Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 34, Number 3, 1966

H. WARD McCARTY PUBLIC RELATIONS COUNSEL SUITE 221. GRANITE MART BLD&.

1086 EAST 21st SOUTH SALT LAKE CITY 6, UTAH

UTA STATE HISTORICAL SOC1ET

B O A R D OF TRUSTEES j . GRANT IVERSON, Salt Lake City, 1967 President

MRS. J U A N I T A BROOKS, St. George, 1969

MRS. A. c. J E N S E N , Sandy, 1967

JACK GOODMAN, Salt Lake City, 1969 Vice-President EVERETT L. COOLEY, Salt Lake City Secretary

CLYDE L. MILLER, Secretary of State

Ex officio HOWARD c. PRICE, J R . , Price, 1967

MILTON c ABRAMS, Smithfield, 1969 j . STERLING ANDERSON, Grantsville, 1967 DEAN R. BRIMHALL, Fruita, 1969

MRS. ELIZABETH S K A N C H Y , M i d vale, 1969

L. GLEN SNARR, Salt Lake City, 1967

ADMINISTRATION EVERETT L. COOLEY, Director

T. H . JACOBSEN, State Archivist, Archives F. T. J O H N S O N , Records Manager, Archives

J O H N JAMES, J R . , Librarian MARGERY w . WARD, Associate Editor

IRIS SCOTT, Business M a n a g e r

The U t a h State Historical Society is a n organization devoted to the collection, preservation, and publication of U t a h and related history. It was organized by publicspirited Utahns in 1897 for this purpose. I n fulfillment of its objectives, the Society publishes the Utah Historical Quarterly, which is distributed to its members with payment of a $5.00 annual membership fee. T h e Society also maintains a specialized research library of books, pamphlets, photographs, periodicals, microfilms, newspapers, maps, and manuscripts. Many of these items have come to the library as gifts. Donations are encouraged, for only through such means can the U t a h State Historical Society live u p to its responsibility of preserving the record of Utah's past.

T h e primary purpose of the Quarterly is t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of m a n u s c r i p t s , p h o t o graphs, a n d documents which relate or give a new interpretation to Utah's unique story.

Contributions of writers are solicited for the consideration of the editor. However, the editor assumes no responsibility for the return of manuscripts unaccompanied by return postage. Manuscripts and material for publications should be sent to the editor.

T h e U t a h State Historical Society does not assume responsibility for statements of fact or opinions expressed by contributors.

T h e Utah Historical Quarterly is entered as second-class postage, paid at Salt Lake City, U t a h . Copyright 1966, U t a h State Historical Society, 603 East South Temple Street, Salt Lake City, U t a h 84102.

SUMMER, 1 9 6 6

• VOLUME34

•

NUMBER3

HISTORICAL QUARTERLY C@D^fe@Ofe A SOUTHWEST PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPEDITION, 1898-99

191

BY K A T H R Y N D. G R O E S B E C K . . .

UTAH LABOR BEFORE STATEHOOD

BY J. KENNETH DAVIES WINSOR CASTLE: MORMON FRONTIER FORT AT PIPE SPRING

BY ROBERT W. OLSEN, JR

218

AN UNHALLOWED GATHERING: THE IMPACT OF DEFENSE SPENDING ON UTAH'S POPULATION GROWTH, 1940-1964

BY JAMES L. CLAYTON

227

L E R O Y R. HAFEN, 47 YEARS AS CHRONICLER OF WESTERN AMERICANA

BY HOLLIS J. SCOTT

243

COWBOYS, INDIANS, & CAVALRY: A CATTLEMAN'S ACCOUNT OF THE FIGHTS OF 1884

BY DON D. WALKER

255

REVIEWS AND PUBLICATIONS

263

•feH

202

(SOW®!?3

The Huish-Hinshaw party ferrying across the river at Green River, Utah, in 1898. The bridge of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad (in the background) dates from the 1800's.

COURTESY DAVID HUISH

EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR ART EDITOR

L. COOLEY Margery W. Ward

EVERETT

Roy J. Olsen

H. WARD McCARTY PUBLIC RELATIONS COUNSEL SUITE 221, GRANITE MART BLDG. 1086 EAST 21st SOUTH SALT LAKE CITY 6, UTAH

FLANDERS, ROBERT BRUCE, Kingdom on the Mississippi,

Nauvoo:

BYT. EDGAR LYON

263

L O R D , C L I F F O R D L., ED., Keepers of the Past, BY STANFORD CAZIER

_

265

E M E N H I S E R , J E D O N A., Utah's Governments,

BY STEWART L. GROW

266

H U L S E , J A M E S W., The Nevada A History,

Adventure,

BY MURRAY M. MOLER

267

M c M U R R I N , S T E R L I N G M., The Theological Foundations of the Mormon Religion,

BY FRED M . F O W L E R

267

A N D R E W S , R A L P H W., Photographers of the Frontier West: Their Lives and Their Works, 1875 to 1915,

BY MARGARET SHEPHERD

268

B A K E R , P E A R L , The Wild Bunch at Robbers

BOOKS REVIEWED

Roost, BY CHARLES KELLY

269

K I M B A L L , S T A N L E Y B., C O M P . Sources of Mormon History in Illinois, 1839-48: An Annotated Catalog of the Microfilm Collection at Southern Illinois University,

BY CHAD FLAKE

269

S C A M E H O R N , H O W A R D L., ED., The Buckeye Rovers in the Gold Rush: An Edition of Two Diaries,

BY BENJAMIN F. GILBERT

_.

270

H A I N E S , A U B R E Y L., ED., The Valley of the Upper Yellowstone: An Exploration of the Headwaters of the Yellowstone River in the Year 1869,

BY MERRILL D. BEAL

L A R S O N , T . A., History of

271

Wyoming,

BY WILLIAM M. PURDY

272

M c C A L M O N , G E O R G E , AND M O E , C H R I S T I A N , Creating Historical Drama: A guide for the community and the individual,

BY HAROLD I. H A N S E N

273

J O S E P H Y , JR., A L V I N M., The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest,

BY STANLEY R. DAVISON

273

L A V E N D E R , D A V I D , The American Heritage History of the Great West,

BY EVERETT L. COOLEY

274

M E R I W E T H E R , D A V I D , My Life in the Mountains and on the Plains,

BY RICHARD H . DILLON

275

H A S E L T I N E , J A M E S L., 100 Years of Utah Painting. Selected Works from the 1840's to the 1950's, BY T H O M A S A. L E E K

275

H U N T E R , R O D E L L O , A House of Many Rooms, A Family Memoir,

BY JOSEPHINE C. FABIAN

276

A Southwest Photographic Expedition, 1898-99

by Kathryn D. Groesbeck

During the time from July 27, 1898, until July 10, 1899—when automobiles, superhighways, and tourism belonged to the remote future — Thomas E. Hinshaw and Orson Pratt Huish, early Utah photographers, and Mr. Huish's 10-year-old son Dave wound their way from Payson, through other parts of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona on a commercial photographing tour. They drove a span of horses hitched to Mrs. Groesbeck, retired Payson, Utah, schoolteacher, has a deep interest in the West. She has devoted her spare time to research and writing in the field of history, and several of her articles have been published in western history magazines and the Provo Daily Herald.

The Huish-Hinshaw photographs illustrating the article were furnished the author by David Huish of Roosevelt. These scenes were selected from the many stereoscopic views still in his possession.

Dave Huish sitting in the foreground.

Behind him can be seen the tent gallery where photographs were taken and developed.

Interior of Huish and Hinshaw photographic gallery on their tour of the Southwest.

a small wagon carrying not only the photographers themselves and Dave, but all their photographic supplies, food, clothing, tents, bedding, Mr. Huish's cornet, and Mr. Hinshaw's violin. Attached to the side of the wagon was a barrel of valuable drinking water, replenished, wherever possible, with good water.

Up and down canyons, through sagebrush and cactus, down river valleys, over mountains on gutted dugways, and along rutted roads to

Southwest Photographic Expedition

193

ranches and towns they traveled, moving at a snail's pace, for the wagon was no gasoline-powered means of locomotion. Everything was new to these travelers, and they photographed everything they thought might be of interest to others in these faraway places — faraway they were as measured by wagon travel of 1898-99.

Their route was not an ordinary one. First up Spanish Fork Canyon to Clinton and Indianola, on to Gunnison, and next through Salina Canyon the wagon worked its leisurely way. August 16 came before the group reached Green River, there to be ferried across. At their camp near Thompson, Utah, they had to wait 10 days for additional photographic supplies to arrive.

The wanderers' route took them to the Grand River, the La Sal Mountains, and Geyser Creek (where Dave and Mr. Hinshaw caught frogs for dinner), then into Colorado — Paradox, Dry Creek, Shenandoah, lumber camps of the Dolores area, and Pagosa Springs. By October 30 they reached Albuquerque. January found them in San Marcial, New Mexico, which Dave remembers well for it was there one of the horses, Ol'June, "took sick."

They visited Cochillo, Los Palomas, Hillsboro, and Santa Rita. Their gallery was set up in these places, as well as in all others where they stopped, for the business of taking pictures.

When June and July arrived, a year had passed and the trio were in Arizona, still busily working at their job to catch the West with their camera. After Clifton, Fort Carlis, and Globe, Arizona, were visited, The Huish and Hinshaw wagon near Clifton, Arizona. A tree is fastened to the back of the wagon as a drag to help brake it. To the left Dave Huish leans against a rock.

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Utah Historical Quarterly

Huish and Hinshaw had a photo-history of what they believed people would like to see. In addition they had left along their route portrait work which they had finished inside their mobile photo-gallery.

The whole, unusual journey held fascination and interest for these three, whether their way led into villages, ranches, lumber camps of Colorado, adobe Indian and Mexican villages of the Southwest, old Santa Fe, canyons, churches, people, or Indian ceremonials. Occasionally they photographed scenes depicting their mode of living and traveling and showing the seemingly impossible obstacles in their path. Pictures of their gallery were taken at various places where they were photographed with Mr. Huish's Century portrait camera and stereoscopic camera for the business of inside photography.

Woven into their pictures is the history of transportation, road building, river crossing, Indian culture, timber and lumbering, dress styles, photography, and even medicine — for their pictures show life truly as it was. Huish and Hinshaw's detailed ledger — pertaining to their business affairs, personal expenses, and places where they set up their gallery for business — has been preserved. Dave Huish has it in his possession as well as the still usable old Century camera of his father's. He displays this antique instrument along with his ultra-modern photographic equipment in his drugstore at Roosevelt, Utah.

Wagon travel was not easy for this touring trio. They were ferried across the Green River where there were no bridges for wagons and traversed roads that had begun as burro trails to hill country, often finding them so steep it was necessary to use a juniper log as a drag to hold the wagon back with its load. Much of the country was rough, vast, wild, inhospitable, and lonely.

Sometimes, in towns where the gallery was set up for business, Dave sought customers of his own and took pictures with his small camera. He once photographed two ladies on a burro. Another time he photographed some miners and later an Indian bread oven. When he sold his pictures, he had $25.00 — a fortune for a boy of his years. With so much money in his purse, he was ready to quit photography, seek a quiet fishing hole, and sit out the rest of his days. However, this was not to be — Dave became a druggist with photography his main hobby.

On the Southwest trek, wind and other elements often gave the three travelers much trouble. In Black Cut the wind, ever restless, blew so hard it threatened disaster. Only by stacking their priceless equipment and taking down their gallery were they able to save them from destruction.

Southwest Photographic Expedition

195

Finding good drinking water, too, was often difficult. Yet they managed to keep plenty in their barrel, boiling that portion used for drinking and using any other sparingly. All welcomed the luxury of a river bath.

Collecting pay for photographs was sometimes impossible. On one occasion they were hired to photograph two miles of pipeline at various points in a canyon. They were never able to collect for this service. The preserved stereoscopic views of this pipeline are excellent.

The ledger indicates that occasionally the two men supplemented their income by playing for dances at $1.50 per evening — Mr. Hinshaw on his violin and Mr. Huish on his horn. The latter even marched with bands during celebrations, adding his music to that of the other players.1 1 Mr. Huish became quite well known locally for his musical compositions. He wrote about 300 songs, most of them never published. "Guide M e to Thee," " U t a h , the Queen of the West," and "Come unto Jesus" may be found in Hymns, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City, 1961).

A scene in New Mexico photographed

by Huish and

Hinshaw.

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Utah Historical Quarterly

Though the trio's income was not large, they never were discouraged. They enjoyed their work and travels.

Dave has returned many times to the picturesque country he first visited, following whenever possible the route he traversed in 1898-99.

And always he takes pictures, excellent colored pictures for his stereoscopes. Occasionally Dave gets out the old ledger and his many photographs, two large boxes filled with almost 500 stereoscopic views made years ago. He delights in showing the photographs to anyone interested.

He reminisces about the 64 stereographs still in his possession of the trip in 1898-99. The Huish and Hinshaw scenes of the West were popular at the turn of the century, and they enjoyed a tremendous sale.

Dave recalls the time his father spent 50 cents for his son's smallpox vaccination in Santa Fe when he learned there were cases of it in the area, and the time he bought him a hat for 5 cents. The entire expenditure for the year and two weeks of travel amounted to $35.85.

At the end of their journey, the two photographers sold the tent, team, and wagon at Clifton, Arizona. They hired a man to take them to Globe with their heavy, valuable photographic equipment. The trio checked their light-weight bags of clothing, as excess baggage had to be paid for, and with their pictures, plates, and cameras they boarded a train for Payson.

Now there are smooth-riding highways where once rutted trails marked the way. Building booms and housing projects have come. Steel bridges span the rivers. Indians are "civilized," and tourism is changing the land. The world as Dave viewed it in 1898-99 seems distant and unreal, but nothing can change the memories of his boyhood trek or his desire to return again to the places he visited during that unforgettable year.

JOURNAL OF COMMERCIAL PHOTOGRAPHY T O U R June 27,1898

Left Payson at 10 o'clock. Took lunch at first bridge in Spanish Fork Canon. Camped over-night in Clinton with Henry Seargant.

June 28

Went from Clinton to Indianola; put up gallery.

July 1st

In Indianola. Did photo work. $24.50 Played for dance 1.50 Left Indianola; took lunch in Fairview; camped at [name illegible] ranch 1 mile south of Spring City.

Took lunch in Manti near the temple; reached Gunnison in the evening, barely in time to camp.

July 2d July 3d

Southwest Photographic Expedition July 4th July 5th July 12 July21 July 22 July 23

July 24 July 27

Aug. 5th 6

12

197

P u t u p gallery in Gunnison.

Did photo work in Gunnison $32.00 Moved from Gunnison to R e d m o n d .

D i d photo work in R e d m o n d $76.45 Left Redmond. Lunched at Gooseberry; camped on the river 10 miles above Salina.

Moved on u p Salina C a n o n over Rattle-snake hill; lunched in canon a n d fed team on grass in canon. C a m p e d at Ireland's ranch.

Crossed the divide into Castle Valley. Lunched in canon a n d took views of sand cliffs. Rained on us in the P. M . C a m p e d at Foot's ranch.

Arrived in Emery at 10 o'clock put u p gallery in Emery.

Played for dance in Emery.

Did photo work in Emery $122.55 Played for dance 4.00 Left Emery at 9 o'clock. Took lunch in Ferrin at 2 o'clock.

C a m p e d by field two miles from Orangeville.

Moved on through Orangeville to Castle Dale a n d then back to Orangeville.

Put u p gallery in Orangeville.

Photo work in Orangeville $25.

Left Orangeville; camped at Wallburg's ranch.

13

Moved from W- - ranch to the holes; camped.

14 15

Moved twelve miles to springs in Cottonwood wash. Camped.

Moved to Green River. Camped.

16

Crossed Green River on ferry moved on and camped at tank near Thompson's.

17

Moved from Thompson's to Cisco. Camped.

18

Moved southeast along G r a n d River. C a m p e d in canon.

19

W e n t on reaching J. E. Pace's in the evening. H e r e we laid over for ten days waiting for goods.

30

Left Pace's ranch with J o h n Pace a n d an extra team. C a m p e d on the north side of L a Sal Mts. Hinshaw was sick.

Moved on. Took lunch at Bar A ranch. Crossed Deep Creek and parted from Pace and the extra team went about a half mile farther a n d camped in the Q u a k e n Asp grove where we took night picture of camp.

31

Sept. 1st 2

3

Rained in the fore noon. Left c a m p at 2 : 3 0 o'clock went about three miles to the Geyser Creek. C a m p e d .

Remained encamped during the forenoon. Dave and Hinshaw caught frogs for lunch. Hired a Mr. Patterson to assist us with extra team over the hills four miles. C a m p e d at Branson's saw mill.

Moved on into Paradox p u t u p gallery at the Post Office.

Did in Paradox photo work $50.00

12

Left Paradox. Took lunch in Galloway's pasture; camped at springs three miles from the Dolorus River.

13

Took lunch at Dry Creek passed through Naturita camped four miles farther on.

198

Utah Historical Quarterly 14 20 21 22 23 24 27 29 30

Oct. 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 26 27 28 29 30 31 Nov. 1st 2

Passed through Shenandoah arrived in Norwood at 1:00 o'clock put u p gallery. Did photo work in Norwood $12.00 Left Norwood lunched at stream 4 miles from saw mill camped in Disappointment at Uncle Billey's.

Moved on got an extra team to help us over hill; lunched at Beaver Creek. C a m p e d in pines at Stumpf's Spring.

Moved on lunched on river below Dolores. C a m p e d near a ranch 10 miles farther.

Passed t h r o u g h Mancos lunched two miles beyond C a m p e d just outside of Dix. Pastured horses.

L u n c h e d near Barnes saw mill. Reached D u r a n g o ; pitched little tent near the Anamos River.

Moved from river to east side of D u r a n g o to a better camping place with sick horse.

Left D u r a n g o at noon; camped on Floreta R. near Schertz ranch.

Traveled with H e n r y Orpin.

Moved on. Lunched at wash where O r p i n killed rabbit. Camped near Pine River.

L u n c h e d at farm house N o one at home. C a m p e d near Piedra River.

Lunched at wash where little girl herded cattle. C a m p e d in Pegosa Springs.

Remained over in Pegosa Springs; bathed in the hot springs pool.

Moved on lunched on Blanco River. C a m p e d at wash near Mexican house.

Reached L u m b e r t o n at n o o n ; p u t u p gallery.

Left L u m b e r t o n took lunch below A m a r g o ; camped along a pasture.

Took lunch on the Clamus R. C a m p e d in the pines two miles from T i e r r a Amirella.

L u n c h e d near some Mexican houses where bought wild hay. Camped near the divide.

Moved c a m p before breakfast. Took breakfast just over the divide lunched just outside of El Rito. C a m p e d six miles farther on. H a d rabbit for supper.

Traveled through sand ate breakfast on the C h a a m a took lunch in some cotton-wood trees where wind blew so hard.

Breakfast in a snow-storm passed through San J u a n reached Farview about noon.

Laid over in Farview at M r . Russell's.

Moved Espanola. Put u p gallery did photo work in Espanola $37.00 Left Espanola. C a m p e d near an I n d i a n house.

Reached Santa Fe' at 10 o'clock camped near Indian school.

C a m p e d at M a d r i d .

Lunched at Golden camped in Sandria Mts. Arrived in Albuquerque.

Laid over in Albuquerque.

Left Albuquerque at 11 o'clock camped just outside Isoleta, Indian village.

Arrived in Belen at 3:00 o'clock put u p the gallery did photo work $16.00

Southwest Photographic Expedition 10 11 12 13 Jan. 27,1899 28 Feb. 25 26 28 Mar. 1st 6 7 8 9 10 11 28 Apr. 11 12 13 14 15 20 May 4th

5 6 7 16 25 June 1st 2 3 4 5 June 6

199

Left Belen at 4 o'clock camped near R. R. track with Brents.

C a m p e d at section station by some old Mexican houses.

L u n c h e d by a ditch. H a d rabbit for dinner. C a m p e d at Sabanal.

Reached Socorro at 11 o'clock p u t u p gallery.

Did in Socorro photo work $550.00 Left Socorro. Took lunch in San Antonio. C a m p e d about 5 miles from San Marcial.

Reached San Marcial at 11 o'clock p u t u p gallery in San Marcial.

Did photo work in San Marcial $112.50 Left San Marcial lunched near the river Old J u n e took sick.

C a m p e d near Conteracio.

Reached [name illegible] X ranch at 10 o'clock camped two days and doctored J u n e .

Left the ranch got stuck in the river bottom lunched on the plains reached Alamosa canon below Montecello and camped.

Moved into Montecello p u t u p gallery did in Montecello $18.00 Left Montecello camped in Cochillo.

W e n t from Cochillo to Los Palomas.

P u t u p tent in Palomas did $11.00 Left Palomas camped on the plains.

Moved into Hillsboro in a terrible wind storm.

P u t u p the tent in Hillsboro did work in Hillsboro 160 Moved to Kingston Did in Kingston 130 Moved from Kingston camped in Hillsboro.

Left Hillsboro passed through Lake Valley camped at a ranch.

Moved on. Lunched in Mule Springs camped at ranch on the Members River.

W e n t as far as Santa Rita. Camped.

Moved into H a n o v e r a n d camped p u t u p gallery. Did in Hanover $30 Moved to Santa R i t a p u t u p gallery Did in Santa Rita $90 Left Santa Rita C a m p e d in Silver City (one side all American; the other, Mexican, said Dave. Has photo.)

Moved from Silver camped on the Gila River.

Passed through Cliff lunched at Buckhorn Pool camped at Meater's ranch.

Moved out to G r a h a m p u t u p gallery did in G r a h a m $85 Moved to Mogollon p u t u p the gallery did in Mogollon $90 Moved to Alma p u t u p gallery did in Alma $60 Left Alma. C a m p e d at Weader's ranch.

Reached Mule Springs. Laid over half a day on account of rain.

C a m p e d at Goat ranch.

W e n t to Clifton, Arizona.

Sold the team and wagon for $350 Left Clifton with a Mexican.

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Utah Historical Quarterly

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 July 4 9 10

Arrived at Solomonville. Went to the depot and camped.

Left Solomonville with Mr. Barney. Camped at his ranch.

Moved on and camped at Marney's store in Mathews.

Lunched near Ft. Thomas camped at Navajo Bill's ranch.

Camped at Indian ranch six miles from Ft. Carlis.

Moved into Globe.

Put up gallery in Globe. Did photo work to the amt. of $90.30 Huish played in band 4th July.

Globe last town we did phot, work in on trip.

Hinshaw left Globe for California and O. P. Huish and Dave left for Payson.

Arrival in Payson okeh. Traveled by train from Globe to Payson part of the way narrow gage train by way Pueblo and Grand Junction.

DAY BOOK O F O. P. H U I S H

To repairs on shoes To hat for Dave — 5^ tooth brush — lOf1 To pr. drawers September 4 To pr. drawers To liniment To cough drops To book for Dave To shirts for Dave To hat — $1.25 Drawers O. P. H. $1.50 To socks To overalls Dave To shoes O. P. H. To shirts 1.75 gloves .75 To cough syrup To whiskey — .40 Socks for Dave —• 25^ To shirt O. P. H. To vaccination Dave —• .50 Pills — 1 0 ^ small pox Gloves Overalls — .50 Shoes — Dave $1.25 Pills—.25 Rubbers —.40 [word illegible] — .50 n. tie — .25 Socks — .35 Stockings Dave — .25 Rep. on shoes — .25 Shirt — .70 Tablets .15 Vest — 1.50 Alcohol & candy — .35 Feb. 8 Overalls Dave — .50 Socks — .25 Shirt and vest buttons — .80 Watch crystal — .25 Tobacco —-5<f 23 Vaccination — .25 Gears — b<t On shirts Dave — .75 March July 5

10??

15^ .50 .50 .25 5^ .50 1.00 2.75

.25 .40 2.25 $2.50

.25 .65 .60 .60 .40 1.75 1.40

.60 1.10 1.85 1.55

.55 .80

Southwest Photographic Expedition April May 4

June June

201

Repairs on shoes D a v e — . 7 5 T o o t h pulled 1.00 T o whiskey .50 Drawers Dave .35 T o overalls Dave — .40 Socks -— .25 Shoes O . P . H . I . 50 T o socks .25 Whiskey — .25 Pants — 1.00 ShoesDave—1.50 H a t — . 5 0 H a t — 1 5 ^ R e p . on shoes .25 W h i s k e y — . 2 5 Coat a n d Vest 1.75 Pants 1.50 Suspenders — .25 socks .15

1.75 .85 2.15 1.50 2.15 2.25 1.90

$35.85

LICENSE T o w n of Gunnison.

T o all w h o shall see these presents greeting: K n o w ye, that Huish and Hinshaw having paid to the treasurer the sum of Two 00 dollars, and having complied with the Ordinance in force relating to Licenses, Therefore, the said Huish and Hinshaw are hereby authorized to transact the business of Photographers at the town of Gunnison, U t a h for the term of three months, ending the third of October, 1898.

I n testimony whereof, I, John Larsen, President of the town of Gunnison, have hereunto set my h a n d this 4th day of July, 1898.

Attest: John Larsen President Nephi Gledhill T o w n clerk This license is not transferable.

Utah Labor Before Statehood

by J. Kenneth Davies Early Pioneer Day Parade with union participation. The signs on the three horse-drawn wagons read "Riveters, Old Style Machinists."

Lloyd G. Reynolds in his popular text Labor Economics and Labor Relations, in discussing the development of unions, avers that unionism did not first develop among the exploited or the industrial worker, but among the "skilled and prosperous workers." 1 The Utah experience in some measure points to the validity of this conclusion and serves as an interesting case history in the development of unionism within a geographical area.

When the Mormon pioneers entered the Great Salt Lake Valley in 1847, they presented themselves as a unique people, engaged in an unDr. Davies is professor of economics at Brigham Young University. T h e photographs in the article, except for the Pioneer Day Parade, were furnished by the International Typographical Union No. 115, Salt Lake City.

1

Lloyd G. Reynolds, Labor Economics and Labor Relations

(2nd Ed., New York, 1954), 43.

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

usual experiment. Here was a religiously motivated people, tried and tested by persecution and mobbings, with close to an absolute faith in the leadership of Brigham Young and other leaders of the Mormon Church.

Here was a people who when called to leave family and home would travel to the ends of the earth as missionaries, as colonizers, or as gold miners. Here was a people "called" to make the "desert blossom as the rose," to establish a "commonwealth" perfecting it for delivery into the hands of Deity. Here was a "Royal Priesthood" composed of almost all the adult male members of the church.

The pioneers of the first few years of Utah's history were an agrarian people with a sprinkling of professionals, merchants, and craftsmen. In 1850 there were just 14 manufacturing establishments employing 51 people, out of a population of 11,000. In that same year there were 3,125

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Utah Historical

Quarterly

gainfully employed persons over 15 years of age. Of this number 1,649 were in agriculture, while there were 828 persons engaged in commerce, trade, manufactures, mechanic arts, and mining. Twenty-six residents listed themselves in the professions, and 620 indicated other types of employment. Their heritage was mostly from New England and other Northern States, though there were some Southerners and a few of foreign birth. Literacy was high; the figure for the 1850 census was 99.75 per cent. U t a h was close to California and Oregon in its level of wages and the cost of living. 2 Little is yet known of the extent of the tradition of unionism which was brought to U t a h by the pioneers. However, a number of guilds — the tailors, smiths, boot and harness makers, coopers, and wagon makers — had previously been established in Nauvoo, from whence the Mormons h a d just been driven. 3 T h e diary of an early pioneer stonecutter, Charles Lambert, a convert to the church from England, shows his membership in England in a "Mechanicks Institute" and an "Opperative Society."

While still in England he participated, according to his diary, in at least one strike for wages. 4 T h e first known labor union in U t a h was established before February 24, 1852, for on that date Brigham Young offered a prayer at the first meeting of the Printers Union in Salt Lake. 5 This was a most unique labor union, motivated more strongly by religious ideals than economic goals.

Considering the "uplift" nature of much of the union movement contemporary to that period, however, it was not as strange as it would seem today. Nevertheless, it was probably the only union in the world to open the union meeting with a song entitled "Come All Ye Sons of Zion"; whose leader, Ariah Brower, would deliver an address to those who "have an interest in the great and glorious work of building up the Kingdom of God on the e a r t h " ; and whose members would not only admit but also strongly accept the leadership of the religious leader, Brigham Young, in union affairs. T h e same union leader said "may they [church leaders] ever enjoy the light of the Spirit of T r u t h and Wisdom, that by their skillful direction, we may be enabled to employ our time, talents, profession, substance and lives in a proper manner." At this same meeting toasts were made to " T h e 2

Andrew Love Neff, History of Utah, 1847-1869, ed., Leland Hargrave Creer (Salt Lake City, 1940), 166-67.

3 Reta Latimer Halford, "Nauvoo — The City Beautiful, A historical, social and economic study," Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, X X I I I ( 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 4 6 ) , 4 1 .

4 Charles Lambert, "Journals [1844-1881]" ( C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Historian's Library, Salt Lake C i t y ) . T h e diary also indicates that in 1846 Lambert attended a feast of the printers in the home of President John Taylor, in Nauvoo, Illinois.

5 "Journal History" (L.D.S. Church Historian's Library), February 24, 1852.

Utah Labor

205

Kingdom of God," " T h e First Presidency," " T h e Twelve Apostles," " O u r Martyred Seer," and " T h e Body Typography." Heber C. Kimball, a counselor to Brigham Young, remarked that "There was n o t h i n g . . . which was inappropriate or unbecoming this occasion, on the contrary, order, simplicity, harmony, peace and the Spirit of God eminently characterized and pervaded the whole assembly." 6 T h e next year a union leader, James Bond, in addressing the Printers Union said, "Thus may we hope to acquit ourselves as skillful workmen, under our great head and Master Jesus Christ, directed by his Foreman [Brigham Young] on earth." 7 T h e following year, the foreman of the union at the anniversary of the Typographical Society of Deseret, said that the job of the Society's members was to "prepare a people for the Millennium." H e referred to "our Missionary operations" and attacked Mormon-haters. T h e reporter observed that " T h e Spirit of God was in our midst." 8 There can be little question of the unique nature of this society of printers. T h e printers' organization was quite active, for recorded in the "Journal History" are references to a "Printers' Festival" on January 22, 1853; a picnic for the "Printers of Deseret" on March 19,1853; an address to the "Typographical Society of Deseret" on March 7, 1854; and the first annual festival of the "Typographical Association of Deseret" on February 2, 1855. References 9 are made to other meetings and parties as late as 1869 when the Deseret Typographical Association, Local No. 115, by now affiliated with the international body, took its place in the Fourth of July parade. 1 0 T h e Local received its national charter on August 3, 1868, and has remained in continuous existence. 11 This Printers' Union demonstrates the evolutionary character of many unions of the period. T h e business unionism of the later decades of the nineteenth century often found its roots in the reform or uplift unionism of the first half of that century. However, as unionization proceeded, it was found necessary with the expansion of the markets to become affiliated with national organizations. This the printers accomplished in 1868.

For U t a h unions this trend proved troublesome, for the religious motiva6

Deseret News (Salt Lake City), February 28, 1852.

Ibid., January 22, 1853. s Ibid., M a r c h 16, 1854.

9 See "Journal History," July 3, August 3, September 6, October 4, 1855, February 8, February 22, 1856, July 15, July 16, 1859, February 1, February 14, 1862, April 9, 1869.

10 Deseret News, July 5, 1869.

11 Lee Scorup, "History of Organized Labor in U t a h " (Master's thesis, University of U t a h , Salt Lake City, 1935), 7-8.

7

Linotype machines composing room.

and operators

in the early 1900's in a Salt Lake City

newspaper

tion and controls would now suffer as the local union merged its interests with that of the national union. Local religious leaders would less and less be able to influence the decisions and actions of the union, naturally creating some apprehension on the part of the church leaders.

Early in the history of Utah it was recognized that disputes would arise between workers and their employers, and that some means of peaceful solution was essential. In 1852 the legislative assembly established a system whereby the mechanics of each county would elect 12 "Select men as Referees" to resolve disputes brought to them by mutual consent. While the decision of the arbitration board was to be final, it was not intended to take the place of the judicial power of the territory.12 This Mormon arbitration was not originated in Utah, but found its roots earlier in the ecclesiastical system of the Mormon Church. A nonMormon treatment of this system was given in 1886 by D. D. Lum. According to Lum, the church organization set up in 1834 to handle disputes among church members was essentially a system of arbitration with vari12

Neff, History of Utah, 195.

Utah Labor

207

ous levels of appeal. Should a dispute arise, the church members by mutual consent would take their dispute to the "Home Teachers." Appeal could then be made to the bishop and his counselors. The next step was an appeal to the stake high council and stake presidency, a council composed of 15 men. Final appeal could be made to the First Presidency of the church. 13 While the Territory of Utah established an arbitration system by law, the church system functioned independently. Lum quotes a letter from a church member of the period describing the church system and indicating its use in 1886.14 The unique interests of the workers other than the typographers were recognized rather early. At the Fourth of July parade of 1861, 30 or 40 groups of workers participated by lining up according to their trades. 15 It is not known whether or not these workers were organized into formal societies or guilds at that time, but the parade formation indicated a group consciousness which could easily evolve into formalized trade unions. The banners carried by some of the groups would seem to indicate some organization and union loyalty. The tin and coppersmiths carried a sign "True to the Constitution and Union." The carpenters and joiners broadcast that "Union is Strength." The coopers claimed that "United In These Bands We Stand." The painters and glaziers had emblazoned "United Painters," while the boot and shoemakers' banner read "May the True Sons of St. Crispin ever feel an interest in the soles of all mankind" and "May their craft ever be united, and true merit ever be appreciated."

The Typographical Association members announced themselves as "The Printers of Deseret." 16 Each of the groups of workers was led by an outstanding leader of that trade. These men also appeared to be rather prominent in the church.

The great bulk of them held either the office of high priest, seventy, or elder. Most of them came from the British Isles, with a smattering from the Northern States, both areas figuring prominently in the development of unionism.17 13 D. D . Lum, Social Problems of To-Day; or The Mormon Question in Its Economic Aspects . . . (Port Jervis, New York, 1886), 2 4 - 3 3 .

"Ibid., 3 0 - 3 1 .

18 "Journal History," July 5, 1861.

16 Ibid.

17 T h e reference noted in footnote 16 not only included the various groups of workers, but also the name of the m a n leading each group. Each of these men was checked in the L.D.S. Church, archives to discover whether or not he was a church member and to determine the extent of his church activity. Reference was found to all but three men. Almost all appear to have been active in the Mormon Church.

208

Utah Historical Quarterly

Workers were organized according to "Guilds or Trade Associations" in the Fourth of July parade in 1865.18 Again in the parade of 1869, it was reported that the "mechanics union" took part, as well as the Deseret Typographical Union Number 115 and many other groups carrying banners.19 The 1860's were trying years for labor. The Deseret News editorial of August 3, 1864, referring to the high prices of that year, inferred that a strike was imminent. The upshot was a convention called under church leadership to do something about prices. At this meeting labor representatives were allowed to express themselves, and out of it came a system of price regulation which evidently calmed the troubled waters. On February 1 of the following year, the newspaper reported that a sufficiency of breadstuff's protected laborers and mechanics from injustice and that conditions of work were improving.20 In 1866 high wages were a common complaint. William W. Riter, recently-returned missionary, in a letter sent to his former field of missionary labor, wrote that carpenters were earning from $5.00 to $10.00 a day depending on their abilities.21 It was felt that high wages made it difficult for Utah's production to compete with goods from other states and territories. This inability to compete meant that the people would purchase goods from Gentile importers,22 thus retarding the economic development of Mormondom. By 1869 there was so much concern that the School of the Prophets 23 took action to induce the mechanics to agree to a lowering of their wages. Brigham Young and other church leaders took an active interest in this movement.24 During this pioneering period when public works were constructed, workers were secured by requisitioning men through their respective bishops; official assignments were frequently made from the pulpit in Sunday meetings.25 This meant that the church played an important part in directing the work force.

18

"Journal History," July 5, 1865.

Ibid., July 5, 1869. T h e mechanics union was probably church oriented for it carried a banner, " H o m e Manufacture," at the time the pet economic development of Brigham Young.

However, the name of the union was typical of union movements. See Harold U . Faulkner, American Economic History (7th ed., New York, 1954), 302.

20 Deseret News, February 1, 1865.

21 "Journal History," September 17, 1866.

22 T r a d e was largely in the hands of non-Mormons at this time, and the problem was aggravated by a shortage of domestic goods in exchange.

23 An organization established by the church to look after the secular interests of Zion. See Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900 (Cambridge, 1958), 2 4 5 - 5 1 .

2 * "Journal History," July 3, 1869; Deseret News, J u n e 22, 1869.

25 Neff, History of Utah, 62.

19

Utah Labor

209 On June 6, 1877, the members of the St. George United Order organized. Under articles of agreement, the St. George Builders' Union â&#x20AC;&#x201D; representing the carpenters, joiners, cabinetmakers, turners, wagon makers, coopers, painters, masons, stone cutters, plasterers, quarrymen, brick and adobe makers, lime burners, and tending laborers â&#x20AC;&#x201D; formed to "promote our interests and those of the community." 26 Wages were to be fixed by the union.27 The disposition of any surplus of union receipts was to be made as directed by the union and the priesthood,28 no member having any claim to them.

Employees gathered in front of the Tribune Building located on 1st South and West Temple streets.

26 " J o u r n a l H i s t o r y , " J u n e 6, 1877. T h e articles were very similar to the articles of agreement drawn up by the farmers and entered into on July 20, 1877. See "Manuscript History of St. George" (L.D.S. Church Historian's Library), July 20, 1877.

27 I n a letter of instruction by Brigham Young to L. J. Nuttall on the functioning of the United O r d e r in K a n a b , U t a h , the church leader said, "You might have a rate of compensation fixed for day or job work, crediting each according to their desserts. This rate may be quite low, but when once fixed, all should sign an agreement to abide by it, a n d accept the prescribed rate as compensation in full for all labor performed by them in your organization. This rate may be fixed by common consent or a committee may be appointed for the purpose of assessing the rate to be allowed." See " M a n u s c r i p t H i s t o r y of St. G e o r g e , " for M a r c h 27, 1877.

28 T h e priesthood consisted of the adult male membership of the Mormon Church.

210

Utah Historical Quarterly

Only church members were allowed membership in the union,29 and all were required to sign the articles of agreement. Members could be expelled by a two-thirds vote for "acts detrimental or prejudicial to the interests of the union." The presiding officer (superintendent) was assisted by foremen over each department of work. All were elected to office by the union membership and were to hold office as long as willing to serve or until rejected by a two-thirds vote.

Each member agreed to allow the union officers to negotiate all contracts for work and to be controlled by the officers in his labor. Meetings were to be held as called, except that one was scheduled for June 1 of each year for the purpose of sustaining the leaders. Any five members could require the superintendent to call a meeting. The work day was held at 10 hours. Wages were to be credited for overtime â&#x20AC;&#x201D; but evidently at no premium rates. Intoxicating beverages were not to be consumed on the job.30 Most of the leaders in this organization were men who had been prominent in the construction of the church tabernacle and temple in St. George.31 Bishop Miles P. Romney, the son of Miles Romney, the general superintendent of construction on these church buildings,32 was elected the first superintendent of the union.33 It is not known how long the St. George Builders' Union remained in existence, but a news report in April of 1878 indicates that it had the contract for erecting a two-story building on a cotton farm 10 miles east of St. George.34 It is known that the local church leaders were actively interested in this development, for without their leadership the union could not have been formed by the United Order. At a stake conference of July 8, 1877, a counselor to the stake president, Henry Eyring, reported on the progress of the mechanics in uniting and felt that the farmers would so unite in the near future.35 The Silver Reef mining development nearby was booming at this time, and the union of craftsmen and proposed union of farmers could 29

A type of closed union.

"Journal History," J u n e 10, 1877.

31 Albert E. Miller, Immortal Pioneers, Founders of the City of St. George, Utah (St. George, 1946), 151.

32 N . B. Lundwall, Temples of the Most High (Salt Lake City, 1949), 88.

33 "Journal History," J u n e 10, 1877. There is some confusion concerning father and son.

A Miles Romney led the carpenters and joiners in the Fourth of July parade in 1861. A Miles Romney was superintendent of the woodworkers on the St. George Temple and Tabernacle. This m a n died May 3, 1877. O n J u n e 6, 1877, Miles P. Romney was the first to sign the union articles of agreement. O n July 8, 1877, the latter was mentioned as the bishop of the St. George First Ward. See "Manuscript History of St. George" for these dates.

34 Deseret News, April 18, 1878.

35 Ibid., July 8, 1877. T h e farmers did unite July 20, 1877. See ibid., July 20, 1877.

30

Utah Labor

211

have been sponsored in order to have the advantage of a union in dealing with that Gentile community.

The famous Silver Reef mining area 36 was developed toward the end of the 1870's. A number of claims had come under the ownership and control of the Stormont Mining and Milling Company, an eastern corporation. In 1880 the company announced a cut in dividends, and the stockholders insisted on wage cuts. The miners organized a union, probably local, with about 300 members. When, on February 1, 1881, the miners were given notice of a cut in wages, they went on strike. After a month approximately 60 men, under the now obscure Jim Fitzsimmons, ordered the head of the company's operations at Silver Reef, Colonel W. I. Allen, to leave the camp. The exiled company head journeyed to Beaver, where the federal district court was situated, and asked for an investigation. The authorities acted, and upon the findings of a federal grand jury indictments were issued against some 40 miners, and orders for their arrest were given to U.S. Marshal Arthur Pratt. Pratt called on Sheriff A. P. Hardy, of Washington County, to assist with a posse. A force of 25 men, mostly Mormons, was raised including county attorney and church leader, Anthony W. Ivins. Thirty-six men were placed under arrest. This action broke the strike, and the mines reopened with inexperienced workers at less pay.37 The 1870's mark a breaking point in the relationship between worker organizations and the Mormon Church. There is no reason to believe that there was any strong antagonism to that point. In fact the evidence would seem to indicate a compatibility. Previous to the entry of railroads and miners, the population was very homogeneous, practically all Mormon, and the church leaders maintained considerable influence over the fledgling labor organizations. The imminent strike in 1864 for higher wages induced by high prices had been averted by the intervention of church leaders. The Gentile invasion was yet to come, and there was still confidence that Utah was a sanctuary for church members who largely came from the oppressed agricultural and industrial classes. The church leaders, expressing themselves through the Deseret News, were certain that in the church and its politico-economic institutions was the answer to the social and economic evils which had become a part of capitalism.

36 T h e Silver Reef population was largely Gentile, as the M o r m o n C h u r c h leaders strongly discouraged mining for precious metals by members at this time. However, enough Mormons lived in Silver Reef to w a r r a n t holding church services in rented quarters.

37 M a r k A. Pendleton, "Memories of Silver Reef," Utah Historical Quarterly, I I I (October, 1930), 9 9 - 1 1 8 .

212

Utah Historical Quarterly Throughout the world there is a struggle for power and supremacy between capital and labor. Capital seeks to have labor helplessly in its power, tied hand and foot, so to speak, and entirely subservient to its will And labor, to find an equality, resorts to every means in its power to successfully combat capital. . . .

A result of this is class combinations. Capitalists unite together to make terms for the laborer. Workmen form societies and demand terms from the employer.. . . . . . The gospel has to remove the cause of every existing wrong, to heal up the wounds of society, to introduce correct feeling, brotherly love, . . . We are looking for a day . . . when the order of Enoch shall be established . . . when . . . the Saints shall be "equal in . . . earthly things . . . for the obtaining of heavenly [things]. . . ." (Doc. and Cov., page 235) . . .

Capital must deal by labor, as it would wish to be done by . . . and labor must learn to act in the same manner. 38

However, with the 1870's railroad workers and miners came in seemingly never ending waves. These workers had a great propensity to organize into unions â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the railroad workers into craft-oriented unions and the miners into industrial-type unions. In addition other workers were attracted to the territory not by religion but by the high wages which prevailed. These workers were largely Gentile, while the earlier immigrants had been mostly Mormons. The Gentiles congregated in Salt Lake City, while the Mormons dispersed to take up land. The great relative increase in non-Mormons resulted in a dilution of church influence which culminated in the loss by Mormons of political control of Salt Lake City and County in the early 1890's.

The polyglot Noble Order of the Knights of Labor, which formed nationally in 1869, probably got its start in Utah in the late 1870's or early 1880's. By 1888 membership in this federation of unions reached a peak of about 1,100 or 1,200 in the territory.39 In its early years the Knights were a secret organization. The onus of this secrecy was to provide problems for the relationship between the Mormon Church and unionism.40 It must be remembered that the Mormon leaders were fighting to preserve the church against the onslaught of antiMormon politicians, clergymen, and reformers who were dedicated to the 38

Deseret News, May 27, 1868.

Edward L. Christensen, " T h e Development and Status of the U t a h Industrial Council" (Master's thesis, University of U t a h , 1939), 2 1 , 55-67.

40 This secrecy likewise provided problems for unionists in the Catholic Church. It was only after Cardinal Gibbons of Baltimore had personally convinced Pope Leo X I I I that the secrecy was for protection of workingmen against anti-union businessmen rather than the undermining of the Catholic Church that the Pope's famous Rerum Novarum, favoring the unionization of workers, was issued. See Edward Wight Bakke, Unions, Management and the Public (New York, 1960), 599.

39

Utah Labor

213

destruction of the church and its influence. "Outsiders" were feared. Early in 1886 the editors of the Deseret News advised the Saints not to become members of any secret society or "worldly entanglements" including the Knights. 41 Later that year the Knights retaliated by passing a resolution excluding from membership anyone who believed in plural marriage, which, of course, eliminated the Mormons. The Deseret News reacted saying, T h e r e may be a few stragglers professing to be members of the church w h o have identified themselves with the movement thus far, b u t doubtless they could almost be counted on the fingers. A n d even they are probably of doubtful faith and standing.

A reply was made in the same issue of the paper (an indication that someone working for the News had access to the editorial before publication) . The reply was signed anonymously by "Vindex" who averred that there were many church members associated with the Knights. He went on to enunciate the principles of the Knights, many of which the Deseret News supported in reply. In addition Vindex informed the editors that forces within the Knights had been able to eliminate the anti-Mormon resolution, an evidence of the probable numerical importance of active Mormons in that organization.42 While the waters were calmed, the church leaders undoubtedly remained skeptical of this outside organization with which many church members had become associated and over which they had little direct influence.

At the same time that the Knights began their activity, the carpenters in Salt Lake City organized a local of the Amalgamated Carpenters, with international headquarters in Manchester, England. Very little is known about this union, but it is probable that its members, at least in part, were convert immigrants from the British Isles.43 Thousands of Saints had immigrated to Utah from Britain in the preceding decade, and it is highly probable that some of these were already union men.44 Continued church influence in outlying areas is shown by the action of the coal miners of Pleasant Valley in the southeastern corner of Utah County in 1883. They engaged in a strike, indicating some form of organization. A. O. Smoot, the stake president of the area, visited the valley 41

Deseret News, May 10, 1886.

Ibid., September 8, 1886.

43 Scorup, "Organized Labor in Utah," 10.

44 For example Miles Romney, who led the carpenters in the Fourth of July parade in 1861, was from Dalton, Lancashire, England.

42

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Utah Labor

215

and induced the men to return to work. Several "hostile strikers" were arrested for "intimidating their fellows." 45 It is possible that the strikers, at least in large numbers, were church members over whom Smoot presided.46 This would account for his influence in settling the strike. The feeling between Gentiles and Mormons was antagonistic at this time, and it is doubtful that Smoot could have induced other than church members to return to work.

The plasterers of Salt Lake were organized into a union by 1884.47 In that same year the plumbers of the city engaged in a strike, evidence of the fact they had been previously organized.48 The brewery workers and cigar makers of the city were organized sometime prior to 1887. The Typographical Union, which had continued its existence in Salt Lake City, had made sufficient headway in Ogden by 1887 to organize a local there. 49 By 1889 unionization had developed to the extent that there were 20 local unions in Salt Lake City, 14 of which were organized into a central body since the Federated Trades had deserted the Knights as they sank into oblivion. All union members were not satisfied with this conglomeration of locals, and in January of 1893 the Building Trades Congress was organized to handle the interests of construction workers more effectively.

It was started at a most unpropitious time, since the nationwide depression of 1893-94 hit Utah full force. In December of 1894 the Congress was dissolved and along with it the Federated Trades which had remained in existence.50 During this period the railroaders of the state became organized into the four Railroad Brotherhoods. The first local, Perseverance Lodge No. 68 of the Brotherhood of Firemen, was organized in 1882 at Ogden, Utah's rail center. By 1894 locals of all four independent Brotherhoods had been established in the territory. In that same year the Brotherhoods unfortunately became involved in a strike in sympathy with Eugene V. Debs's American Railway Union which was engaged in an abortive nationwide 45

The Latter-day Saints' Millennial Star, XLV (Liverpool, England, 1883), 174.

A branch of the church existed in Pleasant Valley at the time of the strike.

47 "Journal History," February 9, 1884.

48 Ibid., September 6, 1884.

49 Scorup, "Organized Labor in Utah," 10â&#x20AC;&#x201D;11.

"Ibid., 12-17.

46

The first known union in Utah was the Printers Union in Salt Lake City. The International Typographical Union No. 115, known originally as the Deseret Typographical Union, received its national charter on August 3, 1868, and will soon celebrate its centennial.

Salt Lake T r i b u n e composing

room in 1913.

strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company. However, they were defeated.51 In a number of areas during the 1880's, workers succeeded in reducing the hours of work from 10 to 8,52 a highly progressive step for that day.

However, it was easy to undercut the agreements for such hours in periods of considerable business activity. By 1892 sufficient undercutting had taken place that the unions using political influence were able to have an ordinance outlawing work in excess of eight hours passed by the Salt Lake City Commission. However, the mayor vetoed the ordinance, and the workers were left without effective relief.53 The forces existing to prevent a complete rupture between the Mormon Church and Utah unions can be seen in the Salt Lake County elections in August of 1890. In the election of that year there were three political parties â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the Peoples party (Mormon), the Liberal party (anti-Mormon), and the Independent Workingmen's party. Whitney reports that before the February elections of that year, the Liberals, to obtain the support of the workingmen, had promised Salt Lake City work to Salt Lake City workmen, but had not followed through, giving jobs instead to imported "hobos." The Independent Workingmen were reported to have decided to put up an independent ticket for the Salt Lake County offices, to be voted on in August. The workers waited for the Liberal party convention, but were dissatisfied with the nominees. On July 25, 1890, they formed an organization, adopted a platform, passed resolutions, and nominated a ticket. On the following day the Peoples party met in convention and, with only one exception, accepted the ticket of the Workingmen's party. However, the alliance was unable to prevent the Liberals from taking most of the county offices.54 This was the only known formation of a 51

Ibid., 12.

Ibid., 10-11.

53 Deseret News, August 27, 1892.

M Orson F. Whitney, History of Utah (4 vols., Salt Lake City, 1892-1904), III, 716-19.

52

Utah Labor

217

political party by the unions of Utah. In name, at least, there was a kinship to the Workingmen's party of the early 1800's, America's first laborsponsored political party.55 Its demise was in keeping with the non-political orientation of the American Federation of Labor which came to dominate the labor movement in both Utah and the nation.

While the political difficulties of 1890 created a partnership between the Mormon Church and unionism, it was a tenuous one. The conflict of ideologies which are apparently inherent to each was too strong. Consistently the church leaders had been opposed to compulsory unionism while the majority of union members and leaders were convinced that they needed this weapon to remain in existence. In addition the Mormons, long-time victims of mob violence, were distrustful of union strikes which, in the late 1880's, ended in violence and destruction. However, while they disliked strikes, union members and leaders were just as convinced that strikes were sometimes a necessary display of the power of the union.

Finally the church and its leaders, both general and local, exercised not only spiritual leadership but in addition were intimately involved in the economic affairs of the community as employers of labor. As such they could not help but be involved in differences of opinion with workers over wages, hours, and working conditions. The unions, representing the workers, thus came into direct conflict with church leaders. To the latter it appeared that this conflict was rebellion against constituted church authority. Such rebellion had historically resulted in mass apostasy from the church, something the leaders could not look upon without concern.

On the other hand American labor leaders in general had become convinced that unions must be independent from ideological controls exercised by both political and religious leaders.

Utah achieved statehood in 1896, and with its birth as a state came a rebirth of unionism which had been almost destroyed by the onslaught of the depression in 1893-94. The decimation of unions had followed the national pattern, though local union leaders may have blamed the Mormon Church. With each depression unionism had been weakened while with each period of prosperity, it had generally prospered. Utah proved to be no exception. Utah unionism, with help from the American Federation of Labor, Railroad Brotherhoods, and several internationals, was to bounce back with renewed vigor.

Stephen J. Mueller, Labor Law and Legislation

(San Francisco, 1956), 36.

WINSOR CASTLE: MORMON FRONTIER FORT AT PIPE SPRING

by Robert W. Olsen, Jr.

..*,

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*&'V| -

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\xcl* ....•

There was always pressure on the leaders of the L.D.S. Church to move people from the more populous parts of Utah, such as Salt Lake City, to more distant virgin areas of the Great Basin and adjacent regions.

As the stream of immigrant-converts came down Emigration Canyon, they had to be taken care of. Farming and grazing land were limited, and new land had to be taken up and exploited. Salt Lake was like a hub in a wheel of colonization in which the Mormon people, compelled by free land and by religious motives moved from the center to the rim.

Pipe Spring was on the periphery of the wheel in the 1860's. It is located 50 miles east and south of Hurricane, Utah, and 20 miles south and west of Kanab, U t a h â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 10 miles across the Arizona border. This Mr. Olsen is park historian at Pipe Spring National Monument. T h e photographs of Pipe Spring were furnished the author by James Keeler of the College of Southern Utah, Cedar City.

The artist sketch of the fort was furnished by Edna Spendlove, K a n a b , U t a h .

A visiting Frenchman, Alb Tissard, sketched this view of Pipe Spring in 1881. This scene looks toward the southwest.

The small shacks in the foreground were constructed prior to the fort and were living quarters while the fort was being built. This is the only picture of the fort showing the arches over the doors and the doors intact.

220

Utah Historical Quarterly

spring was found by a group of missionaries led by Jacob Hamblin in 1858 as they journeyed toward the Hopi Indians, whom they hoped to convert to the Mormon faith.

James M. Whitmore, who was called on the Cotton Mission to St. George, followed the trail explored by the Indian missionaries and built a dugout by Pipe Spring where he established a ranch. By the spring of 1865, he had built a corral, fenced 11 acres, planted fruit trees and grape vines, and was milking 50 cows.1 But Whitmore's efforts were short-lived. In the fall of 1865, the Navajo Indians began crossing the Colorado River at the Crossing of the Fathers in small raiding parties to drive off stock from the ranches of the Long Valley-Pipe Spring area. When Whitmore and his herder, Robert Mclntyre, came to Pipe Spring from St. George to get Whitmore's stock, they were killed by the Navajos and the stock stolen.

In April of 1866 Robert, Joseph, and Isabella Berry were killed near Short Creek (present-day Colorado City), Arizona â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 25 miles west of Pipe Spring. These killings led the military-ecclesiastical authorities at St. George to order evacuation of the area to prevent more killings. During the summer of 1866 the present sites of Kanab, Alton, Glendale, and Mt. Carmel were abandoned.

Navajos continued to raid southern Utah and the Arizona Strip for four years, running off about 2,500 head of stock. The Utah Territorial Militia pursued, but seldom caught, the raiders. In the spring of 1870, Brigham Young and a group of his associates visited this evacuated area.

They decided that it could be resettled, and shortly thereafter settlement was begun.

Anson Perry Winsor, formerly of Provo and Grafton, arrived at Pipe Spring early in 1870. His part in the reoccupation was to raise cattle and make cheese. He moved into the Whitmore dugout, built in 1863, and a rock house constructed by the Utah Territorial Militia.

The water of Pipe Spring and the high grass nearby were ideal for ranching. E. G. Woolley, an adjutant of a Utah Territorial Militia unit chasing Navajos, wrote on February 27, 1869, while resting at Pipe Spring, This is the best stock range in this Southern Country. [ T h e country] west from here 30 miles or m o r e is a sea of grass, a n d r u n n i n g northeast from here thirty miles the same. 2 1 "Journal History" (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Historian's Library, Salt Lake C i t y ) , May 28, 1865.

2 C. Gregory Crampton and David E. Miller, eds., "Journal of T w o Campaigns by the U t a h Territorial Militia Against the Navajo Indians, 1869," Utah Historical Quarterly, X X I X (April, 1961), 154.

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The last raid of the Navajos had been in November of 1869, so when Brigham Young and his party were at Pipe Spring on September 11, 1870, they laid out a fort for the protection of the Anson P. Winsor family.3 The fort was to be . . . 152 feet long and 66 feet wide, the wall next to the bluff 30 feet high, with two-story dwellings inside and the wall on the lower side 20 feet high, with milk rooms etc.4

These dimensions were not the final ones, but the fort was constructed in general on these specifications over the spring.5 At the close of the Pipe Spring-Kanab tour, Brigham Young and his party journeyed to St. George. Here arrangements were made with Elizabeth Whitmore, widow of James Whitmore, for the purchase of Pipe Spring and improvements. Mrs. Whitmore accepted Winsor Castle Stock Growing Company stock to the extent of $1,000 for her property. Machinery was set in motion to obtain the crews necessary to construct the 3 Robert G. Cleland and Juanita Brooks, eds., A Mormon Chronicle: The Diaries of John D. Lee, 1848-1876 (2 vols., San Marino, 1955), I I , 141.

4 Deseret News (Salt Lake City), October 24, 1870. Letter from Joseph W. Young to Horace S. Eldredge informing Eldredge he was to be architect of the fort.

5 "Journal History," September 17, 1870.

Looking through the big doors of the fort into the courtyard. This view is from east to west.

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fort. T h e small evidence available indicates construction of the fort was financed in different ways â&#x20AC;&#x201D; by tithing supplies (individuals donating materials or labor at the building site) and by L.D.S. Church funds being paid directly to the workmen as wages.

Materials were gathered from various places. T h e Pipe Spring country abounds with good building stone. Lumber was cut by a steampowered saw about 30 miles north of Kanab. 6 Shakes were rived at the site of the mill. Nails were imported by railroad from the East to Salt Lake City and brought to Pipe Spring by wagon. 7 T h e hardware for the fort was made by a blacksmith at the fort site from scrap iron and iron from the East.

T h e rock of which the fort is constructed came from the talus of the ridge north and west of the fort. T h e Averett brothers, who lived at Washington, Utah, in the late 1860's and early 1870's, were the rock masons who worked on the fort. Both h a d worked on the construction of the cotton factory at Washington and many other stone buildings in Utah Territory. At the time they were called to work on the fort, Elisha Averett was at Washington and Elijah 8 was in Salt Lake City working on the L.D.S. Temple.

Both Elisha and Elijah were at Pipe Spring January 20, 1871, when J o h n D. Lee passed through. 9 Elisha returned to Washington some time during the winter, but Elijah remained at Pipe Spring until the fort was 0 T h e sawmill north of K a n a b is in itself an interesting illustration of one of the methods of Mormon colonization. It was steam-powered, piston-driven with a large round blade. It belonged to Brigham Young, and he broached the sale of it to the newly ordained bishop of Kanab, Levi Stewart, on September 9, 1870, while he was on his trip to K a n a b and Pipe Spring. According to John D. Lee, Brigham Young wanted the mill "to cut up lumber for the building up of those Setlements upon the principle of cooperation & that the Mill was already on the way." After some bargaining about prices and percentages, Lee says, "So we drew u p an agreement to the effect (EI) Prest. Young should deliver the Mill, Saws, files & oil at the Timber in Good running condition on the waggons; & to keep it supplied with Saws, oil, & files while we run it, for the 4th of the Lumber that it cuts, or to buy the Mill out & out for $3000 in Lumber &c."

Lee went with Brigham Young west from Pipe Spring, sold out his holdings in New Harmony, and was back in the K a n a b area in October. He found the mill 30 miles north of Kanab at Skutumpah. Lee had trouble making arrangements for its operation, but the crew finally got it going October 27 and almost blew themselves up with an overheated boiler. Next day they damaged the mandrel and that shut down operations. T h a t was only the start of trouble. During the winter someone left water in the cylinder, and with the advent of cold weather the cylinder burst.

Needless to say, the company of Young, Lee, and Stewart went in the hole. Lee sold out, and the mill was purchased by the Stewarts. I n the winter of 1872â&#x20AC;&#x201D;73, the mill was moved to the mountains south of K a n a b . But before this Lee reports that he shipped 1.500 feet of lumber to "Bishop Windsor, Pipe Springs." Most of the rough-sawed, random-width lumber in the fort was cut by Lee during the winter of 1870-71. Cleland and Brooks, A Mormon Chronicle, 140, 158.

7 Leonard J. Arrington, The Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900 (Cambridge, 1958), 110, 270-72. s This man had an unusual interest in his work at Pipe Spring since his son, Elijah Averett, Jr., was killed by Indians in 1866. The canyon where he died now bears his name. C. Gregory Crampton, ed., "Military Reconnaissance in Southern U t a h , 1866," U.H.Q., 32 (Spring, 1964), 152.

9 Cleland and Brooks, A Mormon Chronicle, 156.

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completed in the spring of 1872. Perhaps the chisel cuts that show on the face of some of the building stone in the fort are due to Elijah's knowledge of stone cutting methods used on the granite to construct the Salt Lake Temple.

Pipe Spring gushed out near the end of the east side of a ridge running north into the main body of the Vermilion Cliffs. The builders had to cut back into the ridge to bring the spring inside the fort. Several hundred yards northwest of the spring were a great many large, natural slabs of red sandstone. The workmen constructed a road over the backbone of the ridge to the stone. They cut the stone into manageable sizes and moved it on a stone-boat pulled by an old mule to the building site.10 As the walls of the fort went up, the construction crew had to build the road farther along the talus to usable stone. Reject rock and spall were the foundation for the road.

Near the building site the rock was cut into the sizes and shapes needed and faced. The finished blocks of red sandstone were put into the building by using scaffolds and a block and tackle. Lime for the mortar was brought from Pocketville or Virgin, Utah. 11 The lime was burned in a kiln, the remains of which are 200 yards west of the fort.

Joseph L. Hopkins, blacksmith, probably spent as much time during the building of the fort keeping the bits of the masons sharp as he did making hardware. He was a highly skilled, inventive man who worked at Pipe Spring as both carpenter and blacksmith. Before working on the fort, he lived at Virgin, Utah, and when the fort was finished he moved to Glendale, where he lived the remainder of his life.

Anson P. Winsor was also a skilled carpenter and cabinetmaker. He and Joseph Hopkins probably did the woodwork in the fort. Joseph W. Young was the architect and John R. Young the timekeeper. There were many other members skilled in building trades who worked on the fort at various times â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Alonzo Winsor says as many as 20 or 30.12 The rock houses, one to the east and one to the west of the fort, were constructed before the fort and used as living quarters for the builders.

Other workmen lived in the Whitmore dugout, in tents, or in wagon boxes.

The Winsors were anxious to move from the rock house into the fort, so as soon as the bottom story of the lower (south) house was completed, they moved into one part and used the other as a cellar. From the first, 10 U.S., Department of Interior, National Park Service, Leonard Heaton, "Some Early History of Pipe Spring National Monument," Southwest Monuments Monthly Report for April, 1936 (Coolidge, Arizona, 1936), 302.

11 Ibid.

12 Ibid.

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The roof or ceiling of the north porch of the fort.

Note the random-width lumber and the saw marks on the wood. This lumber was probably cut by John D. Lee at his sawmill at Skutumpah.

water ran t h r o u g h the cellar from the spring, which was 40 feet to the north up the ridge from the fort. T h e upper building faced the lower and was built so that the spring was inside it. T h e Winsors later moved into the upper building, turning their former home and cellar into a cheese factory. 13 Anson Winsor was in Salt Lake City on August 30, 1871, to bring a cheese vat to Pipe Spring. This establishes the completion date of the upper building and the cheese factory. 14 From the amount of plastering that was d o n e in the fort d u r i n g the years 1874-76, 15 it is a good guess that until then the fair ladies who lived there existed within barren rock walls with bare beams over their heads. They walked on random-width, tongue-and-groove wooden floors â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a pleasure after the dirt floors of the outbuildings.

T h e fort was well on its way to completion by December of 1871. 16 In April 13

Ibid.

Herbert E. Gregory, ed., "Diary of Almon Harris Thompson," U.H.Q., V I I (January, April, July, 1939), 129. la "Winsor Castle Stock Growing Co., Ledger B, 1873-[1800]," expense accounts for 1874-1876 (microfilm, U t a h State Historical Society).

10 Gregory, "Diary of A. H . Thompson," U.H.Q., V I I , 130.

14

One of the 21 firing ports in the walls of the fort.

Of interest are the chisel marks in the rock and the original lime mortar.

Pipe Spring

225

1872, when men of the Powell Survey were at Pipe Spring, the fort was finished except for the big doors in the outer wall. The fort was not completed to the full 152 by 66 feet suggested by Joseph W. Young and A. M. Musser. At present it measures 60 by 40 feet. Sometime during the construction, the builders or Brigham Young and his advisors decided to cut back over two-thirds of the original dimensions. Possibly this decision was made because the Navajos did not raid during the early period of the construction. It was completed as a fort because the Mormons thought that there was the possibility of an Indian uprising again.

As finished, the fort is typical of Mormon forts in that the houses face one another across the courtyard. It is not typical in that the houses are two stories high. The building on the higher elevation was constructed so that it would be as far away from the ridge as possible and yet have the spring inside. But the building went so far into the ridge that there was no back wall, necessitating a second story in order to have a portion of wall from which to fight in case of attack. The houses that face one another are of a type that can be found in older sections of most towns in Utah. 17 The fort at Pipe Spring was called Winsor Castle almost from the start because the Winsor18 family can trace their lineage to some of the builders of Windsor Castle in England. The name Winsor Castle Stock Growing Company was given to the company formed in January 1873 on the basis of the L.D.S. Church cattle herd at Pipe Spring. From the time A. P. Winsor arrived at Pipe Spring in early 1870 until the formation of the company, he had been superintendent of the L.D.S. Church herd for southern Utah. In this position he received $1,200 a year. From the time of the formation of the company until he left, he received $3,500 a year.

From this amount he paid himself, the members of his family working for him, four hired men, and a hired woman.19 Brigham Young was president of the Board of Directors of the Winsor Castle Company. He subscribed $10,000 as Trustee in Trust for the L.D.S. Church and $2,350 for himself as an individual. Winsor subscribed $3,000, which probably represented his labor from 1870 to 1873.20 There were other men who subscribed in terms of hundreds of dollars.

Thus the herd was turned into a company primarily owned by the Mormon Church. Some people claim that the company was formed specifically to provide food for workers on the St. George Temple, and there is some 17

T h e Jacob Hamblin home in Santa Clara is of this type.

At some time during their family history the Winsors dropped the " d " from their name.

19 "Journal History," February 15, 1873.

20 Ibid.

18

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evidence to support this idea. But the dividends paid by the company were very high, which is hardly compatible with providing food for the temple workers. In 1873 the company owned 450 head of cattle and 10 horses.

By 1880 it owned 2,400 head of cattle and 160 horses. 21 Edwin Dilworth Woolley, then U t a h territorial legislator and president of K a n a b Stake of the L.D.S. Church, was manager of the ranch during the 1880's. One of his wives, Flora Snow Woolley, lived at Pipe Spring. According to Woolley family tradition, Mrs. Woolley felt trapped inside the fort and h a d her husband tear down the big doors and arches.

While the Woolleys were at the ranch, the first trees that now give Pipe Spring National Monument an oasis-like atmosphere, were planted.

Woolley had ponds m a d e south of the fort as catchments for the spring water. T h e rock that went into the walls of the ponds possibly came from the arches above the gates and the wall that ran up the ridge in back (north) of the fort. Later the arches and doors were restored to their former condition by the National Park Service.

I n 1888 the ranch at Pipe Spring was sold by the L.D.S. Church to B. F. Saunders. It passed through the hands of a series of private owners until 1923, when through the efforts of Stephen Mather, first director of the National Park Service, and Charles Heaton, part-owner of the ranch, Pipe Spring was proclaimed part of the national park system by President W a r r e n G. Harding.

Today the restored fort stands as a monument to the individuals who first settled this area. Visitors can see for themselves living conditions of pioneers who m a d e their home in this lonely, desolate country and marvel at the ingenuity and tenacity of the men and women who gave up the comforts of civilization to settle a wilderness.

21

"Winsor Castle . . . Co., Ledger B," stock account.

The fort was built into the ridge in order to bring the spring inside so that would have water in case of Indian attack.

settlers

A N UNHALLOWED GATHERING: The Impact of Defense Spending on Utah's Population Growth, 1 9 4 0 - 1 9 6 4

by J a m e s L. Clayton

Not since the Mormon "pure in heart" fled out of Babylon and gathered to Zion has Utah seen such profound population changes as in recent years. From 1940 to 1964, the year Utah's population reached an estimated 1 million persons, the Beehive State added 450,000 new residents.

This represents a rate of growth of 65 per cent, or more than double the per cent increase of the previous 23 years.1 It is widely assumed that there has been a direct connection between Utah's recent rapid population growth and federal defense spending in this state, but to date no one has attempted empirically to test this belief.

It seems altogether fitting therefore to focus careful attention on this subject, not simply because defense spending has pushed Utah from a small state to a middle-sized state, but more because Utah's experience may be directly relevant to an understanding of significant aspects of the whole dynamic westward movement since 1940.

Dr. Clayton is assistant professor of history, University of U t a h . I n the fall of 1966, he will assume a teaching position for a year at D a r t m o u t h College, New Hampshire.

Research for this paper was assisted in part by funds from the U t a h State University Research Council under a project administered by Professor Leonard J. Arrington, D e p a r t m e n t of Economics, whose suggestions were of great help in preparation of this article. Equally helpful were Sherrill Neville, chairman of the U t a h Population Work Committee, and Professors George Jensen, U t a h State University, and Alfred Cave, University of U t a h , who, of course, share no responsibility for the results.

This article, in slightly different form, was presented before the U t a h Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters in the fall of 1964.

1 University of U t a h , Bureau of Economic and Business Research, A Statistical Abstract of Utah's Economy 1964 (Salt Lake City, 1964), 3.

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Before one can measure the impact of defense spending on a given region, however, one must first determine its magnitude. This is no simple task. There are, for example, no available data on federal defense procurement expenditures before 1951, although payroll statistics by state for Department of Defense ( D O D ) civilians go back at least to 1939.2 In recent years, however, payrolls represented less than half of the total defense budget. 3 Nor do procurement data subsequent to 1951 offer any direct indication as to the state in which the contracted work is actually done. 4 Subcontracting is not reported for instance, and the final figures represent where the product is assembled, not where production occurs.

T h e uselessness of these defense expenditure data should be particularly obvious to Utahns. As every resident knows, this state experienced a sharp cutback in defense employment during the fall of 1963. 5 What is not generally known is that during this same period prime defense contract procurements in U t a h were higher by $110 million than for any previous period. 6 Obviously, defense expenditures data can be misleading.

A better method of measuring the magnitude of defense spending in a given area is to determine the number of jobs directly related to defense spending. Here again there is no indisputably accurate way of measuring defense employment and especially indirect defense employment, 7 but this is not necessary in order to see the impact of defense spending on population growth. Sometimes personal income data are considered more informative than employment data, but these data are not broken down 2 U.S., Department of Defense, Military Prime Contract Awards by State, Fiscal Years 1951-1963 (Washington, D . C , 1963). D O D civilian payroll data for U t a h are available in raw form at the U t a h State Department of Employment Security.

3 From 1951 to 1963, $576 billion was spent on national defenses of which $306 billion or 53 per cent was spent for procurement actions. Cf. U.S., [1964] Economic Report of the President . . . (Washington, D . C , 1964), 2 7 5 ; and U.S., Congress, Joint Economic Committee, Impact of Military and Related Civilian Supply and Service Activities on the Economy, 88th Cong., 2d Sess., 1964, p. 1.

4 U.S., Department of Defense, The Changing Patterns of Defense Procurement (Washington, D . C , 1962), Foreword.

5 "Utah's Million Population," Utah Economic and Business Review, 24 (October, 1964), 5, which attributes the loss of 3,400 manufacturing jobs from 1963 to 1964 to missile industry cutbacks.

G D O D , Military Prime Contract Awards, 15; and fiscal 1964 quarterly reports on defense contracts, D O D , Office of the Secretary of Defense.

7 Scholars differ widely on what constitutes direct defense employment. George A. Steiner, National Defense and Southern California, 1961â&#x20AC;&#x201D;1970 (Los Angeles, 1961), 85, believes two indirect defense jobs are created for every direct defense job. Charles M. Tiebout, "The Regional Impact of Defense Expenditures: Its Measurement and Problems of Adjustment," contained in U.S., Senate, Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, subcommittee report entitled Convertability of Space and Defense Resources to Civilian Needs: A Search for New Employment Potentials, 88th Cong., 2d Sess., 1964, p. 808, believes four is a better figure. In nondefense industries the figure .65 is often cited, but there is little really sound evidence for any of these estimates.

Defense Spending

and Population

229

sufficiently to measure what is attributable to defense spending and what is not.

Since there is no defense sector in the standard industrial classification, each student of this subject must, in effect, determine for himself which jobs are defense related and which are not. Basically, however, there is general agreement among scholars as to what to include for recent years. 8 Obviously all employees of the D O D working in U t a h would be included. So should all employees in the ordnance and accessory and aircraft and parts industries. T h e latter is the trade name for Utah's missile employment and includes virtually nothing else. There is also precedent for including half of all electronic components and accessories employees in Utah. 9 This is probably a conservative percentage, for some authorities in other states feel that 65 per cent of all electrical machinery workers is a more proper ratio. 10 For the years prior to 1952 the problem is more difficult. Standard industrial classifications of insured industries in U t a h during the 1940's do not allow a careful breakdown of defense employment. Consequently, we have included average annual figures for the Remington Arms Company and all other war production manufacturing firms as well as two8 For representative studies on U t a h defense industries see Lawrence Nabers and Jewell J. Rasmussen, Employment and Population Analysis and Projections Salt Lake Metropolitan Area, Utah and the United States (Salt Lake City, 1962) ; Lawrence Nabers and Jewell J. Rasmussen, Employment and Population Analysis and Projections Ogden Metropolitan Area, Utah and the United States (Salt Lake City, 1963) ; Leonard J. Arrington and Jon G. Perry, "Utah's Spectacular Missiles Industry: Its History and Impact," Utah Historical Quarterly, X X X (Winter, 1962), 3 - 3 9 ; Leonard J. Arrington and Thomas G. Alexander, "They K e p t ' E m Rolling: T h e Tooele Army Depot, 1942-1962," ibid., 31 (Winter, 1963), 3 - 2 5 ; Leonard J. Arrington and Archer L. Durham, "Anchors Aweigh in U t a h : T h e U . S . Naval Supply Depot at Clearfield, 1942-1962," ibid., 31 (Spring, 1963), 109—26; Leonard J. Arrington and Thomas G. Alexander, "World's Largest Military Reserve: Wendover Air Force Base, 1941-63," ibid., 31 (Fall, 1963), 3 2 4 - 3 5 ; Leonard J. Arrington and Thomas G. Alexander, "Sentinels on the Desert: T h e Dugway Proving Ground (1942-1963) and Deseret Chemical Depot ( 1 9 4 2 - 1 9 5 5 ) , " ibid., 32 (Winter, 1964), 3 2 4 3 ; Leonard J. Arrington and Thomas G. Alexander, "Supply H u b of the West: Defense Depot Ogden, 1941-1964," ibid., 32 (Spring, 1964), 9 9 - 1 2 1 ; Leonard J. Arrington, Thomas G. Alexander, and Eugene A. Erb, Jr., "Utah's Biggest Business: Ogden Air Materiel Area at Hill Air Force Base, 1938-1965," ibid., 33 (Winter, 1965), 9 - 3 3 ; Thomas G. Alexander and Leonard J. Arrington, "Utah's First Line of Defense: T h e U t a h National Guard and Camp W. G. Williams, 1926-1965," ibid., 33 (Spring, 1965), 1 4 1 - 5 6 ; Thomas G. Alexander, "Ogden's 'Arsenal of Democracy,' 1920—1955," ibid., 33 (Summer, 1965), 237—47; Leonard J. Arrington and Thomas G. Alexander, " T h e U.S. Army Overlooks Salt Lake Valley: Fort Douglas, 1862-1965," ibid., 33 (Fall, 1965), 326—50; Thomas G. Alexander, "Brief Histories of Three Federal Military Installations in U t a h — Kearns Army Air Base, Hurricane Mesa, and Green River Test Complex," ibid., 34 (Spring, 1966), 121—37; Edward Knight, " T h e Impact of Defense Spending on the Economy of U t a h " ( M S , Economics Division, Library of Congress, 1964). Also helpful are Stanley Cameron, "Defense Spending and Its Effect Upon the Economy of U t a h " (Master's thesis, New York University, 1963) and William A. Tilleman, " T h e Impact of Federal Defense Spending on Utah's Economy in 1959" (Master's thesis, University of U t a h , 1959).

9 Nabers and Rasmussen, Employment and Population Analysis . . . Salt Lake, 10; Nabers and Rasmussen, Employment and Population Analysis . . . Ogden, 9; and Knight, "Impact of Defense Spending," 27.

10 Steiner, National Defense, 84.

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thirds of the total increase in construction employment from 1941 through 1944. 11 This latter inclusion is justified for many reasons, not the least of which is the fact that the federal government spent between $600 and $650 million for buildings and equipment at U t a h military installations during this period. 12 From these employment data, it is clear that from 1941 through 1943 defense spending was directly responsible for creating 49,500 new jobs in Utah. However, from 1944 through 1947,34,700 of these new jobs were discontinued because of defense cutbacks. Still, 14,800 Utahns were being directly supported by federal defense money in 1947.

With the coming of the Cold War, this downward trend reversed itself and direct defense employment climbed to 28,000 by 1952. Following the Korean War, defense employment slipped to about 20,000 where it remained until 1959. T h a t year the impact of Utah's new missile industry began to be evident in employment figures, and direct defense employment climbed rapidly in every year thereafter until it peaked at 36,400 in 1963. I n August of 1963 began the cutbacks already referred to in the ordnance and aircraft sectors, and by M a r c h of 1964 defense employment stood at 34,500 or 11.9 per cent of the non-agricultural work force.

At this point it is important to note that almost all of Utah's defense employment has been concentrated in five counties along the Wasatch Front â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Box Elder, Weber, Davis, Salt Lake, and Tooele. Although a county breakdown of direct defense employment during World W a r I I is not available, from 1952 to 1958 these five counties contained over 85 per cent of Utah's defense workers. Since 1958 virtually all of Utah's direct defense employment has been centered there (compare Table 1 and Table 2 ) . Within these five counties the most recent data show that the Ogden Metropolitan Area (Weber and north Davis counties) contains 47 per cent of all defense employment; the Salt Lake Metropolitan Area (Salt Lake and south Davis counties), 25 per cent; Tooele County, 14 per cent; and Box Elder County, 13 per cent.

II Having determined the magnitude of defense spending in U t a h so far as it is possible to do so, we now turn to the measurement of Utah's 11 Average annual construction employment climbed from 7,900 in 1940 to 22,900 in and then fell back to 9,900 in 1944. Most of this increase was for military construction.

Mahoney, Economic Changes in Utah During World War II, U.E.B.R., 5 (June, 1946), 12 Thomas G. Alexander and Leonard J. Arrington, " U t a h ' s Small Arms Ammunition During World W a r I I , " Pacific Historical Review, X X X I V (May, 1965), 185.

1943 J. R. 8, 9.

Plant

Defense Spending and Population

231

TABLE 1 E S T I M A T E D A N N U A L AVERAGE D I R E C T D E F E N S E E M P L O Y M E N T IN U T A H

1940-1964 Civilian Construction Employees, Ordnance Aircraft Other Direct Directly Department1 and 1 and1 Electronics 1 Remington Defense Related of Defense Accessories Parts (50 per cent) Arms1 Concerns2 to Defense^

1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954..

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 (March)..

800 2,400 14,600 29,000 20,200 28,800 17,800 13,700 14,800 14,500 14,800 24,600 28,000 25,300 20,900 20,000 19,500 18,800 17,700 17,800 17,800 17,700 19,400 19,300 19,500

146 8,300 10,100 200

1 2 3 3 53 462 438 1,113 1,345 2,282 4,017 3,141 5,695 3,135 8,663 4,146 11,695 4,463 12,046 4,034 10,146

74 80 122 154 207 292 288 210 379 598 788

3,200 740 10,000 2,940 9,800 2,190 1,400 600

Total

800 5,746 33,640 51,840 23,990 29,400 17,800 13,700 14,800 14,500 14,800 24,600 28,001 25,302 20,977 20,080 19,678 19,854 20,365 24,391 26,924 29,708 35,620 36,407 34,468

1

U t a h State Department of Employment Security.

All employees of the Standard Parachute Company, the Defense Plant Corporation, and one-half of the work force of Eitel McCullough Radio.

3 Two-thirds of the increase in construction employment from 1941 to 1944 based on monthly construction employment given in J. R. Mahoney, Economic Changes in Utah During World War II, U.E.B.R., 5 (June, 1946), 8, 9. This employment, admittedly arbitrary, is included because it is more accurate to include a portion of this sector than none at all.

2

population growth. Again, this is no easy task, for although a community can only grow through the fertility of its inhabitants or by migration, the study of fertility is still in its infancy and knowledge of migration has hardly

232

Utah Historical

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Defense Spending and Population

233

progressed beyond the embryonic stage.13 Since defense spending has no apparent relationship to fertility rates, we shall only be concerned with the rate of migration both to and from Utah.

By definition the rate of migration is the ratio of migrants observed to the population exposed to the likelihood of migrating during a specified interval.14 A direct measurement of migration would require a count of persons who change their residence, but this is impossible in the United States because there is no system of residence registration. Migration can therefore only be estimated for any given region.

There are several indirect methods of estimating migration used by demographers. Of these, the vital statistics method and the survival ratio method are the most common.15 The vital statistics â&#x20AC;&#x201D; probably the better of the two methods â&#x20AC;&#x201D; simply requires subtracting deaths from births to find natural increase, and the difference between natural increase and the actual population in any given year is the net migration. This figure, of course, may be either plus or minus. The main weakness of the vital statistics method is that net migration is a residual figure which includes all possible errors. There is, consequently, no practical way to check its accuracy. Its major strength lies in the availability of highly accurate natality and mortality statistics.

The survival ratio method is used with school enrollment. Expected and actual school enrollment in grades two through ten are compared and adjusted to mortality tables for this age group. The difference between these two figures is an estimate of the net migration of these students. The ratio of this group to the actual population is then calculated and an estimation of total net migration is the result. This, obviously, is also a residual figure. This method has two things to recommend it when applied to Utah. First, school enrollment in Utah is determined by age, hence is a reasonably accurate measurement of that segment of the population.

Second, Utah has a very high percentage of its youth actually enrolled who should be enrolled. The major weakness of the survival ratio method is that only persons between the ages of seven and sixteen are actually considered. This, for our purpose, is especially unfortunate because young married persons with no children or children under seven, and older per13 T w o of the best studies on population are Philip Hauser and Otis Duncan, eds., The Study of Population (Chicago, 1959) ; and Donald Bogue, The Population of the United States (Glencoe, Illinois, 1959).

14 T w o excellent analyses of migration are a chapter by Donald Bogue entitled "Internal Migration," in Hauser and Duncan, Study of Population, 4 6 8 ; and Walter Isard et al., Methods of Regional Analysis: An Introduction to Regional Science (New York, 1960), chapt. 3. la Flauser and Duncan, Study of Population, 492.

234

Utah Historical

Quarterly

sons who no longer have children in school undoubtedly make up a significant but undeterminable segment of defense employment. An additional difficulty is that the accuracy of school censuses varies from district to district and sometimes from year to year.

Unfortunately, special problems must be faced when using either the vital statistics or the school enrollment method. Both assume that the annual base population of the state is accurate. This is not necessarily true and almost certainly not true for some recent years, because the U.S. Census Bureau makes its annual state population estimates also on the basis of the school enrollment and vital statistics methods. T o further cloud the picture, the Census Bureau's past state population estimates are constantly being revised as new methods are developed â&#x20AC;&#x201D; even as far back as 10 years or more. 1 6 Finally, neither method can determine the state of origin of inmigrants nor the destination of out-migrants. This must be done by a special census. Despite these major limitations, however, these two methods are believed to give more accurate results than other possible methods of estimation, and if used cautiously and correlated with other variables they can be informative.

Applying the vital statistics method to U t a h since 1940, we find that in-migration was highest during 1943,1946,1955, and 1961 (see Table 3 ) .

Out-migration on the other hand was most significant in 1944, 1945, and 1947. Measured in meaningful time intervals, U t a h h a d a net positive migration of 18,400 persons during the war years 1941 to 1946, and a net loss of 8,200 persons from 1947 to 1950. From 1951 through 1955 this trend was reversed and 8,500 more persons entered the state than left.

From 1956 to the present â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the period of this state's extraordinary missile industry growth â&#x20AC;&#x201D; U t a h has h a d a positive net migration of 18,100, a figure only slightly less than during the somewhat shorter World War I I period.

Using the school enrollment method, a similar albeit much less extreme picture emerges. By this method in-migration was highest in 1943, 1962, and 1963 (see Table 4 ) . Out-migration was most noticeable in 1947, 1945, and 1944. Using the same time intervals as before, according to this method U t a h lost 12,900 persons from 1941-1946, lost an additional 41,800 from 1947 to 1950, and suffered a further loss of 22,100 from 1951 to 1955. Thereafter the net gain to 1964 was 804.

16 For special reports on the methods used by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for measuring migration, see the Series P25, No. 133 (March, 1956), and No. 289 (August, 1964) compiled by this bureau.

Defense Spending and Population

235

TABLE 3 E S T I M A T E D N E T MIGRATION IN U T A H M E A S U R E D BY V I T A L STATISTICS

1940-1964

Year

Population on July I1

1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

533,000 552,000 551,000 575,000 631,000 605,000 591,000 638,000 636,000 653,000 671,000 696,000 710,000 730,000 749,000 762,000 798,000 823,000 838,000 855,000 877,000 901,000 940,000 958,000 971,000 992,000

-

Natural Increase'

8,502 9,066 10,973 12,107 11,223 10,821 13,435 16,728 15,799 16,196 16,487 17,649 18,741 17,753 19,611 19,721 19,870 20,368 19,575 19,748 20,647 20,509 19,888 18,139 17,176

Estimated Net Migration*

— 9,502 —10,060 +13,027 +43,893 —37,223 —24,821 +33,565 —18,728 + 1,201 + 804 + 8,513 — 3,649 + 2,259 + 247 — 6,611 +16,279 + 5,130 — 5,368 — 2,575 + 2,252 + 3,353 +18,491 — 1,888 — 5,139 + 3,824

1

U.S., Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Series P25, 1964 provisional.

"State of U t a h , Department of Health, Division of Vital Statistics (births minus d e a t h s ) . a Population gain minus natural increase.

The difference between these migration estimates and those made by the vital statistics method cannot be fully reconciled. Undoubtedly, one major reason for the different results is that thousands of military personnel stationed in Utah during World War II and those released from service immediately following that conflict are not included in the annual estimates measured by school enrollment. Another probable reason for the

236

Utah Historical Quarterly TABLE 4

E S T I M A T E D N E T M I G R A T I O N I N U T A H I M P U T E D FROM S C H O O L E N R O L L M E N T C H A N G E S IN GRADES T H R E E TO T E N , 1941 TO

Year

Actual Enrollment Grades 2-91

Expected Enrollment Next Year2

Actual Enrollment Grades 3—10*

1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

93,668 91,014 91,379 95,735 95,487 94,884 95,956 95,208 98,620 100,886 104,453 109,997 113,783 116,866 119,099 127,077 133,775 138,977 143,964 149,421 156,097 163,978 ..173,421 177,500 181,700

93,200 90,559 90,922 95,256 95,010 94,410 95,476 94,732 98,127 100,381 103,931 109,447 113,214 116,282 118,504 126,372 133,106 133,282 143,244 148,674 155,317 163,167 172,554 176,613 180,792

92,921 90,133 93,724 93,596 93,004 93,548 92,908 93,600 97,141 99,831 104,008 108,786 112,501 114,857 117,909 126,100 132,254 137,812 143,375 148,448 154,893 164,437 173,027 175,914

1964

Student Migration*

— 279 — 126 +2,802 —1,660 —2,006 — 862 —2,568 —1,134 — 986 — 550 + 77 — 661 — 713 —1,425 — 595 — 272 — 852 — 470 + 131 — 226 — 424 +1,270 + 473 — 699

Population Ratio to Students5

5.93 6.38 6.73 6.46 6.35 6.82 6.85 6.98 6.91 6.97 6.83 6.71 6.66 6.63 6.77 6.53 6.34 6.20 6.12 6.07 5.82 5.60 5.48 5.49

Estimated Net Migration5

— 1,654 — 804 +18,857 —10,724 —12,738 — 5,879 —17,591 — 7,915 — 6,813 — 3,834 + 526 —4,435 —4,749 —9,448 —4,028 —1,776 — 5,402 — 2,914 + 802 — 1,372 — 2,468 +7,112 + 2,592 — 3,8387

1 Compiled from State of U t a h , School Study Committee, Interim Report by Utah's School Study Committee to the Honorable George Dewey Clyde, Governor of the State of Utah (Salt Lake City, 1964), Exhibit 11 entitled "Total Enrollment in U t a h Public Schools, School Years Ending June 1940-1970."

2 This figure assumes a life expectancy rate of 99.5 per cent and is based upon average mortality rates of persons 5 to 14 from 1940 to 1956 (see U.S., Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States [Washington, D . C , 1961], 29) and persons 8 to 16 from 1957 to 1962 (see U.S., Bureau of the Census, "Vital Statistics," in Statistical Abstract [Washington, D . C , 1958-1964], vols. 1958 through 1964).

3 See No. 1.

4 This figure is derived by comparing column 3 with the previous year's figure in column 2, and the result is the estimated student migration. Thus, the figure in column 3 for the year 1941 (92,921) is subtracted from the figure for 1940 in column 2 (93,200), and the result is minus 279.

5 School population divided by total population.

6 Column 4 times column 5.

7 1964 provisional.

Defense Spending and Population

237

larger positive migration as measured by vital statistics is because children of school age are less mobile than persons of late adolescence and early maturity.17 Still another reason is that during unsettled times some persons seeking distant but temporary employment with the intention of returning to their original domiciles do not take their families with them. Nevertheless, these factors do not explain fully the quite different results of these two methods, especially during the 1950's and one is forced to conclude that a statistically accurate method of estimating state migration is wanting.

The combined results of these two methods do agree at certain points however. First, contrary to popular belief, Utah probably experienced a net out-migration of 10,000 to 15,000 during the bustling years from 1941â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 45. Second, an even greater net out-migration of 10,000 to 25,000 occurred during 1947-50. Third, both methods substantiate the common knowledge that during the Korean War and during the late 1950's and early 1960's Utah probably experienced a net in-migration of from 5,000 to 15,000.

Ill With these preliminary but necessary remarks on defense spending and migration, we now turn to the heart of the problem, viz. to what extent if any has defense spending contributed to Utah's population growth since 1940?

To begin with it is well known that Utah's population growth pattern during the past 24 years is a marked change from previous decades. Measured by the vital statistics method, Utah lost through migration over 60,000 persons from 1910 to 1940,18 but has gained almost 37,000 new migrants since 1940 (see Table 3). Moreover, during the 1940's Utah experienced for the first time in almost a century a faster rate of growth than the United States and the other Mountain States.19 Although unable to keep up with the average rate of growth of the surrounding Mountain States from the 1950's to date, the point is that after 1940 Utah began to import rather than export people.

The primary reason for Utah's population growth since 1940 becomes abundantly clear by comparing the natural increase data in Table 3 with the net migration data in Table 3 and Table 4. With the certain exceptions of 1942 and 1943 and the possible exceptions of 1946 and 1958, substantially more persons have been added annually to Utah's population " Bogue, "Internal Migration," in Houser and Duncan, Study of Population, 381.

18 U.S., Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics . . . to 1957 (Washington, D . C , 1961), 45.

19 BEBR, Statistical Abstract . . . 1964, 3.

P H O T O G R A P H S COURTESY TOOELE A R M Y DEPOT

***H <i

TOD (Tooele Ordnance Depot) Park in Tooele was one of the many housing projects in Utah constructed to accommodate workers employed in defense industries. By the end of World War II, TOD had 1,080 units, a shopping center, a post office, and an elementary school.

The top left photograph shows military barracks constructed at Tooele, Army Depot during World War II. During the Korean War, Navajo Indians working on the base were housed here.

The top right photograph shows the cinderblock houses at TOD Park under construction in 1943. The units have now been dismantled as substandard housing.

The aerial view shows TOD Park in relation to the Depot troop area (top center), motor pool (top left corner), and hospital (top left).

240

Utah Historical

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by natural increase than by in-migration during the past 24 years. In fact, natural increase can account for 93 per cent of Utah's population growth if migration is measured by vital statistics, 20 and virtually 100 per cent if measured by school enrollment. Conversely, out-migration has been larger than natural increase â&#x20AC;&#x201D; causing U t a h to suffer a loss of population â&#x20AC;&#x201D; only during 1945, 1947, and possibly 1944. Clearly, therefore, Utah's birth rate is the primary reason for Utah's growth; not defense spending.

Significantly, this birth rate has been falling rapidly in recent years. 21 Of those factors affecting what migration we have had, however, defense spending is clearly the most important. For example there is a significant correlation between direct defense employment changes in U t a h and population migration measured by school enrollment, although this is not so when measured by vital statistics. 22 But correlation, as everyone knows, does not necessarily m e a n causation.

A cause and effect relationship between defense spending and migration becomes strikingly evident, however, when one examines employment data for this state back to 1940. I t has long been established that population migration is directly related to job opportunities. 23 F r o m 1940 to M a r c h 1964, the number of non-agricultural jobs in U t a h increased from 119,000 to 289,000 or 143 per cent. 24 Most of these new jobs were created in the government and manufacturing sectors. Within the government sector, employment by the federal government can account for most of the job increase, and in U t a h defense installation employment is the most significant part of federal government employment. This explains why Hill Air Force Base is Utah's largest employer. Within the manufacturing sector, ordnance and transportation equipment can account for most of the new jobs since 1947. 25 Clearly, therefore, defense spending has been the single most important factor in the number of new jobs created in Utah since 1940.

During this same period 450,000 persons were added to Utah's population for a gain of 79 per cent. Of these persons, 379,000 or 72 per cent have been added to those five counties most associated with defense spend20

Cf. Column 2 with Column 3 in Table 3.

Sherrill Neville, "Estimated U t a h Population by County, 1960 to 1964," U.E.B.R., 24 (April, 1964), Table 1.

22 T h e correlation is .62, that is in 99 chances out of 100 this relationship could not occur by accident.

23 Carter Goodrich, Migration and Economic Opportunity (Philadelphia, 1936).

24 Cf. University of U t a h , Bureau of Economic and Business Research, A Statistical Review of Utah's Economy (Salt Lake City, 1960), 3 2 ; with BEBR, Statistical Abstract . . . 1964, 54; and " C u r r e n t U t a h Business Statistics," U.E.B.R., 24 (June, 1964), 6.

25 Ibid.

21

Defense Spending and Population

241

ing.26 Reliable data on net in-migration by county during the 1940's are not yet available, but from 1950 to 1964, 104,000 persons migrated to Utah, and 87,000 or 84 per cent of these persons went to the five defense counties.27 The reason for the concentration of newcomers in these five counties can readily be seen when one knows that from 1950 to 1963, 86,700 or 83 per cent of all new non-agricultural jobs were created in these defense-oriented counties.28 Of these new jobs, 24,000 or 30 per cent were directly related to defense spending.29 If indirect defense employment were computed, a higher ratio would result.

It is unknown at this time how many of these defense jobs went to non-residents, but we have reason to believe that most of the salaried positions in the defense industries have gone to persons from outside the state.

Eighty per cent of Thiokol's salaried employees are non-Utahns, for example, and only one-seventh of the engineers at Sperry are natives. At Hercules the ratio of Utahns was high at first, but in 1964 it was estimated by company officials at no more than 50 per cent.30 If we assume that only one-fourth of the total salaried and wage defense employees came from other states and each brought with him a wife and two children, then 28 per cent of the in-migrants in these key counties came to Utah directly because of defense jobs. If, on the other hand, as many as one-half of all new defense jobs went to non-residents, then 55 per cent of the in-migration to these counties and 46 per cent of the total in-migration to Utah since 1950 could be attributed directly to defense spending. If indirect defense employment were included these figures would, of course, be higher.

These assumptions are supported by a number of conclusions which may be drawn from a comparison of defense employment and school enrollment. First, as we have seen, defense spending is directly and closely related to school enrollment in Utah, and since 1940 has apparently been the primary reason for its fluctuation. This close correlation suggests strongly that direct defense employment is to a great extent a non-resident 26

BEBR, Statistical Abstract. . . 1964, 3, 7-9.

Osmond Harline, " T h e 1950's Decade of Population Growth for U t a h , " U.E.B.R., 20 (December, 1960) ; and Neville, "Estimated U t a h Population," ibid., 24, Table 3.

28 For state totals see BEBR, Statistical Abstract . . . 1964, 54. County totals are not published but are available at the U t a h State Department of Employment Security.

29 See Table 2. Defense employment for 1950 and 1951 was estimated on the basis of the percentage of defense jobs in these five counties during 1952 and 1953.

30 Compiled from a letter to the writer from J o h n K. Hanson, Customer Relations, Thiokol Chemical Corporation, July 6, 1964; testimony by Mr. R. G. Sailor, works manager at Hercules Powder Company, before U t a h State Legislative Committee to Study Utah's Economy, minutes of June 12, 1964; and Arrington and Perry, "Utah's Spectacular Missiles Industry," U.H.Q., X X X , passim.

27

242

Utah Historical Quarterly

phenomenon. That is, the better defense jobs seem to have gone to outsiders, not to residents. When defense jobs have been terminated these employees generally have left Utah for other opportunities. How else can one explain this close correlation? Second, since 1940 Utah has attracted comparatively few migrant employees other than persons seeking defense employment. When defense spending has not been heavy or has been reduced, out-migration has occurred.

If one uses the vital statistics method to correlate defense employment and migration, the same general conclusions may be drawn albeit with less assurance and conviction. Although the correlation is closer here than with the school enrollment method during the early war years, there is really no correlation from 1943 to 1948. Thereafter the trend is comparable with school enrollment but with significant departures in 1955 and 1961. There being no empirical reason for averaging the vital statistics method and the school enrollment method, we are unable to refine these data further.

IV In conclusion, it is now clear that the primary reason for Utah's recent rapid population growth is because defense spending created new job opportunities which reversed a decades-long trend of out-migration and enticed new residents to the state. If this growth is to continue, defense spending must be expanded in order to keep up with a bulging young war baby generation now coming on the market â&#x20AC;&#x201D; or an effort of similar magnitude must be undertaken in the private sector of Utah's economy, or both. Since the total wages to defense employees in 1964 were about $264 million, it is not likely that such an alternative will be found. It seems probable, therefore, that unless defense spending is increased, Utah's population boom is now over and the pattern of out-migration will commence once again.

Utah's experience also offers a possible key to understanding growth in other Mountain and Pacific States in recent years. The close relationship of defense spending and California's growth has already been examined. 31 It may also be the main reason why defense-oriented Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico have experienced rapid growth, while nondefense-oriented states such as Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana have not.

If this hypothesis is true â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and only further study of other states will determine this â&#x20AC;&#x201D; defense spending may be the key to the amazing population "explosion" in the West today.

31 James Clayton, "Defense Spending: Key to California's Growth," Western Quarterly, X V (June, 1962), 280.

Political

.â&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;˘:

1

LE ROY R. HAFEN 47 Years as Chronicler of Western Americana

BY H O L L I S J . SCOTT

Interpreting the American West from the Spanish interlopers' pursuit of pearls, c h o c o l a t e , silk, and gold to the quest of the fur traders, e x p l o r e r s , e m i g r a n t s , bushwhackers, militarists, and the railroad men has been a lifec o n s u m i n g i n t e r e s t of Dr. LeRoy Reuben Hafen, one of t h e few r e m a i n i n g v e t e r a n historians who began treating the Western Americana scene as early as 1919.

Nearly 50 years as either an author, coauthor, or edit o r ; 30 years as C o l o r a d o State Historian; plus years of experience as a history professor, archivist, explorer, museum director, and lecturer

. ^ ^ ^

Mr. Scott is an archivist with Brigham Young University Library. H e is a former editor and associate editor of two weekly U t a h newspapers, OremGeneva Times a n d Tooele Transcript, respectively. Photographs to illustrate the article were furnished the author

by Dr. Hafen.

MM " ',

-Jl,

Dr. and Mrs. LeRoy R. Hafen in their home in Provo. Utah.

244

Utah Historical

Quarterly

have pre-eminently qualified Dr. Hafen as one of the reliable producers of western works of remembrance.

Historiographers and scholars who have done any extensive research on western United States history have undoubtedly encountered the works of Hafen. M a n y of the readers of the Utah Historical Quarterly will need no introduction to LeRoy R. Hafen, whose articles or reviews of his works by other scholars have appeared in past issues.

Today Dr. Hafen, now approaching his seventy-fourth year, is still delineating the h u m a n advance in the opening of the American West.

O n e of the foremost living authorities on the early frontier pushers â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the mountain men â&#x20AC;&#x201D; this veteran chronicler has not retired from the researching, writing, or editing rigors.

His current project, apart from teaching classes in frontier history at Brigham Young University, is compiling and editing a series of volumes under the title The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West.

Published by Arthur H . Clark Company of Glendale, California, the works will feature carefully prepared biographies of more than 400 mountain men written by leading fur trade authorities of yesterday and today.

Dr. Hafen's major achievement as an historical editor and writer is a 15-volume series, The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series, 18201875, a 12-year project which culminated in 1962. This production was done in collaboration with his wife, Ann W. Hafen, who has coauthored other works with Dr. Hafen. Four of the volumes reflect considerably the influence of the Mormon colonization and migration upon U t a h Territory.

These include Journals of Forty-Niners... ; The Utah Expedition, 18571858 . . . ; Old Spanish Trail... ; and Handcarts to Zion * From his collegiate days at Brigham Young University, on to his graduate work at the University of California, and through his remaining professional life, Dr. Hafen has turned out a steady stream of publications and articles numbering over 150 items. I n collaboration with his wife, he has written or edited 38 volumes. Nearly a hundred of Dr. Hafen's articles have been published in scholarly periodicals, atlases, dictionaries, and encyclopedias.

But what is the scholarly essence of his works? Just how does he rate as a scholar, historian, author, and editor?

Through searching out primary source materials in some of the nation's best libraries and archives, retracing historical trails and routes, and 1 For his work on this series, Dr. Hafen received an Award of Merit from the American Association for State and Local History in 1964.

LeRoy R. Hafen

245

interviewing descendants of frontier precursors, Dr. Hafen has unfolded much new information on people, places, and conditions of the American West. Subjects treated in the Hafen works embrace fur trappers and traders, explorers and guides, emigration, transportation, military campaigns, Indian affairs, mining, as well as biographies of the actors who performed on the h a r d frontiers.

Perhaps his greatest contribution is his searching out and publishing in volume form meaningful manuscripts, rare diaries, journals, letters, and documents, thus making these source materials more available to the scholarly world as well as to the general reader or history devotee.

In the pursuance of the early mountain men, Dr. Hafen has nearly "run the gamut." Aside from the more prominent frontier performers, the Hafen works are laden with the lesser-known characters who also played significant roles in western history. T o name a few the Hafens have written about Andrew Sublette, Daniel T. Potts, Orville C. Pratt, Lieutenant E. F. Beale, Gwinn H. Heap, John W. Gunnison, Dick Wootton, Thomas J. Farnham, Rufus B. Sage, Charles Preuss, Lancaster P. Lupton, Thomas Fitzpatrick, George Ruxton, William Henry Jackson, Antonio Armijo, Joseph Williams, Captain John R. Bell, Stephen H. Long, Zebulon Pike, Ouray (Ute Indian chief), and Louis Vasquez.

These "lesser lights" engaged in a variety of skills and pursuits as journalists, diarists, photographers, military officers, fur traders, adventurers, exploration party leaders, Indian chiefs, etc. But some of them left first-hand h u m a n interest accounts which became the object of Dr. Hafen's research.

Journals describing the first two major explorations of the West, Lewis and Clark journals for the Northwest and Zebulon Pike's journal for the Southwest, have long been published. But the major journal for the Midwest, as chronicled by Captain John Bell while serving with the Major Stephen Long Expedition of 1820, was not uncovered until recent years. This valuable journal received its first publication in 1957 as part of the Hafens' The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series.

T h e general history texts are silent on many of the day-to-day h u m a n interest events which are also important because they give insight into the thought, feeling, and action of our early predecessors under frontier conditions. For example, what kind of frontier medicine was practiced? H o w did the mountain men treat themselves when sickness came? One of the mountain scribes, Rufus B. Sage, from Connecticut, describes the following frontier-made medicine as common among mountain men in one of

Dr. Hafen in 1924 on a Colorado exploration trip.

Dr. Hafen pointing to one of the Colorado State Museum dioramas, which were produced under his direction.

This diorama depicts winter camp of the early fur trappers.

Photograph taken in 1935.

his letters reproduced in the Hafen series.

Gall Bitters . . . with one pint of water mix one-fourth gill of bufalo gall [a bitter greenish fluid secreted by the animal's liver]. . . .

T o a stomach unaccustomed to its use it may a t first create a slightly noisome sensation, like the inceptive effects of an emetic; and, to one strongly bilious, it might cause vomiting; â&#x20AC;&#x201D; but, the second or third trial, the stomach attains a taste for it and receives it with no inconsiderable relish.

As a sanative, it tends to make sound an irritated and ulcerated stomach, reclaiming it to a healthful a n d lively tone and thus striking an effective blow at t h a t most prolific source of so large a majority of the diseases common to civilized life. 2

The Indian tribal name of "Ute" had at least a half-dozen different spellings before it became finalized. These spellings appeared in various frontier diaries, letters, journals, and private papers, edited and published under the Hafen signature. They were Eute, Eutah, Eutaw, Yutah, Yuta, and Youta.

Historical achievements are sometimes unknown until primary source materials are published and become available to scholar and reader. In Hafen's reproduction of Gwinn Harris Heap's Central Route to the Pacific,3 Lieutenant E. F. Beale, dispatch rider for the U.S. Navy Department, is credited with making seven transcontinental crossings in three years (one by water) during the 1840's. One year he made three crossings to exceed the record of Kit Carson.

2 LeRoy R. and Ann W. Hafen, eds., Rufus B. Sage: His Letters and Papers, 1836-1847; with an Annotated Reprint of his "Scenes in the Rocky Mountains, and in Oregon, California, New Mexico, Texas, and the Grand Prairies" (2 vols., Glendale, 1956), I, 343.

3 Gwinn Harris H e a p , Central Route to the Pacific. With related material on railroad explorations and Indian affairs by Edward F. Beale, Thomas H. Benton, Kit Carson, and Col. E. A. Hitchcock, and in other documents, 1853-54, eds., LeRoy R. and Ann W. Hafen (Glendale, 1957).

T h e diary of William Henry Jackson, frontier photographer, as reproduced in one of the Hafen works is also illustrative of the vast western lore of original accounts that are made more accessible to the scholar and general reader. Historians wanting to know what the economy was like in southern U t a h in the late 1860's, for instance, can get a good image from Jackson, who received a $20.00 bill for helping to drive a herd of wild horses from California to Nebraska. H e relates the following while stopping at the Mormon settlement of Washington, near St. George, in 1867: "Got some milk from a native and had mush and milk for dinner. Couldn't find five dollars change in the whole town, and I don't believe any one man had it. Money is almost unknown." 4 It is self-evident that historical editing of original source materials has an important place in contributing to the understanding and knowledge of the opening of the American West. Laborious research fortified with scholarly disciplines is as necessary to the historical editor as it is to the writer of a narrative text. Dr. Hafen is well acquainted with the scholarly disciplines involved in historical research. T h e products of his research and editing demonstrate excellent documentation, a prime necessity to quality editing. His prefaces and introductions are informative and scholarly, and the bibliographies and indexes appear to be adequate.

4 LeRoy R. and Ann W. Hafen, eds., To the Rockies and Oregon, 1839-1842; with Diaries and Accounts by Sidney Smith, Amos Cook, loseph Holman, E. Willard Smith, Francis Fletcher, Joseph Williams, Obadiah Oakley, Robert Shortess, [and] T. J. Farnham (Glendale, 1955), 269.

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To catch better the breadth, spirit, and flavor of the westward movement, Dr. Hafen has fortified his "armchair" research by retracing many historical trails and routes. Frequently accompanied by his wife, he has traveled the Old Oregon, the Santa Fe, and the Old Spanish trails and the Pony Express and Overland Stage routes. Together, the Hafens have pursued the paths of the wandering trappers, government explorers and railroad surveyors, and of particular interest the trails of the Mormons to Utah and California.

Their adventures have paid off with some notable achievements.

Among them were the finding of a diary of the first Spanish trader from California to Mexico, /Antonio Armijo, located in a Mexico City government office; interviewing a son of Kit Carson and Hiram Vasquez, a 90year-old stepson of Louis Vasquez, a partner of Jim Bridger; and locating the original home in Connecticut of Rufus B. Sage, early mountain scribe.

The many volumes Dr. Hafen has edited by himself and in collaboration with his wife and others testify that he has excelled in this field of historical presentation of first-hand accounts. But as an author and coauthor, the silver-haired dean of western history writers has likewise claimed his niche. Here again Dr. Hafen demonstrates first-rate scholarly research fortified with clear and interesting narration that only comes from considerable winnowing and revising.

Undoubtedly, his Mormon lineage helped to propel his interest in his first major written historical effort, "Handcart Migration to Utah," his master's thesis in 1919 at the University of Utah. This was followed with "The Overland Mail," a doctoral dissertation at the University of California in 1926.

While serving as executive director and historian of the State Historical Society of Colorado for a near 30-year period, it was only natural that Dr. Hafen specialized in Colorado histories. He coauthored, with his wife, The Colorado Story, A History of Your State and Mine, which is used as a textbook in the Colorado high schools.

Among other more prominent books penned by Hafen are Broken Hand: The Life Story of Thomas Fitzpatrick, Chief of the Mountain Men (with William J. Ghent) ; Colorado: The Story of a Western Commonwealth; Fort Laramie and the Pageant of the West, 1834-1890 (with Francis Marion Young) ; and Western America: The Exploration, Settlement, and Development of the Mississippi (with Carl C. Rister). The latter is a college text which has had wide use since its publication. Others were Colorado: A Story of the State audits People (with Ann W. Hafen)

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249

and Colorado and Its People: A Narrative and Topical History of the Centennial State.

Singularly his tremendous productivity must include his long tenure as editor of the Colorado Magazine, the official organ of the Colorado Historical Society and as director of the Colorado State Museum. In editing and writing for this publication for close to three decades, Dr. Hafen nearly equaled the record of his other literary works. He contributed some 50 articles to this magazine.

During the 1930's he initiated one of the first WPA history projects in the nation, that of gathering and writing state and local history. Then came another achievement which received the 1947 Award of Merit from the American Association for State and Local History for the writing and directing of a colored documentary movie, Story of Colorado. The film has been widely shown in the schools of the state and elsewhere in the nation.

An evaluation of Dr. Hafen's contribution to Western Americana must also come from his colleagues in the field of history and from the critics who have reviewed his works in scholarly journals and other publications. The following are a few candid appraisals.

"Future historians are in his debt particularly for bringing into print so very many primary source materials for a study of life in the early West," S. George Ellsworth, Utah State University.5 "This [Far West and Rockies Historical Series] promises the public a rich feast of western lore, much of it unknown or buried in little-known sources. The editors are experts in the field. The standard set by editors and publisher in volume I [Old Spanish Trail] is h i g h . . . . The authors are at their best in dealing with the expeditions that crossed Southern Utah and Colorado. This part of the country, it is clear, is home to them, and they speak of it with authority," George P. Hammond, former director of Bancroft Library, University of California.6 "Dr. Hafen and Mr. Ghent have skillfully reconstructed a splendid background of the fur days [Broken Hand: The Life Story of ThomasFitzpatrick], building patiently a mosaic of significant incidents, rather than the commonplace generalization too frequently encountered Dr. Hafen is a trained historian with judicial temperament, while Mr. Ghent is favorably known as a prolific and accurate writer of western biography," Edgar C. McMechen, Colorado historical author and magazine editor.7 5 Presentation of Distinguished Service Award in behalf of the U t a h Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters in 1961.

6 American Historical Review, L X (April, 1955), 704â&#x20AC;&#x201D;5. ' Colorado Magazine, V I I I (July, 1931), 155-56.

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" I think Dr. Hafen is Utah's most prolific historian," Everett L. Cooley, director of the U t a h State Historical Society. " H e is foremost a scholar — a good researcher •— and without peer in treating the Mountain M e n Period," Dolores Renze, Colorado State Archivist.

"And Dr. and Mrs. Hafen once again demonstrate in the Introduction [Reports from Colorado: The Wildman Letters] and by judicious selection of annotated notes why they are considered the leading authorities on the pioneer history of Colorado and the Rocky Mountain region," W. Eugene Hollon, University of Oklahoma. 8 O n e of the few dissonant criticisms of Dr. Hafen's works to be found is the following which might also be termed an indictment of historical editing.

"While edited sources of material have the advantages of availability, they have their disadvantages too. Professor Hafen has done an excellent job of marshalling the material, both literary and visual, organizing it, and presenting it without many Bancroftian footnotes [Fremont's Fourth Expedition, A Documentary Account of the Disaster of 1848-1849]. Scholarly endeavor, however, should enclose within its boundaries some elements of the detective story, locating evidence and interpreting it. Unfortunately, this type of work [editing original sources] has a tendency to minimize the interpretative aspect. T o paraphrase Jefferson, each generation of historians should be allowed to make its own mistakes," Richard C. Schwarzman, El Camino College. 9 Listed in Who's Who in America since 1935, Dr. Hafen also has achieved an admirable record as a college professor, having instructed history classes at five institutions — Denver University; University of Color a d o ; Loretto Heights College (for women) at Denver; University of Glasgow, Scotland (visiting professor) ; and Brigham Young University.

M a n y service and citizenship awards have been presented by state, national, and international organizations to Dr. Hafen. Among them have been the Litt.D. degree from the University of Colorado; Distinguished Service Awards from the City of Denver, Dixie College, Brigham Young University, and U t a h Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters; David O. M c K a y Humanities A w a r d ; and Fellow of the International Institute of Arts and Letters, Geneva and Zurich, Switzerland; Fellow of the U t a h State Historical Society; and Awards of Merit from the American Association for State and Local History.

8

California Historical Society Quarterly, Ibid.,XL (June, 1961), 167-68.

9

XLI (September, 1962), 257.

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The most recent honor accorded Dr. Hafen came in March of this year when he was selected to deliver the Third Annual Faculty Lecture at Brigham Young University, one of the highest honors that can come to a B.Y.U. faculty member. The title of his lecture was "Joys of Discovery â&#x20AC;&#x201D; History and Historical Research."

Born in Bunkerville, Nevada, in 1893 Dr. Hafen was reared on a farm where he received the standard lessons in hard work. He helped to finance his education by picking grapes and cantaloupes near the bank of the Muddy River. With no high school facilities at Bunkerville, he attended school at Cedar City and later at St. George, Utah, and at the latter high school, a romance began with his bride-to-be, Ann Woodbury, that carried over to Brigham Young University. After completing degrees at Brigham Young University and at the University of Utah, the graduate returned to his native town to accept his first teaching position. But he soon left Bunkerville to pursue his doctorate at the University of California where he trained under Dr. Herbert E. Bolton, internationally known historian and founder of the "Bolton School" of historians.

The marriage of the soft-spoken historian and educator to Ann Woodbury was a boon to his significant career, as the two frequently merged their writing and editing skills which reached their apex with The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series.

The Haf ens have reared two children, one daughter and one son, the former having died when she was 19 years of age.

Discriminating book lovers, the Hafens collected over a 40-year period thousands of volumes of regional history for their personal library.

When returning to Utah to live, the Hafens, desirous of placing their specialized book collection where it could be put to greater use, contributed their collection to the J. Reuben Clark, Jr., Library at Brigham Young University. The collection represents the largest contribution of Western Americana literature to the Library. The gift also included several thousand pamphlets, reprints, and other works on Americana and regional literature. A 109-page bibliography to the collection was published by the Library in 1962.

A recital of the accomplishments and scholarly contributions of an author, editor, historian, and teacher of Dr. Hafen's genre is expected in any biographical sketch, but the intimate details of his struggles, methods, disappointments, successes, and personal philosophy would require a biographical volume.

252

Utah Historical Quarterly BOOKS AUTHORED AND EDITED

BY L E R O Y R. HAFEN

10

AUTHOR

The Overland Mail 1849-1869; Promoter of Settlement, Precursor of Railroads. Cleveland : Arthur H. Clark Co., 1926 William James Ghent (coauthor). Broken Hand: The Life Story of Thomas Fitzpatrick, Chief of the Mountain Men. Denver: Old West Publishing Co., 1931 Francis Marion Young (coauthor). Fort Laramie and the Pageant of the West, 18341890. Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1938 Carl Coke Rister (coauthor). Western America: The Exploration, Settlement, and Development of the Region Beyond the Mississippi. New York: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1941. Seconded., 1950 Ann W. Hafen (coauthor). Colorado, A Story of the State and Its People. Denver: Old West Publishing Co., 1943. Second ed., 1948 Men and Women of Colorado, Past and Present. Phoenix: Pioneer Publishing Co., 1944 Historical Summary of the Ute Indians and the San Juan Mining Region. [Presented to the Indian Claims Commission, 1956] The Indians of Colorado. Denver: State Historical Society of Colorado, 1952. Revised ed., 1957 Historical Background and Development of the Arapaho-Cheyenne Land Area. [Presented to the Indian Claims Commission, 1959] Ann W. Hafen (coauthor). The Colorado Story, A History of Your State and Mine.

Denver: Old West Publishing Co., 1953 Ann W. Hafen (coauthor). Old Spanish Trail: Santa Fe to Los Angeles; with extracts from contemporary records and including diaries of Antonio Armijo and Orville Pratt. {The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series, 1820-1875, Vol. I) Glendale: Arthur H, Clark Co., 1954 Ann W. Hafen (coauthor). Handcarts to Zion: The Story of a Unique Western Migration, 1856-1860. . . . (The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series, 1820-1875, Vol. XIV) Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1960 EDITOR

Colorado Magazine. 29 vols. Denver: State Historical Society of Colorado, 19251954 James H. Baker (coeditor). History of Colorado. 5 vols. Denver: Linderman Co., Inc., 1927 Henry Villard. The Past and Present of the Pike's Peak Gold Regions. (Reprinted from edition of 1860) Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1932 Colorado: The Story of a Western Commonwealth. Denver: Peerless Co., 1933 John T. Woodbury. Vermilion Cliffs: Reminiscences of Utah's Dixie, coeditor Ann W. Hafen. Denver: Woodbury Family, 1933 Mary Ann Hafen. Recollections of a Handcart Pioneer of 1860, coeditor Ann W. Hafen. Denver: Hafen Family, 1938 10 Space limitations preclude the listing of more than 200 articles and book reviews by Dr. Hafen which have appeared in scholarly journals across the country.

LeRoy R. Hafen

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Luke Tierney and William B. Parsons. Pike's Peak Gold Rush Guidebooks of 1859.

(The Southwest Historical Series, Vol. I X ) Glendale: A r t h u r H . Clark Co., 1941 Colorado Gold Rush: Contemporary Letters and Reports, 1858-1859.

Historical Series, Vol. X ) Glendale: A r t h u r H . Clark Co., 1941

(The

Southwest

Overland Routes to the Gold Field, 1859, From Contemporary Diaries. (The west Historical Series, Vol. X I ) Glendale: A r t h u r H . Clark Co., 1942

South-

Colorado and Its People: A Narrative and Topical History of the Centennial 4 vols. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1948

State.

[Nathan H o w e or R. D.] Parker and [D. H.] Huyett. The Illustrated Miners' HandBook and Guide to Pike's Peak, with a New and Reliable Map, Showing All the Routes, and the Gold Regions of Western Kansas and Nebraska. D e n v e r : Nolie M u m e y , 1950 Clyde a n d M a e Reed Porter ( c o m p . ) . Ruxton O k l a h o m a , 1950

of the Rockies.

George Frederick Ruxton. Life in the Far West.

1951

N o r m a n : University of

N o r m a n : University of O k l a h o m a ,

Ann W. Hafen (coeditor). Journals of Forty-Niners: Salt Lake to Los Angeles, . . .

(The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series, 1820-1875, Vol. I I ) Glendale: A r t h u r H . Clark Co., 1954 Ann W. Hafen (coeditor). To the Rockies and Oregon, 1839—1842; with Diaries and Accounts by Sidney Smith, Amos Cook, Joseph Holman, E. Willard Smith, Francis Fletcher, Joseph Williams, Obadiah Oakley, Robert Shortess, [and] T. J. Farnham.

(The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series, 1820-1875, Vol. I l l ) Glendale: A r t h u r H . Clark Co., 1955 Ann W. Hafen (coeditor). Rufus B. Sage: His Letters and Papers, 1836-1847; with an Annotated Reprint of his "Scenes in the Rocky Mountains, and in Oregon, California, New Mexico, Texas, and the Grand Prairies." (The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series, 1820-1875, Vols. I V , V ) Glendale: A r t h u r H .

Clark Co., 1956 Harlin M . Fuller (coeditor). The Journal of Captain John R. Bell, Official Journalist for the Stephen H. Long Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, 1820. (The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series, 1820-1875, Vol. V I ) Glendale: A r t h u r H . Clark Co., 1957 Gwinn H a r r i s H e a p . Central Route to the Pacific. With related material on railroad explorations and Indian affairs by Edward F. Beale, Thomas H. Benton, Kit Carson, and Col. E. A. Hitchcock, and in other documents, 1853—54, coeditor A n n W . Hafen. (The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series, 1820-1875, Vol. V I I ) Glendale: A r t h u r H . Clark Co., 1957 A n n W. Hafen (coeditor). The Utah Expedition, 1857-1858: A Documentary Account. . . . (The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series, 1820—1875, Vol. V I I I ) Glendale: A r t h u r H . Clark Co., 1958 Letters of Lewis Granger: Reports of the Journey from Salt Lake to Los Angeles in 1849, and of Conditions in Southern California in the Early Fifties. (Early California Travels Series, Vol. X L V I I ) Los Angeles: Glen Dawson Co., 1959 A n n W. Hafen (coeditor). Relations with the Indians of the Plains, 1857-1861; a Documentary Account. . . . (The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series, 1820-1875, Vol. I X ) Glendale: A r t h u r H . Clark Co., 1959

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Ann W. Hafen (coeditor). The Diaries of William Henry Jackson, Frontier Photographer. . . . (The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series, 1820-1875, Vol. X) Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1959 Ann W. Hafen (coeditor). Fremont's Fourth Expedition: A Documentary Account of the Disaster of 1848-1849.. . . (The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series, 1820-1875, Vol. XI) Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1960 Ann W. Hafen (coeditor). Powder River Campaigns and Sawyers Expedition of 1865; a Documentary Account. . . . (The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series, 1820-1875, Vol. X I I ) Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1961 Ann W. Hafen (coeditor). Reports from Colorado: The Wildman Letters, 1859-1865, with Other Related Letters and Newspaper Reports, 1859. (The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series, 1820-1875, Vol. X I I I ) Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1961 Ann W. Hafen (coeditor). The Far West and Rockies General Analytical Index to the Fifteen Volume Series; and Supplement to the Journals of Forty-Niners, Salt Lake to Los Angeles. (The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series 1820â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 1875, Vol. XV) Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1961 The Hafen Families of Utah. Provo: Hafen Family Association, 1962 The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West. Biographical sketches. . . .

(3 vols, published to date) Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1965-1966

A CATTLEMAN'S ACCOUNT OF THE FIGHTS OF 1884 INTRODUCTION

When the cattle of the West needed new grass, they sometimes found it on lands traditionally claimed by the Indians; but hunting lands could not be grazing lands without the prospect of trouble. In the history of the open range, trouble did in fact often occur. An enmity between cattlemen and Indians became one of the lasting tensions of frontier life, and from this historical conflict of interest proliferated a century of stories, movies, television dramas, and childhood games.

In Utah's history one of the most exciting clashes between cowboys and Indians took place the summer of 1884, near the Blue Mountains of San Juan County. The first detailed account of this trouble appeared in the Denver Republican on July 29. Written by Harold Carlisle, himself a cattleman, it was marked by the spirit of complaint and justification but was nevertheless remarkably objective and factual, perhaps because its Dr. Walker is professor of English and director of the Program in American Studies at the University of U t a h .

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Utah Historical Quarterly

author was informed both by the cattlemen who had made up the posse and by the officers who had commanded the military side of the affair.

Although these Indian fights have since been told a number of times,1 no account is more complete and more historically accurate than Carlisle's letter, written only 11 days after the battle in White Canyon.

Harold Carlisle, with his brother, Edmund Septimus Carlisle, managed the Kansas and New Mexico Land and Cattle Company, a British company with cattle in at least four states. In the ranching regions of southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah, he was known as "the great English capitalist" or "the big English cattle baron." All that one can learn of him shows him to have been well educated and highly literate.

All that one can learn of him also shows him to have been, as Charley Redd observes, a tough, shrewd cattleman. 2 D U R A N G O , COLORADO, J U L Y 26, 1884 3 At a time w h e n t h e residence of I n d i a n s on reservations in t h e midst of civilized a n d well-ordered communities is u n d e r discussion, it seems of p a r a m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e to a c q u a i n t t h e public w i t h such facts as c a n be substantiated in regard t o t h e conduct of one body of I n d i a n s , in w h o m the dwellers in this section of t h e country are most interested, a n d of their A g e n t ; I m e a n t h e I n d i a n s of t h e S o u t h e r n U t e Reservation, a n d their Agent, M r . W a r r e n P a t t e n . T r u s t i n g t h a t a plain statement of facts may enlist your sympathy on o u r behalf, a n d lead to a searching inquiry into t h e m a n a g e m e n t of these U t e s , I proceed t o m y n a r r a t i v e .

O n t h e 3rd instant, t h e r o u n d - u p consisting of representatives from Wilson's, Johnson's, a n d Carlisle's camps, from t h e Delores River, Casa G r a n d e , a n d Disapp o i n t m e n t Creek, were a t work on S o u t h M o n t e z u m a Creek, Blue M o u n t a i n s . 4 1 See " I n d i a n a n d Cowboy Fights," in Cornelia Adams Perkins et al., Saga of San Juan (Salt Lake City, 1957), 2 4 1 - 4 4 ; " T h e White River Canyon Fight," in Wilson Rockwell, The Utes, A Forgotten People (Denver, 1956), 2 2 5 - 2 8 ; Forbes Parkhill, The Last of the Indian Wars (New York, 1961), 3 3 - 3 5 ; "Cruel Indian Sport" in Albert R. Lyman, Indians and Outlaws, Settling of the San Juan Frontier (Salt Lake City, 1962), 6 5 - 6 9 . T h e account in Saga of San Juan seems to be based on a collection of local history, m u c h of it oral. Albert R. Lyman has told the story out of what he has heard in his long life in the San J u a n country. Rockwell's version is based entirely on t h e Colorado Works Administration interviews of 1933-34, including a n interview with Fred H .

Taylor, a member of the cattlemen's posse. Parkhill has drawn from newspaper sources, including the Denver Republican, b u t apparently has not used Carlisle's letter.

2 Conversation at the R e d d R a n c h , September 3, 1963. T h e r e is no evidence that Harold Carlisle himself was a member of the cattlemen's posse, but Wilson Rockwell's sources indicate the presence of Carlisle's brother. " T h e soldiers and cowboys below watched the gruesome sight helplessly. T e d Carlyle [sic], a big Englishman, was observing the tragedy through field glasses.

While he was looking, a spent bullet unexpectedly fell between his feet. I t so startled him that he turned a somersault a n d rolled down the hill. H e was a huge m a n , a n d his ludicrous fall gave a touch of comedy to the d r a m a being enacted above." Rockwell, The Utes, 227.

3 Reprinted from the original issue of the Denver Republican in the library of the State Historical Society of Colorado.

4 William J. Wilson, better known as "Billy" Wilson, was a Texas cowboy w h o had lost an arm fighting the Comanches. T h e Delores River begins in the high San Miguel Mountains of Colorado, makes a long curve to the southwest, before turning north more t h a n 200 miles to enter the Colorado some 30 miles northeast of Moab. Charles Johnson, better known as "Race Horse" Johnson, was a pioneer rancher in the vicinity of McPhee, Colorado, northwest of the town of Delores.

Cowboys, Indians, & Cavalry

257

A b a n d of Indians from the Southern U t e Reservation 5 camped below, visited the boys a n d dined with them, showing to t h e boys passes which they carried signed by Warren Patten, authorizing them to be off their reservation to h u n t on the Delores River.

T h e boys found a m o n g the U t e ponies three horses belonging to Johnson a n d one belonging to Hudson. 6 T h r e e or four of the boys went to the I n d i a n c a m p to d e m a n d the horses a n d cut t h e m out from their bunch. O n e of t h e Indians drove t h e m back again, w h e n H a n k S h a r p took down his rope to pull t h e m out. At this t h e I n d i a n m a d e at him with a d r a w n knife, attempting two or three times to stab him. H a n k , in selfdefense, drew his six-shooter and killed the I n d i a n . T h i s led to a melee, in which the Indians tried to drive off the herd of saddle horses which the boys h a d near c a m p , firing into t h e m to stampede t h e m a n d firing at the boys. Evidently the boys, w h o were poorly armed a n d short of ammunition, h a d to retreat, two of t h e m wounded, leaving their horses, c a m p , wagons, stoves and blankets in the h a n d s of t h e Indians.

T H E P U R S U I T OF T H E INDIANS

O n the 5th a force of cavalry, u n d e r C a p t a i n Perrine, 7 started from F o r t Lewis, L a Plata county, for t h e scene of the disturbance a n d were joined by a n u m b e r of the stockmen on the 9th at Piute Springs. 8 Proceeding to the scene of the fight, they found lying on the ground twelve dead horses a n d two mules. T h e wagons, supplies a n d ranch houses h a d been burned, and the bedding carried away by the Indians (portions of this were afterwards found on the trail near Elk M o u n t a i n ) .

Following the trail they found they h a d been joined by other bands of Indians who h a d been camped in the Blue Mountains, the whole b a n d going by way of I n d i a n Creek to the west of the Blue Mountains. O n their way to I n d i a n Creek the Indians h a d gathered stock horses belonging to the Garlich outfit, to the n u m b e r of 110 head a n d one stallion.

Following the trail to the top of a divide leading to the Colorado River, Sol. Wormington, the well known I n d i a n scout, 9 led the way, followed by about ten stockmen, as a n advance guard.

According to Fred Taylor, who had been one of Johnson's cowboys, Johnson grazed cattle in the Blue Mountains as early as 1879. Rockwell, The Utes, 225. Disappointment Creek, a tributary of the Delores, flows west out of the San Miguel Mountains. South Montezuma Creek, later to be called Verdure Creek, runs due east from the Blue Mountains, crosses U t a h Highway 47 south of Monticello, and then enters Montezuma Canyon.

5 T h e Southern U t e Reservation in 1884 consisted of more than a million acres in southwestern Colorado. T h e Indian agency was in Ignacio, southeast of Durango.

6 Probably " S p u d " Hudson, who had been among the first ranchers to bring cattle into the Blue Mountains. From him Carlisle bought many of the cattle making u p the U t a h herd of the Kansas and New Mexico L a n d and Cattle Company.

7 Captain Henry P. Perrine, 6th Cavalry.

8 Piute Spring is one mile west of the Colorado-Utah line, about five miles north of the present highway from Monticello to Dove Creek, Colorado. I n 1884 it was a ranching headquarters for the Carlisle outfit. According to the military accounts, the cattlemen, numbering about 45, joined Captain Perrine's troop, numbering 49, at the "scene of disturbance" on upper Montezuma Creek. T h e first fighting occurred on July 3. Captain Perrine left Fort Lewis on the 6th, reaching the scene of disturbance on the 10th. O n the 7th, Second Lieutenant B. K. West, with 35 men of Troop B, 6th Cavalry, left to join Captain Perrine, overtaking him on the 13th, two days before the fight in White Canyon. U.S., War Department, Army Commands, Record Group No. 98, Fort Lewis, Colorado â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Vol. 18, Letters Sent, 1883-1885 (microfilm, U t a h State Archives).

9 Rockwell names "the government scout" Joe Wormington. Rockwell, The Utes, 227. T h e military documents identify him simply as "civilian packer Wormington." Telegram, July 26, 1884,

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Fresh on t h e trail of the band, they found the trail of two Indians who h a d been sent out by Agent Patten to recall (as he h a d informed the C o m m a n d e r of Fort Lewis) his Utes to the reservation. 1 0 As long as the trail of these two Indians was in the rear, the b a n d h a d traveled slowly, making about ten miles a day, camping in more t h a n one place for two days, playing cards, barking trees, a n d even making race tracks on the heads of Cottonwood a n d I n d i a n Creeks, to test the metal of the stolen stock, and tending their wounded, as was shown by t h e rags littered about in their camping places. But the day the trail of Patten's scouts joined with the trail of the band, they traveled seventy-five miles, finally turning down from the divide into a deep valley about ten miles wide and thirty-five miles long, surrounded by cliffs about 2,000 feet high. 1 1 I n making their way down the cliff t h e advance g u a r d found a signal-fire still burning, and saw the dust of three bands of I n d i a n s ; about six miles away the squaws a n d some bucks driving the stolen stock; two miles behind them the m a i n body of the bucks; still behind t h e m were some six or seven bucks. T h e pursuers got within two miles of t h e m as darkness set in, where they rested a n d watered. T h e y started out again at moonrise, following the Indians, who were passing along the trail leading from the Bluff City a n d U t a h road to the Colorado River.

Presently the trail turned off across the valley a n d u p the bluff, which here makes two benches.

T h e first bench, about 300 feet high, was very rough and steep; a horse and mule were lost in making the ascent.

H e n r y Goodman 1 2 and another m a n advanced to the foot of the second bluff and lay there, waiting for the m a i n body to make the first ascent. T h e y heard sheep and goats bleating above. Suspecting a trap, M r . G o o d m a n warned Wormington when he came u p with them not to go u p . Meanwhile George G r a h a m drove in two or three I n d i a n ponies t h a t were standing on the hill-side.

D E A T H O F R O W D Y AND W O R M I N G T O N

T h e troops were recalled to rest horses and get something to eat, but Wormington, accompanied by Rowdy 1 3 (an Oregon boy whose father h a d been killed by Indians) began the ascent, ten or twelve of the stockmen staying below.

Major R. H . Hall to Adjutant General, Santa Fe, New Mexico. U.S., W a r Department, Record Group No. 98.

10 T h e military records do not confirm this part of Carlisle's account. O n July 23, Major R. H . Hall, the commander at Fort Lewis, sent Agent Patten the following telegram: "Troops from here followed Indian trail west from Blue Mountains to near Colorado River, where they fought on fifteenth instant. Cattlemen think Southern Utes u n d e r Mancos J i m were engaged. District Comm a n d e r directs me to ascertain as soon as possible through you to what bands these Indians belong."

Apparently after receiving Patten's answer, Major Hall telegraphed the adjutant general in Santa F e : "Patten, Southern U t e Agent, can give me no information concerning Indians engaged with Perrine. Says that Chief Ignacio, Mariano's and Pawnah were at Agency today. H a d heard nothing of the fight and seem to think their people quiet. . . ." Ibid.

11 White Canyon, a long canyon draining west from the Natural Bridges National Monument to the Colorado River. Today the road to Hite runs down this canyon, and up this road have come hundreds of truckloads of uranium ore from the famous H a p p y Jack Mine. Like many others, Carlisle exaggerates the height of the cliffs. This was of course before the time of accurate geological surveys of the region.

12 I n the years following, Goodman was one of several pioneer ranchers in the Indian CreekCottonwood Creek region northwest of the Blue Mountains, a region m a d e famous in Utah's cattle trade by Al Scorup.

13 James "Rowdy" Higgins. Frank Silvey wrote that he "knew Jimmy Higison [sic] well.

His parents had both been killed by Indians in Nevada when he was six years of age, and Jimmy

Cowboys, Indians, & Cavalry

259

When about seventy-five feet from the top, the Indians opened fire, killing Rowdy instantly and wounding Wormington, who lingered about thirty minutes. 14

UNITED STATES BUREAU O F LAND MANAGEMENT, MONTICELLO, UTAH

A marker erected by the Utah State Road Commission stands guard over the graves of two members of the posse sent to subdue the raiding Paiute Indians in 1884. was always talking of killing Indians in revenge for the slaying of his parents." Frank Silvey, "History and Settlement of Northern San J u a n County and Paradox Valley, Just Over the Line in Color a d o " (MS, U t a h State Historical Society), 4 4 . Considering that he knew Higgins well, it is strange that Silvey apparently did not know the cowboy's real name.

14 Later versions would be more dramatic, offering a good bit more excitement and pathos to any television writer who might wish to base his story on "history." T h e present U t a h Highway Commission marker says t h e men "were shot a t the foot of the trail a n d lay there all day in the blazing sun calling for water. T h e other members of the posse were unable to carry water to them as the Piutes would shoot anything in sight. T h a t night the Piutes came down and set their wolfelike [sic] dogs on t h e two fallen men." Rockwell's account has the Indians taunting "the dying white men with such mockery as, 'Oh, my God, men, give me some water. My God, I ' m suffering so.' " Rockwell, The Utes, 227. T h e military "Record of Events" says tersely, " I n reconnaissance, one civilian packer and one cattleman were killed by Indians and horse troop B. 6 t h Cavalry by accident." T h e phrase by accident has been added to the original statement. W h a t it means cannot perhaps ever be wholly known, but it would seem a t least to absolve t h e Indians of some of their legendary villainy in this fight. U.S., W a r Department, Adjutant General, Record Group No. 94, Return 6 t h United States Cavalry, Fort Lewis, Colorado, July 1884 (microfilm, U t a h State Archives).

260

Utah Historical Quarterly

The troops and boys kept up a desultory fire to prevent the Indians descending, and waited till evening in hopes of recovering the bodies. To attempt such a thing in daylight would have been madness, as the ascent was about 1,500 feet up a very steep and rocky trail, ending in a narrow pass flanked on both sides by rocks, behind which the Indians lay entirely protected.

As provisions were running short, and Captain Perrine had with him no means of shelling the position, had no surgeon and no appliances for taking care of the sick and wounded, a retreat was ordered and carried out successfully.15 On their return over the same trail, stolen horses were picked up that had been dropped out by the Indians. They had stolen in all on this particular raid about 150 head of horses from Carlisle's Camp, twenty from Johnson's, and about the same number from Wilson's, all of Durham's horses, many of Phelps' and other parties who were on the round-up, besides destroying ranches, wagons and stores belonging to the Carlisle boys.

On the 10th, six of the Utes from the Southern Reservation (Patten's), who had been on the Blue Mountains at the time of the first conflict, came to Mitchell's store,1ÂŽ where they found Sergeant Fashe and ten infantry soldiers waiting for them. The Sergeant disarmed and took them prisoners.17 T H E DURANGO TROUBLE

On the 12th at 4:30 a.m. Chief Red Jacket, a Southern Ute, with about fifty warriors, all armed and well mounted, came on the Sergeant and his squad, and demanded the surrender of his prisoners, together with their arms and ponies. The Sergeant was finally obliged to submit, protesting the while.18 Red Jacket and his band remained in the neighborhood until he and some others appeared in Durango on the 24th, and were recognized by some of the stockmen who had been in the fight on the Blue Mountains. Town Marshal Foley had been in the habit of relieving the Utes of their revolvers and retaining them until they left for the reservation. On this occasion in attempting to take a revolver from a Ute, the Indian resisted. The Marshal slipped handcuffs on him. Upon this, another Indian struck the Marshal on the head. Turning his prisoner over to a bystander, the Marshal went for his assailant, who jumped on his horse and together with the others, who were unusually well armed, rode away, and 15 T h e "Record of Events" says the combined forces, finding the Indians "impregnably posted, returned to Blue Mountains, having been 24 hours without food and water." Ibid.

16 Mitchell's trading post was on the north bank of the San J u a n River, near the mouth of M c E l m o Creek.

17 O n July 20, five days after the engagement at White Canyon, Major Hall wrote to the adjutant general in Santa F e : " O n the 10th inst. the Sergeant commanding the detachment [an infantry detachment from Fort Lewis] arrested a t the ranche [sic] five Indians whom he suspected to have been engaged in the recent attack on the cattlemen in Blue Mountains. T h e Indians confessed that they were present in the action, whereupon the Sergeant seized their arms and horses, intending to hold the prisoners until he could receive instructions as to the disposition to be made of them." U.S., W a r Department, Record Group No. 98.

18 Major Hall's letter of the 20th continues: " O n the 13th instant a Southern Ute Chief called R e d Jacket appeared at the ranche [sic] with a force of some forty or fifty Indians, and demanded the release of the five prisoners, who he stated belonged to Mariano's Band. Expecting the arrival of Captain Perrine's troop, the Sergeant evaded the demand for some hours, when, learning that Captain Perrine was moving toward the Elk Mountains, and seeing that Red Jacket had arranged his force for attack, he surrendered his prisoners upon Red Jacket's promise to see that they were within five days delivered at the Ignacio Agency." Ibid.

Cowboys, Indians, & Cavalry

261

well they might, for the citizens, as soon as the Marshal was struck, got together w h a t horses and arms they could find and gave chase, but could not overtake the fugitives. 19 T h e prisoner being detained, Agent Patten, who h a d been telegraphed for, came to town a n d demanded him, intimating t h a t there were four h u n d r e d warriors w h o m he could not control, w h o would take the town if the prisoner was not released. H e was promptly informed t h a t in such a n event the town would protect itself, a n d the people who were in the streets in crowds backed u p the statement. T h e y could a n d would protect the town.

T h e y wanted the Utes to have no more privileges t h a n they themselves possessed, and required no less for them. T h e y were determined to vindicate the law at all hazards.

O n the 25th the I n d i a n was tried a n d fined as though he h a d been a citizen. T h e conduct of Agent Patten has excited the most intense indignation. H e is accused of attempting to intimidate the Marshal a n d people by suggesting t h a t the Indians would force the I n d i a n from the grip of the law. I n his conduct with reference to the I n d i a n raid he has placed himself between the horns of a dilemma. I m p a l e m e n t on one or other point he cannot escape. O n the eighth instant he telegraphed to Washington as follows: Ignacio, Colorado, July 8 I understand the cattlemen have gone west to drive Utes out of the country. I have telegraphed the commanding officer at Fort Lewis to prevent a conflict if possible. T h e Agency Indians are all here, and w a n t no trouble.

T H E AGENT'S DISOBEDIENCE

O n the tenth h e informed Major Hall t h a t he h a d sent out two of his Utes to recall to the Agency such of the Utes as were off the Reservation. T h e disastrous results of the mission which these two carried out, we have told above.

Now, either M r . W a r r e n Patten telegraphed to the authorities at Washington a statement which he knew to be contrary to the facts, or else, he deliberately sent out two Utes to w a r n a b a n d of m a r a u d i n g Indians of the punishment which was being prepared for them, thus causing the loss of two brave lives, a n d ruining a n expedition which h a d been planned by the military authorities, or else he was guilty both of misstatement a n d of playing into the hands of the enemies of the Government.

T h a t his Indians were not on their reservation, b u t came into conflict with white men on the tenth, twelfth, fourteenth a n d twenty-fourth is now a matter of history.

T h a t the Indians h a d no right to be off their Reservation, a n d that W a r r e n Patten has no right to issue passes to them the following official communication clearly shows: D e p a r t m e n t of the Interior Washington, July 12, 1884 Harold Carlisle, Esq., Ouray, Colorado: D e a r Sir: â&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;&#x201D;â&#x20AC;˘ I have yours about I n d i a n troubles. Patten reports t h a t the difficulty was not with his Indians, but with Indians from the other reserva19 O n July 24, Major Hall telegraphed the adjutant general in Santa F e : "Red Jacket's band of Southern Utes, about forty well mounted, well armed and highly painted, entered D u r a n g o road from the west, four miles east of here at ten this morning, and went to town. City Marshall arrested one for carrying fire arms and was thereupon knocked down by another. T h e Indians mounted to leave when they were followed by cattlemen and running fight occurred between the parties. All now at four P. M. reported quiet Indians having gone. . . ." Ibid.

262

Utah Historical Quarterly tions. H e has no authority to give passes to the Indians to be off the reservation and I will immediately call his attention to this complaint.

I t has not been my policy to allow the Indians off the reservation.

I hope there m a y be no further trouble in your section. Very respectfully yours.

(Signed) H . M . Teller

I have only to a d d t h a t this b a n d of Utes t h a t is causing so m u c h trouble, this b a n d to w h o m Agent Patten has seen fit to issue passes in defiance of authority, is the b a n d t h a t committed depredations a r o u n d the U t e M o u n t a i n and in t h e Montezuma Valley last spring, killing cattle off their reservation by the h u n d r e d ; the band that killed some forty head of cattle for the Mormons of Bluff City in U t a h ; the band that has tried different times to sell horses stolen from M r . Johnson, offering on one occasion a 3-year-old for a sack of flour; the b a n d that tried to terrorize the cow camps last spring, ordering a n d compelling H e n r y G o o d m a n and his outfit to leave their winter camp, some thirty or thirty-five miles from the reservation.

HAROLD

CARLISLE

R EVIEWSand PUBLICATIONS Nauvoo: By

Kingdom

on the

Mississippi.

ROBERT BRUCE FLANDERS.

(Ur-

b a n a : University of Illinois Press, 1965. X4-364 p p . $6.50) Professor Flanders has compiled more details of the economic and political history of Nauvoo t h a n have ever been printed in a n y previous book dealing with this fascinating M o r m o n city. H i s sources indicate a n immense a m o u n t of research a n d t h e Bibliography is quite thorough. T h e book is attractively p u t together, with illustrations and a helpful m a p of N a u v o o and its subdivisions serving as endplates. Well-written, it makes interesting reading, not only because of its contents, but also due to the author's descriptive style a n d masterly phrased sentences which strike a t t h e heart of w h a t the a u t h o r is endeavoring t o convey to his readers.

Four of the chapters provide some unusually challenging implications: chapter eight, " T h e C h u r c h Corporate as a Body Politic" (the L.D.S. C h u r c h and its troublesome involvement in Hancock County a n d Illinois politics) ; chapter nine, "Conflict Within t h e K i n g d o m " (showing t h a t internal dissent within the M o r m o n C h u r c h was a strong factor in the murder of Joseph Smith) ; chapter ten, " T h e K i n g d o m as E m p i r e " (the attempt of Joseph Smith to make a theocratic K i n g d o m of God within the confines of either Illinois or t h e United States, and the role of its secret Council of Fifty in this plan) ; a n d chapter eleven, " T h e Fall of the K i n g d o m " ( a treatment of the forces which caused the M o r m o n exodus from N a u v o o ) . These

present some facets of M o r m o n history which have heretofore not been widely publicized with documentation. T h e author is to be commended for these presentations.

M a n y members of t h e t w o largest M o r m o n churches, as well as several of the minor splinter groups, will find t h e book distressing reading. Emphasizing political and economic history as it does, with little a t t e m p t t o present the spiritual a n d social aspects of t h e M o r m o n community, the book is ruthless in depicting Joseph Smith, n o t as t h e commonly known martyred prophet, b u t as an inept politician, a large-scale land speculator, a military leader, a m a n w h o m a d e serious mistakes in his choice of intimate associates, one easily deceived by flattery, and a t times a p r o u d leader with dictatorial tendencies.

Dr. Flanders is associate professor of history a t t h e Reorganized C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Graceland College in L a m o n i , Iowa. I n his writing h e presents three themes for which m a n y of his co-religionists will condemn him. First, his idea t h a t Brigh a m Young took his followers away from Nauvoo, rather than forsake the ideal of an independent theocracy which Joseph Smith attempted to establish a t Nauvoo, but failed. Brigham Young, in the Great Basin, was able t o carry t o a successful realization Joseph Smith's theocratic scheme. Second, a recognition that plural marriage was introduced in N a u voo by Joseph Smith, contrary to E m m a Smith's assertion that her husband was not responsible for it. Third, evidence that Brigham Young took a m u c h higher

264 percentage of the Saints from Nauvoo than some segments of the M o r m o n C h u r c h have been willing to admit.

T h e r e are m a n y errors of factâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;many being small errors, b u t nonetheless errors â&#x20AC;&#x201D;which could have been avoided. F o r example, in two places he confuses Orson Hyde with Orson Pratt, having the former excommunicated at Nauvoo, rather t h a n the latter, a n d t h e act having been done by Brigham Young, rather t h a n Joseph Smith. H e repeats the old myth about the temple having 30 pilasters which cost $3,000 apiece, when there were no such pilasters o n the building. Fremont's report on the Great Basin was read by Brigham Y o u n g before it was published. H e states temple ceremonies ceased on February 6, 1846, when they actually continued for several months beyond that date.

T h e author of the book is led into some of his errors by assuming that something in print or writing is true.

F o r example, that a deed indicating the price of a N a u v o o lot was $1,000 m e a n t it sold for that amount. M u c h of the pricing of lots was window dressing.

Some lots were given away, others exchanged for property in Missouri, and many sold m u c h cheaper t h a n the stated price. Dr. Flanders accepts statements written in the late 1880's by Ebenezer Robinson concerning N a u v o o happenings in the 1840's as reliable, whereas contemporary documents indicate them to be erroneous.

I n spite of attempted objectivity, Dr. Flanders at times reflects a Reorganized Latter Day Saint bias. This is illustrated by his statement that the N a u v o o T e m ple was not finished, and h e cites only the word of Joseph Smith I I I to prove it (he was about 14 when it was burned, and he wrote about it many years later) and ignores an a b u n d a n c e of testimony by those w h o built it, to the contrary. Supporting the contention that Joseph Smith I I I h a d been designated by his father to succeed h i m as head of the church, Dr. Flanders cites a statement t h a t was sup-

Utah Historical Quarterly posedly witnessed by a group of men, at least five of w h o m denied such action h a d occurred, a n d gives but one authority to substantiate this position, namely a m a n w h o m his church contends was a scribe of Joseph Smith, b u t w h o is not identified as one of the prophet's official secretaries. H e relates the account of Brigham Young taking over the leadership of the church from the point of view of his c h u r c h , b u t fails to c i t e o n e reference to the interpretation of the incident m a d e by t h e church in U t a h . Dr. F l a n d e r s s t a t e s t h a t 5,000 S a i n t s r e ceived their endowments in the Nauvoo Temple, a n d refers to t h e m as "This minority of M o r m o n s in the Nauvoo region." Based on his own authority, the 1845 Illinois census, which gave Nauvoo a n d its surroundings about 14,000 inhabitants (not all Mormons) it will be found that the 5,000 adults represented more t h a n five-sixths of the adult Mormons of the community. This is hardly a minority.

T h e author's treatment of the economics of N a u v o o leaves many questions unanswered. H o w a city of more than 11,000 could be created without a bank, h o w a building boom could be maintained year after year during a period of economic depression, how a magnificent temple could be built a n d paid for, how people acquired land and homes when there was little money in circulation are not satisfactorily explained.

This book is not technically a history of Nauvoo, b u t rather a series of vignettes dealing with movements, ideas, episodes, and activities of the Saints and church leaders. I t is not a definitive history of the period, as Professor Flanders' self-imposed limitation on his study restricted its breadth of treatment. I n fact there has not been enough research done on Nauvoo at present for anyone to write a complete history of the city and its people in the M o r m o n era.

T . EDGAR L Y O N

Nauvoo

Restoration,

Inc.

Reviews and Publications Keepers of the Past. Edited by CLIFFORD L. LORD. (Chapel Hill: University of N o r t h Carolina Press, 1965. 241 p p . $6.00) T h e raw material for the appreciation and the writing of American history is being preserved a n d organized in county a n d state historical societies; in municipal, state, a n d national archives; in special collections; in museums; a n d through restoration projects. A n u m b e r of people figured significantly in the launching of this historical preservation.

T h r o u g h biographical vignettes, Keepers of the Past focuses on 18 of them.

Clifford L o r d brings impressive qualifications to his role as editor of the collection a n d as a u t h o r of the essay o n R e u b e n Gold Thwaites. Currently president of Hofstra University, he has served as president of the American Association for State a n d Local History and as director of both the New-York State Historical Association a n d State Historical Society of Wisconsin. T o prepare the sketches for the volume, Lord enlisted the cooperation of some rather authoritative, if not always literary, individuals.

T h e article on H e n r y E. H u n t i n g t o n was written by the director of the H u n t i n g ton Library a n d Art Gallery; the essay on J. Franklin Jameson by the historian of the American Historical Association; the sketches on the founders of the M a s sachusetts Historical Society and the New-York Historical Society were by the current directors of these societies. T h e other contributors are similarly qualified to essay on the founding of Fort Ticonderoga, the Society for t h e Preservation of N e w England Antiquities, the National Archives, etc.

T h e indomitable personalities (amateurs mostly) heralded in this volume were not common types. Their commitm e n t to historic preservation was characterized by perseverance, imagination, a n d largess. Legion are those who are indebted to t h e m for providing more effective means for the apprehension of

265 the past. Unpredictable b u t undoubtedly awesome will be the debt of the future to these concerned few a n d those like them w h o have provided such rich sources for the interpretation of w h a t we have been and are.

Engaging as the subject personalities were, the book is not without blemish.

By parading " a popular treatment of the development of historical agencies from the beginning to the present," the dust jacket promises more t h a n is delivered.

A p a r t from Lord's introductory comments, the essays are rather exclusively preoccupied with the "beginnings" •— albeit, interesting ones—of historic preservation.

I t m a y be inevitable t h a t cooperative enterprises are uneven in their effects — this one is. Almost one-third of the book concerns the historical society, with the early activities of only three societies being considered. F r o m the first article the reader learns that Jeremy Belknap wrote a history of New H a m p s h i r e and was the key figure in the founding of the Massachusetts Historical Society; h e also picks up more biographical trivia t h a n h e m a y desire. M o r e to the point, but still rather light, are the articles on the New-York Historical Society a n d Association. I n short the only essays of genuine substance are those on L y m a n C. D r a p e r a n d Reuben Gold Thwaites of t h e State Historical Society of Wisconsin, a n d of the two, Lord's is the better.

T h e unevenness pervades other sections. T h e essay on Jameson abounds in substance. But w h a t it has in substance, it lacks in organization, and the purely b i o g r a p h i c a l e l e m e n t s seem f o r c e d .

Yet, as might have been expected, one of the best essays in the selection, the one on Robert Digges Wimberly Connor, is by an experienced writer, the a u t h o r of some 20 books.

T h e only representatives for the collector are H e n r y E. H u n t i n g t o n a n d Bella L a n d a u e r , and the sketch of H u n t ington by the present director of the

266

Utah Historical Quarterly

H u n t i n g t o n Library is a model. Lord apologizes for this limited representation a n d admits that "selectivity here is particularly fraught with subjective perils."

And while "reluctantly" abandoning other collectors he feels he must mention at least two additional ones in the Preface â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Charles Messer Stow and Herbert A. Kellar. Why, wonders the reviewer, was not the gratuity extended to include William Robertson Coe a n d Phillip Ashton Rollins, among others? T h a t Kellar was associated with the State Historical Society of Wisconsin m a y be an explanation.

If substance is sometimes sacrificed to interest and if the decision to eschew a formal history of historical agencies in favor of a more " p o p u l a r treatment" is dubious, the book is still worth reading.

STANFORD CAZIER

Utah State

University

Utah's Governments.

By J E D O N A. E M E N H I S E R . (Palo Alto: T h e N a tional Press, 1964. 79 p p . $2.25) This brief volume was written to provide a convenient reference for the interested citizen and a guide for the student seeking further knowledge about the various levels of government in U t a h . T h e book gives a good summary of major aspects of U t a h government at the state, county, and local levels with the effective use of charts, graphs, and comparative references. T h e author, Dr. J e D o n A. Emenhiser of the Political Science D e p a r t m e n t of U t a h State University, has not attempted to include extensive detail of U t a h ' s governmental organization and processes. However, the excellent footnotes give adequate references for any w h o wish to dig deeper. As Dr. Emenhiser states in his summary, "a thorough understanding of U t a h ' s governments can only be obtained through continuous a n d concentrated study." Utah's Governments pro-

vides a good base from which to launch such a study and also provides in a clear, brief format adequate information to give the reader a good grasp of the U t a h governmental scene.

T h e five major sections of the book illustrate the contents thereof by their titles â&#x20AC;&#x201D; "State Legislation," "State Adm i n i s t r a t i o n , " "State Adjudication," "Local Government," a n d "Intergovernmental Relations." T h e section on state legislation covers organization and operation of the state legislature, as well as the process of direct legislation through initiative and referendum. U n fortunately, parts of this section of the book are already outdated by governmental change. Legislative districts have recently been redrawn by the state legislature acting under the pressure of the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in Baker vs. Carr. However, the section itself still stands as a competent coverage of the legislative process in U t a h .

T h e section dealing with state administration may be similarly antedated if the recommendations of the Little Hoover Commission currently being discussed in U t a h are adopted. However, until such action occurs, this section will serve as a convenient reference for those seeking knowledge about the organization a n d operation of the executive branch of U t a h ' s government. This coverage should also prove very useful to those seeking to compare existing governmental structure with that proposed by the Little Hoover Commission. The reader will also find in this section some of the most frequently used pro and con arguments which will surely be heard as debate grows over U t a h ' s proposed governmental reorganization of the executive branch.

T h e section on the courts gives a brief summary of the judicial system in U t a h including the jurisdiction of the various courts. I n the conclusion of this chapter, various court reforms a n d problems are discussed.

267

Reviews and Publications The section on local government gives a summary of both county and municipal governments and their problems and possible reforms.

The intergovernmental relations section deals with national-state relations, interstate relations, state and local relations, interlocal relations, and many of the points which are discussed as to the kinds and extent of relations which should be carried on between the various governments.

Considering the limited space in which Dr. Emenhiser has worked, he is to be complimented for his succinct, clear, and descriptive summary of the organization and procedures of Utah government. Even though a small portion of the publication is already outdated, it is probably the most current work available covering Utah's governments.

STEWART L. G R O W

Brigham Young

The Nevada Adventure, JAMES W. H U L S E .

University

A History. By (Reno: Univer-

sity of Nevada Press, 1965. xii + 290

pp. $7.50) James Hulse, newspaperman turned college professor, tells the romantic, adventurous story of the birth and growth of Nevada with a deft touch on his typewriter.

This latest history of Nevada is intended basically as a textbook for the state's schools and is so organized. But in writing for a student readership, Dr. Hulse has, fortunately, refrained from a purely academic approach. Instead, he has used a newspaper style of turning facts and figures, names and dates, places and things into very interesting reading.

Dr. Hulse is well qualified to write The Nevada Adventure. He is a native of Pioche, a graduate of the University of Nevada, a former reporter on Reno's Nevada State Journal, and now assistant

professor of history at the Reno campus of the University of Nevada.

I, too, am a native of Nevada (Virginia City), a graduate of the University of Nevada, and a former reporter on the Journal in Reno. I am now a Utahn by adoption, but reading of the "good old days" in the Silver State took me back to the times of my boyhood on the Comstock Lode.

That should be the true test of a good book â&#x20AC;&#x201D; making its material come alive to the reader.

Dr. Hulse's story of Nevada is complete and factual. His order of presentation is logical, starting with the state's natural setting and its prehistoric inhabitants and going on through the days of the explorers, the emigrants, the Mormons, the miners in the various boom camps, the railroaders, the gamblers, the tourists, and the scientists of the atomic proving grounds.

Illustrations are plentiful -â&#x20AC;&#x201D;- both in photographs and in maps.

The Nevada Adventure should certainly fill its role as a lively textbook on the state's history. It also should prove a timely "refresher course," as it was for me, for adults who want to know more about Nevada's past, the "why" of its present, and its prospects for the future.

MURRAY M. MOLER

Ogden

Standard-Examiner

The Theological Foundations of the Mormon Religion. By STERLING M. M C M U R R I N . (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1965. xiv-f-151 pp. $3.00 cloth, $2.00 paper) Without a doubt the author's scholastic peers and those who aspire to become his peers will be both delighted and stimulated by this very thoughtful volume.

For those of us whose scholarship in the areas of metaphysics, philosophy, and theology is limited, Dr. McMurrin's study is rather heavy going to read with

268 appreciation. Nonetheless it is worth the effort.

The perspective provided by the book should be of interest to more than scholars in the areas dealt with, and to more than serious readers in comparative religions. The orientation should be of great worth to thoughtful church members and particularly to evangelists for the Mormon Church. A knowledge of the origins of metaphysical and theological concepts which underlie the Mormon religion; an awareness of the anomalies, paradoxes, and eclecticism of those concepts; and of the differences in positions of Mormonism, Protestantism, and Catholicism should at once provide feelings of greater security in discussing the concepts and deter extreme or foolish statements by the advocates.

And so the suggestion is gently made that the author might make a major contribution by rewriting the book, addressing it to the reading level of seriousminded church leadership. To be sure it would be too much to expect that the highly meritorious worth of this volume could be preserved while stepping down its semantic voltage to the level of Sunday supplement "literature." Nevertheless, without lessening its worth to anyone, it might be made available to a wider readership by including more continuity and by setting forth the meanings of all critical terms.

There is, of course, no comprehensive statement or declaration extant which is officially promulgated by the Mormon Church regarding theology. Professor McMurrin has drawn upon the religious writings of respected members of the church hierarchy, as well as upon the accepted Mormon scriptures, to state what the Mormon position is, or seems to be.

(Here we must keep in mind the semantics of the terms, "theology" and "religion.")

A perception of the Mormon position on crucial concepts is sharpened by placing it in relation to the historical devel-

Utah Historical Quarterly opment of the concepts, and by juxtaposing it with the positions of Catholicism, Protestantism, and other religions. It is intellectually exciting to ponder the ramifications within this perspective.

FRED M. FOWLER

Salt Lake City Photographers of the Frontier West: Their Lives and Their Works, 1875 to 1915. By R A L P H W. ANDREWS. (Seattle: Superior Publishing Company, 1965. 182 pp. $12.95) In his quest for materials for his earlier writings, Mr. Andrews became fascinated with the photographs taken by pioneering photographers. In an interview the author explained that he felt recognition had not been given these adventurous men whose spectacular works have left a recorded history. And, although a number of histories have been written on the growth of photography, the individuals mentioned were, for the most part, those connected with the development of photographic processes.

So, perhaps, the value of Mr. Andrews' work is twofold. First, he has added new material to the already wellknown artist and has brought out of obscurity the lesser-known. Secondly, by bringing forth these rare photographs, the author has told a story of western regions that appeals to both young and old.

In this latest book, Photographers of the Frontier West, Mr. Andrews has selected discoveries from the masterful works of Frank H. Nowell, Arnold Genthe, Darius Kinsey, Edward S. Curtis, Thomas M. McKee, Henry G. Peabody, and others whose works appeared from 1875 to 1915. Their lives are vividly portrayed, and in the case of Tom McKee one can read McKee's own description of the culture of the Ute Indians, his notes on Ute pottery, and an account of Mesa Verde as he saw it in 1900. An autobiographical account by

269

Reviews and Publications photographer Arnold G e n t h e tells of his experiences in t h e great San Francisco earthquake a n d his own colorful description of old San Francisco Chinatown.

This book is recommended for those w h o have a n interest i n Indians a n d their culture, Alaska a n d the Gold Rush, logging, seafaring, a n d other fascinating aspects of t h e West. Photo credits a n d an Index complete t h e volume.

MARGARET S H E P H E R D

Utah State Historical The Wild Bunch at Robbers PEARL BAKER.

Society

Roost. By

( L O S Angeles: West-

ernlore Press, 1965. 255 p p . $7.50) T o anyone interested in the history of outlaw activities in U t a h a n d t h e Interm o u n t a i n West, this is a most remarkable book. T h e author lived almost h e r entire life in Robbers Roost a n d while her arrival was after t h e period of most outlaw activities, she interviewed many oldtimers w h o personally knew t h e history of the place a n d the characters w h o h a d m a d e it their headquarters during the earlier outlaw period. T h e book contains a n amazing n u m b e r of incidents a n d stories of the wild old days which could only have been obtained by o n e w h o was familiar with t h e background of t h e area a n d was o n t h e ground a t the right time a n d place.

This book is a wonderful supplement to m y earlier Outlaw Trail because it contains so m u c h intimate material which I h a d n o opportunity to collect.

I t is historically accurate to t h e best of the author's knowledge, although like all books it contains some errors. She calls Butch Cassidy, Robert LeRoy Parker, although his real name was George LeRoy Parker. She picked u p this error from a writer on the N e w York Journal-American who was never west of t h e H u d s o n River. H i s own father told m e Butch's n a m e was George LeRoy, a n d he should have known.

Another error is in claiming that Butch returned to t h e U n i t e d States after reportedly having been killed in South America. Years ago a m a n named Phillips claimed to be Butch Cassidy a n d returned t o Wyoming hoping t o dig u p treasure h e h a d buried after a train robbery. H e spent a whole summer on this project a n d was accepted a t face value by local ranchers. After his death I wrote his widow a n d she told m e Phillips as a young m a n h a d become acquainted with Butch a n d listened to his tales of adventure. I n his old age Phillips returned to try to find some buried treasure, b u t h e was n o t Butch Cassidy.

This book is well written a n d altogether makes very interesting a n d entertaining reading, besides being a n actual history of the outlaw period of U t a h .

CHARLES KELLY

Salt Lake

City

Sources of Mormon History in Illinois, 1839^48: An Annotated Catalog of the Microfilm Collection at Southern Illinois University.

C o m p i l e d by S T A N L E Y B. K I M B A L L .

(Carbondale-

Edwardsville: Southern Illinois U n i versity, 1964. xii4-76 p p . N.P.) U p o n first examination of the Sources of Mormon History in Illinois, 1839^18, the scholar might have m o m e n t a r y visions of o n e spot in which all research can b e done concerning t h e history of Mormonism during this period. I n bringing together a n unusually large collection of microfilms a n d other photomechanical prints, t h e collector-author has amassed a n important, though deceptive, collection. I n his Introduction the author tells of visiting t h e libraries of 10 states a n d writing to 1,100 historical societies. H e does not, however, state t h e response to his letters or t h e coverage of the libraries in the 10 states.

T h e problem of incomplete listing of total holdings c a n b e seen in t h e entry for t h e H e n r y E. H u n t i n g t o n Library

270

Utah Historical Quarterly

which shows 14 letters and a list of "diaries, memoirs, autobiographies, etc.," 283 items "most of which pertain to the history of the Mormons after leaving Nauvoo." W i t h this the author seems to dispose of the tiresome task of examining this vast collection which has never been properly indexed. A collection as fine as Huntington's should fare m u c h better. O n the other h a n d the manuscripts of the Chicago Historical Society are m u c h more complete, having already been brought together a n d microfilmed. Also, it should be noted t h a t m a n y of the finest collections are not at all represented; some due to a policy of not allowing manuscripts to be copied, but others due to the obligation the libraries feel they owe to their m a n u script collections a n d to the problems inherent with manuscripts.

I n the Preface the author makes an interesting interpretation of primary sources as contemporary newspapers and periodicals, diaries and journals, and letters, but not "printed documents."

Since contemporary newspapers, periodicals, and broadsides are "printed docu m e n t s " and require about half of the bibliography, it seems a bit strange t h a t it does not also include the important government, state, and local documents as well as printed journals, memoirs, travels, and interviews.

T h e r e are a n u m b e r of printing and editorial errors which should have been avoided. T h e use of Era in the Foreword is bibliographically unsound; New York Messenger is spelled with an a; several quotations are included without proper acknowledgment.

Despite these difficulties, scholars will welcome this as a major addition to the bibliographic literature of the field. T h e book is well organized, and particularly impressive is Appendix 1 which lists the M o r m o n articles from six newspapers on file at the Mercantile Library, St. Louis.

CHAD FLAKE

Brigham

Young

University

The Buckeye Rovers in the Gold Rush: An Edition of Two Diaries. Edited with a n Introduction by HOWARD L. SCAMEHORN. (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1965. xxiv-f 195 pp. $5.00) D u r i n g the California Gold Rush of 1849 a group of m e n from Athens County in southeastern O h i o formed a company known as the Buckeye Rovers.

Joined by a group from Meigs County, the company reached Lexington on the Missouri River where they made their outfit. Early in May, the Buckeye Rovers left St. Joseph to begin their trek over the Oregon-California Trail. T w o members, J. Elza Armstrong a n d John Edwin Banks, kept diaries. T h e Armstrong diary is brief and merely records events along the trail. T h e Banks diary is vivid and more detailed covering both experiences en route and in the California mines. Ohioans comprised a large elem e n t in California and only a few diaries by t h e m have been previously published.

I n moving their w a g o n train across the prairies, the Buckeye Rovers faced hostile Indians, cholera, a grass shortage, and other typical hazards of the overland trail. I n California they enjoyed fair success in the mines. Banks prospected for about two years, mostly along various forks of the American River.

H e spent the first winter at Cold Springs near Coloma and the second winter at O p h i r near Auburn. Some members of the company worked along the Yuba River, b u t only two were successful there.

Banks depicted California as a land of easy riches for some a n d despair for others. Among some of the things he intimately described were the floods at Sacramento, a miners' meeting, and California's first election. Banks voted in favor of the constitution making California a free state. I n his diary he wrote: " I t was not as good as I could wish, yet as good as I expected." F o r governor he voted for the victor, Peter H . Burnett, writing: "Of the candidates I knew al-

Reviews and Publications

271

most nothing. By report Burnett stood fair, b u t his address is a miserable affair; voting for h i m was a leap in t h e dark into the mire."

By J u n e 1852, all of the original Buckeye Rovers h a d started for home. I n contrast to his lengthy overland journey Banks returned to O h i o in about 45 days by way of t h e P a n a m a route. Forty years later, Banks wrote: ". . . we did not get very rich, b u t w e helped found an E m pire: California, Oregon, a n d Washington, without mentioning U t a h a n d h e r neighbors."

Scamehorn has carefully a n d thoroughly edited these diaries. His I n t r o duction, Epilogue, a n d notes help to make t h e book a highly readable account of the California Trail a n d of the Gold Rush. A n index, although not necessary for such a short book, would have enhanced it further.

B E N J A M I N F. GILBERT

San Jose State

College

The Valley of the Upper Yellowstone: An Exploration of the Headwaters of the Yellowstone River in the Year 1869.

As Recorded by C H A R L E S W .

C O O K , DAVID E. F O L S O M , a n d

WIL-

LIAM P E T E R S O N . Edited a n d with a n I n t r o d u c t i o n by A U B R E Y L. H A I N E S .

( N o r m a n : University of O k l a h o m a Press, 1965. xxxii + 7 9 p p . $3.75) T h e title page accurately describes the contents of this volume. I t has brought together all of t h e significant material pertaining t o the 35-day journey of Folsom, Cook, a n d Peterson from D i a m o n d City, M o n t a n a , counterclockwise through m u c h of present Yellowstone National Park, a n d return. T h e appreciation of these m e n for t h e grandeur of nature a n d their perspicacity in evaluating its importance served as a catalytic for t h e Washburn-Langford-Doane E x pedition of 1870. These two parties, plus the government-supported H a y d e n Sur-

vey of 1871, deserve the principal credit for the formulation a n d implementation of t h e national park concept a n d t h e creation of Yellowstone National Park.

Editor Haines attempts to trace t h e origin of this grand idea t o a discussion held in 1865. I n October of that year, F a t h e r Francis X . K u p p e n s told T h o m a s F. Meagher, Cornelius Hedges, a n d others about his recent trip to the U p p e r Yellowstone country in t h e company of some Piegan Indians. I n a n article written in 1897, F a t h e r K u p p e n s described the reactions of his audience this way, ". . . if things were as described, all agreed t h a t efforts should be m a d e to explore t h e region a n d t h a t report of it should be m a d e to t h e government."

T h a t was a valid reaction, b u t M r .

Haines speculates t h a t the establishment of Yosemite as a state park in 1864 was known to these m e n a n d t h a t t h e germ of the national park idea may have originated in this discussion. Although this speculation is open to question, it adds interest to t h e Introduction. T h e editor is on safer ground when compounding the m o u n t a i n men's views of t h e park area as " a curious mixture of fact a n d fancy...."

Folsom, Cook, a n d Peterson were not "Alice in W o n d e r l a n d " adventurers. " C a p t a i n " Cook said, " W e h a d n o idea we would discover anything more t h a n the usual m o u n t a i n scenery." Experience enlarged their perspectives, b u t they took w h a t came in good stride.

T h e i r descriptions were comprehensive and restrained. T h e i r moods were often reflective a n d contemplative, a n d their thoughts were aptly expressed.

O n t h e evening of October 3, they were camped o n the Firehole River several miles south of present Madison Junction. Cognizant of t h e imminence of their departure from a wonderland, their conversation was meditative. Peterson thought t h a t homesteaders would soon reach the area. Cook said the country was too big to be taken u p , " b u t that

Utah Historical Quarterly

272 something ought to be done to keep the settlers out." W h e r e u p o n Folsom declared, " T h e government ought not to allow anyone to locate here a t all." In t h a t hour the nucleus of a g r a n d concept of conservation was born. O n the same river at the point of confluence with the G i b b o n R i v e r , the W a s h b u r n - L a n g ford-Doane party endorsed a n d amplified the national park idea around a campfire on September 19, 1870.

M E R R I L L D . BEAL

Idaho State

University

History of Wyoming. By T . A. LARSON. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1965. xi 4-619 p p . $6.95) T h e r e seems to be a trend a m o n g contemporary writers of western American history toward a greater emphasis on w h a t is happening today a n d away from the romantic yesterdays of t h e fur t r a p per, pioneer, a n d gunslinger. D r . Larson follows this trend in his History of Wyoming. T h e first third of the century, one-half of Wyoming's history, is omitted. T h a t story has been told often enough and well enough by others, Dr. Larson explains, and after the initial shock wears off the reader might concede that he has a point.

After an introductory chapter describing the natural setting a n d another that deals mainly with the frustrations of treaty-making between the U n i t e d States and the various I n d i a n tribes in the area, Dr. Larson launches his history with the coming of the U n i o n Pacific and territorial government to Wyoming. T h e remainder of the book is an orderly, chronological assessment of the political, economical, and social growth of Wyoming to the present. Playing a conspicuous role a n d dominating the political as well as the economic arena is the ever-present behemoth, the Wyoming Stock Growers Association. M u c h t h a t is new concerning this ultra-conservative organization is introduced by Dr. Larson.

Dr. Larson is head of t h e D e p a r t m e n t of History at t h e University of Wyoming in Laramie. This seat offers certain obvious advantages to the writer of state histories, and Dr. Larson has made full use of these advantages. O n e must be impressed with the thoroughness of his research. H e has 16 full pages of source materials listed at the end of the book for the student w h o wishes to dig a little deeper. H e uses his sources throughout the book, having them tell the story whenever it is practical. T h e author steers the dialogue into an intelligent pattern and comments only when clarification is necessary. Because he is discriminating with his sources, the book is never dull.

T h e newspaper editorial is widely and wisely used by the author. T h e frontier editor was often a colorful character who could whip u p a story on almost any subject, be it politics or picnics. It would be difficult to capture a feeling for the West without him. Consider one editorial from the pen of Bill Nye, editor of the Laramie Boomerang, which possibly shows more insight into the problems in agriculture in Wyoming than the m a n y volumes t h a t have been p u t out by the promoters of t h a t industry: ". . . unless the yield this fall of moss agates a n d prickly pears should be unusually large, the agriculture export will be below p r e c e d i n g years, and there may be actual suffering, [and] . . . again, the climate is erratic, eccentric and peculiar . . . the early frosts make close connection with the late spring blizzards, so that there is only time for a hurried lunch between."

Wyoming's agriculture potential has been trumpeted by her politicians for a hundred years, yet today less than five per cent of the state is u n d e r cultivation.

This is only one area of controversy among m a n y others that is brought out in this book. T h e author deals with controversial matters with subtlety and fairness. T h e result is a refreshing new look

273

Reviews and Publications at the States. due, is ture of

most western of the Western History of Wyoming, long overa welcome addition to the literathe West.

WILLIAM M.

Rowland

PURDY

Hall-St. Mark's School, Salt Lake City

Creating Historical Drama: A guide for the community and the individual. By GEORGE M C C A L M O N and

CHRISTIAN

M O E . Foreword by L o u i s C. J O N E S .

(Carbondale: Southern Illinois U n i versity Press, 1965. xv 4-393 p p . $12.50) This book outlines in a detailed m a n ner how d r a m a can recreate or illustrate t h e past. I t emphasizes organizational a n d production structures which undoubtedly will be helpful to beginning groups. T h e r e is a wealth of information in the book t h a t has never been available within one publication. Historical d r a m a does constitute a large p a r t of living theatre in America today, and there is evidence from this book t h a t there is new interest in this type of production.

T h e exact n a t u r e and purpose of this volume is not readily clear. Its title suggests that this is a "how t o " book, a guide to creating historical dramas. I t might have been more useful for novice producers h a d the authors given more space to practical aspects of creating historical d r a m a instead of their lengthy discussion of the d o m i n a n t forms of historical drama: biography-drama, pageantd r a m a , and epic-drama. Lengthy attention is given to comparisons between these forms in an effort to place d r a m a in its exact category. T h e r e probably will be little quarrel with the definition d r a w n for biography-drama, b u t one might take exception to the definitions set down for the other two categories which are defined largely by arbitrary qualifications which are rarely constant in drama.

T h e r e is reason to question the historical authoritativeness of this work.

O n e p a g e a n t - d r a m a , the Hill Cumorah Pageant, is mentioned several times throughout the book. O n e entry indicates t h a t this p a g e a n t is offered by the M o r m o n Church, another entry lists the Brigham Young University as the producer, a n d a third entry cites the sponsor as Eastern States Mission of the C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Hopefully other historical d r a m a s have been more carefully documented. This d r a m a , traditionally called a pageant because of an original nomenclature, is listed in the book as a p a g e a n t - d r a m a b u t there is strong evidence to indicate t h a t it should be listed u n d e r the epicd r a m a category.

Perhaps this book would have been more helpful to the nonspecialist to w h o m it is addressed h a d the bulk of the material dealing with production and organization been illuminated by examples d r a w n from a single successful historical d r a m a in each of the categories.

W h e n examples are d r a w n from m a n y different dramas, the book takes on the feeling of an historical study, which is only secondary.

T h e line drawings of possible types of staging d r a w n by D a r w i n Payne, not always carefully executed, will be more helpful to the curious theatre student t h a n to the nonspecialist in d r a m a .

T h e book surveys an area of theatre about which little has been written, however, and it should be read and reread by all w h o plan to present an historical drama.

TT T TT H A R O L D I. H A N S E N

Brigham

Young

The Nez Perce Indians ing

of the Northwest.

University

and the

Open-

By A L V I N

M.

J O S E P H Y , J R . (New H a v e n : Yale University Press, 1965. xxii 4-705 419 p p . $12.50) T h e latter phrase of the title could almost stand alone to describe this cyclo-

274

Utah Historical Quarterly

pedic history of a large section of the Northwest. M a n y matters which concern t h e Nez Perces only indirectly are handled with thoroughness that goes beyond mere digression, telling the stories of exploration, fur trade, missions, a n d Gold Rush. A leisurely pace is maintained from the start, with a feeling that there is no limit to available time, paper, a n d ink. All is handled o n a large scale, with big pages, spacious maps, an imposing bibliography, a n d a list of acknowledgments t h a t must approach the world's record. These all reflect the nature of the work: it is a compendium of almost everything known about the Nez Perces and their country.

tween white a n d I n d i a n ways of life, and a second conflict-â&#x20AC;&#x201D;pitting a group of individuals against t h e power of a federal government intent o n having its own way despite treaties, promises, and even ordinary h u m a n i t a r i a n concern.

Along with substantial paraphrasing of m a n y previous writers, there is evidence of m u c h on-the-spot investigation.

O n e senses that the author has not only read all the books a n d been over the land where these things occurred, b u t has been deeply thoughtful in the whole process. His own contribution is an orderly arrangement, a coherent narrative, a n d a clear style. T h e problem of frequent citations a n d side-discussions is solved most neatly â&#x20AC;&#x201D; short footnotes a p pear on the page concerned, with longer ones relegated to an appendix.

Josephy is fearless in taking sides on some controversial questions, such as points involving religious disputes, which he handles rather bluntly a n d pretty convincingly. H e lines u p with all modern authorities (as opposed to popular writers) in further exploding the myth of Chief Joseph as a military genius or even as a leader of the famous retreat.

T h e futility of trying to correct this bit of folklore is seen in reviews which have already appeared, in which the reviewers have ignored the most strongly worded conclusions a n d continue to describe Joseph as a brilliant strategist who led the flight across M o n t a n a . T h e author's rejection of this concept is both clear and accurate.

The Great West is large in size and large in scope. T h e West treated here is not t h a t area beyond the Missouri or the Mississippi, b u t the vast empire that stretched on to the Pacific beckoning the frontiersman who pushed through the Alleghenies at the close of the French and I n d i a n Wars in 1763.

T h e a p p r o a c h of the author is chronological. A n d while nothing new is presented, t h e style is engaging. David Lavender proves again t h a t good history can be enlightening a n d entertaining when t h e h a n d of a n artist takes u p the pen.

T h e format of the book complements the writing. Following each chapter is a section entitled " T h e Pictorial Record."

Found therein are reproductions of contemporary water colors, pencil drawings, oil paintings, a n d old a n d recent photographs. T h e majority of the illustrations are outstanding a n d the pictorial comments by R a l p h K. Andrist are exceptionally well done. T h e combination of illustration a n d comment makes a delightful story in itself.

Of special interest to this reviewer are the numerous maps found in each chapter. Every author a n d publisher is to be complimented for the inclusion of one or two maps in a book. But when every chapter contains one or more maps

T h e whole account is basically one of tragedy, with two themes: the clash be-

S T A N L E Y R. D A V I S O N

Western Montana

The American Great

West.

Heritage

History

By D A V I D

College

of the

LAVENDER.

(New York: American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., Book T r a d e Distribution by Simon a n d Schuster, Inc., 1965. 416 p p . $16.50)

Reviews and Publications

275

which illuminate the text, the publisher deserves loud acclaim.

And so t h e blending of good writing and numerous illustrations a n d a p u b lisher w h o did not spare expense have produced a first-rate general history of the Great West.

E V E R E T T L. C O O L E Y

Utah State Historical

My Life in the Mountains Plains.

By

DAVID

Society

and on the

MERIWETHER.

Edited a n d with a n Introduction by ROBERT A. G R I F F E N . ( N o r m a n : U n i -

versity of O k l a h o m a Press, 1965. xxii + 301 p p . $5.95) Every year manuscripts t u r n u p on Western Americana, b u t few of the i m portance a n d interest of this memoir.

Meriwether was governor of N e w Mexico a n d this readable document throws a lot of light on his early career while, at the same time, illuminating t h e F a r West when it was the U p p e r Missouri River.

David Meriwether went with the Yell o w s t o n e E x p e d i t i o n of 1819—20 t o Council Bluffs as a sutler, became an Indian trader, a n d tried, unsuccessfully, to open u p t h e Santa F e t r a d e in 1820.

T h e Yellowstone Expedition foundered, of course, on the shoals of a depression, b u t Stephen H . Long's scientific expedition was a (still underrated) result. Meriwether adds to o u r store of anecdotes with his reminiscences of the frontier. H e m e t Daniel Boone, briefly; he witnessed the punishment meted out in a relatively civilized (U.S.) Army in 1819 for desertion, 25 lashes a n d the cutting off of t h e deserter's ears. Meriwether's explanation for William Clark's defeat in t h e race for governor of the new state of Missouri is an interesting one — Clark's friendship for the Indians caused his defeat by Alexander M c Nair.

Before really settling down as an I n dian trader, Meriwether attempted to open trade between Missouri and Santa

Fe. H e was just a little bit before his time, a n d he was thrown in jail in t h e New Mexican capital b u t eventually released. Appointed territorial governor of N e w Mexico in 1853, h e ruled from the Palace of t h e Governors, a corner room of which h a d been his prison so m a n y years before. Sure t o d r a w fire •— and ire •—• from the myth-makers w h o would have Christopher Carson always larger t h a n life, will be Meriwether's description of Carson's cowardice or "excessive p r u d e n c e " early in 1854.

W h e n a b a n d of I n d i a n horsemen galloped toward the two m e n , Meriwether stood his ground b u t Kit, thinking they might be hostiles, r a n a n d hid in a cutbank.

I n this reviewer's opinion the best p a r t of the entire narrative is the protagonist's account of a winter m a r c h of 1820 for medical supplies. I t was a harrowing trip through 30-degree below weather but a most impressive feat. Even the redoubtable Meriwether admitted this journey of mercy to have been " t h e hardest trip I ever m a d e in my life."

T h e text is greatly enhanced by the editing, Introduction, a n d notes of Robert A. Griffen of Nevada, a longtime student of Western Americana. His notes flesh-out characters a n d clarify incidents so t h a t this fresh, new document from the O l d West becomes as readable as it is informative. I t is highly recommended to aficionados of the field.

RICHARD H. DILLON

Sutro Library, San

Francisco

100 Years of Utah Painting.

Selected Works from the 1840's to the 1950's.

N a r r a t i v e a n d d o c u m e n t a t i o n by J A M E S L. H A S E L T I N E . (Salt Lake City: Salt Lake A r t Center, Inc., 1965. 62 pp. $3.50) A publication of this sort must be reviewed in its proper relationship. I t was published in conjunction with an exhibit

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Utah Historical Quarterly

of selected paintings by U t a h artists w h o were active from the 1840's to 1940's.

T h e chief contribution m a d e by 100 Years of Utah Painting is t h e depth it provided for one viewing t h e Salt Lake Art Center exhibit, October 22 to N o vember 23, 1965. Divorced from t h e exhibit, the book provides some keen vignettes o n the development of art a n d artists in U t a h . James L. Haseltine's narrative a n d documentation, together with prodigious black-and-white cuts a n d fine quality colorplates, present a kind of exhibit experience in a n d of itself.

Art has a cultural context which exists in time a n d reflects t h a t time through its people—socially, economically, politically, a n d religiously. M u c h of U t a h ' s history a n d milieu has been recorded by artists. T h e book should therefore be meaningful, especially to native U t a h n s with deep roots. T h e dilettante and professional outside the state should find the book most rewarding in its delineation of U t a h ' s rich a r t i s t i c h e r i t a g e , unique as it relates to other states in the West.

I t could be argued t h a t perhaps the first 50 years of U t a h painting would alone be a n undertaking of great challenge. T h a t M r . Haseltine thought big as he felt t h e pulse of U t a h ' s artistic past, is a symbol of fortified determination consistent with U t a h ' s early artists. M y regret is M r . Haseltine's regret — that the limitation of exhibition space dictated the scale of the exhibit a n d consequently diluted the scope. T h a t Salt Lake City does not have a museum of fine art commensurate with t h e achievements of the past could be considered a kind of antithesis.

T H O M A S A. L E E K

College of Southern A House Memoir.

of Many

Rooms,

A

Utah Family

By R O D E L L O H U N T E R . D r a w -

ings by R O Y O L S E N . ( N e w York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1965. 240 p p . $4.95)

A House of Many Rooms is a fictionalized family memoir of a large M o r m o n family living in a n u n n a m e d rural community, easily identified as U t a h ' s beautiful Heber Valley in t h e shadow of M t .

Timpanogos. David Woodrow built a h o m e for his stalwart little bride, Kate, a n d it grew in proportion to their fortunes a n d family of 13 children — referred to cheerfully in the list of characters as eight "owned" a n d five "borrowed." A m o n g the "borrowed" nieces, nephews, a n d grandchildren taken to be reared with t h e others was the author who writes with w a r m t h , understanding, a n d candor.

While only generally pinpointed timewise—-before a n d after 1 9 0 1 — a n d with n o pretense whatever as authenticated history, t h e chronicle does provide m u c h oral history about customs and conditions of a pioneer U t a h community during a n era on which the curtain is fast being drawn. T h e everyday, homely family u p s - a n d - d o w n s — sometimes amusing, often poignant, a n d always frankly discussed — are subtly interwoven with local, church, economic, and national events of the times. Together they give scope a n d depth to a regional story in which the strong, religious " P a p a " Woodrow comes in second to " M a m a , " his spunky little wife, whose constancy a n d courage evoke nostalgic memories a n d carry readers back to grandmothers' doorsteps all over America.

T h e national recognition a n d acceptance accorded Mrs. Hunter's book (publication by Alfred A. Knopf, Readers Digest Condensed Books, etc.) are probably as m u c h a commentary on our times as on h e r achievement — its wholesomeness a beckoning light o n a far horizon to m a n y mired down in the bog of present-day avant garde fiction.

J O S E P H I N E C. FABIAN

Salt Lake City

Reviews and Publications

277

NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS George Hearst,

California

Pioneer.

By

M R . AND M R S . F R E M O N T O L D E R . (Los

Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1966) H e r e is a biography of a famous western entrepreneur. Originally published in 1933 in a n edition of 1,000 copies, t h e book was a n exciting study of a n important a n d d r a m a t i c personality in t h e history of t h e West. Now, this rare book is generally available.

George Hearst was one of t h e original California pioneers of 1850. Unlike thousands of his Gold Rush companions, Hearst was one of t h e comparatively few w h o actually struck it rich. H i s n a m e became synonymous with h u n d r e d s of the richest discoveries in gold, silver, a n d lead.

His rise from penniless immigrant to great wealth a n d t h e United States Senate reads like a H o r a t i o Alger story. But, until the publication of this biography, t h e true George Hearst himself h a s remained more o r less a n enigma. This book attempts t o place h i m in correct historical perspective a n d t o evaluate him as a m a n .

The Letters of George Catlin Family: A Chronicle of the West.

and His American

By M A R J O R I E C A T L I N R O E H M .

(Berkeley a n d Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966) H e r e is a fresh perspective o n one of the unique characters in t h e history of western America. Despite George Catlin' s great reputation, a n d t h e appearance of a t least three biographies since 1948, virtually nothing is known of his personal life. This book provides t h e missing information.

Nearly 200 recently discovered personal letters a r e used as t h e basis for recounting t h e fortunes of t h e Catlin family. This correspondence with members of his family reveals George Catlin t h e m a n more clearly t h a n d o his m a n y colorful paintings a n d published writings o n t h e American Indians. T h e y show his t e m p e r a m e n t a n d character, his visionary hopes a n d his persistent fears for t h e fate of his unique collection of paintings.

The Lewis and Clark Trail.

TOMKINS.

By CALVIN

I n t r o d u c t i o n by S T E W A R T

L. U D A L L . ( N e w Y o r k : H a r p e r & Row, Publishers, 1965) Kit Carson's Autobiography.

Edited by

M I L O M I L T O N Q U A I F E . R e p r i n t . (Lin-

coln: University of Nebraska Press, [1966]) Published originally in 1935 in t h e Lakeside Classics, Kit Carson's Autobiography has been out of print for some time. T h e University of Nebraska Press has served scholarship by making this interesting little volume available once again.

T h e Autobiography covers t h e years from Carson's birth until 1856 w h e n h e lived at Taos, N e w Mexico, where h e served as I n d i a n agent.

R a t h e r modest in size a n d style, t h e Autobiography is, nevertheless, a valuable addition to Western Americana.

O n e of m a n ' s great heroic explorations, t h e Lewis a n d Clark Expedition opened t h e western half of N o r t h America in 1804-05, extending t h e United States' claim to lands west of the Rockies.

I n this book, which is both a dramatic recreation of t h e expedition a n d a present-day illustrated field guide to the trail, the reader c a n retrace t h e water a n d land route of "Lewis's Corps of Discovery" from t h e Mississippi River t o t h e Pacific Ocean. M a p s are included to pinpoint t h e campsites along t h e original trail. T h e m a p s also list today's recreational facilities, suggesting places t o stop to c a m p a n d t h e key spots from which to view this spectacular country. M a g nificent photographs a n d drawings offer the reader a vivid picture of this vast

278

Utah Historical Quarterly

American land, as it was 160 years ago a n d w h a t it is like today.

British a n d N o r t h American encroachment.

A Nation Moving West: Readings in the History of the American Frontier.

Saint

E d i t e d by R O B E R T W . R I C H M O N D a n d ROBERT

W.

MARDOCK.

T h i s collection of readings dealing with t h e American frontier a n d expansion westward contains letters, diaries, reminiscences, government records, contemporaneous newspaper a n d magazine stories, a n d t h e impressions of foreign visitors to recreate virtually every facet of t h e pioneer experience. Because t h e tale is told in terms of individuals — Indians, m o u n t a i n m e n , explorers, soldiers, homesteaders, miners, circuit riders, a n d politicians — either speaking for themselves or reported a t first h a n d , t h e great d r a m a of conquest a n d survival as the nation rolled westward from the A p palachians to t h e Pacific unfolds with freshness a n d immediacy.

Although t h e book is intended primarily for students, A Nation Moving West is a book t h a t t h e general reader with a n interest in Western Americana will find h a r d to resist.

Warriors

& Spanish

By O A K A H L. J O N E S , J R .

By H E L E N BAY G I B -

(Lincoln:

University of Nebraska Press, 1966)

Pueblo

and Savage.

BONS. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1965)

Conquest.

(Norman:

University of O k l a h o m a Press, 1966) Adopting t h e principle of divide a n d conquer, t h e Spaniards in N o r t h America employed I n d i a n auxiliaries in promoting t h e geographical expansion of their N o r t h American holdings.

I n this book the procedures, organization, contributions, a n d significance of the Pueblo auxiliaries from 1692 to 1794 a r e examined in detail in the vital central sector of N e w Spain's northern frontier. I t n o t only reveals a n import a n t facet of the history of N e w Mexico, but also furnishes a n understanding of Spanish procedures in t h e defense of the entire northern frontier against hostile Indians. French incursion, a n d later

Saint and Savage is t h e story of Andrew Smith Gibbons, w h o helped to establish communities all t h e way from Illinois to Arizona — towns like Nauvoo, Kanesville, Council Bluffs, Salt Lake City, Bountiful, Lehi, C e d a r City, Santa Clara, Las Vegas, St. George, St. T h o m a s on t h e M u d d y , Callville, Glendale, Moencopi, a n d St. Johns. I n them he left a posterity of doctors, lawyers, dentists, teachers, farmers, judges, legislators, a n d churchmen. But Andrew Gibbons did more than help establish communities, h e planted faith a n d trust in the hearts of t h e Indians, so that those w h o followed lived in peace and friendship with the red m a n .

This is t h e story of a dedicated m a n a n d his many missions which h e so faithfully fulfilled for his church.

Sentinel in the East: A Biography of Thomas L. Kane. By ALBERT L. Z O BELL, J R . (Salt Lake City: Nicholas G. M o r g a n , Sr., 1965) Born in Philadelphia of a n influential early American family a n d educated in p a r t in Europe, T h o m a s L . K a n e was of t h a t particular breed of m e n who, though n o t a M o r m o n , played a significant role in t h e history of U t a h .

Although never officially a member, he wrote, spoke, a n d acted extensively in defense of t h e M o r m o n cause. His historical discourse The Mormons, long a standard reference work of t h e period, is included in this present volume in its original type face through the use of photolithography. Working in Washington, D . C , a n d then coming West, Kane as m u c h as any single individual averted the tragedy of Johnston's Army a n d the Utah War.

Reviews and Publications

279

This was T h o m a s L. K a n e — mediator, soldier, statesman, a n d empire builder. H e r e in Sentinel in the East is the story of his life in all of its many facets.

Desert Challenge: Nevada.

By

An Interpretation RICHARD

(Lincoln: University Press, 1966)

Q U A I F E . R e p r i n t . (Lincoln: U n i versity of Nebraska Press, [1966])

ARTICLES OF INTEREST

G.

LILLARD.

of

Nebraska

American Heritage — X V I I , February 1966: "Should t h e Historian M a k e

Frontier in

M o r a l J u d g m e n t s ?" by H E N R Y S T E E L E COMMAGER, 27ff.

Desert Saints: The Mormon Utah.

of

F . F I N E R T Y . E d i t e d by M I L O M I L T O N

By N E L S A N D E R S O N .

Reprint.

(Chicago: T h e University of Chicago Press, 1966) Great Western Indian Fights. By M e m bers of t h e Potomac Corral of T h e Westerners, Washington, D . C . (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966) Our Own Sevier: A Comprehensive, Centennial Volume, Sevier County, Utah, 1865-1965.

Compiled a n d edited by IRVIN L. a n d L E X I A D . W A R -

NOCK. (Richfield: Sevier Commissioners, 1965)

County

The American West—III, "Horses for Western

Spring 1966: Indians," by

FRANCIS H A I N E S , 4ff.; "A Fight T h a t

Could H a v e M e a n t W a r : Major Movements of Pershing's Forces in Pursuit of Pancho Villa [Mormon scouts]," by K A R L Y O U N G , 16ff.; " T h e

F u r T r a d e a n d Its Historians," by D A L E L. MORGAN, 28ff.; " C a m p Followers All: Army W o m e n of t h e West," by J O H N R. SIBBALD, 5 6 - 6 7

Arizona and the West — 7, Summer 1965: " F r o m t h e Mississippi to t h e Pacific: A n Englishman in t h e Morm o n Battalion," by DAVID B. GRACY

Half-Sun

on the Columbia:

A

Biography

of Chief Moses. By R O B E R T H . R U B Y a n d J O H N A. B R O W N . ( N o r m a n : U n i -

versity of O k l a h o m a Press, 1965) My

Life

on the Plains.

By GENERAL

GEORGE A. C U S T E R . E d i t e d by M I L O

M I L T O N Q U A I F E . Reprint.

(Lincoln:

University of Nebraska Press, [1966]) The Story of a Political Hoax [case of Representative Douglas R. Stringfel-

I I a n d H E L E N J. H . R U G E L E Y , 127—

60 — W i n t e r 1965: " L t . Sylvester Mowry's Report on his M a r c h in 1855 From Salt Lake City to Fort T e j o n , " ed., L Y N N R. BAILEY, 3 2 9 - 4 6

— 8, Spring 1966: "Research O p p o r tunities in Western Territorial History," by K E N N E T H N . O W E N S , 7 - 1 8 ;

"Ecclesiastical Influence on Local G o v e r n m e n t i n t h e T e r r i t o r y of U t a h , " by J A M E S B. A L L E N , 3 5 - 4 8

low]. By F R A N K H . J O N A S . (Salt Lake

City: University of U t a h Institute of Government, 1966) Wagon Roads West: A Study of Federal Road Surveys and Construction in the Trans-Mississippi West. By W . T U R R E N T I N E J A C K S O N . W i t h a Foreword

by W I L L I A M H . G O E T Z M A N N . R e p r i n t .

(New H a v e n : Yale University Press, 1965) War-Path and Bivouac: The Big Horn and Yellowstone Expedition. By J O H N

Desert: Western Travel/Adventure/Living— 29, M a y 1966: [entire issue devoted to U t a h ] "Ghosts of Silver Reef,"

by

EARL

SPENDLOVE,

6-7;

"Safari Afloat [Lake Powell]," by PAT C A P S O N , 8 - 9 ; "Back Country P o p Art,"

by R E L L

E. FRANCIS,

10-11;

"Trial by Fire [Park City]," by GEORGE T H O M P S O N , 1 2 - 1 4 ; " N e w R o a d to Zion," by F R A N K J E N S E N , 16; " T h e

O u t l a w Trail of Robbers Roost," by F R A N K M A S L A N D , J R . , 18ff.; "Senti-

280

Utah Historical Quarterly

nels of the Cache [trees]," by J O H N D .

H U N T , 2 0 - 2 2 ; " T h e Anasazi T r a i l , "

by M E L L E W I S , 2 3 - 2 7 ; "Family A d venture [trip in southern U t a h ] , " by R A Y E PRICE, 2 8 - 3 0 ; " T h e Monster-

Monster M a k e r [building models of prehistoric animals]," by B O B H Y A T T , 3 2 - 3 3 ; "Drifting D o w n Desolation [Canyon]," by K E I T H W R I G H T , 3 4 - 3 5 ; " F l a m i n g G o r g e , " by R A Y E PRICE, 3 6 -

37 Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought — I, Spring 1966: "Scholarly Studies of M o r m o n i s m in t h e T w e n t i e t h Century," by LEONARD J. ARRINGTON, 1 5 - 3 2 ; " T h e Autobiography of Parley P. P r a t t : Some Literary, Historical, a n d Critical Reflections,"

by R. A. C H R I S T M A S , 3 3 - 4 3 ; " T h e

Quest for Religious Authority a n d t h e Rise of Mormonism," by M A R I O S. D E P I L L I S , 6 8 - 8 8 ; " A m o n g t h e Mormons, A Survey of C u r r e n t Literat u r e , " by R A L P H W . H A N S E N , 152-55

Nevada Historical Society Quarterly — V I I I , Fall-Winter 1965: "Developm e n t of t h e E m i g r a n t Routes of N o r t h e r n N e v a d a , " by V I C T O R O. GOODWIN, 25-41

Pacific Historical Review — X X X I V , November 1965: "Cultural 'Encystment' as a Cause of the M o r m o n Exodus from Mexico in 1912," by B. CARMON HARDY, 4 3 9 - 5 4 — X X X V , February 1966: "Reclamation in T h r e e Layers: T h e O g d e n River Project, 1 9 3 4 - 1 9 6 5 , " by L E O N A R D J. A R R I N G T O N a n d L O W E L L D I T T M E R , 15-34

Utah Law Review — 9, Winter 1964: "The Mormons and the L a w : T h e Polygamy Cases (Part I ) , " by O R M A LINFORD, 3 0 8 - 7 0 — Summer 1965: " T h e U t a h Juvenile C o u r t Act of 1965," by G L E N N R. W I N T E R S , 5 0 9 -

17; " T h e M o r m o n s a n d t h e L a w : T h e Polygamy Cases ( P a r t I I ) , " by ORMA

LINFORD,

543-91;

"Notes:

Detention, Arrest, a n d Salt Lake City Idaho Yesterdays — 9, F a l l 1 9 6 5 : " L a u n c h i n g Idaho's Sugar Beet I n dustry," by L E O N A R D J.

ARRINGTON,

16-27 Michigan History — 50, M a r c h 1966: "Lorenzo D o w Hickey: T h e Last of the Twelve [Strangites in Michigan a n d Wisconsin]," by J O H N C U M M I N G ,

50-75 Montana Western History—XVI, Winter 1966: " T h e People's Pillion: A Study of Western Saddles," text a n d saddle a r t by F R E D R. F E L L O W S , 5 7 -

83 Natural History—TXXV, M a r c h 1966: "Willow Figurines from Arizona: Prehistoric Indians Left Effigies in Canyon C a v e s , " by R O B E R T C. E U L E R , 6 2 -

67 Nebraska History-—-46, December 1965: " M o r m o n s , Nebraska a n d t h e W a y West," by A. R. M O R T E N S E N , 2 5 9 -

71

Police Practices," by J O H N D . O ' C O N N E L L a n d C. D E A N L A R S E N , 5 9 3 - 6 2 5

— Winter 1965: " T h e Suppression of the Nauvoo Expositor," by D A L L I N H .

O A K S , 8 6 2 - 9 0 3 ; " T h e Uniform Commercial Code in U t a h , " by RONALD N .

BOYCE, 9 0 4 - 3 7

Utah Science—27, M a r c h 1966: "Community W a t e r Development in Ashley Valley," by R I C H A R D E. G R I F F I N a n d B E N W. LINDSAY,

18-23

The Westerners New York Posse Brand Book — 2 1 , N o . 4, 1966: "A N e w Ashley D o c u m e n t , " by D A L E L. M O R -

GAN, 74ff.; " T h e Hitching Post [Dale M o r g a n receives a w a r d from N e w York Westerners]," 76 Wisconsin Magazine of History—XLIX, Spring 1966: " F r o m W a u p u n to Sacramento in 1849: T h e Gold Rush J o u r n a l of E d w i n Hillyer [overland journey a n d Salt Lake City]," ed., J O H N O. HOLZHUETER,

210-44

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY Membership in the Utah State Historical Society is open to all individuals and institutions who are interested in Utah history. We invite everyone to join this one official agency of state government charged by law with the collection, preservation, and publication of materials on Utah and related history.

Through the pages of the Utah Historical Quarterly, the Society is able to fulfill part of its legal responsibility. Your membership dues provide the means for publication of the Quarterly. So, we earnestly encourage present members to interest their friends in joining them in furthering the cause of Utah history. Membership brings with it the Utah Historical Quarterly, the bimonthly Newsletter, and special prices on publications of the Society.

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