that often goes with personal correspondence. The

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result is a collection of intimate gems on Welsh life in pioneering America. The book is well organized and carefully documented.

Of particular interest to Utahns is a chapter, "In Search of Zion," with lively excerpts from letters of Welshmen who accepted the Mormon faith and came to America to find their new Zion.

There is a digest of a letter written by Captain Dan Jones, the "Apostle Paul" among Mormon missionaries to Wales, in St. Louis on April 30,1849. At the time Captain Jones was leading a company of Welsh converts to Great Salt Lake City. They were moving by steamboat up the Mississippi-Missouri toward Council Bluffs.

Captain Jones wrote: "Cholera is very bad in New Orleans and many are dying on these river steamboats, especially emigrants. On one boat that went up before us forty-two died of cholera, on another journey nineteen, but they were not Saints." He added that the Welsh Saints in his group thus far had come dirough without a loss, "with the exception of one dear brother who had die cholera and tried to cure it with brandy and died a few hours after arriving."

Captain Jones added that he had hired a steamboat to take his group from St. Louis to Council Bluffs. "The Saints filled all the cabins widi everyone happy and healthy and eager to go on," he wrote.

The captain continued: "We bought our food here to take us to the Valley, iron for the wagons, stoves, clothes, arms, goods, etc., etc."

History records that events did not continue so happily for Captain Jones's group. Between St. Louis and Council Bluffs some sixty of his company were lost to' the dread cholera. When the band of Welshmen entered Salt Lake Valley later that fall, they became the first foreignspeaking Mormon community in the intermountain area.

Another letter is from William Morgan at Council Bluffs in September of the same year. He explains that the Welsh there had been divided into two groups, one going with Captain Jones to Salt Lake Valley. The other remained in Council Bluffs "in order to start a Welsh settlement." He adds: "We shall be glad to see a shipload coming over next spring. If they can get together as much as ÂŁ1 a head they can come as far as here and if they can go no further, within three years or perhaps two they will have enough oxen or cows to go on.

Some of those in this county who had not a penny when diey came here now have cows and calves."

A letter from a Welshman on the pioneer trail with a Mormon handcart company extols the advantages of handcart travel over wagons with horses and oxen.

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All in all, the book makes interesting reading, and provides a wealth of firsthand source material for the historian or storyteller.

WENDELL J. ASHTON

Salt Lake City, Utah Powder River Campaigns and Sawyer's Expedition of 1865: A Documentary Account comprising Official Reports, Diaries, Contemporary Newspaper Accounts, and Personal Narratives. Edited with introductions and notes, by Leroy R. and Ann W. Hafen (Glendale, Arthur H . Clark Company, 1961, 386 pp., $12.00) In this volume, the Hafens have brought together about all of the known materials relating to the several military expeditions into the Powder River region, and James A. Sawyer's attempt to build a road from Niobrara, Nebraska, to Virginia City, Montana, all of which occurred in 1865. Since neither the military campaigns nor the government's road-building efforts left a marked impression, they have received little attention from historians.

For a decade and a half prior to 1865, relations between the government and the Plains tribes had deteriorated as die result of increased travel by whites through the Indians' hunting grounds. The Harney Expedition of 1855-56, the aftermath of die Grattan Massacre near Fort Laramie, had temporarily quieted the Sioux. No sooner had that tribe been pacified than the Cheyenne became restive when hordes of gold-seekers invaded the Colorado region.

As the Civil War progressed in the early 1860's, the Indians on the high plains became more and more hostile. Their attacks on the Overland Route increased as troops were withdrawn from western forts to fight in the East. The government, in vain, attempted to effect peace treaties with the Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapahoe. However, it was not until after the Sand Creek Massacre of November 29, 1864, in which General J. M. Chivington and his troops raided an unsuspecting camp of 500 to 600 Cheyenne and relentlessly slaughtered some 150 men, women, and children that the Plains Indians unleashed their pent-up fury against the whites. They sacked the stage station at Julesburg, raided die North Platte region, and moved into the Powder River country to live on their spoils.

With the Civil War at an end and troops available in die spring of the following year, public opinion demanded the hostiles be punished. In compliance, General Grenville M. Dodge directed General

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Patrick E. Connor to conduct a three-prong offensive against them.

The first or right column, under the leadership of Colonel Nelson Cole, was to go up the Loup River and around the eastern base of the Black Hills to a point of rendezvous on the Tongue River. The center, under Colonel Samuel Walker, was to take wagons north from Fort Laramie, skirt the western base of the Black Hills, and meet Cole's command on the Tongue. The left column, directed by General Connor, was to move up the North Platte to Horse Shoe and thence to the Powder River.

The various reports, diaries, and accounts in the book collectively give the reason for the failure of the campaign. Cole and Walker bodi suffered from lack of food and lost many of their horses. Connor fared little better, but he did succeed in destroying Black Bear's Arapahoe village before he was removed from the command of the expedition.

Part II deals with Sawyer's Wagon Road Expedition, authorized in 1865, as the result of a demand for a wagon route from the Missouri River via the Niobrara to Virginia City. Although Sawyer, after much difficulty, succeeded in reaching his destination, his efforts were largely in vain. The well-established Platte Valley route continued to be the most popular road.

With several exceptions, the materials in this book have previously appeared in print. However, the Hafens have performed a useful service in compiling all these related documents in a single volume.

RAY H. MATTISON

National Park Service Omaha, Nebraska Kirby Benedict, Frontier Federal Judge. By Aurora Hunt. (Glendale, Arthur H. Clark Company, 268 pp., $9.00) As a result of much painstaking research in local archives scattered as far east as Connecticut, Mississippi, and Illinois, Miss Aurora Hunt has produced the first biography of one of the earliest lawyer-judges in New Mexican history. This was Kirby Benedict who became an associate justice of the territorial supreme court in 1853, and later served as chief justice from 1858 to 1866. During that thirteen year period he virtually became the embodiment of American law for New Mexicans, but just how valuable and lasting his judgments and decisions were poses another question.

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Though he was born in Connecticut in 1810, we first really encounter Benedict as a bright, promising, gregarious young lawyer riding the circuit in Illinois with David Davis, Abraham Lincoln, and Stephen A. Douglas. As he argued in the court rooms, played whist and practical jokes, or grumpily shared a scarce tavern bed with a colleague, it is obvious that Benedict was considered an equal of the future political giants, Lincoln and Douglas. Certainly he was the most historionic and spread-eagle speaker. Says Miss Hunt in a purple passage which Benedict himself might have uttered: "He was a master of satire. One moment he could convulse his audience with laughter and the next bring tears. His voice was like a bugle note yet could be modulated to dulcet timbre."

Benedict's speechifying elected him to the Illinois legislature in 1844 as a Locofoco candidate. There he made headlines by debating with a Mormon member, Almon W. Babbitt, over the repeal of the Nauvoo city charter. Benedict's denunciation of the Mormons created such a favorable impression that he tried to< capitalize on it by announcing himself as a candidate for lieutenant governor, but he failed to receive even nomination.

After that Benedict, who had begun to drink heavily, followed an aimless career until his New Mexican appointment in 1853 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; an appointment which illustrates, incidentally, what Washington did widi its political "problem children" in the nineteenth century. Once in Santa Fe, Benedict proved a highly informal, colorful and shrewd if opinionated judge. Of the 22 cases he decided between 1854 and 1867, one was the first American decision involving riparian rights in the Southwest. In others he rendered judgements involving slavery, peonage, and Indian pueblo disputes â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the latter being important for the fact that the principals accepted the American court's authority in a tribal case. During his term Benedict and two colleagues also codified New Mexico's laws and translated them into Spanish.

Yet when one looks at Benedict's judicial career it appears relatively undistinguished. He was less the writer of codes and setter of precedents than he was an explainer of American legal customs and a politician-editor. In 1861, for example, Benedict's court became a propaganda machine grinding out patriotic Union sentiments rather than decisions. Shortly thereafter he assumed leadership of a wing of the Republican party and served as editor and part-owner of the influential Santa Fe New Mexican. In the same vein, Benedict was im-

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portant as one of the few early Americans who had a real affection for the Spanish Southwest. He realized that the region had a remote past and an established society; and as first president of the New Mexico Historical Society he sought to preserve the former while instructing Washington about the latter. We must not treat the 80,000 souls here as we do people in other territories, he wrote, for "this is not like a new country."

In tracing the legal and judicial development of the Southwest, Miss Hunt has printed in toto many of Benedict's letters to such men as Attorney General Edward Bates, Lincoln, and others as well as the judge's court decisions. These are naturally quite valuable to the historian as sources, but they are presented in such a way as to give the book a distinctly undigested and fragmented quality. The other disappointing feature is that the author has maintained an uncritical and even elegiac approach to Benedict. This gentle tack does an injustice to such a rough and ready, strong-minded, hard-drinking man whose personality, with its defects of character, affected the early legal system of New Mexico as much as his decisions did. But while being cautious about conclusions and interpretations, Miss Hunt has brought Benedict out of the shadows and has thrown much light on the coming of American law and court systems to the Southwest.

As usual, the Arthur H. Clark Company has illustrated its traditionally well-printed texts with photographs and facsimile maps.

HOWARD R. LAMAR

Yale University Free Grass to Fences. The Montana Cattle Range Story. By Robert H. Fletcher. (New York, Published for the Historical Society of Montana by University Publishers Incorporated, 1961, 233 pp., $12.00) I offer this review to the readers of the Utah Historical Quarterly for a variety of reasons. Any resident or student of the West should be interested in the colorful history of the cattle industry whether it be in Texas or Montana or any of the livestock states in between. But the primary interest is that this book is a sample of what could and should be done by students or scholars in other Western states in connection with their livestock stories of an earlier era.

The book is a beautifully gotten-up affair as to cover, paper, and typography. Further, it is illustrated profusely with many photographs

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grouped together in sections throughout the volume. Of considerable interest are the many drawings and artwork from the pen and brush of Charles M. Russell, whose interpretations of the pioneer West, particularly Indians and cowboys, has seldom been equaled. It is written in the vernacular with a very breezy style. The trappings of the scholarly monograph are completely missing. But this should not be considered a criticism, for obviously the book was not written for the academic.

Montana is no doubt a big state, but Fletcher like many other natives and admirers of the land of the "Big Sky," makes it even bigger. In this regard only the Texan can surpass the Montanan as a storyteller.

Free Grass to Fences is colorful history entertainingly told and beautifully illustrated. Even so, it is openly, frankly, and obviously Montana propaganda extolling, without a blush, the virtues of its cattle industry generally and the Montana Stockgrowers Association particularly.

A. R. MORTENSEN

Utah State Historical Society The Advancement of Learning: Fifteen Years of Graduate Instruction Research and Service at the University of Utah 1946-1961 (Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press, 1961, 132 pp.)

To the people of the state of Utah, who since frontier times have supported a university academically free, respectably staffed, housed, and equipped, "the goings-on on the hill" must sometimes have seemed remote indeed. The attempts of any university to explain itself, to communicate its highest responsibilities, fail almost inevitably from the sheer complexity of the job. Here, however, commemorating the fifteenth anniversary of the establishment of a graduate school at the University of Utah is a notable attempt to bring together from the angles of many diciplines an accounting of the progress of a university.

Edited by William Mulder, with a foreword written by the new United States Commissioner of Education, Sterling McMurrin, it brings together essays from the physical sciences (Robert R. Kadesch), the biological sciences (William W. Newby), Medicine (C. Hilmon Castle), the social sciences (Philip C. Sturges), the humanities (Kenneth E. Eble), and the performing arts (Paul B. Banham).

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This beautifully made paper-bound book speaks subtly for another branch of die University which has also come of age. The University Press, bringing together the talents of book designer Keith Eddington of the Art Department and many fine craftsmen in die press itself, has created an exquisite example of the book-makers' art worthy indeed of this great western university. ,, TT, °

'

MARJORIE WALKER

Utah State Historical Society The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons. By J. W. Powell. (New York, Dover Publications, Inc., 1961, 400 pp., $2.00) This Dover publication is a reprint of Powell's Canyons of the Colorado and is the first unabridged republication in sixty years, the only change being the change of name on the title page. The original work, published in addition to his scientific reports, has long been an important piece of the literature of the Colorado River country.

Powell's achievement ranks with that of Lewis and Clark, Pike, Fremont, and all the others who ventured into the unexplored areas of the continental United States, and the Dover Company has done a service to Western historiography by reprinting this classic in its paper-bound, though sturdy, form for such a nominal price. The book also augments Powell material and other studies of the Colorado River Basin published by this Society over the past several years.

Five Hundred Utah Place Names, Their Origin and Significance. By Rufus Wood Leigh. (Salt Lake City, Deseret News Press, 1961, 109 pp., $1.25) The toponymy of Utah has been added to and enriched by several disparate streams flowing into die reservoir of geographic names for one hundred and fifty years from contrasting cultures, including four languages: Indian, French, Spanish, and English. The names represented here were selected from Dr. Leigh's larger work, "Indian, Spanish, and Government Survey Place Names of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateaus." Names are listed alphabetically, and brief information on the geography, sometimes geology, and history of the physical feature or cultural entity is included. This pocket-size book, a handy reference for the traveler and full of ready concise information for the student, would be a worthwhile addition to anyone's personal library.

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History of South Dakota. By Herbert S. Schell. (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1961, 424 pp., $5.50) After thirty years of research, Dean Herbert S. Schell, of the South Dakota State University, has brought together in his book the many complicated streams of history, including the rich and bizarre, that have gone into the making of this frontier state. In his History of South Dakota, Dr. Schell attempts to relate the unique geographical, economic, political, and social problems of one state to those of the whole nation. It is to be hoped that someone will sometime do for Utah what Dr. Schell has done so< ably for South Dakota.

The Jews of California From the Discovery of Gold until 1880. By Rudolf Glanz. (New York, Waldon Press, Inc., 1960, vii+188 pp.)

When the rush for gold in California began, the American Jews were just beginning to move out of the East in large numbers. Instead of settling in the Middle West as they had intended, many of them joined the rush to California, filling up the settlements along the Pacific Coast. This new book by Dr. Rudolf Glanz gives a long look at the history of the Jews in the various California communities in which they have played an important role. Of special interest to Utah is the section on the life in San Bernardino, where the Mormons were the earliest settlers. It is interesting and heartening to' read about the considerable co-operation between the Mormons and Jews.

The Whipple Report. Journal of an expedition from San Diego, California, to the Rio Colorado, from Sept. 11 to Dec. 11, 1849. By A. W. Whipple. Introduction, notes and bibliography by E. I. Edwards. (Los Angeles, Westernlore Press, 1961, 94 pp., $5.50) In 1849, just after the close of the Mexican War, Lieutenant Amiel Weeks Whipple, then still a young man, was assigned the task of making the preliminary survey for the new international boundary line in the area of the Gila and Colorado rivers. Another young man, Lieutenant Cave J. Couts, was also assigned to the expedition, his task to guard Lieutenant Wheeler and his engineers. The two young men, intensely different in personality, each keeping his own record of the expedition, lived and worked among Indians, Mexicans, and a steady stream of immigrants, gold seekers, artists, and journalists on their way to California. In December their mission accomplished, they returned to San Diego, each with his contribution to the literature of the West.

388

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Lieutenant Couts's journal has been in print for some time. Here now is Lieutenant Whipple's report, filled with fresh descriptions of the land, the Indians, their language and habits, the work that was being done, and life generally as he saw it. The book, published in a limited edition, is Volume XX of the Great West and Indian Series.

Trappers and Mountain Men. By the Editors of American Heritage.

(New York, Golden Press, 1961, 153 pp., $4.95) Trappers and Mountain Men, the latest number in the American Heritage Junior Library of books, is a beautiful example of the bookmaker's art. Illustrations in color are well chosen and include rare etchings, sketches, photographs, maps, portraits, and paintings. The narrative is by Evan Jones in consultation with Dale L. Morgan. It is swift-paced and touches upon some of the highlights of the centurieslong history of the North American fur trade while mirroring something of the unique and unforgettable way of life of the Mountain Man as he explored the rivers of America in his relendess search for beaver.

Dale Morgan says in his Foreword: "Beaver to supply the ever-expanding European hatter's market was the primary concern of the early American fur trade . . . it contributed largely to the founding and maintenance of die American colonies, and later to the spread of settlement. . . . We can scarcely imagine the shape American history might have taken had the beaver hat not existed." In addition to being good history for the young reader, the book contains an extensive bibliography and a good index which should please die adult Battalion of Saints. By Richard Wormser. (New York, McKay Company, 1961) Diary in America. By Captain Frederick Marryat. Edited by Jules Zanger. (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1960) Directory of Historical Societies and Agencies in the United States and Canada, 1961. Compiled by Clement M. Silvestro and Sally Ann Davis. (Madison, Wisconsin, The American Association for State and Local History, 1961, 111 pp., S1.50) Donner Pass, and Those Who Crossed It. By George Stewart. (San Francisco, California Historical Society, 1960)

REVIEWS

AND RECENT

PUBLICATIONS

389

Family Kingdom. By Samuel W. Taylor. (New York, New American Library, 1961) [Pocketbook reprint of 1951 edition] For Fear We Shall Perish; the Story of the Donner Party Disaster. By Joseph Pigney. (New York, Dutton, 1961) Harian's The Heart of the Southwest: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, Nevada (2d. ed., New York, Crown Publishers, 1961) Indians of North America. By Harold E. Driver. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1961) The Indian War of 1864. By Captain Eugene F. Ware; edited by Clyde C. Walton. (New York, St. Martin's Press, 1960) The March of the Montana Column. By Lt. James H. Bradley. Edited

by Edgar I. Stewart. (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1961)

James Taylor Forrest, "What a Sight it Was! [William Cary, artist of the West]," American Heritage, February, 1961.

Joseph G. Lee, "Navajo Medicine Man," Arizona Highways, August, 1961.

"Four Corners Country," ibid., September, 1961.

Richard L. Bushman, "Mormon Persecutions in Missouri, 1833," Brigham Young University Studies, Autumn, 1960.

J. Keith Melville, "Theory and Practice of Church and State During the Brigham Young Era," ibid.

Thomas E. Cheney, "Mormon Folk Song and the Fife Collection," ibid.

Mark W. Cannon, "The Crusades Against the Masons, Catholics, and Mormons: Separate Waves of a Common Current," ibid., Winter, 1961.

390

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Conan E. Mathews, "Art and the Church," ibid.

"Southern Utah, America's Last Wilderness Frontier [Special issue]," Desert, March, 1961.

Frank Jensen, "Memorial to the Iron Horse," ibid., May, 1961.

Nell Murbarger, "Short-cut to Canyons and Color . . . " ibid., June, 1961.

Eugene L. Conrotto, "By Power Scooter Through the Wild Red Yonder [Escalante to Bluff, Hole-in-the-Rock]," ibid., August, 1961.

Christie Freed, paintings by V. Douglas Snow, "Down the Canyon on a Mule [Grand Canyon]," Ford Times, July, 1961.

Christie Freed, paintings by V. Douglas Snow, "Lagoon, Utah's Unexpected Pleasure," ibid., August, 1961.

Nedd McArthur, "Treasure House of Mormon History [Beehive House]," Hobbies, July, 1961.

Bill Ballentine, "The Mormon Country [an auto trek through Utah's interior]," Holiday, March, 1961.

Leah D. Widtsoe, "I Remember Brigham Young," Improvement Era, June, 1961.

Alice L. Bates, "They Left Their Names in Stone [stone inscriptions which dot the West]," Manuscripts, Spring, 1961.

Harold A. Bulger, "First Man Through the Grand Canyon [James White adventure]," The Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, July, 1961.

Helena Huntington Smith, "The Truth About the Hole-In-The-Wall Fight," Montana, the Magazine of Western History, Summer, 1961.

Cecil M. Ouellette, "Rainbows Over Utah," National Parks Magazine, July, 1961.

REVIEWS

AND RECENT

PUBLICATIONS

391

Ray H. Mattison, "The Upper Missouri Fur Trade: Its Methods of Operation," Nebraska History, March, 1961.

Donald Jackson, "The Race to Publish Lewis and Clark," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, April, 1961.

Clifford M. Drury, "The First White Women Over the Rockies," Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society, March, 1961.

Robert Cahn, "The New Utah: Change Comes to Zion," Saturday Evening Post, April 1, 1961.

"Rainbow Bridge: Final Act," Sierra Club Bulletin, June, 1961.

K. C. Tessendorf, "Pony Express: The Human Equation," Tradition, February, 1961.

Fred Harvey, "When the Locusts Came," ibid., April, 1961.

John Clark Hunt, "The Grizzly and the Early West," ibid., June, 1961.

Ellen Fleming, "Baby Doe Tabor, Silver Queen," ibid.

Frank Cunningham, "David H . Moffat, Empire Builder [railroads]," ibid., July, 1961.

Fred Harvey, "Pioneer Windmills," ibid.

Curtis Bishop, "Eighteen Months of Glory [Pony Express]," True West, July-August, 1961.

Floyd W. Sharrock, "A Preliminary Report of 1960 Archaeological Excavations in Glen Canyon," Utah Archaeology, Newsletter, March, 1961.

Don Ripley, "Hovenweep â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The Deserted Valley," ibid.

Don D. Fowler, "1960 Archaeological Survey and Testing in the Glen Canyon Region," ibid.

392

UTAH

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QUARTERLY

David H. Mann, "Early-Day Utahns Colonized Idaho," Utah Farmer, June 15, 1961.

Frank H. Jonas, "The 1960 Election in Utah," Western Political Quarterly, March, 1961.

Stanley W. Zamonski and Teddy Keller, "Battle Axes of the Lord," The Denver Westerners Monthly Roundup, April, 1961.

Omer C. Stewart, "The Native American Church (Peyote Cult) and the Law," ibid., January, 1961.

August W. Schatra, "Fremont's Recruit, 'Hubbard,'" Westerners, Los Angeles Corral, June, 1961.

Frank C. Robertson, "Gathering to Zion," The Westerners New York Posse Brand Book, V o 1 - V I I > 4> 1 9 6 1 William J. Palmer, "Colorado â&#x20AC;&#x201D; River of Conflict," Corral Dust, Potomac Corral of the Westerners, June, 1961.

Graham Hollister, "Colonel Hollister's Westward Trek [Genoa, Nevada]," ibid.

Roy E. Appleman, "Prelude to Lewis and Clark," ibid., August, 1961.

Jeff Cooper, "Inferno on Foot [Grand Canyon]," Westways, June, 1961.

Russ Leadabrand, "Let's Explore a Byway (Across Historic Carson Pass)," ibid.

Ake Hultkrantz, "The Shoshones in the Rocky Mountain Area," Annals of Wyoming, April, 1961.

Thelma Gatchell Condit, "The Hole-In-The-Wall (Early Day Dances)," ibid.

Maurine Carley, "Overland State Trail-Trek No. 1," ibid.

HISTORICAL

NOTES

At the annual dinner meeting held on May 13 in the Panorama Room of die University of Utah Union, the Society conferred honors upon three prominent historical writers.

"For eminence in historical research and writing," Dr. Wallace E. Stegner was named "Fellow." Dr. Stegner is a native of Iowa, but lived for some time in Utah, graduating from East High School and the University of Utah. He received his masters and doctorate degrees in creative writing from the University of Iowa. He taught English at the University of Utah and has taught English and creative writing at both Harvard and Stanford. During the spring and summer months this past year he was a Phi Beta Kappa traveling lecturer and thus accepted the award in absentia. He has authored some thirteen books and short stories, much of it on Utah subjects.

Honorary Life Membership, "for distinguished service to Utah and the Society," was presented to Dr. Howard R. Driggs, New York, president of the American Trails and Landmarks Association, and Dr. Leland H. Creer, former head of the department of history, University of Utah.

Dr. Driggs, a native of Pleasant Grove, was educated in Utah and did graduate work at Chicago University. He was professor of English education at the University of Utah from 1912 to 1922 and was also professor of English education at New York University from 1926 to 1942. He is editor of die American Trails Series and has spent many years identifying and marking exact pioneer trails.

Dr. Creer was graduated from the University of Utah and received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley. He taught history in Spanish Fork and Granite High schools, served on the faculty of the University of Washington, and has served as president of two colleges, Gila College, Thatcher, Arizona, and Weber College, Ogden.

Two of his important published works are Utah and the Nation and The Founding of an Empire.

394

UTAH

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Early this past year Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton announced selection of fifty-one sites eligible for Registered National Historic Landmark status. Several are pertinent to Utah and Mormon history.

The sites possessing exceptional historic and archeological value are described in three new "theme studies" in the National Park Service series which eventually will cover all the major periods of human history in the United States. The three studies are: Prehistoric Hunters and Gatherers; The War for Independence; and a sub-theme under Westward Expansion and Extension of the National Boundaries entitled: Overland Migrations West of the Mississippi River.

The Registry of National Historic Landmarks is designed to recognize and endorse the preservation and protection of structures and sites now administered by states, other public agencies, or historical societies, and to encourage private owners of historic landmarks to maintain them.

In the Prehistoric Hunters and Gatherers category, a site recognized as having exceptional value and eligible to receive a certificate is: Danger Cave, Utah. Danger Cave is the most important of the Great Basin finds. It led to the formulation of the "Desert Culture" concept and showed that early people of the Great Basin lived in an entirely different environment from that of the High Plains Paleo-Indian hunters. It indicated that weaving was known in America prior to 7,000 B.C. In the study of Overland Migrations West of the Mississippi River, two pertaining particularly to the Mormon emigration are eligible to receive certificates as Registered National Historic Landmarks.

Emigration Canyon (at point of the Pioneer Monument), Utah.

Brigham Young and his Mormon followers arrived at die Salt Lake Valley in 1847 by way of Emigration Canyon. Here at the mouth of the canyon, now the east edge of Salt Lake City, there is a fine panoramic view of the land that became their home, and is considered the best place to commemorate the long, history-making migration. The site is owned by the state of Utah.

Nauvoo, Illinois. The place from which the great Mormon migration westward to Utah began in 1846 following mob violence and persecution. By 1842 more than 10,000 Mormons had settled in Nauvoo, and it soon became the largest city in Illinois. Many of the structures originally built by and associated with the Mormon leaders of that time survive. Some of them are preserved by the Reorganized Church,

HISTORICAL

NOTES

395

others by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake City, and still others are privately owned.

October 24, 1961, will mark the centennial date of a great historical event, important to Utah, the West, and the nation. It was just one hundred years ago that the great overland telegraph was completed and the wires joined in Salt Lake City. A monument on the east side of Main Street, about midway between South Temple and First South streets now commemorates the spot. The joining of the wires signified an ending of one era and the beginning of a new. The romantic Pony Express no longer had a reason for existing, and the stage was set for the rapid advance in communications that has continued to this very day. The erstwhile Mormon desire for isolation was gone forever.

INDEX

397

INDEX Academy of the Sacred Heart, 343; picture of, 336 Adair, Thomas I., 169 The Advancement of Learning, by Mulder, reviewed, 385, 386 Adventure, 220 Affleck, Dr. J. T., 293-94 Agarapoots, 358 Agriculture: in Dixie, 2 6 9 - 8 0 ; alfalfa introduced, 2 7 8 - 8 0 ; castor oil beans, 217; cotton, 2 1 0 - 1 2 ; grapes, 214-17, 276; other fruits, 272; rice, 2 7 1 ; silkworms, 218â&#x20AC;&#x201D;19; tobacco, 218; Utah's economy and, 5 Airis, E. H . , 35 Alberta, Canada, Mormon colonization of, 12 Alder, Douglas L., " T h e Ghost of Mercur," 33-42 Alemany, Joseph Sadoc, O. P., 333, 334; letter by, 3 4 1 ; visits Utah, 338 Alta California, reports on breaking up of labor camp of railroad, 110 American Federation of Labor, convention of to combat depression, 4 American Placer Corporation, 161n Ames, Oakes, 101, 106 Ames, Oliver, 101, 106, 112 Andrew Sublette, Rocky Mountain Prince, 1808-1853, by Nunis, reviewed, 81-82 Andrus, James, 171-73, 176 Archives, State, immediate needs of, 60, 6 1 ; materials in, 58; report on, 374-75 Armstrong, John, U.S. Marshal, 295 Armijo, Antonio, 141, 145; names Rio de la Virgen, 142 Arrington, Leonard J., "Utah and the Depression of the 1890's," 3-18 Arthur, Christopher J., 353 Ash Creek, 145, 2 2 1 ; Indian farms on, 351 Ashton, Wendell J., review by, 379-81 Atkinville, 220 Averett, Elijah, called to Dixie, 206 Awards of AASLH, 94-95 B Banigan, Joseph, purchases bonds of the sugar factory, 13, 16 Barbee, William Tecumseh, stakes silver claims, 283 Barlow road, 24 Barney, Alma, 169 Barton, Reverend , 26 Beadle, J. H . , quoted on Golden Spike ceremony, 115, 117

Beale, E. F., quoted on Sevier River, 144 Beebe, Leroy W., 170 Beecher, Henry Ward, 76 Bellevue, see Pintura Belmont, August and Company, 5 Benson, Ezra Taft, 65 Benson, Ezra Taft, I, 65 Bentley, Richard, 245, 269 Berry, Joseph, murdered by Indians, 149 Berry, Robert, murdered by Indians, 149 Berry Valley, 153 "Big Fill," 105 Big H o r n Basin, Wyoming, colonization of, 12 Big Rock Candy Mountain, picture of, 143 "Big Trestle," 105, 110 Black H a w k War, 149 Bleak, James G , 204, 257, 279 Bloomington, 220 Bodwell, Mrs. , 26 Bolton, Herbert E., quoted, 147 Bonanza Flat, 281, 287 Bonelli, Daniel, 214 Booth, George, 115 Bosque Redondo captivity, 149 Bowyer, Joseph, 170 Bradford, Sam, 115 Bradshaw, Josephine Chase, 93 Branch, William, 269 Brannan, Samuel, declaration on Oregon, 24 Brooks, George, 263, 298; picture of home of, 250 Brooks, Juanita, "Color Country," 223-38; "The Cotton Mission," 2 0 1 - 2 1 ; "Early Buildings," 2 4 1 - 5 3 ; "The Face of the Land," 193-97; "Indian Sketches from the Journals of T. D. Brown and Jacob Hamblin," 347-60; review by, 77-80: "Silver Reef," 281-87; "Vignettes," 289-302 Brown, Hal W., 35 Brown, Thomas D., 348; becomes disaffected, 353; describes Indians, 349-52 Browning, Orville H , 102; accepts railroad map, 101 Bryant, Edwin, trail through Utah, 129â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 35; map of, 128 Bryce Canyon, picture of, 238 Bryner, Ulrich, granted distillery license, 276 Buckeye Reef, 281, 287 Buckskin Mountain, 156, 159 Bullough, Vern L., "Polygamy: An Issue in the Election of 1860?" 119-26 Bull Valley, 214 Burgess, Melancthon Wheeler, home of pictured, 268

398

UTAH

Burgoyne, George, 259 Burr, David H , 311, 325; conducts federal survey, 315, 316

Calkins, Asa, 209 Call's Landing, wharehouse built on, 219 Cameron, David, 169 Campbell, Alexander, 65, 70 Camp Floyd, cemetery at pictured, 50, 73 Camp Lorenzo, 220 Canab Creek, see Kanab Creek Canab Jim, 153 Canab Fort, see Kanab Cannon, Abraham H , quoted on spiritual and temporal welfare, 17 Cannon, George Q., 72n; picture of, 2; represents church in negotations with investors, 14 Cannon, J. C , 217 Cannon, General John K., picture of, 366 Cannonville, 150 Carmichael's Cut, 104, 110 Carter, William, 210; picture of home of, 247; plans irrigation ditch in Dixie, 209 Casement, Jack, 111, 112 Casement brothers, 114 Catholicism, in Utah, 333-44 Catstairs Canyon, 172n, 173n Cautero, Gerard, 129n Cave Springs, 159, 163, 169 Cedar Breaks, picture of, 236 Cedar Mountains, 132 Central Pacific Railroad, race to Promontory, 99-117 Chase, George Ogden, 92 Chase, Isaac, 92 Chase Park, 92 Checkerboard Mountain, picture of, 235 Chihuahua, Mexico, Mormon colonization of, 12 Chinaman's Arch, picture of, 103 Christian Advocate, 27 Christensen, C. L., courtship of, 299, 300 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, colonizing committee of, 12; early efforts combating depression, 9, 10; Northwestern States Mission organized, 21-30; exodus of members, 29 Clark, John A., 322, 323 Clark, John Wesley, 169, 176 Clark, Lorenzo, adobe home picture of, 246 Clark, Thomas I., 169 Clark's Cut, 110 Clay, Henry, told Joseph Smith to go to Oregon, 22 Clements, C. C , 323

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Cleveland Depression, 3 - 5 ; attitude of federal government toward, 4; unemployment in Utah, 6 Clyde, Governor George D., quoted on historical preservation, 54 Coe, L. W., 116 Colorado River (Grand, Rio de San Raphael), 138, 141 Columbia (schooner), 25 Connor, General Patrick Edward, 74, 114 Consolidated Mercur Gold Mines Company, 37 Cooley, Everett L., "Archives Past and Future," 57-61 Copelan, Willis, 153-56n, 161n, 169 Cottam, Thomas, home of pictured, 247 Cotton, dyes used, 203; failure of as a crop, 212; first planted in Dixie, 202; factory completed, 212, number employed, 299, picture of, 213; production of, 211 Cotton Mission, calls issued for, 206; occupations of members of, 208; see also Dixie Covington, Robert D., called to experiment with cotton culture, 202 Cox, Martha, teacher in St. George, 256 Coxey, Jacob, march of, 4 Crampton, C. Gregory, 129; "Journal of Two Campaigns by the Utah Territorial Militia Against the Navajo Indians, 1869," 149-76 Creer, Leland H., "In Appreciation," 305-7; named "Honorary Life Member," 393; "The President's Report," 373-76 Crocker, Charles, 102, 114 Crosby, Jesse W., 297 Crosby, Samuel O., 169, 171, 176 Crossing of the Fathers, 141, 150, 161n, 162n

Danger Cave, Utah, registered historic landmark, 394 DeLaMar, Captain J. L., 36 Dellenbaugh, Frederick S., 140, 146 Dern, Governor George H , describes life in Mercur, 40, 41 Dern, John, 35 Deseret Employment Agency, 12 Deseret News, quoted on depression, 5, 18; reports on Santa Clara settlement, 214 Devil's Gate Bridge, picture of, 113 Dillon, Sidney, 112 Dixie College, pictures of, 258; site of first encampment, 209 "Dixie," on vermilion cliff, picture of, 267

INDEX Dixie, crops grown in, 280; early towns in, 220; fruit industry in, 2 7 4 - 7 7 ; geographical boundaries of, 193; map of, 198-99; silkworm raising in, 2 1 8 - 1 9 ; wine industry, 217, 276-77 Dixie Times, 260 Dodge, Grenville M., 101, 106, 114 Dodge, Walter E., 269; introduces bee culture, 270, fruit trees, 272 Dodge Spring, 2 7 3 , 292 Dominguez-Escalante expedition, 138, 141, 162n, 163n, 195 Donner-Reed Pass, 133, 135 Donner party, 181 Douglas Democrats, 118, 120, 125 Douglas, Stephen A., polygamy as a factor in his political defeat, 119â&#x20AC;&#x201D;26 Dred Scott decision, 123 Driggs, Howard R., named "Honorary Life Member," 393 D r u m m o n d , Judge William W., 26 Duff, John, 114 Duncan's Retreat, 171, 220 Durant, Thomas C , 112, 114, 115 Durham, G. Homer, "Discourse by President Brigham Young Delivered in the Bowery, Great Salt Lake City, August 4, 1867," 63-76; picture of, 362; "Utah History: Some Dimensions for Future Study," 363-71 Durkee, Governor Charles, quoted on Homestead Act, 321

Eagle Gate, artist's conception of, 308 Eccles, David C , built sawmill in Oregon, 22 Edwards, Jonathan, 65 Eicholtz, Leonard, 105 Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 65 Electric power plants, 14-17; Provo River, 37 Emigration Canyon, named national historic landmark, 394 Enterprise, 220 Estill & Co. Express, 327-30 Evans, David W., 64, 66 Evans, Richard L., 64 The Exploration of the Colorado River, by Powell, reviewed, 386 Eyring, Henry, 257, 271

Fabian, Harold P., 52 Fairfield, 37 Farmer's Mutual Improvement Association, 273 Farnham, T. J., quoted on Sevier River, 142 Farr and West, 105

399 Fisher, William, 105 Five Hundred Utah Place Names, by Leigh, reviewed, 386 Floating Island, 135 Following the Indian Wars, by Knight, reviewed, 177-78 Ford, Governor Thomas, 120 Fort Douglas, established, 73; picture of band at Golden Spike ceremony, 114 Fort Harmony, 210 Forty Years Among the Indians, by Jones, reviewed, 87 Foster Charles, 302 Fox, Samuel R., 317 Free Grass to Fences, by Fletcher, reviewed, 384-85 Fremont, John C , 133, 144, 195; trail across Great Basin, 131; quoted on Green River, 139, on Sevier River, 139 Fremont's Fourth Expedition, Hafen and Hafen, eds., reviewed, 80-81 From St. Louis to Sutter's Fort, by Lienhard, Gudde, ed., reviewed, 181-82 Front Street, Pordand, Oregon, picture of, 20

Gardner, Daniel W., 26 Gardner, Robert, 249; called to Dixie, 206; quote from diary of, 209 Gemmell, R. C , account of Mercur's origin by, 34 Golden Gate Mill, 36 Golden Spike ceremony, picture at, 113 Goold, Robert F., quoted on alfalfa growing in Dixie, 279 Gould, Samuel J., ranch of, 153, 155, 169 Grafton, 220 Grand River, see Colorado River Grant, President U. S., telegram to on joining of rails, 116 Grayback Mountain, 133 Great Salt Lake Valley, Base and Meridian Monument pictured, 3 1 1 ; surveys of, 310 Green River (Ka'na, Rio San Buenaventura, Rio Verde, Seeds-ke-dee Agie, Spanish), Escalante crossing of, 138, picture of, 138; described by Fremont, 139; Ute crossing of, 139 Green River, Utah, 139 Graves, Sister E. H , 203 Gunlock, 204 Gunnison crossing, 139 Gunnison River, reached by Spaniards, 138 Gunsight Butte, 160, 163; picture of, 161 H Hafen, LeRoy R., review bv, 31-82 Haines, J. W., I l l , 115

400

UTAH

Hamblin, Jacob, 150, 163n, 171, 173, 210; called to Indian mission, 3 5 3 - 5 5 ; called to Kanab, 214, 360; describes Indians, 359, selling children, 355, wedding, 356; picture of, 354; picture of Santa Clara home, 53, 359; plants first cotton, 176, 201 Hamblin, 220 Hardy, Augustus P., 355; called on Indian mission, 201, 202 Harkness, Dr. W. H , 115 Harlan-Young company, 130, 132, 181 Harmon, Appleton, appointed superintendent of cotton factory, 211, 212 Harmon, Lorenzo F., early mission to Oregon, 25, 27, 28 Harmony, 204 Harris, Thomas L. (Polygamy Harris), 121-23 Harrisburg, 220, 221 Harris House, 283 Haskell, Thales, 355; called on Indian mission, 201 Hastings, Lansford W., 129, 131, 132, 181 Hatch, Ira, called on Indian mission, 201 Howard, Charles, 170 Heberville ("Never Sweat"), experimental farm at, 203, 204, 220 Hebron, 220 Hemenway, Luther S., 271, 272 Henefer, William, 352, 353 Herriman, Henry Harrison, 176 Hewes, David, presents golden spike, 111, 116n Higgins, Silas, 2 7 1 ; early missionary to Oregon, 25, 27 Hill, Lewis S., 323 Hilton, Charles, 170 Hine, Robert V., review by, 80-81 Historical Notes, 91-95, 187-90, 393-95 Historical Sites in Glen Canyon Mouth of San Juan River to Lee's Ferry,

by Crampton, reviewed, 86-87 History of South Dakota, by Schell, reviewed, 387 Holbrook, Keith, 132 Holmes, Albert S., facsimile of stampless letter of, 326; letter by, 328 Holy Cross Hospital, established, 339, 340; picture of, 336 Homestead Law, 318 Hooper, William H., introduced memorial, 322; quoted on land claims, 319 Hopkins, Mark, 114 H o m e , Joseph, 203 Houston, John, 169 Hudspeth, James M., 128, 129 Hughes, John, 26

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Hunt, Captain Jefferson, leads trading expedition to California, 195; pilots Forty Niners, 196 Huntsman, Orson W., quoted on collecting donations for temple, 251 Huntington, Collis P., 101, 102, 114 Hurd, Charley, 167

Illinois State Journal, 121-26 Illinois State Register, 111, 125, 126 Imlay, John W., 170 Indians: described by Brown, 349-52, by Hamblin, 355-60; missions to, 348 Mormon land policies against, 310, 314 316; Navajo Campaigns, 149â&#x20AC;&#x201D;76; pic ture of, 346; policy on land titles, 314 relinquish land titles, 318 Industrial Employment Bureau, 10; bulletins in Deseret News, 11 Inland Crystal Salt Company, 14 Intermountain Salt Works, 14 Indians, Infants and Infantry, by Mattes, reviewed, 178-80 Iron Military District of the Utah Territorial Militia, 151n; engages Navajos, 173, 174 Irrigation: early efforts in St. George, 2 1 0 11, 214 Isom, S., 170 Ivins, Anthony W., 263 Ivins, Caddie, 263 Ivins, Israel, picture of home of, 246; surveys St. George, 209 Ivins, Stanley S., review by, 377â&#x20AC;&#x201D;79 J Jackling, Daniel C , 40 fames Strang's Ancient and Modern Michilimackinac, edited by May, reviewed, 85-86 Jarvis, Brigham, 210, 216, 299 The Jews of California from the Discovery of Gold until 1880, by Glanz, reviewed, 387 Jocelyn, Stephen E., 320 John, Sister, 29 John, William M., 320 Johnson Canyon, 156n, 172n Johnson, Charles Ellis, picture of, 262 Johnson, Ellis, picture of, 262 Johnson, F. T., 374; picture of, 372 Johnson, Jay, picture of, 262 Johnson, Joseph E., 264; describes possibilities of wine production, 277; develops horticulture and floriculture, 269-73; picture of, 271 Johnson, "Nigger," 286 Johnston's Army, 29, 123 Jolly, Bryant H., 170

INDEX Judd, Joseph, 171, 176 Judd, Minerva Dart, describes experiences with cotton, 203 Judd, Thomas, picture of, 271; pioneers fruit production in Dixie, 273-74 Judd, Zadoc K., makes a cotton gin, 202 "Jupiter" (engine), 115, 116; nearing Promontory, picture of, 113

Kaibab Indian Reservation, 156n Ka'na, see Green River Kanab, 153, 155n, 171ff; refounded, 150 Kanab Creek, 140, 155, 169; picture of lake in cave, 175 Kansas-Nebraska bill, 121 Keetch, Bishop E. C , 12 Kelly, Charles, 129; review by, 181-82 Kimball, Heber C , 203; quoted on land policy, 314 Kirby Benedict, Frontier Federal Judge, by Hunt, reviewed, 382-84 Knight, Samuel, called on Indian mission, 201 Korns, J. Roderic, 129, 130

Lake Powell, 161n, 163n Lake Timpanogots, see Utah Lake Lamar, Howard R., review by, 382-84 Land: certificate, facsimile of, 312; federal survey office in Utah closed, 317, 318; Mormon-Gentile conflicts, 324, 325; Mormon policies, 309-25; office opened, Great Salt Lake City, 323; Walkara, Chief, quoted on policy, 314; Young, Brigham, quoted on, 315-17, 320 Laney, William, 169 Lang, William, pioneers alfalfa raising in St. George, 279 Larson, A. Karl, "Pioneer Agriculture," 269-80 Larson, Gustive O., "Land Contest in Early Utah," 309-25 Larson, T. A., review by, 83-85 Laub, George, quoted on courthouse building of, 244 Laub, John, works on well in Dixie, 219 Laub, Margaret, picture of home of, 247 LaVerkin Creek, 145 Law of Consecration, 315 Leavitt, Dudley, 214, 295 Leavitt, Sarah Sturdevant, supervises cotton weaving. 202 Leeds Creek, 221 Lee Ferry, 150, 166n; sight of pictured, 164 Lee, John D., quoted on exhibition, 205; settles at Harmony, 201 Lee, John D., Jr., 169, 176

401 Lehi Sugar Factory, picture of, 15 Leigh, Rufus Wood, "Naming of the Green, Sevier, and Virgin Rivers," 137-47 Lewis, William C , 105 Lewiston, Utah, 33-34 Liberty Park, 92 Lincoln, Abraham, election of 1860 in Illinois, 119 Linford, Ernest H., review by, 178-80 Litde, Feramorz, 211 Litde Salt Lake, 142 Livingston, Jim, 104 Lone Cedar, 260 Long Valley Junction, 140 Luba, Philip, 263 Lyman, Amasa, 75n, 219 Lytle, George Andrew, 171, 176 M

Maeser, Karl G., 257 Magazines, published in Dixie, 261 Mail routes, early, 327-30 Manning Canyon, 33 Manning Gold Mines Company, 41 Manning Mill, 36, 42 Manogue, Bishop Patrick, 333 Martineau, James H., 203 Mattison, Ray H , review by, 381-82 Maughan, Scott, 128, 129 Maxwell, George R., register, 322, 323 Maxwell, William B., 153, 155n, 169, 171 McAllister, J. D. T., announces policy on schools, 256; quoted on drama, 263 McCulloch, Hugh, 101, 106 McCullough, Judge James D., superintends work on St. George courthouse, 242 McDonald, A. F., 212 McFarlane, John M., 257, 298 McGeary, James, U.S. Marshal, 295 McGloin, John Bernard, S.J., "Two Early Reports Concerning Roman Catholicism in Utah, 1876-81," 333-44 Mclntyre, Robert, 155n Mercur, business district picture of, 32; church choir picture of, 38; electric power for, 37; fire department picture of, 38; fire of 1902, 39, 40; first claims in, 34; in 1930's, 42; naming of, 35 Mercur Gold Mining and Milling Company, builds cyanide plant, 35, 36 Merrill, Bishop , 105 "Metalliferous Murphy," 281 Miles, Josephine Jarvis, 256 Milgram, James W., "Estill & Co. Express," 327-30 Millard County, colonization expanded, 12 Miller, David E., 129; ed., "Journal of Two Campaigns by the Utah Territorial Militia Against the Navajo Indians, 1869," 149-76; review by, 82, 83

UTAH

402

Miller, Henry W., 216 Mills, Edgar, 115 Milne, David, 297 Mining: coal resources exploited, 17; decline of, 5; gold discovered in Mercur, 35; silver in Mercur, 34, 35, in Silver Reef, 281-87 Moccasin Ranch, picture of Indian monument on, 152 Moccasin Springs, 153â&#x20AC;&#x201D;55, 156n Montague, Samuel, 114 Monument Point, 102, 103, 106, 112 Moorman, Madison Berryman, quote from journal of, 131n, 132n Morgan, J. P. and Company, 5 The Mormon Conflict, 1850-1859, by Furniss, reviewed, 77â&#x20AC;&#x201D;80 Mormons: colonization for 1896-1904, 12; missionaries picture of, 24; Navajo War, 150; petition to Queen Victoria, 23; settle in Nauvoo, 120; working on railroad picture of, 103 Morrill, John, 170 Mortensen, A. R., picture of, 304; review by, 384-85 Mountain Dell, 220 Mulder, William, quoted on local history, 55 Meeks, Sister, wove cotton cloth, 203 N Naegle, John C , called to make wine, 276 Natural gas, distribution of, 16 Nauvoo, Illinois, named national historic landmark, 394; Mormons settle in, 120; picture of, 118; political influence of, 120 Navajo Indians, campaigns against, 14976; map of campaign, 148 Navajo Mountain, 155, 156n, 157, 159 Nelson, Hans, 170 Nelson, Jens, 170 "Never Sweat," see Heberville New Harmony, 145 Newsletter, presents a gold spike, 111 Newspapers, early in Dixie, 259, 260 Nibley, Charles W., set up Deseret Employment Agency, 12 Nicollet River, see Sevier River Nolan, Bart, 286 Nootka, see Vancouver Island Northrup, 220 North Willow Canyon, 130 Notes on General Ashley the Overland Trail and South Pass, by Frost, reviewed, 82, 83 Nottingham, W. H , 115 "Number 119" (engine), 116

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

0 O'Connell, Bishop Eugene, 333 Old Spanish Trail, 139, 211 Old Ute Trail, 161n Olmstead Generating Plant, 37 Olsen, C. J., "State Action in Relation to Preservation of Historical Resources in the Expanding West," 4 5 - 6 1 ; picture of, 44 Oregon boundary, established, 23 Oregonian, quoted on Mormonism, 28 Oregon Statesman, editorial plea for religious freedom, 27; quoted on Mormon settlement, 23, 25 Orr, William, 35 Orton, Joseph, 259, 263; quoted, 255 Ott, David, 170

Pacific Union Express Company, 116 Page, John E., reports on Mormon proposals on Oregon, 23 Pah-rush, see Virgin River Paiute Indians, murder Whitmore and McIntyre, 149 Panguitch John, 167, 168 Panic of 1893, 3 Paria, picture of, 152 Paria River, 140, 150; described, 156, 165 Parish, Hank, 286 Parry, Edward L., describes temple building, 249 Pass Canyon, 130; picture of, 134 Pearce, J. D. L , 151, 154 Pearne, Reverend T. H , opposes Mormons in Oregon, 27 Peart, Jacob, inscription on rock, 204, pictured, 205 Pendleton, B. F., 269 Peyton, G. S., 35 Pierce, Thomas J., 169 Pilot Peak, 135; view of, 134 Pine Valley, 204; church in pictured, 225 Pine Valley Mountains, 145; picture of, 221 Pinedo, Arie, discovers Mercur lode, 35 Pinto Creek, 221 Pintura, 220, 273 Pioneer Electric Power Plant, 14-16; picture of, 15 Pipe Springs, 150, 153, 155, 169; fort at pictured, 175 Pocketville, 204, 220 Pollock, Joseph H., 170 Polygamy: and Stephen A. Douglas, 11926; raids for in Dixie, 285, 294-96 The Pomologist, 260; quoted, 270-73 Popular sovereignty, 123; tied to polygamy, 125 Population, increase in Utah, 6

INDEX Poulson, M. Wilford, review by, 85-86 "Pounding Rock Into the Temple Foundation" (song), 239 Powder River Campaigns, Hafen and Hafen eds., reviewed, 381-82 Powell, John W., m e n of expedition murdered, 301 Pratt, Orson, conducts first survey, 310; reports on possibility of Mormon emigration to Oregon, 23 Pratt, Orson, Jr., 259 Pratt, Parley P., sent to explore south, 196 Prattsville, 220 Preston, William B., 216 Promontory Summit, designated site for uniting rails, 106, 107; railroad completed, 99, 114-17 Pulsipher, John, called to Dixie, 207; quoted on lyceums, 265 Purbeck, George A., markets securities for Utah enterprises, 16 Pymm, John, 245, 291 Pymm, Seth, 263

Queetuse, Chief, killed by Toab, 301

Railroads: Chinese work on, 102, 103, 107, 108; completion of transcontinental, 64, 99-117; construction decline, 4, 5; driving of Golden Spike, 111-17; Irish work on, 107, 110; Mormon participation in building of, 102-9; Salt Lake and Mercur built, 37 Raisins, crop in Dixie, 217 Ransom, Thomas, 176 Redlum Canyon, 131, 132 Redlum Spring, 131, 132 Reed, Governor Amos, requests land office, 320 Reed, S .B., 114-16 Republican party, 123-26 Reviews and Recent Publications, 77-89, 177-85, 377-92 Rice, John, 281 Riding, Henry, 169 Riggs, Charles, 169 Rio Blanco, see White River Rio de la Virgen, see Virgin River Rio de San Rafael, see Colorado River Rio San Buenaventura, see Green River Rio San Clemente, see White River Rio Santa Clara, see Santa Clara River Rio Santa Isabel, see Sevier River Rio Severo, see Sevier River Rio Sulfureo, see Virgin River Rio Verde, see Green River Rio Virgin Times, 160

403 Rio Virgen Manufacturing Company, organized, 212 Rivera, Don Juan Maria de, 138 Robinson, John King, murdered over land claims, 320 Rockville, 144, 171; co-operative store, 275 Rockwell, O. P., member of trading expedition to California, 195 Rocky Mountain Pomological Society, 272 Romney, George, picture of, 366 Romney, Isabel, 263 Romney, Mary, 263 Romney, Miles P., 245, 263 Rothschilds, 5 Roundy, Napoleon B., 170

Safford, Governor A. P. K., I l l , 115 St. Charles, Idaho, 12 "St. George and the Dragon" (song), 222 St. George Commercial Club, 265 St. George Courthouse, 225; building of, 2 4 2 - 4 5 ; design of, 245 St. George Drama Association, 263, 264 St. George Gardeners' Club, organized, 269, 272 St. George Library, 266 St. George Social Hall, 241, 266; pictures of, 243, 254 St. George Tabernacle, building of, 241, 242; clock on, 296, 297; dancing in, 266; pictures of, 227 St. George Temple, 226, 245; labor on, 249, 251, 252; pictures of, 225, 240; story of building of, 245-53 St. George, culture, 255-67; early homes in, 244, pictures of, 215, 246-47; first band, pictures of, 254; pictures of, 192, 252; post office, pictures of, 290, 291 St. Helens, Oregon, gospel preaching in, 26 St. Joseph's School, 338 St. Mary's of the Wasatch, established, 338, 343; picture of, 336 Saltair Pavilion, constructed, 14; picture of, 13 Salt industry, 14 Salt Lake and Los Angeles Western Railroad (Salt Lake, Garfield, and Weste r n ) , built, 14 Salt Lake and Mercur Railroad, 37; described, 39 Salvatore, Joseph, 129n Sanborn, Jeremiah W., recommendation for combatting depression, 6â&#x20AC;&#x201D;7 Sanderson, Chief Justice S. W., I l l Santa Clara, 204; Swiss colony at, 212-16 Santa Clara Creek, 221 Santa Clara River, 145 Savage, Charles R., quoted on railroad workers, 110

404

UTAH

Savage, Nephi, 257 Scanlan, Bishop Lawrence, picture of, 332; reports on early Catholicism in Utah, 333-44 Schools: Early in St. George, 256-59; established by Catholics, 337, 338, 340, 343; Mormon attitude toward Presbyterian, 256 Schurtz, Peter, see Shirts, Peter Seeds-ke-dee Agie, see Green River "Seldom Sop," see Tonaquint Sentinal Rock, picture of, 160 Sevier Lake, 140 Sevier River (Nicollet River, Rio Severo, Rio Santa Isabel), 140, 141, 144 Sharp and Young, 104 Sharp, Bishop John, attended Golden Spike ceremony, 114 Sheep troughs, 169, 171 Sherman, William, 111 Sherwood, Henry S., conducts first survey, 310 Shilling, W . N., 115, 116 Shirts, Peter, 157n, 168n Shunesburg, 171, 220, 221 Silver Island, 135 Silver Reef, 220, 281-87; businesses in, 283; Chinatown of, 286; legends concerning, 281, 283; Mormon trade with, 283; pictures of, 228, 282, 284-86; production of ore in, 283 Silver Reef Miner, 283 Simonds, Mrs. , 26 Skull Valley, 130, 131 Skutumpah, 172n Smart, William B., "Mormonism's First Foothold in the Pacific Northwest," 2 1 30 Smith, George A., 245; issues circular on wine-making, 276; visits Heberville, 204 Smith, James E., 170 Smith, Jedediah Strong, 145, 195 Smith, John Henry, member church colonization committee, 12 Smith, John W., 170 Smith, Joseph, 120, 121; interested in Oregon, 22; Oregon plan never started, 23 Smith, Joseph F., picture of, 2; quoted on responsibility of church leadership, 7 Smithson, James D., 169 Smoot, Senator Reed, trial of, 18 Snow, Artemisia, 263 Snow, Edward H., 257; quoted on Dixie wine, 217 Snow, Erastus, 171, 172, 241, 242, 245, 263, 269; advice on dancing, 266; "Big House," picture of, 2 5 1 ; changes county line, 285; picture of, 200 Snow, Frank, 216

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Snow, Hannah W., 263 Snow, Josephine, 263 Snow, Lorenzo, becomes church president, l 7 ; building St. George temple, 245, 248 Snow, William, 245 Snow's Canyon, picture of, 223, 224 Snyder, W. F. and Son Company, 41 Society for the Propagation of the Faith, 334, 335, 342 Sonora, Mexico, Mormon colonization of, 12 Sorenson, Andrew, 170, 176 South Pass, 1858: James Chisholm's Journal of the Wyoming Gold Rush, edited

by Homsher, reviewed, 83-85 Spaneshank, see Navajo Mountain Spanish Fork agreement, 318 Spanish River, see Green River Spilsbury, Albert Piatt, 176 Springdale, 204 Stambaugh, S. C , 316, 317, 324 Stanford, Leland, 100-2, 111, 116 Stanford Special (train), 111 Stapley, Charles, brings alfalfa seed to Dixie, 279 The Star, 260 Star Valley, Wyoming, colonization of, 12 State of Deseret, land policies of, 312, 313 State Park and Recreation Commission, established, 5 1 ; collaborating agencies, 52 Steele, John, 146 Stegner, Wallace, named "Fellow," 393 Stratton, I. A., 170 Stratton, Joseph Norman, 170, 176 Stratton, Oliver, Jr., 170 Strobridge, J. H , 102, 110, 115 Stuart, David M., earlv mission to Oregon, 25-29 Sturges, Philip C , review by, 177-78 Sugar industry, 13â&#x20AC;&#x201D;14

Taylor, John, 170; quoted on St. George, 245 Taylor's Mill, 112 Tecumseh Hill, 281, 287 Telegraph, centennial of completion of, 395 Tenney, Anman M., 170 Tenth Ward Band, 114 Theobald, George, 176 Thornton, Amos, called on Indian mission, 201 Tithing scrip, 245; picture of, 8 Toab, Chief, 300-2 Todd, Reverend Doctor, 115 Tompkins, Philip W., 91-92 Tonaquint ("Seldom Sop"), 210, 220 Toquerville, 204

INDEX

Toroweap, picture of, 301 Townsite Law, 322; effect in Utah, 324 Tracey, Joseph, 27 Trappers and Mountain Men, reviewed, 388 Tritle, F. A., I l l , 115 Trumball Mountain, source of timber for St. George temple, 248, 249 Tutsegavit, Chief, 358 Twelve-Mile Canyon, see Johnson Canyon Twenty-Fourth of July celebration, picture of, 288 Twenty-Seventh Wife, by Wallace, reviewed, 377-79

U Uintah Reservation, opened to white settlement, 12 Ungahtaz Pass, 172n The Union, 260 Union Light and Power Company, see Utah Power and Light Company Union Pacific Railroad, picture of party at 1,000 mile tree, 98; race to Promontory, 99-117 United States Delegation to Pan-American Conference, picture of, 366 Upper Snake River Valley, Idaho, colonization of, 12 Utah Central Railroad, 101 Utah Expedition, 123, 124 Utah Historical Quarterly, facsimiles of, 306 Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, see Utah Sugar Company Utah Lake (Lake Timpanogots), 141 Utah Power and Light Company, 16, 17 Utah State Historical Society, Board of Trustees of, pictures and short sketches, 186-90; report on, 373-76 Utah State Public Records, picture of, 372 The Utah Story, by Hunter, reviewed, 182 Utah Sugar Company, factory built at Lehi, 13, 14 Ute Crossing, 169 Ute Indians, depredations of, 149 Ute Trail, 172n Utley, Robert M., "The Dash to Promontory," 99-117

Vancouver Island, Mormon proposals for settlement, 23 "Vepricula," 218 Virgen City, 171; plattoon of, 153 Virgin River (Rio de la Virgen, Pah-rush), forks of, 144, 146; picture of, 143 Virgin River Basin, crops grown in, 269

405 W Wahweap Creek, 158n, 161, 163n Walkara, Chief, quoted on land policy, 314 Walker, Charles Lowell, 208, 263, 295; called to Dixie, 206; describes well driving in St. George, 219; edits newspaper, 259; picture of, 259; poem by, 260; quoted on lecturer, 265; songs by, 222, 239, 296 Walker, Joseph, "Some Memories of Dixie," 289-92; "Growing Up in St. George," 2 9 2 - 9 3 ; "Portrait of a Country Doctor," 293-94 Walker, Marjorie, review by, 385, 386 Warm Creek, 158n, 169 Warren, Major General G. K., commission of, 101, 102, 106 Washburn, Lorraine T., "Culture in Dixie," 255-68 Washington County Agricultural and Manufacturing Society, exhibition of, 204, 205 Washington County, early settlements in, 204, 220; plattoon of, 153 Washington County News, 60 Waterfall, William, describes Mercur fire, 40 Webb, Henry J., "Edwin Bryant's Trail Through Western Utah," 129-35

Young, Alma A., 170 Young, A n n Eliza Webb, 63 Young, Brigham, consecrates property, 315; contracts to grade railroad lines, 100, 107; correspondence to regarding mail express, 329; discourse on price of wheat, 74, on race and color, 69, on temporal affairs, 75; divorced by Ann Eliza Webb, 3 7 7 - 7 9 ; established cotton experiment farm, 203; home, pictures of, 53, 246; intention regarding Dixie wine, 276; plans southern settlement, 203; prediction on St. George, 241; proposes building St. George temple, 245; quoted on federal land survey, 315, 316, on land claims, 320, on land titles, 316, 317; quoted on temple furnishings, 253; remarks on farm problem, 66; sends out exploring parties, 3 4 7 , 3 4 8 ; visits south, 205 Young, Harriet Amelia Folsom, 63 Young, Joseph W., 217 Young, Mary Van Cott, 63 Young Ladies magazines, 261 Young Men's Historical Club, 260, 261

Zion's Canyon, pictures of, 229-34

UTAH

STATE

HISTORICAL

SOCIETY

BOARD OF TRUSTEES (Terms Expiring April 1,1965) LELAND H. CREER, Salt Lake City

(Terms Expiring April 1, 1963) j . STERLING ANDERSON, Grantsville

DELLO c. DAYTON, Ogden

RICHARD E. GILLIES, Cedar City

;ACK GOODMAN, Salt Lake City

j . GRANT IVERSON, Salt Lake City

NICHOLAS c MORGAN, SR., Salt Lake City

MRS. A. c. JENSEN, Sandy

JOEL E. RICKS, Logan

L. GLEN SNARR, Salt Lake City

(Ex-Offkio Member)

OFFICERS 1961-63

LAMONT F. TORONTO, Salt Lake City

j . GRANT IVERSON, President

(Honorary Life Member)

DELLO G. DAYTON, Vice-President

LEVI EDGAR YOUNG, Salt Lake City

A. R. MORTENSEN, Secretary

ADMINISTRATION A. R. MORTENSEN, Director

JOHN JAMES, JR., Librarian

p. T. JOHNSON, Records Manager, Archives DOROTHY SUMMERHAYS, Associate Editor ROBERT w. INSCORE, Registrar, Military Records Section EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTIONS: The Society was or-

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