Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 34, Number 4, 1966

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UTA STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

BOARD OF TRUSTEES j . GRANT IVERSON, Salt Lake City, 1967 President

MRS. JUANITA BROOKS, St. George, 1969

MRS. A. c. J E N S E N , Sandy, 1967

JACK GOODMAN, Salt Lake City, 1969 Vice-President EVERETT L. COOLEY, Salt Lake City Secretary

CLYDE L. MILLER, Secretary of State

Ex officio HOWARD c. PRICE, J R . , Price, 1967

MILTON c ABRAMS, Smithfield, 1969 j . STERLING ANDERSON, Grantsville, 1967 DEAN R. BRIMHALL, Fruita, 1969

MRS. ELIZABETH SKANCHY, Midvale, 1969

L. GLEN SNARR, Salt Lake City, 1967

ADMINISTRATION EVERETT L. COOLEY, Director

T. H . JACOBSEN, State Archivist, Archives F. T. J O H N S O N , Records Manager, Archives

J O H N JAMES, JR., Librarian MARGERY W. WARD, Associate Editor

IRIS SCOTT, Business Manager

The Utah State Historical Society is a n organization devoted to the collection, preservation, and publication of Utah and related history. It was organized by publicspirited Utahns in 1897 for this purpose. I n fulfillment of its objectives, the Society publishes the Utah Historical Quarterly, which is distributed to its members with payment of a $5.00 annual membership fee. The Society also maintains a specialized research library of books, pamphlets, photographs, periodicals, microfilms, newspapers, maps, and manuscripts. Many of these items have come to the library as gifts. Donations are encouraged, for only through such means can the Utah State Historical Society live u p to its responsibility of preserving the record of Utah's past.

The primary purpose of the Quarterly is t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of m a n u s c r i p t s , p h o t o graphs, and documents which relate or give a new interpretation to Utah's unique story.

Contributions of writers are solicited for the consideration of the editor. However, the editor assumes no responsibility for the return of manuscripts unaccompanied by return postage. Manuscripts and material for publications should be sent to the editor.

The Utah State Historical Society does not assume responsibility for statements of fact or opinions expressed by contributors.

The Utah Historical Quarterly is entered as second-class postage, paid at Salt Lake City, Utah. Copyright 1966, U t a h State Historical Society, 603 East South Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84102.

FALL, 1 9 6 6

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VOLUME 34

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NUMBER 4

HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

c©mrfb©inrv& FATHER LAWRENCE SCANLAN'S REPORT OF CATHOLICISM IN UTAH, 1880

283

BY F R A N C I S J . W E B E R

CHARLES S. ZANE, APOSTLE OF THE NEW ERA

BY T H O M A S G. A L E X A N D E R

290

A PIONEER CATTLE VENTURE OF THE BENNION FAMILY

BY GLYNN BENNION A RE-EVALUATION OF THE "TURNER THESIS AND MORMON BEGINNINGS. . . ."

BY DAVIS BITTON THE PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR, 1965-66

315

326

BY J. GRANT IVERSON

334

REVIEWS AND PUBLICATIONS

343

INDEX

353

^hlh

(SOW®!?

3

St. Mary Magdalene, first Catholic Church in Utah, dedicated in November 1871, was used until 1907. This photograph was taken from the old City Hall (First South Street) looking to the northeast. The church stood near the corner of Social Hall Avenue and Second East Street. The prominent street near the center of the picture with numerous fences and walls is present South Temple Street.

EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR ART EDITOR

U T A H STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY ( L E O N L. WATTERS COLLECTION)

L. COOLEY Margery W. Ward R °y J- o l s e n

EVERETT

R I T T E N H O U S E , J A C K D., Disturnell's Treaty Map: The Map that was part of the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty on Southwestern Boundaries, 1848,

BY B E N J A M I N F . GILBERT

F U S S E L L , E D W I N , Frontier: Literature and the American

343

American West,

BY NEAL LAMBERT

343

P A R K H I L L , F O R B E S , The Blazed Trail of Antoine Leroux, BY TED J . WARNER B R O O K S , J U A N I T A , George Artist

in Stone,

344

Brooks:

BY S. LYMAN TYLER

P O U R A D E , R I C H A R D F., The Silver

345

Dons,

BY A. P . NASATIR

345

U N D E R H I L L , R U T H M., Red Man's Religion: Beliefs and Practices of the Indians North of Mexico,

BY ROBERT A N D E R S O N

BOOKS REVIEWED

346

S M I T H , A L S O N J., Men Against the Mountains: Jedediah Smith and the South West Expedition of 1826-1829,

BY W I L L I A M B . SMART

347

F R A Z E R , R O B E R T W., Forts of the West: Military Forts and Presidios and Posts Commonly Called Forts West of the Mississippi River to 1898,

BY H O W A R D C. PRICE, J R

348

F I S H E R , V A R D I S , Mountain Man: A Novel of Male and Female in the Early American West,

BY S Y D N E Y W . ANGLEMAN

J O H N S O N , D O R O T H Y M., Some West,

349

Went

BY I L E N E H . K I N G S B U R Y

350

C R O S B Y , A L E X A N D E R L., ED., Steamboat Up The Colorado: From the Journal of Lieutenant Joseph Christmas Ives, United States Topographical Engineers, 1857-1858,

BY OLIVE BURT

351

H O W A R D , R O B E R T W E S T , Flag of the Dreadful Bear: The Story of the Republic of California,

BY OLIVE BURT

352

H O L L O N , W. E U G E N E , The Great American Desert, Then and Now,

BY EVERETT L . COOLEY

353

L A M A R , H O W A R D R O B E R T S , The Far Southwest, 1846-1912, A Territorial History,

BY EARL POMEROY

353

Father Lawrence M a n ' s Report of Catholicism in Utah, l;

Episcopal seal of the Right Reverend

Lawrence

Scanlan.

A considerable amount of Catholic missionary extension work in the United States was aided by financial grants from the Societe de la Propagation de la Foi, a charitable organization founded at Paris on May 3, 1822. Prelates in underprivileged areas submitted annual reports of their activities along with proposed programs they had outlined for the coming year. Though the Territory of Utah was juridically attached Father Weber is archivist for the Archdiocese of Los Angeles and professor of history at Queen of Angels Seminary, San Fernando, California. This report dated November 8, 1880, is in the archives of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles.

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to the Metropolitan Province of San Francisco,1 the vastness of its size prompted the vicar forane to send separate requests for funds as well as periodic sketches of his work in the Mormon stronghold. That the appeals were favorably received is evident, for the Society of the Propagation of the Faith supplied $16,400 to the jurisdiction between 1872 and 1887.

The report for 1880, like many others, was written by Father Lawrence Scanlan (1843—1915),2 the Irish-born pastor of Salt Lake City, whose parish comprised the largest geographic unit in the United States.

I t will be gratifying to you to learn that God still continues to bless our labors in this distant p a r t of His vineyard. During the past year, we have not engaged in any new missionary enterprises, owing to a lack of funds and other causes; but, nevertheless, we have devoted our feeble energies to, perhaps, a more important matter, namely, the strengthening of those institutions already established; and I am now happy to be able to report all these in a sound financial condition and finely rooted in the soil of U t a h .

There are already in the territory six priests 3 and three good substantial churches 4 each having one or more resident priests. Besides, the churches we attend regularly about ten stations 5 — mining camps and Mormon settlements. These stations vary in distances from forty to one hundred miles from the residences of the priests who have to attend them. This renders missionary duty not only laborous, but often very expensive. Frequently, we have to leave the ninety-nine in the valley and climb the snow-clad peaks of the Rocky M o u n t a i n s — 1 2 0 0 feet high — in search of the "lost one,"— thus, realizing the picture of the Good Shepherd in the gospel. Again, the voice of the dying calling for a priest is flashed over the electric wires to us, sometimes, from a distance of two hundred miles. Besides the suffering and anxiety attending the answering of sick calls — especially in winter, where we 1 T h e Vicariate Apostolic of Colorado and U t a h was erected on March 3, 1868. On the following August 16th, Joseph P. Macheboeuf was consecrated titular bishop of Epiphania and vicar apostolic of the new ecclesiastical jurisdiction. Three years later, the vicariate was divided and the area of U t a h reverted to the Metropolitan Province of San Francisco. On January 23, 1887, the State of U t a h and six counties of Nevada were formed into the Vicariate Apostolic of Utah. At that time Father Lawrence Scanlan was appointed to the titular bishopric of Laranda and placed in charge of the recently created district. When the region was advanced to diocesan status on January 27, 1891, Scanlan became bishop of Salt Lake. The Nevada section was dismembered and made into the Diocese of Reno on March 22, 1931, and two decades later, on March 30, 1951, the title of the original jurisdiction was changed to Salt Lake City.

2 Father Scanlan had worked in U t a h since August of 1873. At the time of his appointment, the only Catholic place of worship in the 85,000 square-mile parish was the old church of St. Mary Magdalene in Salt Lake City. ' T h r e e of these priests, Fathers Denis Kiely, P. A. Foley, and R. Beeker, lived with Scanlan at Salt Lake City. The others resided at Frisco (Reverend William Moloney), Ogden (Reverend Patrick Smith), and Silver Reef (Reverend P. O'Connor).

4 In addition to St. Mary Magdalene Church at Salt Lake City, there were permanent churches at Ogden (St. Joseph) and Silver Reef (St. J o h n ) .

5 Among the mission stations were such places as Alta, Beaver, Corinne, Stockton, Ophir, and Park City.

Father Scanlan's Report

285

have to travel day and night in cold and comfortless stages over roads rough and sometimes almost impassible through snow — there is also a great expense, often amounting to forty dollars, and seldom we get any or but-little compensation. In answering those sick calls, we meet persons who h a d not confessed for twenty years; others who were married by a Justice of the Peace or a protestant minister and some again, who were living together without any form of marriage having been performed! Of course, we found the children of all unbaptized and in almost total Picture of St. Mary Magdalene come to Salt Lake City.

taken near the turn of the century after utilities

had

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ignorance of prayer and of the teachings of our holy Faith. In some instances, we have baptized whole families of such persons, with the exception of the father and mother who was baptized and raised a Catholic, but became lukewarm and indifferent until pressed by death.

But, notwithstanding all our labors and trials, we are not without consolation and encouragement. O n all sides, we see our work bearing rich and abundant fruits not less visible than the sun in the heavens. T e n years ago, there was no permanently residing priest in this territory. 6 Now, there are six such priests! T e n years ago, there was not a church in the whole territory. Now, there are three good substantial ones with a good prospect of adding two more to the number before my next report! 7 T e n years ago, there were in this city only about a half dozen regular attendants at the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, and still less as regular communicants.

Now, there are one hundred in Salt Lake and as many more in Ogden and Silver Reef, besides those in the several missions, while there are over two hundred communicants in the whole territory! Six years ago, there was no Catholic school here, and few Catholic children could be found anywhere and even these were attending Mormon and Protestant schools where they were fast learning the religion of their masters and everything anti-Catholic; now, we have three of the best and most imposing school buildings in the territory, 8 wherein are being educated about one hundred and fifty Catholic and about two hundred and fifty non-Catholic children and not a Catholic child within reasonable distance of these schools is to be found in Mormon or other non-Catholic schools! Six years ago, there was no sister here; now, there are over forty and still they come! 9 Six years ago, there was no hospital here, no place where the sick and dying Catholic could feel at home, •— where he could be kindly and patiently nursed, — where his wounds could be tenderly dressed and where words of mercy and encouragement would fall on his ears in his last moments; now, there are two good comfortable hospitals conducted by the Sisters of the Holy Cross; 1 0 and it shall be known only on the last day how many poor sinners they have brought to penance and peace here, and heaven hereafter, by their kindness, sympathy and prayers! (; One chronicler has noted that "the Catholic history of Utah, during the first twothirds of the nineteenth century, is almost wholly a matter of the names of those who came, saw the land, and went their way." Robert J. Dwyer, "Pioneer Bishop: Lawrence Scanlan, 1843-1915," Utah Historical Quarterly, XX (April, 1952), 141.

The first Mass was celebrated at Independence Hall in Salt Lake City on June 4, 1866.

by Father Edward Kelly, a priest attached to Marysville. Shortly after the erection of the Vicariate Apostolic of Colorado and Utah, Bishop Joseph P. Macheboeuf visited Salt Lake and met Brigham Young and other Morman dignitaries. The vicar subsequently appointed Father James V. Foley to the city, but the priest remained only a few months. When the vicariate was divided and Utah placed in the Province of San Francisco, Archbishop Joseph Sadoc Alemany named Father Patrick Walsh parish priest of the vast area and it was he who built the original Church of St. Mary Magdalene at Salt Lake City.

7 In his report for the following year, Father Scanlan noted that churches were indeed built at Frisco (in the southern part of the territory) and at Park City (about 30 miles from Salt Lake). Cf. John B. McGloin, S.J., "Two Early Reports Concerning Roman Catholicism in Utah, 1876-1881," U.H.Q., X X I X (October, 1961), 342.

8 There were schools at Salt Lake City (St. Mary's Academy), Ogden (Sacred Heart Academy), and Silver Reef.

9 Attempts to bring nuns to Utah materialized when the Sisters of the Holy Cross arrived at Salt Lake City in June of 1875.

10 Scanlan had supervised the opening of Holy Cross Hospital at Salt Lake City on October 26, 1875. Three years later a hospital was inaugurated at Silver Reef.

FRANCIS J. WEBER

Interior

of St. Mary

Magdalene.

Looking at all these fruits a r o u n d us, a n d thinking of t h e m a n y poor dying sinners to w h o m we have brought peace a n d hope, of t h e m a n y on w h o m we have poured out the regenerating waters of Baptism, of the m a n y strengthened in the Faith a n d practice of their holy religion a n d of the m a n y young souls growing u p in all the light a n d strength a n d knowledge of the C h u r c h , a n d w h o at no distant day will be its support a n d glory — reflecting on all these, I say, we c a n n o t b u t feel encouraged a n d persuaded t h a t God has been a n d is still with us in our work.

You, also, w h o have so materially aided us a n d to whom, in consequence, m u c h of the glory a n d reward belongs, must feel encouraged to continue your noble assistance, being fully assured, t h a t all you m a y be pleased to give us in t h e future, with God's blessing, will sanctify as abundantly as it did in the past. I do not think t h a t there is any place in t h e world where your charity is m o r e needed, a n d w h e r e it will be m o r e certain to do good. I n fact there is no obstacle to our progress here but lack of means. T a k i n g into consideration the means a t our disposal, the material on which we h a d to work, the irreligious infidelity a n d open immorality t h a t is everywhere r a m p a n t a n d the small beginning we h a d ; the result, as already specified, must be, indeed, gratifying to every m e m b e r of the Society — to every one who contributed even a mite of its funds, a n d I venture to say will compare favorably with any attained u n d e r like circumstances anywhere else.

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I t may not be uninteresting to you to know something about the workings of the Sects in this territory. Almost all the chief protestant sects, such as the Episcopalians, Methodists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists are vigorously and earnestly at work here, and I must say, on a far broader scale than we Catholics. Each of those sects has from ten to fifteen ministers, w h o have as many churches or "meeting houses." Besides these regular ministers, they have many Sunday-school teachers who are paid to teach the Catechism on Sundays, and to conduct a school during the week. All the aforesaid sects have free schools, to the extent that no child who cannot pay is refused admission. I n Salt Lake City alone, they give free schooling to more than five hundred! They are enabled to do this by large sums of money given them every year by their respective "Missionary F u n d Societies." T h e Episcopalians, for instance, receive for this territory, every year, for the support of their ministers, churches and schools over 20,000 dollars. This will give you an idea of their earnestness and extent of their work, as also, of the difficulty, on our part, to keep pace with them. W h a t we lack in financial means, we must make up by energy and self-sacrifice. O u r schools are the only self-sustaining ones in the territory.

FRANCIS J. WEBER

All Hallows College, opened in 1886, was located on the southwest South and Fourth East Streets.

corner of Second

Father Scanlan's Report

289

We have now two great works in contemplation — the establishment of a boarding a n d day school to be conducted by the Christian Brothers, 11 and of a free school to be under the charge of the Sisters who have already acquired a name for themselves, as teachers of the young. 12 I have no doubt but both would be successful, but I fear that it will be some time before I can get sufficient means. I have already the promise of a sufficient number of competent brothers, whenever I a m ready to receive them, and the sisters are ready at any time to conduct the free school. I a m more in favor of schools here than of churches because the greater my experience, the more I a m convinced that, if we would strike at the roots of the great evil prevailing here, we must do it, chiefly, if not entirely, through good schools, wherein the young minds shall be impressed, at least by example, by the truth and beauty of our holy Faith, before they are enslaved by passions a n d false teachings. Little, comparatively speaking, can be done with the adult portion of the Mormon people. Their training, the persecutions which they fancy they have suffered for the L o r d ; and their whole ecclesiastical system have m a d e them fanatics and "set in their way"; and hence, there is no reasoning with them. 1 3 Those who apostatize from the Mormon faith are opposed to every form of religion and generally become spiritualists and down-right infidels. T h e Mormons, like their protestant progenitors, claim internal illumination by the Spirit; and hence, where pressed to give a reason for their faith, they answer by saying— "the Spirit tells me that I am right. I know that I am right, and whoever is baptized in the Mormon faith shall have the same spirit — the same assurance." Hence, you clearly see, that there is no use in reasoning with them, and that the best way to uproot the system is to begin with the young, and thus anticipate this spirit whatever it may be. Thanking you sincerely for your charity and generosity in the past and hoping that you will deem us deserving of a continuance of them in the future, I have the honor to remain Your humble and obedient Servant in Christ, S r n MI/J TI

Salt Lake City November 8th, 1880 11 All Hallows College, named after Father Scanlan's Alma Mater at Dublin, was opened in 1886. I t was later entrusted to the Marist Fathers.

12 In the spring of 1882, the sisters opened St. Joseph's School adjoining their academy in Salt Lake City.

13 Though Scanlan was obviously opposed to polygamy and other tenets of Mormonism, he usually confined his remarks to his own pulpit and "chose rather to cultivate amicable relations with individual Mormons, some of whom still recall his friendly spirit toward them during the periods of sharpest antagonism." Robert J. Dwyer, The Gentile Comes to Utah (Washington, 1941), 159.

It must be remembered that Scanlan here intended no reflection on his Mormon counterparts, whose enthusiasm for their own religious convictions equaled that of Scanlan for his.

As a matter of fact, Father Scanlan always enjoyed cordial relations with his neighbors though, at that time, ecumenism may have been more a necessity than a virtue. One observer has noted that "Mr. Young and his successor in the presidency, indeed all of the Mormon officials, were ever friendly to the Catholic priest, and Bishop Scanlan has many times in conversation gratefully referred to this repeated manifestation of generous feeling towards himself and his predecessors." W. R. Harris, The Catholic Church in Utah . . . (Salt Lake City, 1909), 332.

A measure of this cordiality is seen in the offer by Mormon officials and by Scanlan's acceptance in 1879 to celebrate High Mass in the St. George Tabernacle with the Mormon Choir providing the chant.

14 As pastor and later bishop of Salt Lake, Lawrence Scanlan served the church in U t a h for over four decades until his death on May 10, 1915. One obituary notice recorded that "he surely died the death of the just, and earned the crown of eternal bliss." All Hallows Annual, 1914-1915 (Dublin, Ireland, 1915), 193.

(1831-1915)

CHARLES S. ZANE Until recently, the interpretation of U t a h territorial history has suffered from two conflicting conspiratorial points of view. Some writers have seen in the tremendous economic, political, and social power of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints a conspiracy against the United States government; and others have viewed congressional enactments and the actions of territorial officials as a conspiracy against the Mormons' basic rights of self-government, economic freedom, and religious liberty. A superficial examination of such issues as congressional legislation, the disfranchisement of 12,000 voters, the filling of the penetentiaries with polygamists, and the church's loss of property could support either conspiratorial view. 1 I n a recent study one historian, himself not a proponent of either conspiratorial viewpoint, justifiably called the period of intense conflict " T h e Raid." 2 Though a federal marshal may undertake a raid, the consequences of the arrests which he makes depend upon the trial judge.

Thomas G. Alexander is an assistant professor of history at Brigham Young University.

The author expresses appreciation to Professors S. George Ellsworth of U t a h State University and Clark C. Spence of the University of Illinois for their suggestions and comments.

1 For examples of each point of view see R. N. Baskin, Reminiscences of Early Utah (Salt Lake City, 1914) ; B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (6 vols., Salt Lake City, 1930) ; and Orson F. Whitney, History of Utah (4 vols., Salt Lake City, 1892-1904).

2 Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900 (Cambridge, 1958), 353-79.

Apostle of the New Era

BY THOMAS G. ALEXANDER

If the judge fails to support the marshal and the prosecuting attorney and allows criminals to return to their former pursuits without punishment, the law is but a dead letter. One feature which characterized the last six years of the 1880's was the strict enforcement of the law, and if any one man was more responsible for this enforcement than any other, that man was Utah territorial Chief Justice Charles Shuster Zane.

Because of the conspiratorial viewpoints, many who have investigated the period between 1884 and 1892 have emphasized the conflict between the anti-Mormon legislation which Zane and his colleagues enforced and Mormon political, social, and economic institutions. This emphasis on the enforcement of the Edmunds Act (1882) and the Edmunds-Tucker Act (1887) has subjected Zane's work to two irreconcilable interpretations, and the real impact of his service has been lost in excessive praise and criticism.

From their analysis of Zane's work, B. H. Roberts and Orson F. Whitney, both contemporary Mormon historians, interpreted him as a man with a deep-seated prejudice against the Mormon people. They summed up his enforcement of the anti-Mormon legislation by saying, J u d g e Zane . . . will stand classed . . . in history as sharing in responsibility for the cruelty and injustice of that regime, which marks the saddest period of Utah's history . . . . J u d g e Zane never divorced himself from his deepseated prejudice and vindictiveness against . . . [the

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Utah Historical Quarterly Mormon] offenders and their religious faith, . . . his object was the overthrow of Mormonism as a religion. 3

On the other hand, some contemporaries of Zane describe a man who bears little resemblance to the ogre whom Roberts and Whitney observed. R. N. Baskin, a prominent Gentile lawyer and former Liberal party candidate for Congress, writing to refute the assertions of Whitney and others of his pursuasion, said that Zane: is too well known, and his uprightness both as a judge and as a citizen is too well established to be impaired by such an atrocious slur as the foregoing. [He h a d just quoted from the anonymous History of the Bench and Bar of Utah.] A more conscientious, impartial and h u m a n e judge than he never sat upon the bench. During his administration as chief justice a large number of Mormons were convicted of unlawful cohabitation under the E d m u n d s law of 1882, in the third district court over which he presided . . . [No one may assert] that any of them had not been granted a fair and impartial trial. 4

The Salt Lake Tribune, a Gentile newspaper, said that he is following a line of duty, as God gives him to see his duty, and there is not a m a n who has noticed his ways on the bench for an hour w h o does not know that in following that duty he would not deviate a hair's breadth . . . . 5

Was this a Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde about whom the sources spoke?

Certainly both viewpoints cannot be correct, and the old cliche that the truth lies somewhere in between does not aid us in assessing Zane's real contribution. Perhaps it is impossible to find the truth about a man so shrouded in controversy, but the historian neglects his duty if he does not try. This article will attempt to assess the work and character of Charles S. Zane and his impact on Utah between 1884 and 1892.

Although Charles S. Zane came from a New Jersey Quaker background, he himself was an agnostic. He was born on March 3, 1831, in Tuckahoe, Cape May County, New Jersey; and in his mid-teens he left home to become a grocery clerk and livery stable owner in Philadelphia.

After moving to Illinois in 1850 at the behest of his brother who had preceded him, he studied at McKendree College, Lebanon, Illinois, from 1852 until 1855. He taught school for several months; then, because Ab3

Roberts, Comprehensive

History,

V I , 176-77. See also Whitney, History

266-69.

4 5

Baskin, Reminiscences, 52—53.

Salt Lake Tribune, February 5, 1885.

of Utah, I I I ,

Charles S. Zane

293

raham Lincoln's activities as a captain in the Blackhawk War impressed him, at the age of 25 he applied at the law office of Lincoln and Herndon to study law. Although they were unable to accept him, William H. Herndon gave Zane a letter to James C. Conkling under whom the young lawyer studied until he was admitted to the bar in 1857. H e was an early Lincoln supporter, and after Lincoln was elected president, he became Herndon's law partner. Zane h a d already married Herndon's niece, Margaret Maxcy, in 1859, and when Herndon retired Zane formed a law partnership with Shelby M. Cullom until 1873 when he was elected circuit judge. 0 Any man is, in a large measure, the sum total of his experiences, and Zane's past had shaped him for the service which he was to perform on the Utah bench. Unlike so many federal territorial appointees, he was no disappointed office seeker. As a city, then county attorney, and later from 1875 to 1883 as an elected judge on the Fifth Circuit in Illinois, he had been so successful that some doubted whether he would accept the appointment to Utah. Through the personal influence of his old law partner, Senator Shelby M. Cullom, President Chester Arthur commissioned Zane chief justice of the U t a h Supreme Court July 5, 1884. I n August 1884 when he left for Utah, the lawyers and dignitaries of Illinois honored him with a farewell dinner and a letter praising him for the services he had performed. H e arrived in Salt Lake City August 23, 1884, and Governor Eli H. Murray assigned him to the Third Judicial District September 1, 1884.'

One could, of course, take the position that the lawyers were pleased to see Zane go to U t a h for reasons other than their joy at the fine service he had rendered. Perhaps they too thought him partial and prejudiced.

After all, the only justifiable appraisal of the worth of a judge must be based on all the decisions which he made, not merely on a selected group of them. If his decisions evince a prejudice or if he were unfair and partial in his administration of justice, one must then accept the judgement of Whitney and Roberts, if not, a new evaluation must be made.

Do Zane's decisions reveal a man with a well-developed humanitarian attitude and social consciousness, or do they show a man who harbored "Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography (22 vols., New York, 1928-1944), X X , 643-44. Charles S. Zane, "Lincoln As I Knew H i m , " Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, X I V (April-July, 1921), 75.

7 J. Cecil Alter, ed., Utah the Storied Domain: A Documentary History of Utah's Eventful Career . . . (3 vols., Chicago, 1932), I, 452-53. "Journal History" (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Historian's Library, Salt Lake C i t y ) , July 12, 1884. Shelby M. Cullom, Fifty Years of Public Service (Chicago, 1911), 205-6.

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intolerant feelings, desired to suppress a particular religion, and disregarded contestants' legal rights?

Only six months after taking the bench in Utah, Zane expressed his attitude toward legal rights in a case involving the Union Pacific Railroad Company. John E. Dooly, trustee for the stockholders of the Utah Eastern Railroad Company, complained that the Union Pacific had gained control of the U t a h Eastern and was forcing the directors and officials of the Eastern to disregard the interests of the stockholders.

Zane, after considering the allegations of both disputants, ruled that "all these parties should be permitted to litigate their rights"; and because investigation was necessary to discover whether Dooly's complaints were true, he appointed a receiver pending completion of the investigation, thus assuring the protection of the rights of all parties concerned. 8 Besides trying to secure everyone's rights in such litigation, Zane sought to protect Utah citizens against corporations from outside the state. In April 1885 Zane ruled that, although a corporation was not resident in the territory, to protect the rights of citizens "a legal service may be made on any agent or manager of a foreign corporation doing business in the Territory." 9 Judge Zane did not confine the protection of the law to persons who were hurt financially by corporations. Individuals who were injured because a company was negligent in providing proper safety devices or working conditions for its employees also received the protection of the courts.

T h e Union Pacific Railroad appealed a decision involving safety precautions from Zane's Third District Court to the Supreme Court of the territory. A unanimous court consisting of Henry P. Henderson, 10 an "urbane and gentlemanly" lawyer from Michigan; Jacob S. Boreman, a former judge of the court of common pleas and state legislator from Missouri; and Zane sustained the chief justice's lower court decision.

While working in a Union Pacific coal mine during May 1885, William C. Reddon was paralyzed by a roof cave-in. Reddon sued the 8

Tribune, February 7, 1885.

"Ibid., April 25, 1885. " H e n d e r s o n was born in Otisco, New York, on September 22, 1843, and moved to Michigan where he studied law at Ann Arbor. While living in Michigan, he was county clerk of Ingham County and clerk of the Michigan Supreme Court. He remained in Utah after his term on the Supreme Court where he became a member of the Salt Lake City Board of Education from 1899 to 1901. Sketches of the Inter-Mountain States; Together with Biographies of Many Prominent and Progressive Citizens Who Have Helped in the Development and History-Making of this Marvelous Region . . . (Salt Lake City, 1909), 361. Whitney, History of Utah, I I I , 503.

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company, and Zane's court awarded him $20,000 and costs as compensation. According to testimony during the trial, the mine workers had informed the mine superintendent, Thomas Thomas, about the danger of a cave-in caused by pressure in the coal veins; but he had neglected to correct the hazard by properly shoring the mine. Thomas told Reddon to work in the risky area. Although Reddon protested the order, he went anyway because he had been instructed to do so. The court ruled that the disaster had been caused through the negligence of the company. 11 Later Zane held the Southern Pacific Railroad Company responsible for an accident after it failed to install safety intersections. In writing the opinion which sustained the decision of the district court, Zane allowed damages to the widow of a conductor who was killed after he caught his foot in an unsafe intersection while trying to couple two cars.

The company argued that the conductor had no business coupling the train, but the court held that he might do so because the brakeman could not make the connection and the conductor had earlier been a brakeman. Sustaining Zane in a unanimous opinion were Thomas J. Anderson, a former assistant commissioner of the General Land Office in Washington who replaced Boreman on the bench in 1889, and John W. Blackburn, a U t a h n who joined the court late in 1889. 12 If property interests appeared to contradict the public good, Judge Zane was willing to overrule the rights of property. Railroad land stood in the way of John S. Houtz and a group of sheepmen in their drive to 350,000 acres of open range land. Though the railroad had forbidden the sheepherders to cross its property, Zane ruled that in order to reach the open range, they had a right to cross the unfenced land. A unanimous Supreme Court sustained his Third District Court decision. It is entirely possible that this ruling was a new precedent, as most of the others were not, because no other decisions were cited in the opinion. 13 "Reddon v. Union Pacific, 5 Zane ( U t a h ) , 344 (1887).

Seley v. Southern Pacific, 6 Zane ( U t a h ) , 319 (1890). Anderson was from Knoxville, Iowa, and had been unanimous choice for governor of Iowa by the Democratic party.

As an unsuccessful office seeker, he was a natural choice for party patronage, and he was recommended by members of the Iowa congressional delegation. Undated petitions and one dated January 17, 1888, to the President and the attorney general recommended Thomas J. Anderson for appointment as judge in Utah, "Department of Justice Selected Documents from the Appointment Clerk Files Relating to U t a h Judges, 1853-1895," 2 rolls (National Archives, Washington, D . C ; microfilm, Utah State Archives, Salt Lake City), Roll 1. (Hereafter cited as Mf. T J - O , with the roll number.) Whitney, History of Utah, I I I , 671.

Blackburn, a Utah resident, was old and infirm during his term in the court, and he died a year after his removal from the bench in 1892. Neither the Gentile nor the Mormon lawyers liked him. Undated paper initialed W.B.D., in Mf. T J - O , Roll 213 Buford v. Houtz, 5 Zane ( U t a h ) , 591 (1888).

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Infringement upon the rights of one individual by another did not go uncorrected, and Zane sided with Boreman and Henderson in overturning the decision of a lower court in a claim jumping suit. Three men entered an agreement to open a mine in Summit County, and after digging about 280 feet they struck a silver lode. One of the three and an outside m a n filed a claim to the mine and then offered to hire one of the original prospectors to work for them. This prospector refused to accept the offer of the alleged claim jumpers, and he and an associate instituted a suit to restrain the new company from issuing stock. The lower court favored the alleged claim jumpers, but Zane joined with a unanimous Supreme Court to overrule the decision. 14 From these decisions it should not be inferred that Zane always took the part of every downtrodden and unfortunate person. If justice appeared to be on the other side he did not challenge the law merely to favor one individual over another. One such case had to do with "a few hundred squatters" on land in Park City. The settlers took no legal measures to claim the land as they might have done under the townsite law, although they had had sufficient time to do so. T h e situation was further complicated because the land was in section 16 and would normally have been reserved for the schools. When the patentee applied for the land, this fact was not known, and the land office issued him the title. Because he had gone through legal channels and the patent had been confirmed by the government, the court ruled that even though the property was in section 16 and inhabited by the squatters the patentee should retain it. In this case Zane and Orlando W. Powers ruled that clear property rights had protected a person against the claims of both government and squatters. 15 In other cases where public corporations infringed upon individuals, the courts protected the citizens against the cities. A group of neighbors built an irrigation ditch near the property of Samuel Levy and connected it to a Salt Lake City canal. The neighborhood ditch overflowed, and Levy sued the city for the damage the flood caused to his 14 Wright v. Asheim, 5 Zane ( U t a h ) , 243 (1888). See also Wasatch Mining Co. v.

Jennings, 5 Zane ( U t a h ) , 243 (1887). In this case Judge Zane, himself, rendered the majority opinion which was supported by Judge Henderson. Judge Borman on the other hand dissented from the majority ruling.

15 Ferry v. Street, 4 Marshall and Zane ( U t a h ) , 521 (1886). Powers was a disappointed office seeker from Michigan whose nomination was withdrawn by President Grover Cleveland after other Michigan politicians pressed for his removal. He remained in the territory to become a Liberal party leader and opponent of statehood. In 1893 he finally became reconciled to the rest of the Democratic party in the territory and became a state legislator. Whitney, History of Utah, IV, 537-41.

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basement. Although the city did not build the ditch, the watermaster had turned the water into it, and the care of the water was a trust given to the city by its charter. The Supreme Court, speaking through Henderson and supported by Boreman and Zane, upheld the Third District Court decision that the city was responsible for the damage.10 Zane rendered the majority opinion in a Supreme Court decision reversing a district court ruling on property rights. Although William Daniels' farm was within the municipal limits of a city as defined by the legislative charter, it was two and one-half miles from any civic improvement and Daniels himself maintained the road to his property.

Daniels was convicted of failure to return his property tax list, but the Supreme Court through Zane and Anderson reversed the ruling of the lower court.17 In Zane's decisions concerning personal rights and corporate responsibility, there is little evidence that he tried to hurt any particular group of people. Rather, he continually supported individuals who fought to maintain their rights and obtain compensation for damages done to them. The courts under Zane's leadership required corporations to pay just remuneration for their abuses, supported mechanics' lien laws, and protected individuals against both public and private infringement of their rights.18 These decisions show a humanitarian attitude and a well-developed sense of social justice rather than a vindictive spirit.

If Judge Zane evinced a just regard for the individual in these cases, perhaps his injustice lay in another field. The Gentile press said that any local (Mormon) public school was a "Sectarian School where Treason is Taught." 10 If Zane were really interested in harming the Mormon cause, one might profitably search his decisions relating to these schools for evidence of prejudice against a particular group of people.

Less than two weeks after Zane came to Utah, the Salt Lake Tribune greeted with approbation a vote against levying a new tax to erect a school building in the Salt Lake Eighth Ward. Two weeks later, 16

Levy v. Salt Lake City, 5 Zane ( U t a h ) , 302 (1887).

People v. Daniels, 6 Zane ( U t a h ) , 288 (1889). ls Tehan v. Nelson, 6 Zane ( U t a h ) , 363 (1890). This was a precedent-setting decision supporting a mechanics' lien law of 1888 in which Judge Blackburn could not agree with the entire liberal construction of the law by Zane, but supported his conclusions as did Judge Anderson.

For other decisions in which Zane participated which upheld individual rights see Bitner v. Utah Central, 4 Marshall and Zane ( U t a h ) , 502 (1886) ; Brixen v. Deseret National Bank 5 Zane ( U t a h ) , 504 ( 1 8 8 8 ) ; Burrows v. Guest, 5 Zane ( U t a h ) , 91 ( 1 8 8 6 ) ; Cunningham v.

Union Pacific, 4 Marshall and Zane ( U t a h ) , 206 (1885) ; Losee v. McCarty, 5 Zane ( U t a h ) , 528 (1888) ; and Pidcock v. Union Pacific, 5 Zane ( U t a h ) , 612 (1888).

19 Tribune, September 6, 1884.

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the Mormons of the Seventh Ward passed a tax assessment for a new building in their district by 105 to 38. Seventh Ward Gentiles objected to the decision and brought the case before Zane because citizens other than taxpayers and registered electors had voted.20 The Gentile press accused the Mormons of being un-American, and said that if they had been in the minority they would also have opposed the schools. Judge Zane ruled on September 18, 1884, that the Gentiles, providing they could prove that sectarian doctrines were taught in the school, might have the tax disallowed.21 During the trial, both sides introduced contradictory testimony. The Gentiles presented evidence to show that legislative appropriations were used to pay for some Mormon projects such as printing books in the Deseret (Mormon phonetic) Alphabet and that the church wielded a great amount of temporal power. The Mormons claimed that the teacher of the school, Herbert Van Dam, though a Mormon, was not in good standing in the church; and Dr. John R. Park, president of the University of Utah (then Deseret) testified that he had made a study of the schools in 1879 and found no sectarian doctrines taught in them. Dr. Park also testified that he had taught in the public schools before he had joined the Mormon Church.22 On January 8, 1885, Zane returned a ruling which shows no trace of malice toward the Mormon people. He said that the Gentiles had not presented sufficient evidence to show that Van Dam taught sectarian doctrine in the Seventh Ward School. While he expressed the opinion that such doctrine was taught in some schools, his verdict reveals a highly developed sense of social values and a belief in the perfect ability of man: T h e tax is in pursuance of a valid law, and the building is to be erected on a lot of ground, the title to which is in the school trustees. T h e evidence fails to show that the tax is being raised to build a sectarian school house. A common school where needed is an object of taxation in which all have a n interest, and which all must approve. For the social forces affect each member of the social organization, and the causes that make society better benefit us all. T h e perfection of society depends upon the perfection of its units. T h e common school is a means of improving and perfecting society.

The Gentiles were predictably disturbed by the decision which they called "clearly a Scotch verdict." Zane's decision was perhaps the more 20

Ibid., September 16, 1884.

Ibid., September 19, 28, November 25, December 19, 1884, January 15, 1885.

22 Ibid., January 3, 4, 6, 7, 1885.

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incomprehensible to them when it is noted that Zane had, himself, made the statement that he did not believe that the Mormon doctrines were Christian. This belief did not prohibit Zane from supporting the schools even though "Mormons are employed to teach the public schools." 23 Judge Zane reaffirmed his stand on schools in December 1886 when the Gentiles attempted to block a tax levy by the trustees of the Tenth W a r d School. Mormons greeted the decision by saying that while Zane had an anti-Mormon "bias" the Gentiles had failed to "count Judge Zane in on the side of the law and of the people acting under its pro• •

Si 94.

visions.

An opinion which he read in the territorial Supreme Court in 1889 seconded by Judge Anderson, clearly shows Zane's support of the public schools. U t a h Central Railroad Company owned land 25 miles from a Millard County school, and the school district extended its boundaries 15 miles to include the railroad land. T h e railroad protested inclusion because its land derived no immediate benefit from the school district.

Again showing his sense of social awareness, Zane said, F r o m these provisions [of federal a n d territorial law] it is a p p a r e n t that congress or the territorial legislature did not regard the benefit of the district schools as merely local. T h e school house . . . was but a means to an end — the cultivation and improvement of the mental a n d moral powers of the rising generation. T h e spread of intelligence a n d the promotion of virtue by means of school are wider in their effects than the benefits of the improvements of highways or the lighting of a city . . . .

Grown m e n a n d women d o not remain at the place of their education, and they take the power of the knowledge and the capacity they there acquire with them out in t h e world, and make it felt far a n d wide. 2 5

Just as in the cases involving individual rights, it would take a vivid imagination to interpret these rulings as showing an anti-Mormon bias.

It appears rather that Zane attempted to improve conditions in the territory, because of his belief in progress and his social awareness, by allowing the local citizens to provide for their educational needs.

T h e Mormons had charged some of Zane's predecessors such as Chief Justice James B. M c K e a n with trying to undermine local government. Surely, if Zane were really trying to eradicate Mormonism as a religion, he would have attacked the local government which was almost exclusively controlled by Mormons. This was not the case. Zane arrived 23

Ibid., January 9, 1885. A "Scotch Verdict" was a stingy or parsimonious verdict.

"Journal History," December 20, 1886.

25 King v. Utah Central, 6 Zane ( U t a h ) , 281 (1889). This was a broad construction, for the benefit of the schools, of an earlier territorial law.

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in U t a h in late August 1884, his first court session started in early September, and by December he had gained the reputation of favoring strict enforcement of city ordinances. 20 In these cases involving city ordinances Zane was careful to protect the rights of the accused person. O n March 10, 1885, Charles Honey came before Zane to petition for a writ of habeas corpus because he was to be prosecuted for selling liquor without a license. Zane ruled that Honey might be prosecuted, but that the indictment was improperly drawn. It should have been in the name of the people rather than the city because a territorial ordinance prohibited the same offense and both authorities might have prosecuted Honey. T o protect Honey from two suits the territorial statute had precedence. 27 Where the legislature had given the city direct authorization to draft such ordinances, it had a clear right to prosecute offenders. Zane made this point clear 15 days after the Honey decision when Moses Brunnow petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus. In this case Tooele City, by its charter, had been authorized to "license, regulate, restrain or prohibit" the sale of liquors. Thus, Zane ruled, the city had a right to prohibit the sale of liquor if it wished, and it might prosecute in its own name persons who failed to obey the ordinance. 28 This ruling brought a strange response from the Gentile press which took the position that if prohibition were legal, then the city council should prohibit rather than license the saloons, not because it would be better for public morals, but because the city corporation was able to support itself on such license fees. "If the enormous revenue collected on liquor licenses, and as fines imposed upon women of ill repute and gamblers, was cut off, the Mormon church would suddenly find itself short of ready cash," the Tribune said. 29 A case involving a federal deputy marshal again demonstrated Zane's strict adherence to law. T h e Salt Lake City Police Department charged Marshal Oscar Vandercook with breaking a law which prohibited resorting to brothels for prostitution, when he was allegedly caught in bed with a prostitute. Zane, while denying Vandercook a 2(i

"Journal History," April 6, November 28, 1874; Baskin, Reminiscences, 47-48; December 6, 1884.

27 Tribune, March 11, 1885.

18 Ibid., March 26, 1885.

29 Ibid., March 26, 1885. Zane was unwilling to follow this request, but he did rule that the city could legally charge up to $300 for a license. Zane said, "The object of a license was to protect society from the injurious effects of the business . . . ." Tribune, April 17, 1885.

Tribune,

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writ of habeas corpus, ruled that the deputy could not be tried under a city ordinance because the city charter gave the council no right to pass such ordinances; but that he might be tried under a territorial statute. 30 This seemingly innocent alleged attempt of a United States deputy marshal to avail himself of the services of a Nymph de joi ended in a charge of conspiracy which touched nearly every officer on the Salt Lake City police force. O n December 7 the grand jury reported that its investigation uncovered evidence of a conspiracy between Salt Lake City police officers and local prostitutes. Brigham Y. Hampton, collector of license and member of the Salt Lake police force, was indicted and brought to trial. In the course of the trial the prosecution proved that H a m p t o n and other police officers had hired prostitutes — H a m p t o n called them detectives — to report on people who visited them professionally. One of the prostitutes claimed that H a m p t o n offered her $300.00 if she were able to compromise the governor. Hampton's conviction, called "Buncombe" by the Mormons, was sustained by the territorial Supreme Court. 3 1 Judge Zane supported the cities not only in their statutes involving gambling, prostitution, and liquor licenses, but also in those involving prizefighting. 32 In assessing Zane's impartiality, one should remember that there were no Gentiles in the city government of Salt Lake City until 1888. Zane was not willing to have a mockery made of the laws, and even Roberts said that the H a m p t o n affair was a "regrettable thing done on the part of the Latter-day Saints." 33 Laws had to serve a valid purpose of protecting the welfare of the community, and were not to be construed to aid in any partisan controversies.

Besides his decisions in cases involving individual rights, the schools, and city ordinances, another gauge of Zane's hostility toward the Mormons was his attitude toward voting and elections. By provisions of the Edmunds Act and the H o a r Amendments of 1882, the U t a h Commission disfranchised 12,000 Mormons, and Governor Eli Murray appointed 174 officers who normally would have been elected. T h e Mormons, of course, protested this action as an infringement of their right to home 30

Ibid., November 29, December 12, 1885.

Ibid., December 8, 15, 24, 1885. People v. B. Y. Hampton, 4 Marshall and Zane ( U t a h ) , 258 (1886). "Journal History," December 3 1 , 1885.

32 Deseret Weekly (Salt Lake City), September 28, 1889. I n 1888 the Deseret Weekly replaced the weekly Deseret News. In 1898 it was discontinued.

33 Roberts, Comprehensive History, V I , 158.

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rule, and cases involving both voting qualifications and the right to offices came before Zane and his colleagues. 34 One of Governor Murray's appointees was Uriah J. Wenner whom the governor selected in September 1882 to replace Elias Smith as probate judge of Salt Lake County. Smith, a prominent Mormon, refused to relinquish the office; and on September 9, 1884, Wenner instituted a suit for $6,000 plus 10 per cent interest which he claimed Smith had earned for performing the duties of probate judge. Smith denied that he h a d earned more than $3,300 and said the office was his by the right of election. Zane's decision, which was later sustained by the territorial Supreme Court, affirmed Governor Murray's right under the congressional statute to appoint Wenner to the office because Congress' power over the territories was plenary. 35 Governor Murray also filled the offices of territorial auditor of public accounts and territorial treasurer with Gentiles replacing two prominent Mormons, Nephi W. Clayton and James Jack. T h e Deseret News was, of course, disturbed when Zane sustained Governor Murray's action. T h e Deseret News said that: the side of election of Auditor and Treasurer by popular vote is the side of justice, right a n d t h a t principle of giving to the people every power that is consistent with republican principles of the General Government.

T h e News also accused Zane of disregarding the public will and "dancing to the music" of anti-Mormons. In these decisions as in others which have been considered, it is apparent that Zane was merely sustaining congressional law. T h e United States Supreme Court had already ruled that Congress h a d full power over the territories, and if its power were complete, surely it h a d a right to declare in what manner territorial officials were to be chosen. 36 Some of the other decisions which Zane made with regard to elections and voting demonstrate that his main interest was in favoring neither Gentiles nor Mormons but in upholding the law. Zane showed his impartiality in election cases which he decided in September 1890.

31 Ibid., 65. When it became apparent that the Utah Commission would not arrive in U t a h in time to conduct the elections in August 1882, Senator George Hoar moved the adoption of an amendment which would allow the governor to appoint those officials who could not be elected because of failure to hold the elections. Governor Murray's action had been taken under this legislation. Robert J. Dwyer, The Gentile Comes to Utah (Washington, 1941), 217.

35 Tribune, September 9, 1884, October 29, 1885. Wenner v. Smith, 4 Marshall and Zane ( U t a h ) , 238 (1886).

36 People v. Clayton, 4 Marshall and Zane ( U t a h ) , 421 (1886). People v. Jack, 4 Marshall and Zane ( U t a h ) , 438 (1886). Deseret News (weekly, Salt Lake City), April 28, 1886.

Murphy v. Ramsey, 114 U.S. 15 (1884).

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The election held August 4, 1890, between People's (Mormon) party candidate John H. Rummel, Jr., and Liberal (Gentile) party nominee Hyrum Page was close. Voters were required to write in the name of the candidate whom they chose, and many of the electors who selected the Mormon nominee wrote in the name J. H. Rummel, as well as John H. Rummel, and J. H. Rummel, Jr. Though, as the Gentiles contended, it might have been true, that the citizens were voting for two or more persons, Zane ruled that it "would be a very unreasonable position."

The Mormon press greeted Zane's decision happily because to them it was a defeat for "the 'Liberal' tricksters." 37 The school elections held July 14, 1890, also gave Judge Zane a chance to treat the Mormons fairly. According to the election returns, P. L. Williams, Liberal candidate, defeated Richard W. Young, People's party nominee; but Young challenged the vote by claiming that one of the Liberal election judges, William J. Allen, in collusion with Liberal party leader, H. S. McCallum, had stuffed the ballot box. Of 680 votes cast in all districts, Williams received 341 while Young got 339. But at the polling place where the alleged fraud took place, Williams polled 154 and Young garnered 128. During the trial, testimony showed that Allen switched ballots during the voting and "142 persons . . . testified (or that it was admitted would testify) that they voted for Young."

Besides deciding that Young should have possession of the office, Zane ordered the grand jury to investigate Allen and McCallum with the possibility that they might be indicted for election fraud.38 In December 1889 Young, then secretary of the People's party, together with Heber M. Wells, party vice-chairman, had already complained to the Utah Commission that McCallum, then registrar of the first precinct in Salt Lake City, had refused to register Mormon voters.

They averred also that registrars in the second, third, fourth, and fifth precincts had also declined to register Mormons. McCallum was apparently never convicted.39 The entire problem of registering Mormon voters was a topic of heated discussion in both Gentile and Mormon circles. The United States Supreme Court declared, at the same time ruling congressional power in the territories plenary, that polygamists could not be allowed to vote. Though Gentiles, for political and social reasons, wanted the term polygamist construed broadly under the Edmunds Law, the 37

Deseret Weekly, September 6, 1890. ^Ibid., September 13, 20, 27, October 1, 1890. Tribune, 33 Deseret Weekly, December 21, 1889.

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Supreme Court disappointed them by ruling that only practicing polygamists could be disfranchised. If Zane were really aiming his hatred at "one class of offenders" he could be expected to support the Gentiles in their attempts to disfranchise Mormon voters.

A resolution to the issue came in November 1889, when Gentiles objected to the registration of a former polygamist. William B. Bennett appeared before H. H. Crandall, deputy registrar for West Jordan on May 13, 1889, to take the oath of election in order to vote in the coming election. He admitted that he had formerly practiced polygamy, but said that he had obtained a "church divorce" from his polygamous wife.

The Gentiles objected to his registration and brought the case to court where Bennett's attorney claimed that because the relationship was "illegal, the citizen, by his own act could dissolve it." The challenge to Bennett's franchise was taken up by Liberal party attorney and ex-Justice Orlando W. Powers who contended that if Bennett were allowed to vote under such conditions, anyone could obtain a "church divorce" and all The anti-polygamy acts of 1882 and 1887 resulted in the conviction and imprisonment of numerous polygamists. This is a group of Mormons convicted of "unlawful cohabitation," who were incarcerated in the territorial penitentiary in Sugar House. George Q. Cannon, member of First Presidency, is seated in the center holding a bouquet.

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of the 12,000 disfranchised polygamists could then vote. In the ultimate sense, Powers argued, Bennett was still married because the polygamous union was a "celestial marriage" and as such completely valid in the eternity. Zane ruled that a broad construction of the term polygamist was unwarranted and that the pertinent question was "whether these parties have separated and in good faith dissolved the relationship."

He could think of no better way to end such a marriage than the way in which Bennett had accomplished it. Zane admonished Powers to confine the discussion "to earthly matters and let the hereafter alone." 40 For a period of almost a year between July 1888 and May 1889, Elliott Sandford, a former New York Supreme Court referee, whose appointment the Mormons had urged upon Grover Cleveland, replaced Zane as chief justice of Utah. The court during that period was in the middle of the complex litigation confiscating the property of the Mormon Church for the benefit of the common schools of the territory as provided in the Edmunds-Tucker Act. Although the schools had been put under the supervision of an appointed commissioner, Zane had originally opposed the reversion of the property to the government on legal grounds. This original reservation to the escheatment did not stop Zane from trying to protect the property from alleged spoilation by the receiver. Considering Zane's past record of support for education it is not surprising that he entered the case on behalf of the school trustees.41 Zane entered the suit in November 1888; shortly thereafter in March of 1889, he was joined by several Liberal leaders who also complained that Frank Dyer, U.S. marshal and receiver of the church property, demanded excessive fees and compromised on too much property.

Even the Deseret Weekly, while criticizing Zane for trying to protect the "doubtful escheatment," admitted that Dyer and his attorneys, P. L. Williams and George S. Peters, had asked for "abnormally swollen" compensation. Dyer's compensation claims were subsequently reduced and in July 1890 he was replaced as receiver by Henry W. Lawrence, an apostate Mormon. Dyer was found not guilty of fraud, but testimony and documentary evidence at the trial showed that he had made compromises for some of the property. Although part of the settlements had been authorized by the Supreme Court, Zane's entry into the suit was to protect the interest of the territorial schools. Dyer's two attorneys, P. L. Williams, territorial superintendent of district schools, and George 40

Ibid., November 2, 9, 1889. " F r a n k J. Cannon, Under the Prophet in Utah (Boston, 1911), 66-80. U.S. v.

5 Zane ( U t a h ) , 361 (1887). Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 372-73.

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S. Peters, United States district attorney, were clearly interested in their "swollen" fees, and someone needed to protect the schools' interests. 42 With the church escheat cases as with the other cases which have been investigated thus far, Zane's motives were above reproach. By June 1889, when Zane was about to resume his place on the Supreme Court, even the Deseret Weekly admitted that Zane had been a "good and able judge when not excited on the one [the Mormon] question." 43 W h a t other position could it take? Zane had protected individual rights while at the same time securing order by sustaining the cities in their control of vices such as gambling, saloons, and prostitution. He supported the building of new schools and tried to protect those which the people had already established. In short, Zane in these secular affairs wanted both to protect the public welfare and to secure justice for those accused of crimes.

The questions thus far considered have been basically political, economic, and legal. Though touching the social conflict between the Gentiles and Mormons, they do not probe the heart of the differences. There were other social and religious questions which caused even greater disagreement than schools, elections, and vices, and chief among these was polygamy. Because of his leniency on the polygamy prosecutions the Mormons hated to see Judge Sandford go. 44 While polygamy was a legal and moral question to Zane, to the Mormons it was a religious matter. Though the Gentiles, as had been shown, used the issue to political advantage through appointive offices and disfranchisement of Mormons, to them it was also a moral and legal problem. Zane realized that the Mormons believed polygamy or plural marriage was commanded by a revelation from God, but to him it was an illegal practice and therefore wrong. H e was willing to greet a repentant sinner with mercy, but to the unregenerate, the wages of transgression were punishment. 45 42 Dwyer, Gentile Comes to Utah, 242. Deseret Weekly, January 26, February 2, 1889.

U.S. v. Church, 6 Zane ( U t a h ) , 9 (1889). Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 372-73.

43 Deseret Weekly, June 1, 1889.

44 George Q. Cannon, " T h e Prison Diary of A Mormon Apostle," ed., M. Hamlin Cannon, Pacific Historical Review, X V I (November, 1947), 397. Cannon, Prophet in Utah, 80-83.

45 Zane's position is well summed up in his sentence of Rudger Clawson in November 1884. " T h e institution of marriage is one of the most important to society of any that exist.

When free love, polygamy, or any other system shall be substituted for the monogamic marriage, then this great social fabric which is now protected by law, will probably be crumbling about us; and chastity, virtue and decency, will fall with it . . . . And that seems to be the judgement of the American people, and of the whole civilized world . . . . For the purpose of protecting society, therefore, and protecting this institution, which is of such great interest and importance to society, the court must fix the punishment so that it will be likely to prevent its recurrence."

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Strict enforcement of the anti-polygamy acts which were written "in obedience to public opinion . . . based on the moral sense of the American people, and according to their own reason and conscience . . . " began upon Zane's accession in September 1884. While convictions had been made before Zane's term on the court, the intensity of the prosecution had never been so great nor was it to become so again. Zane resolved to offer clemency to those who would reject polygamy, and though Gentiles greeted this approach with approbation, the Mormons rejected it vehemently. Mormons believed it an outrage to a man's religious sensibilities to ask him whether or not he planned to live his religion. 46 Although before October 1890 most Mormons refused the mercy of the court, true to his word Zane offered clemency to those who promised henceforth to obey the law. An outstanding case involving compassion was that of Bishop John Sharp of the Salt Lake City Twentieth Ward.

A man of both religious and business prominence, Sharp was general superintendent of the Utah Central Railroad, resident director of the Union Pacific, and chairman of the Salt Lake committee organized to defend Mormons charged with polygamy. The Gentile press said he was " R E S P E C T E D BY ALL CLASSES." 47 Sharp was indicted for illegal cohabitation and brought to trial in September 1885. He pleaded not guilty, but after he changed his plea to guilty, Zane, who could have fined him and sentenced him to prison, merely fined him. Although the Gentile press complimented Sharp for obeying the law, the Mormons accused him of cowardice and betraying his covenants. Sharp later said that, though he had never renounced his religion, he had been ostracised for accepting Zane's offer of clemency. 48 While Zane was willing to be lenient to those who promised to mend their ways, those who did not were fined and imprisoned. Zane also tired of listening to long explanations of disobedience to the law, particularly if they were based on the involved citation of biblical precedent. 49 If this is what Whitney and Roberts meant when they said Zane Clawson told Zane that where the laws of God interfered with human law he would obey the laws of God, and that he believed the Constitution protected him in "perfect freedom to worship God in his own way." Because of his unrepentant attitude, Zane sentenced him to the maximum extent of the law. Tribune, November 4, 1884.

46 Charles S. Zane, "The Death of Polygamy in U t a h , " Forum, X I I (November, 1891), 368 and 370. "Journal History," October 8, 1885.

47 Zane, "Death of Polygamy," Forum, X I I , 370. Tribune, July 22, September 18, 1885.

48 Tribune, September 19, 20, November 7, 1885.

40 He called one of these speeches a "long hypocritical cant," and warned the defendant that these remarks should be briefer. Tribune, May 5, October 3, 1885. Deseret News, February 23, 1886.

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was unfair to some classes of offenders, perhaps they were right; on the other hand, his main interest was in enforcing the law, not in hurting people, as the Sharp and other similar cases showed.

One of the major reasons for the ineffective prosecution of polygamy before Zane came to U t a h was that grand juries composed of Mormons would not indict one of their brethren for an offense which they considered divine and legal. Mormons, constituting a majority of the citizenry, naturally composed most of the juries. Although under the Edmunds Act, polygamists could be excluded from juries trying polygamy cases, it was a moot point whether they could be excluded from grand juries which investigated all types of cases.50 Zane, in order to see that the law was obeyed, allowed the district attorney to keep the Mormons off the grand juries. In September 1884 he permitted District Attorney Charles S. Varian to challenge prospective grand jury candidates if they believed in polygamy. This procedure quickly exhausted the names on the jury rolls, and more were drawn. After these were used Varian called for new jurors, and Zane allowed him to empanel the grand jury on an open venire. Although the Mormons believed Zane had cheated them, he ruled that the open venire was necessary to provide offenders with a speedy trial. With all the names drawn from the rolls, none would have remained to hear cases of those whom the grand jury had indicted. While this method was unpopular with the Mormons, it was accepted by the other justices, and between 1884 and 1893, there were 1,004 convictions for unlawful cohabitation and 31 for polygamy. 51 A major issue in the prosecutions was whether the wife of a person accused of polygamy could be forced to testify. Zane committed several Mormon women to the penitentiary for refusing to answer questions, and he ruled that it was necessary for a wife to testify against her husband because any husband who took a polygamous wife injured the existing marriage relationship. According to Zane, in order to protect the wife from this injury, she must be required to testify. In at least one case, however, the territorial Supreme Court overruled the contention that the wife must testify against her husband. 52 In his zeal to see that unrepentant offenders were punished, Zane made some rulings which the United States Supreme Court would not 00

Tribune, September 26, 30, 1884.

Ibid., September 28, 1884. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 559.

"-Tribune, August 20, 22, 1885. "Journal History," February 23, 1886. U.S. v.

4 Marshall and Zane ( U t a h ) , 498 (1886).

51

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sustain. H e ruled, for instance, that polygamy indictments could be divided into separate short periods of time and convictions made for each period. This so-called segregation of offenses could not be accepted by the higher court, and it issued a writ of habeas corpus to Lorenzo Snow whom Zane's court had convicted in this manner. 5 3 T h e issue of the Mormons being admitted to citizenship shows Zane's attitude in another area of conflict. All members of the church were not homegrown, and missionaries converted hundreds of new members in Europe and the United States every year. T h e Gentile attitude was that the foreigners were Mormon dupes and, therefore, disloyal to the United States. They consequently concluded that the Mormon immigrants should not be admitted to citizenship. Although some judges had refused them citizenship before that time, in December 1889, Associate Justice Thomas J. Anderson undertook a full-scale investigation of Mormonism to determine whether Mormon immigrants were worthy of naturalization. 54 It h a d been the practice for Gentile lawyers to come into the courts and protest the naturalization of Mormons by asking questions and raising objections. Judge Anderson allowed the Gentile objectors to lead the inquisition. Sworn witnesses testified that the church believed in murder as a doctrine, sought control of the government of Utah, and opposed the United States government. Mormon witnesses, on the other hand, denied these charges, and the church officials themselves issued an "Official Declaration" in December 1889, saying that the church believed in none of these things and that there was no intention on the part of the church "to overthrow the United States or any other civil government." Nevertheless, Judge Anderson ruled that Mormons henceforth might not become United States citizens. 55 Though Judge Zane sustained his colleague's decision, he also ruled that thereafter no one but the district attorney might enter the courts to question prospective citizens. This assured the applicant fairer treatment t h a n he h a d heretofore received at the hand of the Gentile lawyers. 50 53 54

Tribune, Tribune,

September 17, 1885. Ex Parte Snow, 120 U.S. 274 (1886).

September 13, 1889, November 19, 1890. Deseret Weekly,

December 14,

1889.

55

Deseret Weekly, December 12, 14, 1889.

Ibid., December 14, 1889. T h e Weekly said, " T h e order of the court will have the effect of securing more order in the court. Every jackanapes will not now be allowed to obstruct proceedings and air his immoral views of morality as was permitted during the examinations before Judge Anderson."

SG

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On the basis of these social and religious issues alone one might well conclude, as Whitney and Roberts did, that Zane was indeed biased against the Mormon offenders. He used the immense power of the law to convict Mormon polygamists, he refused Mormons citizenship, and he even refused to allow polygamous wives to share in their husbands' estates. 57 One should bear in mind, however, that Zane's major interest was in the enforcement of the law, and when a defendant promised to obey the law, Zane was the first to show leniency.

T h a t Judge Zane was controversial is apparent, and the point of view taken by both the Mormon and Gentile press should be obvious.

The Gentiles, though discouraged on some of the school and vice decisions, were basically in favor of everything Zane did. The Mormons, while admitting he was fair on these secular issues, believed he aimed at the destruction of Mormonism as a religion because of his intense prosecution of polygamy.

The Gentiles' overwhelmed minority position further complicated the issues. When Zane entered the territory in August 1884, the Gentiles' only hope for political influence was through appointment; as a result, Governor Murray was extremely popular with the Gentile citizens. Besides its unqualified support of Zane, the Gentile press continually jabbed at Mormons. It constantly prognosticated dissolution of the church and predicted defection of Mormons, especially businessmen; it mocked the Mormon religious practices and continually complained at the political power of the church. While pretending a cocky attitude, Gentiles were often frustrated and angered at their impotence; and some Mormons' activities exacerbated this attitude. 58 Some incidents were inexcusable, or as Roberts called them "unfortunate"; others were in defense against the Gentile-predicted dissolution. One of the inexcusable incidents was the B. Y. Hampton fiasco, already mentioned. Still others received top billing in the local section of the Tribune. When some of the city officials half-masted the United States flag on July 4, 1885, an imprudent action, the Gentiles interpreted it as an act disloyal to the United States. The Mormons were mourning "The Raid" which was then in progress, but the Gentiles saw no excuse for what they interpreted as an unpatriotic act. The filthiest occurrence took place early in the morning of September 14, 1885, when some unidentified "thugs" threw stink bombs filled with human excre57 Tribune, December 16, 1884. ^Deseret News, March 31, 1886. Tribune, March 15, September 19, 1885.

September 20, 1884, January 7, February 7,

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ment through the windows of several prominent federal appointees' houses. After these events, the Gentile organ said: At present the majority of men in this Territory are not in any legitimate sense Americans, and are not entitled by any rule of either law, equity or common sense to take part in the control of a p a r t of the soil of the United States, for they have given their fealty to another temporal power. T h e present regime at least must stop, or Americans must decide what to do. 5 9

The Gentiles also had reason to fear economic retaliation. T h e church had instituted earlier boycotts which had caused some of the Gentiles to believe that the protection of Gentile business interests was impossible. When in February and March of 1885, the Mutual Improvement Association announced a boycott of Gentile merchants, the Gentile press derided it; but their earlier experiences with effective Mormon boycotts must have frightened them a little. 00 Although Zane looked at the problems as moral and legal, the Gentiles saw them as social, economic, and political; and the Mormons believed they were basically religious and political. Zane did not help heal the breach created between himself and the Mormons by calling the Mormon belief in polygamy "barbarian." Even his view that if the church would merely obey the law there would be no problem was greeted as a "cheap and nasty deception unworthy of anyone but a low class demagogue." 01 It is easy to understand, considering the Mormon past, that church supporters considered the judicial attack on polygamy a political crusade "related" to the Missouri and Illinois persecutions. Mormons believed that "no man-made system could have successfully withstood the combined determined warfare" which had been waged against the church. T o them it was a religious and political conspiracy cloaked in a moral and legal guise. For this reason they could praise Zane for his stand on secular issues and condemn him for the polygamy prosecutions.

The Mormons also believed they were loyal to the Constitution of the United States, but they construed the Constitution to protect them in their right to worship, including the right of practicing polygamy or of the church to engage in business.62 59

Roberts, Comprehensive History, V I , 158. Tribune, July 5, September 14, 16, 1885.

In a long letter to the United States attorney general, U t a h Chief Justice James B. McKean in 1873, complained of the economic and political power of the church, McKean to George H . Williams, Salt Lake City, November 12, 1873. Mf. T J - O , Roll 1. Tribune, February 19, 20, March 17, 18, 1885. T h e Tribune also said that the Z.C.M.I. Advocate "has an article covertly urging the Saints to deal only with their friends." Tribune, March 22, 1885.

61 Deseret News, March 31, April 14, 1886.

62 Ibid., April 21, May 5, 1886, March 9, 1887, January 26, 1889.

60

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At the height of the tensions caused by the judicial crusade, Zane's reappointment came. Utah citizens sent petitions to President Harrison denouncing and praising him. Many Gentiles favored his candidacy, but to others he had not been strict enough and his reappointment was looked upon as "a misfortune to this Territory." Of course, many Mormons opposed his return to the court. Earlier charges were made that Zane was personally interested in some mining litigation in his court, but Senator Shelby M. Cullom defended Zane, and the ex-chief justice was reappointed and continued to serve until 1893. 63 It is clear that these were not uncomplicated problems. Both Mormons and Gentiles started from different premises and Zane's legal standpoint fitted the Gentile need at this time. Just how sincere they were was shown by the events after October 1890. These occurrences also help to demonstrate the intensity with which the Mormons held their belief that polygamy was a revelation from God and not a legal question. Beyond the issue of Mormon and Gentile sincerity, Judge Zane's true motives can be ascertained by his actions after October 1890.

O n October 6, 1890, an "Official Declaration" was read in the semiannual conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and accepted by the church membership. I n it President Wilford Woodruff announced that he was abandoning the practice of polygamy and advised all members of the church to do likewise. While the Gentile press first adopted a wait-and-see attitude and later rejected the idea of Mormon good intentions, on October 7, Zane made the following announcement in court: This alleged revelation I regard as an authoritative expression of the C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints against the practice of polygamy . . . . M y confidence in h u m a n n a t u r e a n d charity for my fellowmen lead m e to accept such a solemn declaration, and the expression of such a good purpose as being honest and sincere.

T h e Deseret Weekly regarded Zane's acceptance of the Manifesto as "in unison with the genius of his high and honorable calling . . . ." °4 Zane continued exactly as before to offer leniency to the Mormons who came into his court charged with polygamy. Because they were 63 Arthur Brown to W. H. H. Miller, Salt Lake City, March 23, 1889; Shelby M. Cullom to A. H . Garland, Washington, D . C , June 25, 1887; Seymour B. Young to Benjamin Harrison, Salt Lake City, May 6, 1889. Mf. T J - O , Roll 2. After opposing Zane vehemently and extolling the virtues of Judge Sandford, the Deseret Weekly finally took a philosophical attitude and accepted the appointment as inevitable. Deseret Weekly, June 1, 8, 1889. ei Tribune, October 7, 8, 11, 13, 1890. Deseret Weekly, October 11, 1890. Judge Anderson also refused to accept the Manifesto as legitimate and the Tribune congratulated him on taking the right standpoint on December 5, 1890.

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willing to renounce the practice, reduced sentences were the rule, and in November 1891 Zane wrote an article for Forum magazine explaining that the Mormon problem was at an end because the Mormons had resolved to obey the law. Zane even signed a petition asking that official pardons be given to the members of the church and sent a letter to the United States attorney general asking that the forfeited bail of George Q. Cannon, member of the First Presidency of the church, be returned.

In short, it is evident from Zane's action after the Mormon "surrender" that Zane was interested in obedience to the law and not in eradicating Mormonism.65 By mid-1891 the situation in Utah had eased to such an extent that the citizens could organize national political parties. Many prominent Gentiles and Mormons joined together to form the national parties, and the Republican organization was led by, among others, John Henry Smith, a Mormon apostle, and John M. Zane, Judge Zane's son. Judge Zane, himself, gave his blessing to the disbanding of the old religious parties, and in a speech before the Republican convention in July 1891, he complimented the Gentile and Mormon citizens of Utah for this political rapprochement. This action was further evidence of Zane's good will.66 Zane's action in accepting the "surrender" of the church on legal and political grounds, while engratiating him with the Mormon press and progressive Gentiles who looked forward to a new era in Utah, was vehemently resisted by a coterie of "Liberals" led by Orlando W. Powers and R. N. Baskin and supported by the Tribune, all of whom had once been Zane's strongest supporters.07 The Gentile press played on the economic and political fears of the Utah citizens and tried to discredit Zane and the other new era Gentiles.

The Tribune claimed that the Mormons would rule again and Gentiles would be deprived of their political rights. By quoting from statements which Zane and other Gentiles had made before the church's capitulation, they tried to discredit the national parties and the church's and Zane's good intentions. They claimed Mormons would deprive the Gentiles of political rights and economic opportunity, and tried to excite the 65 Zane, " D e a t h of Polygamy," Forum, X I I , 3 6 8 - 7 5 . Charles S. Zane to W. H . H. Miller, Salt Lake City, November 12, 1891, in Alter, Utah, the Storied Domain, I, 466.

66 Deseret Weekly, May 16, 30, J u n e 6, 18, 1891. Some question exists as to when or if the church actually gave up its domination of politics in U t a h . O n this point see a paper delivered by Klaus Hansen at the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the U t a h State Historical Society at Salt Lake City in September 1964.

67 Tribune, July 9, 16, 1891. Deseret Weekly, June 13, July 26, 1891.

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Utahns by publishing interviews with eastern capitalists who, they said, would never again invest in the U t a h projects for fear of Mormon power if the solid Gentile front were broken. Even this movement finally died, however, and R. N. Baskin, who was later elected chief justice of the U t a h Supreme Court, said of Zane, "the State should erect a monument in his memory. A more conscientious, impartial, and humane judge than he never sat upon the bench." °8 Perhaps it is too much to expect objectivity from writers who themselves experience the events which they try to interpret. It is clear that Zane was not "following a line of duty, as God gives him to see" it because he was a "complete agnostic." O n the other hand he did not work with the object of "the overthrow of Mormonism as a religion"; he had his chance to accomplish that after the Manifesto when the Mormons broke their solid front. Not a paragon of virtue, he lost his temper at times in court with those who refused to obey the law, but he was as honest in his beliefs as the Mormons were in theirs. H e was basically fair in his decisions but as he himself admitted, ruling on polygamy caused much suffering. His duty was clear. As he saw it, he was commissioned to uphold morality and legality as interpreted by the American people and their laws. 09

08 Tribune, November 1. 1890, June 12, July 26, 1891. Salt Lake Telegram, March 29, 1915.

09 John M. Zane, "A Rare Judicial Service, Charles S. Zane," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, X I X (April-July, 1926), 38-39. Zane, "Death of Polygamy," Forum, XII, 370-71.

A Pioneer Cattle Venture of the Bennion Family

BY G L Y N N B E N N I O N

The author's father, Israel Bennion (left), at about the age he herded cattle for the family cattle enterprise.

I've been going over the almost-forgotten items my father, Israel Bennion, related to me about early day cattle enterprises of the Bennion family, and the total now seems pretty sketchy and perhaps meaningless.

One wonders why they allowed their livestock to so greatly increase at a time when there was little or no market for the increase. Cows were worth $10.00 a head and sheep $2.00. With untouched ranges stretching away without limit in every direction perhaps it was the natural thing to let their livestock increase also without limit.

Mr. Bennion has spent most of his 75 years homesteading on the desert land he writes about. H e is the author of two short novels, numerous short stories, and articles for the Salt Lake Tribune, Deseret News, and Improvement Era. At the present time he is homesteading in Riverbed, about 30 miles from Vernon, Utah.

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Another thing, those early Utah herdsmen had all recently come from more humid climates where grass grew green all summer. They had no idea what the carrying capacity of desert ranges might be, nor gave any thought to the harm that might be done to such dry ranges when repeated cropping was permitted during the short season of green growth in the spring.

Grazing livestock take the most flavorful forage first, and when those forms are killed out they adjust their tastes to the kinds of lesser nutrition. This process under a regime of unlimited grazing goes on until in a tragically short time the vegetation left alive on ranges of six to twelve inches of annual rainfall bears little resemblance to the original forms.

So when I remember how my father and uncles and their fellow herdsmen used to rave about how wonderful the ranges were in early days, and how fat the horses and cattle and sheep got on them, I feel only a bitter sense of the irony of it all. Why did they have to wreck those ranges at a time when they gained so pitifully little from doing it?

Samuel and John Bennion were born in North Wales where their father was a tenant on a tiny hillside farm. When the boys were quite young they left home for the more attractive city of Liverpool. Samuel apprenticed himself to learn the flour trade and John became an apprentice iron worker. While thus engaged they heard the preaching of Elder John Taylor, were converted to Mormonism, and immigrated to America.

After the expulsion of the Mormons from Illinois, the brothers joined the Perrigrene Sessions wagon train and arrived in Salt Lake Valley October 5, 1847. For a homesite they chose a 20-acre tract about three miles southeast of the first settled area of Salt Lake City. Evidently they intended to do some farming and at the same time engage in such urban enterprises as their training had prepared them for. However, when President Brigham Young returned to the Valley in 1848, he asked the Bennions to move across the Jordan River and help colonize the southwestern portion of Salt Lake Valley.

This move put them too far away from the city to take part in urban industry, but it did place them in the heart of the best grazing land in the territory. Noticing this, some city-dwelling friends — notably John Taylor, Wilford Woodruff, and John M. Bernhisel, whose time was largely occupied by affairs of church and state — sent some of their surplus cattle over the Jordan for the Bennions to care for on a shares

Bennion Family Cattle Venture

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basis. Thus, by these fateful circumstances, the careers of two embryo industrialists were changed to that of rangemen.

I think the dominant personality in this change-over to a new and strange occupation was Esther Wainwright Bennion, first wife of John Bennion. She was an English girl, daughter of the household in Liverpool where John boarded while working as an apprentice. Esther was a person of unusual physical and mental strength and possessed of a driving determination to transform by austerity and hard work the grinding privations of the pioneer years into solvency and plenty.

It was decided by the family to make a dairy as well as a beef project of the cattle business. Corrals, sheds, and calf pens were constructed. At four o'clock in the morning, the small boys of the family were routed out of their beds, breakfasted, and sent to the calf pens.

Their job was to let the calves out in relays to the cows in the milking corral, allow them to nurse a very short time, then wrestle them away from their mothers, and whale them back into the calf pens. Older boys and girls of the family then milked the cows and turned them out.

Then the small boys took over and drove the cows four or five miles westward for the day's grazing. The grass there was so tall that the boys couldn't see over it, and to keep from getting hopelessly lost, had to stick close to the cows until late afternoon, when the pain of tight udders made the cows think of their calves and turn toward home, with the boys following closely behind them.

The intensity of the drive of these people to succeed in the new land may be pointed up by the following bit from my father's memories of his childhood: at just under the age of four he was brought from his mother's home (she was John Bennion's second wife) to the first wife's home tojoin the little boys who fought the calves at milking time. Anyone who has ever tried to take a hungry calf away from its mother can realize how banged up a small boy would be after being kicked, butted, dragged, and tromped on by a corral full of such calf maniacs, each one determined to stay with its mother until her udder was completely emptied.

Finally the great day arrived when my father was four years old.

But there was no change in the drab program for the day — the noisy awakening at four o'clock; the breakfast of "pobbies," a tasteless mush or thick gravy made of flour boiled in skim milk (so named from the sticky, bubbly sound of its cooking) ; the bruising battle with the calves; the dreary, hungry, endless hours with the cows on the range; the long

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trail home and fight with the calves again; and the final ordeal with the detested pobbies. Then the boy quickly went outside, lest anyone see his tears, climbed the ladder to his attic bed, and noiselessly cried himself to sleep. No one had remembered his birthday.

Every product of the family's labor that could be sold in Salt Lake City or elsewhere was hauled there and disposed of. The members of the family lived on what wasn't salable. No Bennion tasted cream or butter during the austere years.

By 1855 the cow herd had grown so large — as had other herds in Salt Lake Valley — that the range was becoming noticeably overgrazed. Brigham Young accordingly called on a number of the herdsmen to move out to new ranges. Acting on this request, the Bennions drove their range cattle to the north end of Rush Valley, establishing a camp on the west side of Rush Lake. However, in 1860 they sold their cabin and corrals to Bill Hickman and moved 40 miles to the south end of Rush Valley.

In this new locality they built several small cabins and cellars, some corrals and sheds, and fenced in a sizable area with a rock wall for a U N I T E D S T A T E S B U R E A U O F LAND M A N A G E M E N T

.. .....

• .- • .

Bennion Family Cattle

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vegetable garden. No effort was made to secure title to the land — it was considered only as a range camp.

This new range was highly regarded by the Bennions. I n a short time they, and other stockmen, loaded it up with several thousand cattle, two large herds of sheep, and numerous horses. Sagebrush and cedars were almost nonexistent, and the grass was abundant and unusually nutritious. My maternal grandfather, A d a m Sharp, who freighted in summer between St. Joseph on the Missouri and Salt Lake City, used to bring his 800 work oxen, thin and jaded from the round trip across the Plains, to Rush Valley in the fall and there turn them out on the range. By spring they were fat and strong, ready for work.

By 1875, however, this range was so badly depleted that cows were calving only every other year, and both cattle and sheep were being moved in the fall to winter in the lower valleys farther west. As Uncle Hyrum put it, "When we first came to the south end of Rush Valley in 1860 we thought it was the best range in Utah, because we could stay in one place all the year round. But by 1875 it was all et out, and we had to move our cattle to Castle Valley."

T h e roundup in the spring of 1875 covered an immense territory and involved a large number of riders.

From Grantsville on the north, to Fish Springs on the west, to Deseret and Fillmore on the south, and to Gunnison and Nephi on the east, the range was combed for cattle branded with a " B . " One of these riders was a b l a c k - b e a r d e d g i a n t n a m e d S a m Gilson, who later achieved fame as the discoverer of an asphalt now called Gilsonite. My father, then nearly 15 years old, rode with this m a n during much of the roundup and noted with interest some of Gilson's eccentricities. The m a n scorned hardship and traveled without food or bedroll. At night he pulled his saddle blanket over his shoulders and slept on the ground. If the night was cold and the ground wet, he woke next morning with his hair usually frozen in the mud. When he got hungry "... A ^ V he shot a good-looking calf, cut off a sizable part of • -Y>

Portions of the herd grounds of the Bennion family cattle operations offered little vegetation and were cut by giant arroyos and sharp escarpments as shown in this photograph of the San Rafael Grazing District on the rim of Cedar Mountain.

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its anatomy, threw it on a brush fire burned down to coals and ashes, scorched the meat briefly on one side and then the other, and ate it (ashes, etc.), with blood dripping down both sides of his magnificent beard. My father managed to survive this manner of living because it wasn't much different from what he was used to.

I never did learn the exact route chosen for the drive to Castle Valley, but the gathering herd most likely converged on Leamington and then moved along the Sevier River to Salina where it turned east up Salina Canyon and followed the Fremont trail into Castle Valley.

In the shadow of Mt. Terrel, a summer camp was constructed and the occupation of the new range was effected.

This high country about Mt. Terrel and Fish Lake was suitable for summer range only, so it was deemed the better part of wisdom to locate a winter range at a lower altitude. Accordingly, a site for a winter camp was selected on Ferron Creek far to the northeast of the summer range. From this point the cattle were allowed to drift in winter southeastward as far as Green River.

My father considered this a mistake because it involved trailing the cattle back and forth each year at right angles across the innumerable, very deep, narrow, and practically impassable sandstone canyons infesting the area between the Wasatch Mountains and the Green-Colorado river system.

Neither of the two first generation Bennions took any part in the handling of their cattle or sheep on the range, and so did not come to Castle Valley with the cow herd in 1875. Several of the older males of the second generation came with the herd, but these soon went home, leaving my father and a boy of 16 named Tom Simpers to care for the 2,000 cattle. O n leaving for his new home in Vernal, my oldest uncle, Samuel R. Bennion, gave my father a pistol and instructed him to practice diligently with it, because, said he, "This is a land of outlaws and if you ever need to use a gun you've got to shoot first and straight."

The life of the cowboys in summer was little short of idyllic. Thousands of ducks and geese covered the surface of Fish Lake or waddled about on its shores feeding on berries, insects, and seeds. Fat deer and grouse were everywhere. Noisy little streams were alive with native trout. Certainly, in contrast to the deserts the boys were used to, this summer range was the Land of Beulah.

In late fall they smoked fish and jerked venison for winter use, made a trip to Salina for a year's supplies (consisting principally of flour,

HBBBHHHK UNITED STATES BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

Fewer cattle are now grazed in the Skull Valley area, once a choice herd

ground.

clothing, rope, and ammunition), and then commenced gathering the cattle off the summer range.

The airline distance from the boys' summer camp to their winter camp on Ferron Creek was probably not more than 40 miles, but the zigzag ground trails between the crossings of those God-awful sandstone canyons must have been twice that distance.

Cattle soon become wild as deer when their only contact with humans is the semiannual roundup for branding and weaning calves.

A little bunch of spooky cows will dive into impenetrable timber or scramble out of sight up a rocky draw, and it may take a day of horsekilling riding to get them back to the trail herd.

A rider passing over the rolling surface of some parts of the Castle Valley range might suddenly and without warning find himself on the edge of a yawning chasm whose vertical sandstone walls dropped dizzily down to a dry, boulder-strewn wash hundreds of feet below. At one such place my father dismounted to gratify a boyish wish to spit a quarter of a mile. A clatter of rocks behind brought him around in time to see a charging bull almost upon him. Nearby was a four-foot vertical slab

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of rock which he grabbed with one hand and, while he danced around the rock to avoid the slashing horns, with the other hand he bounced pistol bullets off the bull's thick skull. Luckily for me the last slug hit squarely instead of slantwise and the bull dropped dead.

T h e boys were not long getting acquainted with the human inhabitants of the area. I remember only a few of the names of the outfits: Miller, Swasey, Nethery — there were others. I n nearly every case the owners lived elsewhere, and their sons were the caretakers of the livestock.

I n summer the cowboys were apt to be camped in high country at considerable distances from each other, but in winter they lived in more substantial quarters not so far apart. During this season the cattle were pretty much left to themselves, and the cowboys devoted the time to molding bullets, mending riding gear, breaking horses, and just plain having fun. Often they would all gather at one camp and stay there for a week at a time — then move on to another spread and another extended visit.

This was probably the first time in my father's life that there had been an opportunity for camaraderie. Heretofore, practically every waking moment of his life had been devoted to the work and responsibility of an adult. H e was small for his age, and although wiry and of great endurance, was no athlete. Now he was accepted in this goodnatured cowboy fraternity. His age relegated him to the status of "the kid," but I doubt if he was ever subjected to any kind of hazing, goodnatured or otherwise.

Of all the residents of Castle Valley, the Swasey boys rated tops with my father. These boys were of a black-haired, blue-eyed strain of Irish; good-natured, happy-go-lucky, superb athletes, expert horsemen; full of all the lore of braiding quirts, bridle reins, horsehair ropes; mending saddles and bridles and fixing anything from a hurt human to a broken-down wagon.

During the three years of his stay in Castle Valley, my father was visited by no member of his family. In summer mail might be carried to or received from Salina, but from late fall until summer there could be no travel over the Wasatch because of snow.

I never heard my father speak of any sale of beef cattle from Castle Valley while he was there, and I believe there were none. H e did saythat he and Simpers branded about 700 calves each year. This seems a rather poor calf crop from upwards of 2,000 cows and may indicate

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that part of the cattle counted in Castle Valley were calves and yearlings.

In 1877, two years after the family's cow herd had been moved to Castle Valley, John Bennion died. He was then only 57 years old. His untimely death was caused by an attack of "inflammation of the bowels," a malady now called appendicitis.

The death of John Bennion signaled the end of the family business co-operation and the gradual division of livestock and range and farm lands among the numerous second generation Bennions. Late in 1878 John R. and Samuel R., oldest sons, respectively, of Samuel and John Bennion, came to Castle Valley to make a decision on what to do with the family cattle.

This late autumn roundup of the "B" herd in 1878 only produced 1,700 head, 300 less than were brought to Castle Valley three years before. My father always asserted that a thousand head more could have been found if the hunt had been prolonged. Further search however was impossible because winter was upon them. In summer the "B" cattle mixed on top of the Wasatch Mountains with cattle from the western side and likely some followed their new acquaintances that way.

San Rafael Grazing District, now administered by the Bureau of Land Management, offers little vegetation for cattle. This photograph is taken on the fringe of Castle Valley which was used by the Bennion family in their cattle venture.

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The canyon country of eastern Utah furnished the safest hideout in the nation for wanted men from everywhere, and these criminals could easily pick up cows west of the Green and Colorado rivers and dispose of them to Colorado cattlemen who at that time ranged over most of Utah east of the rivers.

Evidently concluding that there was no profit in the cow business and that the family would be better off in other pursuits the older Bennions sold the gathered cows, plus the right to all the strays that could be found, to young Tom Simpers for $17,000. Simpers was a protege of Uncle Samuel R. before coming with the cattle to Castle Valley. Evidently the transaction was not a cash deal, but certainly Simpers paid out satisfactorily and became a prosperous and respected stockman of southeastern Utah. My father returned to Rush Valley where his mother resided.

Thus an end came to the disastrous adventure in Castle Valley.

The two boys in charge of the cow herd must have lost close to 1,000 head of cattle each year they were there. Who was to blame?

One of the most useful talents a successful man can acquire is the ability to make himself look good and make someone else look bad. My father was a gentle, deeply religious man, totally lacking in the strong assertiveness necessary to success in recrimination and angry debate. He could easily be made to carry the blame for failure. Simpers was bigger, a year or two older, and much more mature than my father. The boys generally got along well together, but my father did complain to me that Tom was sometimes short-tempered and bossy. It is entirely possible that his patron, Uncle Samuel R., had earlier commissioned him boss of the outfit.

Samuel R. Bennion was a strong and able man. In his book incompetence and failure were the unpardonable sins. At the time of the closing out of the Castle Valley adventure he was rapidly making himself a dominant figure in the colonization and development of the Ashley Valley in northeastern Utah. Besides extensive sheep interests there, he became president of the bank in Vernal, owner of a large department store, and president of the Uintah Stake. It may be that his waning interest in Castle Valley can be attributed in some degree to his brilliant success in Uintah. If my father suffered his oldest brother's wrath because of the Castle Valley losses, he never said so to me, and always spoke of Samuel R. in terms of admiration and respect.

In my own mind the blame for the disaster must rest squarely on the older Bennions for leaving too much property to be cared for by too

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few and inexperienced hands and in a place and situation altogether different from any they were acquainted with. Why didn't the older Bennions make frequent checkups and supervisory visits to Castle Valley during the three years? In the wide, prairie-like valleys of Rush, Skull, and Dugway where the Bennion herd had been built up, a few seasoned cowmen might have been expected to properly care for a large herd of cattle in the days before the range was too badly impaired. But Castle Valley was something quite different. In that place the Bennions were intruders. Other outfits were there first. And that gashed, reefed, upside-down nightmare of sandstone — where one's range of vision might be less than 200 yards — called for the riding and wisdom of at least 30 or 40 experienced cowmen to handle 2,000 wild cattle at roundup.

It is no wonder that boys, forced into manhood, were unequal to the situation.

Re -Evaluation of the <f Turner Thesis and Mormon 99

BY DAVIS B I T T O N

Alexander Evanoff's recent article in the Utah Historical Quarterly seeks to test the applicability of the Turner thesis â&#x20AC;&#x201D; which posited a causal connection between the frontier and democratic individualism â&#x20AC;&#x201D; to the Mormon experience. Since the Mormons of the nineteenth century were seldom thought of as being typically American in either democracy or individualism, and since some authorities have even denied that Mormonism was a frontier religion, it is not an easy task to see it as a manifestation of the Turner thesis. Attempting to refute these basic objections, Evanoff has gone on to conclude that " M o r m o n response to environment would seem to be in accord with Turner's expectations." Since his article proceeds from a basic misreading of Mormon history to draw unwarranted conclusions as to the validity of the frontier thesis, it will not do to let it stand unchallenged.

As a minimal basis for discussion, we need to know whether Mormonism can be described as a frontier religion. There are several possible approaches to the question, the most obvious of which is to determine whether the different geographical regions to which the Mormons gravitated can be accurately described, at the time they were there, as being part of the frontier. These regions, in sequence, are western New York in 1829-30, Ohio and western Missouri in the 1830's, western Illinois from 1839 to 1845, and the Great Basin after 1847. Only one of these, New York, is discussed at any length. Evanoff considers the Dr. Bitton is associate professor of history at the University of Utah. This article was written in response to the publication by Alexander Evanoff, " T h e T u r n e r Thesis and Mormon Beginnings in New York and U t a h , " Utah Historical Quarterly, 33 (Spring, 1965), 157-73.

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whole question disposed of if he can show that western New York was on the frontier.

When we discover how he resolves the question with respect to New York, we can understand why he considered it unnecessary to carry the matter further. For it is not really by asserting the availability of unimproved land, the primitive threshing technique, and the low prices of wheat that Evanoff can hope to refute Whitney Cross's data on the existence of urban institutions, the influence of the Erie Canal, and the relatively high population density. One might question how much unimproved land was available, at what prices, and with what chronological variations; or how the threshing technique in New York differed from that used elsewhere; or how the price of wheat varied from year to year and how this differed, if at all, from the prices in other regions of the country. But there would be no point to such queries, for the simple fact is that western New York was frontier or was not frontier according to one's definition. And what Evanoff does, in short, is to call up Turner's most capacious and expandable definitions and then conclude that Turner's "broad and shifting definitions of 'frontier' would [appear to] be inclusive enough to include western New York."

But if the frontier is to be defined so broadly that it includes everything from the outer edge of settlements back through various regions which at one time were on the outer edge, the term becomes useless as an analytical tool. Often in Turner's own writings and throughout most of the present article, the assumption seems to be that there are two kinds of land: one which we can color green on the m a p and label "Frontier," the other which we can color yellow and label "Non-frontier." T h e catch is that one is hard pressed to find any region which does not fit under one or another of Turner's "broad and shifting definitions" of the frontier. "As an analytical device," Richard Hofstadter has said, the frontier thesis is "a blunt instrument."

What we want to know about western New York is not whether but how and to what extent it was frontier land in 1830. And these are the questions we need answered about Ohio, about Missouri, about Illinois, and about the Great Basin, with careful attention to geographical differences and chronological development. None of this do we find in Evanoff's article.

Another approach to deciding whether Mormonism was a frontier religion is to determine the geographical origin of its converts. Whitney Cross, basing his conclusions on an analysis of the 1860 U.S. census

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returns for Utah, had earlier asserted that most Mormons came from the East and from Europe rather than from the American frontier. Now Evanoff has gone over the same returns, concluding that "well over half of the Mormon membership came from non-eastern states or territories."

There are several flaws in his presentation — including the assumption that the foreign-born population of Utah represented the total number of foreign converts, and more serious, the failure to distinguish between converts and children born to Mormon parents in Illinois — but it would be pointless to discuss them here. For one thing if it is essential to the Turnerian interpretation to know whether or not Mormon converts came largely from frontier regions, we are well advised to rely on the meticulous dissertation which S. George Ellsworth completed at Berkeley in 1950. Ellsworth found, for example, that during the 1830's and 1840's Mormon converts came chiefly from areas with a population density of 18-90 inhabitants per square mile, areas neither frontier nor urban but generally representative of American population distribution as a whole.

Although important questions remain unanswered, largely due to a paucity of data, the indications are that very few Mormon converts had previously been frontiersmen in any meaningful sense.

More to the immediate point, I fail to see how this question relates to the frontier thesis. All frontiers drew their population, to a greater or lesser extent, from the more established regions of the East. It is the influence of the frontier environment that is at issue, according to Turner's formulation, and not the geographical origin of the settlers.

Whether western New York was on the frontier in 1830 and whether Mormonism appealed primarily to frontier people are the questions to which Evanoff devotes more than half of his article. Thus stated, these questions — even had they been satisfactorily answered — are irrelevant to the frontier thesis as it is usually understood.

Another possible approach to the question of whether Mormonism was a frontier religion is to examine the ideological and institutional influences which shaped it. These may of course have coincided with the changing location of the Saints, but they may, as David Brion Davis has argued, have come primarily from New England. Although of the highest relevance to his subject, this question is not discussed in Evanoff's article. H e does minimize the importance of the New York period in Mormon history: " T h e Mormon Church cannot be said to have grown or developed in New York State; about all that can be said is that it had its beginnings there." But obviously he is overlooking the enormous

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importance of the "beginnings" in establishing certain values and objectives which remained central to Mormonism, even with modification and additions, for many decades. It is true that the frontier thesis is concerned with the influence of the environment, but to measure that influence, in the Great Basin for instance, we need to know what the "frontiersman" brought with him.

T h e latter part of the article turns to the question of "whether the frontier in U t a h produced democratic or authoritarian influences." This question, although carelessly worded, is basic to Evanoff's argument. It is not by putting a label on New York State or by proving Mormons to have been born in the West as well as the East that he will prove, disprove, or even touch the frontier thesis as such. But the nature of Mormon institutions and values in the Great Basin is highly relevant. For if the frontier thesis is valid, one would expect to discern a high degree of democracy and individualism. At last we may be in a position to come to grips with an issue of pivotal importance to the Turner thesis.

Before examining Evanoff's methods of proof, it is worthwhile to notice that his statement of the problem disguises the fact that there are two separate questions here: (1) Were Mormon institutions and values in fact democratic, authoritarian, individualistic, or what? (2) Were they "produced" by the frontier? Neither question is satisfactorily handled in the article.

O n the first question, what Evanoff offers is a judgment on the years 1847-49, on the assumption, which I consider erroneous, that if the "theocracy" of these years can be reconciled with the frontier thesis, the problem is solved. It is this two-year period, he says, which "seems to offer a more serious stumbling block to the Turner thesis than any other period, before or since." After conceding that during this period the "established church agencies met all governmental requirements," Evanoff mentions the following considerations: (a) the Mormons were looking for more land and room to develop; (b) class distinctions were "relatively non-existent"; (c) the church authority exercised in establishment of settlements was "really quite permissive" and depended on the free and willing cooperation of the people; and (d) the Mormons did not seize the opportunity to establish an independent nation. These assertions, especially if subjected to the serious qualification which they require, scarcely seem to be compelling arguments for Evanoff's rather pale conclusion that "frontier conditions were such as to leave individual initiative and decision not much impaired."

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But Evanoff's analysis is puzzling. O n the one hand, he is anxious to portray the Mormons as being democratic and individualistic. Hence his effort to explain the theocracy of 1847-49 as an aberration, due to special conditions, which the Mormons were happy to change as quickly as they could. One gathers that Mormon society from 1850 on was individualistic and democratic to a fault, American frontier society in microcosm. Not a word about any peculiar social, economic, or political institutions which even after 1850 were at variance with American norms.

But on the other hand, after portraying Mormonism as being not so authoritarian that initiative was "much impaired," Evanoff turns around and accepts Richard Ely's statement that "individualism was out of the question under these conditions." Turner himself, we discover, had said that the "arid" West would necessitate social institutions entirely different from the "old individual pioneer methods" characteristic of most frontier environments. This is a neat trick: the frontier theory explains everything. Did Mormonism contain elements of democracy and individualism? Such elements were "produced" by the frontier (Definition Number O n e ) . Did Mormonism contain elements of authoritarianism and centralization? These are precisely the social forms appropriate to the frontier (Definition Number T w o ) . It is not surprising that Evanoff passes quickly over the highly significant fact that for T u r n e r there were frontiers and frontiers, with quite different methods of social organization resulting from the different conditions.

O n the basic question of how democratic or authoritarian Mormon society was, therefore, we are not quite sure, from reading Evanoff's analysis, whether it was "such as to leave individual initiative and decision not much impaired" or whether it was relatively authoritarian, in keeping with the conditions of the arid frontier. T h e question is complex enough that I plan to devote two articles to the subject at a later date.

But at the very least one must point out that Mormon acceptance of American democratic dogma was far from complete long after 1850, even in theory, and that in practice Mormon society was characterized by an absence of political parties, of public education, of trial by jury, and, most "un-American" of all, by a shadow government, the Council of Fifty, the very existence of which Evanoff seems to ignore. The seminal studies of Klaus Hansen and J a n Shipps, unfortunately still unpublished, reduce to absurdity descriptions of Mormon society as being typically American after 1850. As for economic institutions, Leonard

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Arrington's magisterial work demonstrates the tenacity with which Mormon leaders attempted to establish different kinds of collectivism and cooperation which, to say the least, were contrary to the laissez-faire economic practices most typical of nineteenth-century America. One does not have to accept the caricatures of Mormonism in many articles and pamphlets of the time in order to concede that in certain significant respects Mormon society was by national American standards comparatively undemocratic and nonindividualistic.

T h e second question, after that of the nature of Mormon society, is whether it was "produced" by the frontier. Were the undemocratic and nonindividualistic tendencies of early Mormonism, then, a consequence of the arid frontier environment? It might be suggested, following David Potter's influential interpretation, that the arid West lacked the economic abundance which is an essential condition of democratic society. There do indeed seem to be significant parallels between Mormon society and that of territorial New Mexico, which, as Howard Lamar has observed, also lacked public education, resisted control from Washington, and in its Santa Fe Ring had a powerful shadow government. Both Utah and New Mexico could thus be seen as manifestations of geographic determinism â&#x20AC;&#x201D; not perhaps as Turner's European germs in an American environment but as germs of diverse origin in an arid environment.

There is a grain of truth in such an interpretation. But quite aside from its oversimplification and smoothing over of differences between territorial U t a h and New Mexico, it is shattered by one powerful fact: the centralization, the collectivist experimentation, the stress on unity, the hostility toward courts of law, and the contempt for political parties were all brought by the Mormons from the quite different physical environment of western Illinois. Robert K. Flanders' Nauvoo: Kingdom on the Mississippi is the most convincing recent demonstration of the extent to which Mormon practices and institutions took shape before the migration to the Great Basin. T h e main qualification which might be suggested is that some of these practices were inaugurated even before the Mormon migration to Illinois, in Missouri, or in Ohio (see R. Kent Fielding's basic study of the Kirtland e r a ) , and some of the basic objectives were stated even before the original handful of Mormons h a d left New York State. W h a t Mormon history might very well derrionstrate, therefore, is not so much the shaping influence of frontier environment, arid or humid, as the persistence of values and institutions through the thick and thin of changing physical surroundings.

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Evanoff's conclusion is interestingly worded: "Mormon response to environment would seem to be in accord with Turner's expectations."

H e does not say that it was in accord with the Turner frontier "thesis," perhaps because Turner's shifting, now expanding and now contracting, definitions enabled him to include as frontier New York State on the one hand and the arid West on the other and to include as consequences of frontier environment both democratic and authoritarian institutions.

But for Evanoff, one gathers, the Turner thesis has in some form been applied to the Mormon experience and found adequate. Perhaps other readers will find his arguments more convincing than I have been able to do.

More important than disagreements over certain details, perhaps, are basic questions of approach. I have already suggested that hypotheses in history need to be formulated with greater precision if they are to serve their purpose. Let the author give us his definition of those highlevel abstractions â&#x20AC;&#x201D; frontier, democracy, individualism, etc. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; which are central to his study, preferably along Weberian lines in order to avoid simple either/or alternatives and to cope with the complexity and paradox of the human condition. Evanoff has perpetuated the confusion of Turner's basic methodological error. And never have the inevitable consequences of this error been better demonstrated: the hypothesis remains untested because, as stated, it is untestable; the terminology is either inadequate for describing the complexities of the subject or, equally unfortunate, the terms are given definitions so inconstant and vague as to rob them of their meaning; and a true confrontation of opposing views becomes impossible.

If properly formulated, hypotheses such as Turner's can still be highly useful to scholarly study of the Mormon past. My own view, however, is that it makes little sense, now, to utilize the frontier hypothesis in its simple form. Turner described American history as that of "European germs in an American environment"; and since most of the attention had been given to the germs, he sought to redress the balance by concentrating his attention on the environment. We are no longer faced with the same situation. Mormon history is not simply that of a people in a frontier setting; it is the history of people from many different geographical locations, possessing a dynamic set of ideas and values and practices, and living in an environment which changed with the successive migrations. T h e influence of geography was basic enough in setting limits, but as Carl Degler has said, "it does not determine which

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of several alternatives available to man's cultural versatility actually will be pursued." With the Mormons the cultural baggage which they brought to the Great Basin included social, economic, and political mores rather divergent from those of most Americans. If we accept Degler's view that "the influence of the frontier lay not in its evocation of democratic ideas, but in providing an opportunity for them to be put into practice regardless of their place or occasion of origin," it must be pointed out that the opportunity was also provided to put into practice ideas which were not so democratic.

Furthermore, the environment of Mormonism was never simply the frontier, however defined. It included psycho-social conditions of vast import, and these must be included in any serious study of the environment. It is hard to overestimate, for example, the impact of two constant facets of Mormon experience in the nineteenth century: the "gathering" and persecution â&#x20AC;&#x201D; which, with all they imply, would seem to explain far more of Mormon history than physical geography alone.

Fortunately the past generation has seen the appearance of many excellent studies, some of which I have mentioned already, which contribute to our larger understanding of Mormon history. Thanks to the monographs of Leonard Arrington, Thomas O'Dea, Juanita Brooks, William Mulder, and a dozen or more doctoral dissertations of basic importance, we can appreciate much more adequately than before the interplay of personalities, values, institutions, geography, political and social pressures, economics, and other aspects of Mormon life in the past century. It is to be hoped that such scholarly studies, and others now in progress, will help us to refine our understanding of the effects of a complex and changing environment on Mormon thought and character.

The President's Report for the Fiscal Year 1965-66

BY J . GRANT IVERSON

T h e report of the president one year ago carried a note of disappointment or disenchantment with the program of the Society because the staff of the Society was not able to fulfill its obligations to history due to shortages in both personnel and budget. T h e situation has not measurably improved this year. I n fact, in some areas the Society has gone backward rather than forward. While the Society has been called upon for greater services, the funds with which to carry these out have not kept pace with the increase in demands. T h e overall budget of the Society has grown, but the increasing cost of standard and fixed items has caused a decline in the real budget of the Society. And so many of the programs which were outlined last year have been delayed or postponed once again.

T h e report, however, is not all bad, because there have been some gains in the program of the Society. It was hoped that the Little Hoover Commission, studying the agencies of government at the time of last year's meeting, would urge that the program of the Society be upgraded and that the legislature would respond favorably. This has not been the case. Generally speaking, however, the Hoover Commission report was highly laudatory concerning the efficient manner in which the program of the Society is being carried on. Especially noteworthy were the comments pertaining to the Archives and Records Center. T h e Commission felt great savings to the state could be made if the Archives were given sufficient funds to carry out the mandate of the legislature. In one other particular the Hoover Commission urged that adequate quarters should be provided the Society so that the staff can care for the records of the State of Utah, both official and historical. It is hoped that the forthcoming legislature will live up to its responsibilities in carrying out the recommendations of the Little Hoover Commission so that the Historical Society can achieve those legal responsibilities established by past legislatures. Perhaps of all the programs of the Society, the one that has been curtailed the most is the Library. T h e overall budget of the Library has been reduced this biennium over last, resulting in the ridiculous situation of only $250.00 per quarter being available to purchase books for the 1966-67 fiscal year. It is hoped the next legislature will take cognizance of this deplorable situation and remedy it, as well as deficiencies in other programs of the Society, particularly in the field of Archives.

Mr. Iverson, a member of the Board of Trustees since 1959, has been president of the board since 1961. A condensed version of the President's Report was presented at the Fourteenth Annual Meeting, September 10, 1966, of the Society.

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But all is not black in connection with the report I present this year. There are several areas where the Historical Society has played an important role in bringing about significant achievements. On July 21, 1965, Congress enacted legislation which created the Golden Spike National Historic Site. The Society helped gain this legislation by organizing local committees and participating in hearings in Washington, D.C. And so now this important historical site has received the recognition it deserves as the place of the joining of the transcontinental railroad at Promontory on May 10, 1869, one of the great events in Utah's and the nation's history.

With the announcement that Fort Douglas was to be abandoned as a military post, the Society became interested in the preservation of some of the buildings, particularly the area surrounding the parade grounds. Working with various groups, especially the governor's study committee, the determination of the disposition of the Fort seems rather favorable to the preservation of the most historic buildings.

Through the efforts and dedication of friends and some of the staff of the Society, the Wasatch Stakehouse (Heber City Tabernacle) has been saved from destruction. A decision was made on August 31 of last year to deed the building to Heber City so that it would not be demolished, and thus this landmark in the history of Utah will be preserved.

In order to carry out the restoration of the Tabernacle and other buildings of similar value, the Utah Heritage Foundation was organized on April 12, 1966, with the staff and board members of the Society playing an important role. The Utah Heritage Foundation is a nonprofit, taxexempt organization dedicated to the preservation of Utah's heritage, which includes buildings, sites, and artifacts related to them. Through the assistance of the governor's wife, Mrs. Calvin L. Rampton, what appears to be a very solid organization has been established. Patterned somewhat after the National Trust for Historic Preservation, an organization chartered by Congress in 1949, the Utah Heritage Foundation is designed to serve the needs of the state through raising funds for historic preservation. Consisting of a Board of Trustees of highly qualified individuals, the Foundation is structured to call upon the help of professionals in various fields of interest in Utah history. An Advisory Council, to advise and carry out the technical work of the Foundation, draws upon the talents of historians, anthropologists, archeologists, artists, and scientists in order to save that which will best relate the history of this state. The success of the organization will depend upon the public sup-

A portion of the audience torical Society, September

at the Fourteenth 10,1966.

Annual

Banquet

of the Utah State

His-

port it receives. It is hoped the Foundation will be widely accepted and supported in order that the destruction of Utah's important landmarks can be halted.

Just after the close of last year the Society completed a project which had been under way for sometime; namely, the publication of the two-volume On the Mormon Frontier: The Diary of Hosea Stout, U T A H S T A T E H I S T O R I C A L S O C I E T Y 1966 A W A R D Mr. Floyd Gam Hatch (Service Award), Mrs. Marguerite Life Member), Mr. Dean Bradshaw (Teacher Award), (Honorary Life Member).

WINNERS

Sinclair Reusser (Honorary and Dr. Russel B. Swensen

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published in cooperation with the University of U t a h Press. T h e Diary of Hosea Stout, edited by Juanita Brooks, has won wide acclaim by the public. High praise has been heaped upon Mrs. Brooks, the Society, and the Press for publishing this very significant work. If the present rate of sale continues the Diary will soon be out of print. It is intended that the Society will continue to cooperate with the University of U t a h Press in further joint publication ventures in order to make available some of the significant diaries and monographs on U t a h history.

For many years there has been a need for an accumulative index to the Utah Historical Quarterly. While a complete and full cumulative index would be a tremendously costly undertaking beyond the financial reach of the Society, it was felt that a condensed one would be of great benefit to the users of the Quarterly. So calling upon the assistance of the Salt Lake Junior League, the Society undertook an abbreviated version in order that researchers might make better use of the articles in the Quarterlies. T h e initial work was undertaken by two members of the Junior League, Mrs. William H. Bennett and Mrs. A. William Kelson. T h e final work was done by Mrs. Margery W. W a r d of the Society staff. While the Index has not enjoyed huge sales, nevertheless, it is serving a very needed and useful purpose.

Some issues of the Quarterly seem to strike a responsive cord with the public. Such was the case for the final issue for 1965. Devoted primarily to the history of Bingham Canyon, the issue was soon out of print, and only limited copies are available now in bound volumes for the year.

It is unfortunate that the popularity of these issues cannot be predicted, so they could be printed in greater quantity. O n the other hand the popular version of one issue of the Quarterly, The Valley of the Great Salt Lake, has been printed in the quantity of 100,000 and is now in its fourth printing. It is hoped that during the fall months of this year, a new edition of the Valley can be printed. Sales are made primarily through tourist outlets, the principal one being the State Capitol.

Work continues by a committee, especially formed for the purpose, on the Union Catalogue of Mormon Literature for the period of 1830 to 1930. Initially begun by Dale L. Morgan and continued by the staff of the U t a h State Historical Society for a number of years, the project was finally taken over by a committee composed of representatives from the Society, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Historian's Library, Brigham Young University, University of Utah, and U t a h State University. Under the overall editorship of Dr. S. Lyman Tyler, with

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the work done primarily by Mr. C h a d Flake of B.Y.U. Library, considerable progress has been made and it should be ready for the printer within the next few months. Here is a significant contribution to those interested in Mormon literature, and there should be brisk sales of the publication to institutions all over the world.

Another activity during the year with which the Society has been involved was a very successful Statehood Day program, and plans are being made for this observance to continue. T h e Society joined with the University of U t a h in sponsoring a History Workshop with the students attending an open house at the Society Mansion. T h e director participated in one day's session at the University. T h e enrollment was smaller than in past years, but the quality of the program remained high. T h e director is serving on the Capitol Exhibits Committee to update the exhibits, depicting Utah's history and scenic attractions, on the main floor of the Capitol. T h e old, moth-eaten, dusty, poorly designed exhibits have been removed; new cases have been constructed; and it appears that good exhibits depicting Utah's story will be on display.

T h e local chapters of the Society are continuing to show vigor, particularly that of Sevier Valley under the direction of Mrs. Pearl Jacobson. It is now the largest of the local chapters and carries out a very interesting and exciting program. T h e chapter has been involved in the publication of a city history and also of a county history. T h e Iron County Chapter has shown great interest in the preservation of historic buildings, artifacts, and structures of various kinds in its locality. T h e other chapters at Logan, Ogden, Salt Lake, and Provo continue to generate interest in local history. Time, staff, and funds preclude the organizing of chapters in other communities where interest runs high. We do hope that sufficient support can soon be obtained so the State Society can help the local chapters carry out some of their plans.

T h e preservation of the Historical Society building is always a pressing problem. A building more than 60 years old requires constant repair particularly where it is now being used for purposes other than for which it was designed. T h e heating, lighting, etc., have to be updated to meet present-day needs. So the work has been continuing. In addition it has been more than a dozen years since painting has been done on the interior of the building. During the past year many improvements have been made. However, the greatest change has been noted on the grounds surrounding the Mansion. Most of the overgrown trees and shrubbery have been removed and replaced through a well-designed landscape program

XT ' / Ri

under the direction of Mr. Karsten Hansen, landscape architect working through the State Building Board. The grounds of the building have been considerably improved with funds made available by the legislature their last session. Additional work which needs to be done is repair of the heating system, exterior painting, and replacement of the sidewalks.

Perhaps in the Library and Archives, the facts and figures can better tell the story of what has taken place in these respective departments. The holdings of the Library include 11,400 books, 7,850 pamphlets, 1,500 linear feet of manuscript material (diaries, letters, articles, account books, etc.), 8,700 volumes of periodicals, 450 rolls (45,000 feet) of microfilm, 14,000 photographs, and 1,500 maps. More than 200 periodicals are currently received and indexed. The Library staff consists of three full-time employ-

J

mr

i S

mm ^St Uk

Mr. Dean Bradshaw receiving his Teacher Award from Awards Chairman L. Glen Snarr of the Board of Trustees.

The evening's speaker, Mr. Charles E. Peterson, appears in the foreground.

The work of repairing and beautifying the building and grounds of the Society has continued throughout the year. In the pictures from left to right a new fence replaces the old one which had deteriorated. Several diseased trees were removed. Mrs. Wallace D. Harkness, of Salt Lake City, donated a beautiful, full-grown spruce to replace one of the trees removed. Landscaping of the grounds has been carried out as shown in the last picture.

President's Report

341

ees and one part-time employee. During the past year, the staff has served more than 2,250 students and researchers and answered 1,000 mail and 1,500 telephone requests for historical information.

Due to the reduced Library budget, only 800 books and pamphlets were catalogued this year, compared to 2,090 in 1964-65. Of these items almost half were gifts and exchanges, demonstrating how much the Library depends upon the support of members and friends. All the Library's manuscripts and maps and most of the photographs have been gifts to the Library. The principal donors to the Library this past year have been Olive W. Burt, Pearl F. Jacobson, Hugh J. Barnes, Charles Kelly, Stanley S. Ivins, Howard C. Price, the Salt Lake City League of Women Voters, and Rowland Hall-St. Marks School. The Junior League of Salt Lake City continues to provide volunteer workers in the Library, and this invaluable assistance is deeply welcomed. Mrs. Anne W. Wallace and Mrs. G. Homer Durham presented the Library with the papers, manuscripts, books, pamphlets, and photographs of their parents, Dr. John A. and Leah D. Widtsoe, and their grandmother, Susa Young Gates. This important gift is sincerely appreciated.

There was an increase in the number of researchers served by the Archives this past year. There were 755 researchers in 1965-66 as compared with 286 for the previous year. The researchers used 7,345 record items.

There were 211 rolls of microfilm produced, part in the Archives and part in the Records Center. Besides microfilming for the Archives and Society, filming was done for Salt Lake County, the Department of Public Welfare, the Department of Public Instruction, and the Department of Business Regulation. Cameras were also loaned to other state departments at various times during the year to aid them in their record keeping.

342

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Through a cooperative arrangement with the L.D.S. Genealogical Society for microfilming marriage and probate records, the Archives acquired 444 rolls of microfilm. Those films pertaining to Cache County will be turned over to that county, but the other films will remain in the Archives. T h e Archives personnel make all arrangements with the record holders to film the records, and the Genealogical Society furnishes the equipment, operator, and film.

There were 150 cubic feet of paper destroyed after being microfilmed. This is equivalent to 73 standard file-drawers. T h e rest of the microfilming was for security purposes and to make records available.

T h e Archives has four rotary 16 m m microfilm cameras on loan from various departments and has the use of one 35 m m planetary camera.

There were 5,881 catalogue cards prepared this year. " U t a h State Executive Proceedings Book A, 1850-54," was completely indexed. The following booklets were published: Scheduled Records Disposition, 1966; Veterans Buried in Utah to 1965, for the counties of Beaver, Grand, Morgan, and Millard.

There were 2,288 cubic feet of useless records destroyed by authorized Records Disposition Requests this year. Some material has been lost this year, although there is always an attendant with researchers.

However, the records areas are not attended at other times.

T h e Records Center will need additional shelving in order to carry on its work. Document cases are now stacked three high on top of the shelves in the records areas of the Archives, and it is not possible to bring in more material.

T h e correspondence of all governors, except a very small portion, has now been arranged into its final format.

All of these things have been accomplished on a limited budget, and we sincerely hope that the legislature will recognize the value of the Society and the forthcoming session provide some relief budget-wise in order that additional books, personnel, and capital equipment can be provided. For only if this is done can the Society live up to its responsibility of preserving the record of Utah's past.

REVIEWS and PUBLICATIONS ell's Treaty Map: The Map that was part of the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty on Southwestern Boundaries,

ious editions of the m a p . A folded copy of the m a p is bound in the booklet.

B E N J A M I N F. GILBERT

1848. By J A C K D . R I T -

San Jose State

T E N H O U S E . (Santa F e : Stagecoach Press, 1965. 20 p p . + m a p $4.95) I n 16 pages t h e a u t h o r assembles from 11 principal authorities a concise account of the famous Disturnell M a p of the United Mexican States published at N e w York in 1847. President J a m e s K. Polk sent Nicholas P. Trist as a peace commissioner to Mexico t o be prepared to negotiate a peace treaty.

Trist took along the most recent 1847 map. T h e Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of February 2, 1848, provided that the two governments should appoint boundary commissioners a n d surveyors a n d that t h e western limits of N e w Mexico should be those laid down in the Disturnell M a p . T h e boundary commissioners, J o h n R . B a r t l e t t of t h e United States a n d General Pedro Garcia Conde of Mexico, found a serious error in t h e location of El Paso del Norte (now Ciudad J u a r e z ) . Bartlett a n d Conde held different views about r u n n i n g a line west from t h e R i o Grande, b u t they compromised whereby Mexico acquired the Mesilla Valley.

Later Congress repudiated the compromise a n d a dispute arose which was settled by t h e Gadsden Purchase in 1853.

Besides describing the boundary disputes a n d surveys, the booklet traces the history of t h e m a p a n d its publisher and explains the differences in the var-

Frontier:

American

American

West.

Literature

College and the

By E D W I N F U S S E L L .

(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965. xv + 4 5 0 p p . $8.50) This book is a n interesting a n d different approach to the relationship of the American West a n d American literature. M r . Fussell asserts that "for a n understanding of early American literature, the word West, with all its derivations a n d variants, is t h e all b u t inevitable key." H e goes on to say that "with t h e disappearance of t h e real frontier in t h e 1850's a n d 1860's, t h e figurative frontier a n d the teleological West were drained of expressive value, a n d disappeared from literary currency." T h u s , for M r . Fussell, the literary impact of t h e West is limited to t h e era before the Civil W a r , a n d can best be examined in t h e writings of Cooper, H a w t h o r n e , Poe, T h o r e a u , Melville, and Whitman.

Fussell discusses the writings of these six major Americans in terms of a kind of double trope which h e calls " t h e frontier m e t a p h o r . " One signification of this m e t a p h o r is the frontier as space â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the white area of the m a p , the u n known, the place of nature, t h e u n created future; the other is the idea of t h e f r o n t i e r as l i n e â&#x20AC;&#x201D; t h e n e u t r a l ground, the place of transition between

Utah Historical Quarterly

344 c i v i l i z a t i o n and n o n - c i v i l i z a t i o n in which all the old unresolved dichotomies of mind-matter, law-freedom, society-solitude, and even new world-old world, can be tired out. Fussell's book demonstrates how in the works of these six m e n this frontier m e t a p h o r underw e n t "a series of t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s through which intrinsically meaningless pioneer experiences were elevated to the status of ideas and forms."

But while these insights into the formative impact of the American frontier may enhance our reading, much that Fussell says is not so easily accepted. For instance in summarizing the symbolic significance of the characters in The Scarlet Letter, Fussell says, "Hester is the wilderness, Dimmesdale the settlements." And little Pearl is the "Spirit of the West, the rising glory of America." And of the famous portent, Fussell says, " T h e A in the sky is no sign of adultery, but of the coming republic, by the author displayed to the w h o l e p e o p l e . " I t was "the A-forAmerica which shone in the midnight skies." T h e same kind of interpretation l e a d s Fussell to a r e a d i n g of Poe's " M a s q u e of the R e d D e a t h " as a "parable of A m e r i c a n History" in w h i c h Prince Prospero is a typically ironic allegorical n a m e for the United States, and " R e d D e a t h " a somewhat more complicated emblematic equivalent for the Indian.

But even more disturbing than the extremes to which M r . Fussell pushes his thesis is the narrowness with which it is applied. H e suggests for instance, that the only creative influence the West h a d after 1860-70 was a kind of ' 'sentimental-antiquarian West-mongering." And when h e says that with the vanishing of the frontier in the 1850's, "American philosophy a n d literature fell apart," he strains the plausibility of his position severely. This strain is felt throughout the last chapters of the book in which M r . Fussell spends a con-

siderable a m o u n t of space discussing minor and incomplete works of Hawthorne, Melville, and W h i t m a n in an attempt to prove the negative influence of the disappearance of the actual frontier.

Even if M r . Fussell believes that "the close of the first period of American history and literature was not altogether a tragedy," he leaves us with the feeling that for him it was an irreparable loss to' imaginative writing.

NEAL

The

Blazed

Trail

LAMBERT

Weber State

College

of Antoine

Leroux.

By F O R B E S P A R K H I L L . ( L O S Angeles:

Westernlore $7.50)

Press, 1965.

235 pp.

Antoine Leroux, according to Forbes Parkhill, should rank among the foremost of the mountain men, guides, and Indian fighters of his era, but because he has lacked most channels of publicity he has been largely neglected by historians. T o d a y he is almost unknown to the American public. Attempting to rectify this, the author has gathered virtually every mention of his name in contemporary journals, diaries, newspaper accounts, and government reports to construct an interesting and informative, if at times somewhat disjointed, account.

As a trapper Leroux took part in the Ashley-Henry Expedition to the headwaters of the Missouri before journeying to the Southwest, where h e trapped the waters of the Gila as early as 1826.

H e was guide for four expeditions between Santa F e and California, including that of the M o r m o n Battalion, as well as a number of lesser expeditions against the Indians. H e was quoted in congressional hearings as an expert in the controversy over the disastrous failure of Fremont's Fourth Expedition. H e was a member of the New Mexico territorial organization convention and

Reviews and Publications

345

served o n t h e jury t h a t condemned to death the leaders of the Taos Rebellion.

Unlike m a n y of the mountain men who were unable to read or write, h e was highly literate. Also unlike so m a n y of the early trappers, scouts, a n d guides w h o died penniless, Leroux became principal owner of a huge Mexican land grant in New Mexico.

For U t a h readers Leroux's role as a guide to the M o r m o n Battalion, along with Baptiste " P o m p " C h a r b o n n e a u (son of Sacajewea), a n d guide to t h e Loring-Marcy Expedition, which supplied Albert Sidney Johnston a n d t h e U t a h Expedition from N e w Mexico in 1858, a r e of special interest.

O n e major criticism is t h a t n o m a p was included in a volume devoted to pathfinding a n d exploration a n d where geography played such a n important part. I n a work of this n a t u r e a m a p is e s s e n t i a l , a n d its o m i s s i o n seriously weakens t h e book.

T E D J. W A R N E R

Brigham

Young

University

George Brooks: Artist in Stone. By JUANITA BROOKS. ([Salt Lake City: Author], 1965. v i + 146 pp. N . P . ) I t is quite probable t h a t many times as m u c h historical research a n d writing are being done i n t h e n a m e of genealogy a n d family history in M o r m o n communities today as is being done in t h e production of historical narrative or historical accounts as such.

Since this is undoubtedly t h e case, it is well t h a t a n outstanding work such as George Brooks: Artist in Stone occasionally occurs as a n example. T h e book is well illustrated, with appendices, a n a m e index, a n d t h e usual scholarly accoutrements.

T h e book is dedicated by the author " T o my husband, William Brooks, who through all our years together has given m e full support." I t is a p p a r e n t a n d fitting t h a t it was done as a labor of

love by a w o r k m a n who is a master of her craft.

T h e families that "Will" a n d J u a n i t a are derived from have long been in t h e mainstream of t h e history of southern U t a h . Accounts of t h e lives of t h e members of such families are t h e source materials from which t h e story of the region, either as history or fiction, will eventually be written.

A good historical narrative, a competent literary biography, a fictional a c count in the epic proportions that would be required, each in its o w n way r e quires great detail t o describe w h a t people did from d a y t o day and from year to year, w h a t they wore, w h a t they talked about, t h e homes they lived in, w h a t they did for recreation, social e v e n t s of t h e c o m m u n i t y , h o w they moved from place t o place, and so m u c h more.

This work, by furnishing a n insight into t h e activities of one family from the time its members were contacted in Wales until the "Sunset Years" in Dixie, helps t o supply t h e kind of trustworthy detail we need to fill out our knowledge of t h e past in southern U t a h .

S. L Y M A N T Y L E R

University

of Utah

The Silver Dons. V o l u m e T h r e e of a Series o n t h e Historic Birthplace of California. By R I C H A R D F . POURADE. Commissioned by J A M E S S. C O P L E Y .

Second Edition. (San Diego: UnionT r i b u n e Publishing Company, 1965. xii + 286 p p . $9.50) T h a t a n a m a t e u r c a n m a k e a good professional historian is the conclusion one c a n derive from t h e work of Richard F . Pourade. F o r many years Pourade was a journalist a n d newspaper correspondent a n d editor, in which capacities he established a n excellent reputation for fearlessness a n d good journalistic w r i t i n g . N o t too l o n g ago,

346 James S. Copley commissioned him to write a history of San Diego. Dick Pourade contacted a few professionals, steeped himself deeply in the history and the literature of California, and began to ask the question, "where are the real sources?" Obtaining advice a n d suggestions from some trained historians, Pourade visited and worked in the a r c h i v e s of S p a i n and M e x i c o .

Searching for basic, original, a n d fundamental facts, he worked too in the Bancroft, Huntington, and other library and manuscript-holding institutions.

Pourade started from the very bottom and quickly reached the heights that historians dream and strive for; namely, to write a definitive history of some era.

Beginning in 1960 with the publication of The Explorers, the first volume of his history of San Diego, it became apparent at once that Pourade was producing a large and excellent history of San Diego. I n 1961 with The Time of the Bells, the second volume in his work, it was definite that P o u r a d e ' s history would be a compelling one. I n 1963 there appeared the third volume, The Silver Dons, which went through a second printing in 1965. His fourth and fifth volumes have since appeared, with Pourade's reputation as historian and writer being further established.

The Silver Dons covers the period from 1830 to the end of the Civil War. It naturally follows The Time of the Bells, for it was the silver dons who wrested the lands of California from the missionaries in the secularization of the missions, only to lose them later to the American pioneers. I n both words and pictures, Pourade tells his story in graphic language. H e writes about the ranchos and life in San Diego, of the pueblo organization, of government and its administration, of the I n d i a n wars and the G a r r a uprising, and of the overland trails. Pourade gives a very extensive account of the conquest by the Americans and the war with Mexi-

Utah Historical Quarterly co, of overland communications and the Jackass mail, and, finally, of the downfall of the dons in the unhappy days of the Civil War. H e has done a unique job in resurrecting the picture of the pueblo lands and residents of San Diego in the 1850's.

R i c h a r d P o u r a d e is to be c o m mended. His text makes good and interesting reading, heavily interspersed with quotations and descriptions from original sources. H e has m a d e use of printed and documentary materials, of land titles and newspapers, and of pictures. Moreover, the volume is beautifully printed and filled with pictorial m a t e r i a l s â&#x20AC;&#x201D; p h o t o g r a p h s , maps, and sketches which line the margins of the pages. Although footnotes are absent, nevertheless, the accoutrements of scholarship are provided by an extensive Bibliography, a full Index, and lists of justices of the peace and governors of California.

Richard F. Pourade, the author, and James S. Copley, the publisher, are to be commended for their contributions to San Diego of which they are proud, and to them the citizens of San Diego are justly grateful.

A. P.

San Diego State Red Man's Religion: tices of the Indians

NASATIR

College

Beliefs and PracNorth of Mexico.

By R U T H M. U N D E R H I L L .

(Chicago:

T h e U n i v e r s i t y of C h i c a g o Press, 1965. x + 301 pp. $7.95) This is a panoramic work on the r e l i g i o u s beliefs a n d r i t u a l s of the American Indian which can be recommended with pleasure to the general reader and the beginning student of Indian lifeways. Miss Underhill, before her retirement as professor of anthropology at the University of Denver, had a long career in government service as well as in academia, and as assistant supervisor of Indian Education, United

347

Reviews and Publications States I n d i a n Service, she lived for greater or lesser periods on almost all of the reservations. H e r credentials as friend a n d confidant of native Americans are impeccable, and as might be expected her account of their religions is warmly sympathetic.

The a u t h o r traces such topical themes as impersonal power and spirit beings, origin myths, " w o m a n power" and its c o m p l e m e n t a r y fear toward menstrual blood, attitudes and practices toward the dead, the vision, and the roles of medicine man, shaman, and priest. She then takes u p some rituals of plant gatherers and hunters, and planting rituals in five areas. T h e Navajo have a chapter for themselves, as do her "own people" the Pima and Papago â&#x20AC;&#x201D; her own by virtue of prolonged field work. T h e book is concluded with a discussion of religious m o v e m e n t s that swept the Indians, east and west, in response to the threat of white conquest and its accomplishment. T h e r e is an e m p a t h e t i c a c c o u n t of that I n d i a n amalgam of their own native beliefs and of Christianity, the Peyote Way. T h e a u t h o r succeeds well in demonstrating that I n d i a n religions are highly different among themselves, at the same time implanting some structure for an understanding of similarities in relation to the economics of seed gathering, big game hunting and planting, and of differences related to regional histories.

And here and there are summary statements that apply more or less to all Indian cultures and offer insights to the inquiring layman. T o cite only one i n s t a n c e , on the i n c o m p a t i b i l i t y of Christian missionary and native doctrine: " I n d i a n s have never considered that mankind was naturally sinful and in need of redemption. T o them . . . all nature was good and m a n was a part of nature. T r u e , life involved certain ills, such as death, disease, a n d witchcraft, but these had not come through man's fault. They were due to chance

or mischief on the part of some primal being. And other primal beings h a d given ceremonies for handling t h e m " (pp. 2 5 4 - 5 5 ) .

Theory is not this book's strong point, however, nor perhaps, was it intended to be. For instance the suggestion that a n ancient substratum of belief and practice involving tokens and amulets, spells, and propitiation of plants gathered a n d animals killed is overlain by a set involving fear of menstrual blood, fear and avoidance of the dead, and shamanistic practices (chapt. 2) cannot be demonstrated in a general introduction. And often Miss Underhill has recourse to appeals to common sense and folk logic that are not out of place in a n elementary work but would be in an a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l treatise â&#x20AC;&#x201D; phrases such as " I t is natural that . . . ," " W e can imagine that once . . . ," " N o wonder then . . . ," " W e can hardly believe . . . ," and the like.

But Miss U n d e r b i l l ' s i n d u b i t a b l e forte is her fund of illustrative anecdotes drawn from a rich and firsthand acquaintance with I n d i a n life. An old Papago (and this is only one example among many) while on a walk in the desert in the author's company picks u p a green striped stone and pockets it with the remark, " T h i s is not a stonestone . . . I think it may have power.

Perhaps it can bring rain." She lets us share the I n d i a n world by her capacity to share the immediacy of her own experience.

ROBERT ANDERSON

University

of

Utah

Men Against the Mountains: Jedediah Smith and the South West Expedition of 1826-1829.

By A L S O N J. S M I T H . (New York: T h e J o h n Day Company, 1965. 320 p p . $5.95) Of all those w h o answered General Ashley's famous advertisement for "Enterprising Young M e n " to join him in

Utah Historical Quarterly

348 the fur trade in the Rockies, none fitted the description more accurately than Jedediah Smith. Twenty-three years old when he joined the Rocky M o u n t a i n F u r Company, h e became a hero of the expedition within a year by surviving the bloody massacre of 15 men by the Arikaras. Before that summer was out h e h a d most of the skin of his head torn off by a grizzly and h a d himself directed the stitching of his wounds.

And by the following summer he rediscovered the South Pass over the continental divide.

So it was as an experienced and natural leader, he, together with David Jackson and William Sublette, bought out Ashley w i t h i n f o u r y e a r s . And within weeks after the purchase he was launched on one of history's most fantastic expeditions of discovery. Its daring a n d scope stagger the imagination — from Cache Valley to San Gabriel to San Diego to the vicinity of Sacramento, then over the Sierras and across the Salt Desert, and back to the rendezvous at Bear Lake. T h e n , after 10 days to recoup, off again on the same route, this time to r u n into a massacre by the M o h a v e Indians, a n irate Mexican governor w h o held them a month in prison in California, then (since they h a d already crossed the Sierras and who wants to see the same country twice) north into Oregon where another massacre left just two survivors, on u p to Fort Vancouver for help, back to the U m p q u a River to bury the bodies and recover the furs, a thousand-mile trip u p the Columbia almost into modern Canada, across the Rockies in the Kootenai country, and finally to Jackson's Hole where Smith's partners waited.

T h e expedition was a disaster. Twenty-nine men were killed or lost; there were only two survivors of the original party. They h a d no furs to show for their efforts, a n d no new trapping streams were opened to the company.

But in terms of filling in blank spaces

on the m a p , no one since Lewis and Clark h a d done so much — and probably no one since. Exploded was the myth of the Buenaventura River flowing from the Great Salt Lake to the Pacific. H o r d e s of l a t e r A m e r i c a n s would follow the trails Smith blazed.

Men Against the Mountains represents no new research into the great saga of Jedediah Smith. I t postulates n o new theories, and offers no new information. I t represents merely a gathering of e x i s t i n g m a t e r i a l s and the weaving of them into a unified, popularly written account.

T h e book is not for historians b u t for general readers — and in t h a t context valuable in helping to popularize one of America's great authentic heroes.

W I L L I A M B. SMART

Deseret

News

Forts of the West: Military Forts and Presidios and Posts Commonly Called Forts West of the Mississippi River to 1898.

By R O B E R T W.

FRAZER.

(Nor-

m a n : University of Oklahoma Press, 1965. xxxvii + 246 pp. $5.95) I n an extensive and sometimes interesting Introduction, Robert W. Frazer reviews the United States military establishments of the Trans-Mississippi West and classifies them into three periods. T h e first, 1804-45, was that time when the army provided a buffer zone between the settler and the Indian.

Attention was diverted to the south by the Mexican W a r in 1846, bringing with it the beginning of the second period. With the termination of that conflict in 1848 and the resultant land acquisitions, military strategy was again focused on control of the Indians, protection of s e t t l e m e n t s and e m i g r a n t trails, and the preservation of communication lines. M r . Frazer sets 1880 as the time when most Indians had been contained on reservations, causing a

349

Reviews and Publications decline in the number of frontier forts.

T h e Spanish-American W a r in 1898 drew troops from the outposts, a n d more emphasis was placed on seacoast defense. This marked the end of the third a n d final phase.

T h e author uses as his eastern demarcation line the west bank of the Mississippi River, and describes Fort Leavenworth as the oldest fort established westward by the United States Army (1827). A l t h o u g h m e n t i o n e d three times in the Introduction a n d twice in the text, Jefferson B a r r a c k s , located south of St. Louis on the right bank of the Mississippi, established in 1826 a n d an active garrison for 120 years, is not included as a fort in the reference work.

I t is interesting to note that as early as 1832 W a r D e p a r t m e n t General O r ders attempted to establish a more orderly identification system for army installations, but m a d e little progress.

Again in 1878, military posts permanently occupied by troops were to be designated "Forts" while those occupied temporarily " C a m p s . " Brigadier General R i c h a r d N a p o l e o n B a t c h e l d e r , quartermaster of the army in 1893, recommended that the order of 1878 be amended a n d that the term "Barracks," as applied to military posts, be eliminated. This advice was never implemented.

Forts of the West is primarily a reference book, a n d its greatest value is in the comprehensive treatment of each listed military installation: this includes the location, date of activation with reason for establishment, n a m e a n d military unit of the commanding officer, present status or date of deactivation, a n d subsequent transfer. An extensive Bibliography enhances the book's worth.

Serving as an excellent background for further investigation into military units, I n d i a n battles, emigrant trails, a n d lines of communication, this volume should be welcomed by western histor-

ians a n d could provide the historicalminded tourist with a new a n d interesting hobby.

T h e index does not list forts which appear in alphabetical sequence according to states a n d leaves something to be desired. Without a knowledge of the geographical location of a particular fort, providing other reference has not been m a d e to it, the reader must t h u m b through t h e book a n d scrutinize the m a p of each state. This is not tedious, however, a n d m a y in itself be rewarding.

A look a t the history of F o r t H u a chuca, Arizona, will offer some degree of encouragement to those U t a h n s interested in the preservation of Fort Douglas as a military post. Established in 1877, Fort H u a c h u c a was transferred to the State of Arizona in 1949. Reactivated in 1951, it was deactivated two years later. I n 1954 it was again reactivated a n d today is u n d e r military command.

H O W A R D C. PRICE, J R .

Preston Nutter Mountain Female

Ranch

Man: A Novel of Male and in the Early American West.

By VARDIS F I S H E R .

( N e w Y o r k : Wil-

liam M o r r o w & Co., 1965. xi + 372 pp. $5.95) Vardis Fisher's new novel is a story of the last few years of the period of the mountain m e n , t h a t "brief season," in Bernard D e Voto's words, in which " t h e myth [of the F a r West] so generously begotten became fact." I n Mountain Man Fisher redistills the myth, though the grounds of reality remain.

T h e novel is the story of Sam M i n a r d , mountain m a n extraordinary, the "ablest of them all," w h o " h a d in ample measure all the traits a n d skills that m a d e t h e superlative m o u n t a i n m e n . " And more, for S a m has brought with him from his h o m e in N e w York a n astonishing knowledge of music, with

350 which he links a highly developed love of the natural world. As Sam plays strains of Beethoven or Mozart on his m o u t h organ in harmony with the moods of the wilderness, it is almost as if T h o r eau, who in the same years was playing his flute to the perch of Walden Pond, had become part of Sam Minard, the implacable foe of the Crow nation.

Sam's story has three p a r t s : the short, tender idyl of his marriage with Lotus, the daughter of a Flathead chief, which ends when she and her unborn child are murdered by the Crows; the repeated episodes in which he returns to care for K a t e Bowden in her lonely, crazed vigil over the graves of her family slaughtered on the banks of the Musselshell; and the incredible saga of his one-man war against the Crow nation, his capture by the Blackfeet, and the fantastic ordeal of his escape.

For all their importance in the story, neither Lotus nor K a t e achieves major significance as a character. Lotus we see only through the romantic vision of Sam's new and zestful but almost sentimental love. K a t e has only the flat, though moving, grayness of her monomania. As a result Lotus and Kate in their femaleness do not truly complement Sam in his maleness, as the subtitle of the novel would imply. They serve rather to develop the idealized nature of Sam. Nor is there any significant treatment of the Indians or of the other mountain men. With the exception of Lotus, the Indians are generally viewed in the stereotype of the mountain men, who "hated all Indians, and placed high among their mountain-man laws the axiom that the only good Indian was a dead Indian â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and not only dead but picked clean by the ravens and wolves."

As for the mountain men, they are sketched in almost entirely by one or two striking characteristics of appearance and skill.

I n short the story is Sam's, and Sam is the myth writ large. But the myth is

Utah Historical Quarterly poetic and heroic; it is compounded of great virtues: courage, self-reliance, tenderness, compassion, undying love of freedom and the majestic beauty of the mountain world. And Sam, like his creator, loves life more than other men. As T o m Fitzpatrick says to Jim Bridger: "Every hour for him is a golden nugget."

Mountain Man will probably be the most popular, though it is not the best, of Vardis Fisher's books about the American West. Is it tonic and exciting to read. I t seems to underplay the brutality and coarseness which have repelled some readers in the past. But the brutality and coarseness are there, though we tend to overlook them despite their immediate horrifying impact, as for a different reason we overlook the killings in Hamlet. I n Mountain Man the tragic vision is blurred by the romantic element of the myth. Perhaps the myth cannot be treated tragically. Perhaps only an informed and relentless naturalism will do, however imperfectly.

For the moment the myth blazes as we read; we are called to be simpler and more heroic men. But the sad truth is that we who respond and who, with the author, deplore the teeming West of today were, like Sam Minard, born too late â&#x20AC;&#x201D; much too late.

SYDNEY W.

ANGLEMAN

University of Utah

Some Went West. By D O R O T H Y M. J O H N S O N . (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1965. xii + 180 pp. $3.50) Dorothy M. Johnson evidently listened a lot to her Aunt Mattie Taggart, to whom she dedicated her book. After listening intently, reading extensively, and entering big time in journalism in New York, she returned to Montana State University, her Alma Mater, as an assistant professor. She has published stories, movie scripts, and books

351

Reviews and Publications on personal a n d local histories which have t h e prairie fires, t h e buffalo stampedes, a n d t h e whoop a n d holler of t h e West o n every page. T h e reading is easy a n d informative.

T h e Some a r e women adventurers, d e d i c a t e d o n e s â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a r m y wives, stolen girls, a n d pioneer women doctors a n d teachers. T h e strong, t h e courageous, the unflinching women w h o built t h e West a r e t h e subjects of well-assorted chapter headings. If some of t h e reports seem too full of horror, or privation, or of unfulfilled dreams, they a r e actually fair samplings of t h e raw, u n known, t h e unknowable frontier a n d cannot be ignored or toned down. F o r instance girls captured by Indians have a story t o tell which is reminiscent of such tragedies in the far Southwest.

T h e selfless, dedicated, driving, even ferocious persistence to a cause has few equals i n history in t h e story of t h e Sisters of Providence w h o established a religious school 36 miles north of Hell Gate, M o n t a n a Territory.

T h e usual shortage of females on t h e frontier was supplied by the usual companies of likely girls, organized for t h a t emergency. Mercer's Belles came West to find husbands, a n d they did! Angel or shrew, each influenced M o n t a n a just as Asa Mercer, t h e cupid i n t h e case, predicted. T h e wives of bad men came West, as well as t h e wives of churchmen. W h e t h e r h e r n a m e was Electa Plummer or Narcissa W h i t m a n , h e r story is fascinating a n d instructive.

Each wife of a n army officer followed adventure beside h e r husband. W h e r e was Elizabeth Custer while George A. was o u t fighting Indians o n t h e Little Big H o r n that fatal day of J u n e 25, 1876? Back at t h e fort learning to fire a carbine in case she preferred to be taken dead! After t h e massacre Elizabeth lived on, alone for 56 years, to die a t 9 1 , still t h e general's most loyal soldier.

O u r a u t h o r has reached down into a great throng of pioneer w o m e n a n d brought o u t for o u r admiration some marvelous females whose stamp on t h e West is still brilliant after well over a century.

ILENE H. KINGSBURY

Salt Lake

City

Steamboat Up The Colorado: From the Journal of Lieutenant Joseph Christmas Ives, United States Topographical Engineers, 1857-1858.

Edited by ALEXANDER

L.

CROSBY.

by L O R E N C E B J O R K L U N D .

Illustrated (Boston:

Little, Brown a n d Company, 1965. v i i i + 1 1 2 p p . $4.50) I n 1857 t h e W a r D e p a r t m e n t sent Lieutenant Joseph Christmas Ives, of the Topographical Engineers, west to explore t h e Colorado River. T h e expedition headed by t h e young officer was to gather in S a n Francisco, t o which port a n unassembled steamship h a d been sent. This would b e transported to t h e m o u t h of t h e Colorado a n d p u t together. T h e n it would b e navigated u p t h e river as far as possible. T h e idea was t o determine t h e feasibility of shipping supplies t o western troops by way of t h e river. I t was also hoped that from F o r t Defiance o n t h e Color a d o a road might b e built t o meet t h e " M o r m o n " road t o Los Angeles.

Lieutenant Ives, w h o was only 29 a t the time, kept a daily log of t h e entire operation. T h i s was later published, in toto, in his report. M r . Crosby has followed this journal faithfully, using t h e officer's o w n words to describe t h e excitement a n d t h e awe inspired by this, the first white m a n ' s view of the mighty river a n d t h e gorge it h a d carved. T h e editor h a s shortened t h e account somewhat, in order to make it m o r e useful to readers of all ages.

Suspense, excitement, a n d h u m o r a r e all to be found in t h e officer's careful,

352

Utah Historical

yet l i g h t - h e a r t e d , account: suspense, when the little band must get that steamship p u t together before the floods come or when a n exploring party cannot find water; excitement in the challenge of t h e dangerous river a n d u n p r e d i c t a b l e I n d i a n t r i b e s . A n d all t h r o u g h the a c c o u n t runs a bright thread of humor. They were often in desperate straits, yet Lieutenant Ives describes all these with a certain gaiety.

T h e illustrations by Lorence Bjorklund are so right in mood and execution that they seem almost t o have been drawn on the spot by some clever member of the party.

T h e book is published as a juvenile for ages 12 a n d u p , b u t its greatest value, it seems, will be to older readers who have acquired the sophistication to recognize t h e advantage in being a b l e to see this p r i m i t i v e c o u n t r y through the eyes of the first-comers. As such it is a valuable aid to the researcher in early western history.

Altogether, Steamboat Up The Colorado is a delightful book, well worth anyone's reading.

Flag of the Dreadful Bear: The Story of the Republic of California. By ROBERT W E S T HOWARD.

by ALBERT O R B A A N .

Illustrated

( N e w Y o r k : G.

P. P u t n a m ' s Sons, 1965. 127 p p . $3.50) In a clearly written text, aimed at 10- to 12-year-olds, M r . H o w a r d has presented the events that led u p to the taking of California by t h e United States a n d t h e adoption of the Bear Flag as the emblem of that state. T h e account is given in a simple, conversational style that is pleasing a n d easily understood.

I t starts in 1837, when the first carreta train from Mexico City trundled up t h e Pacific Coast toward San Francisco Bay. There the men would act as

Quarterly

an outpost of the Mexican government against encroachments by the Russians, English, French, or Americans.

T h e A m e r i c a n s c a m e , however — runaway sailors from ships in the harbor, T h o m a s Oliver Larkin, John Bidwell, a n d William B. I d e . K i t Carson and T o m Fitzpatrick guided in trains of unrecorded families a n d finally came J o h n C. Fremont, Lieutenant A. H .

Gillespie, and C o m m o d o r e T h o m a s Catsby Jones. Dominating the newcomers was J o h a n n Augustus Sutter, the Swiss "Captain."

Inevitably there were clashes between various groups a n d factions — clashes which led to the decision to take California from Mexico for the United S t a t e s . I n the decisive conflict the American settlers adopted the Flag of the Dreadful Bear.

T h e r e h a d to be a starting place, of course, a n d M r . Howard chose 1837, with the coming of the Mexicans to northern California. But it seems too bad that no mention is made of the part played by Jedediah S. Smith a decade earlier.

T h e attempt to speculate upon the unknown "seamstress" w h o sewed the first Bear Flag seems rather forced.

There is n o reason t o suppose it was a 13-year-old girl. C o n t r a r y to t h e author's statement that a "man of 1846 wasn't much of a h a n d at sewing," the accounts of t h e early West are filled with anecdotes of things sewed by the mountain men a n d their contemporary settlers — from a makeshift flag to hoist over a captured Hudson's Bay Company outpost to Jedediah Smith's face, mutilated by a grizzly bear. Those men could sew!

T h e Bibliography a n d Index add to the very real value of this book as an introduction to California history.

O L I V E BURT

Salt Lake City

Reviews and Publications The Great American Now.

Desert, Then

By W. E U G E N E H O L L O N .

353 and (New

York: Oxford University Press, 1966. xii + 284 p p . $6.00) Professor Hollon has written a very readable a n d provocative book concerning a large portion of western United States which has been labeled the Great American Desert. T h e r e are, n o doubt, m a n y persons who will quarrel with portions of this book, b u t it is unlikely that anyone will challenge Hollon's belief that water is the pressing problem of the Desert inhabitants a n d the key to the region's future.

T h e book, divided into 14 chapters, offers a chronological-subject approach to the understanding of the region. Several chapters are excellent summaries of a particular segment or movement. T h e last four chapters are concerned with the near-present a n d are based upon personal observations a n d interviews.

There are inevitable errors a n d weaknesses in a book of this scope. I n his chapter on the "Original Occupants," Hollon fails to discuss as such the Desert Culture which covered much of the region for thousands of years, a n d h e overlooks, or is not aware of, the most recent research of Professor Jesse D .

Jennings a n d others on the causes of the decline of the Anasazi Culture. According to their studies, flooding a n d inundation, rather than drought, forced the Anasazi to abandon fields a n d homes.

While the inclusion of maps in a book of this type is valuable a n d praiseworthy, it is unfortunate that the trails a n d paths of explorations are not more accurately marked. O n page 34 the Dominquez-Escalante route into U t a h is off by a t least 100 miles. T h e routes of John Charles Fremont a n d Jedediah Smith, as shown on page 54, are also in error.

There seems to be a tendency of the author to oversimplify. I n his chapter on the " M o r m o n Conquerors," Hollon srives as the cause of the U t a h W a r "the

sending of a gentile governor to U t a h Territory to replace Brigham Young."

This view overlooks the whole concept of the M o r m o n K i n g d o m of God a n d the M o r m o n effort to achieve an independence from all outside interference or influence.

It will come as a surprise to U t a h n s to learn that Salt Lake has a third daily newspaper, the Salt Lake Telegram. This paper has not been published since August 1952, a n d after joining with the Deseret News, the title was dropped from the masthead in 1963.

With its several shortcomings, the Great American Desert gives a good general picture of the region with some aspects being given greater emphasis.

T h e whole problem of the scarcity of water a n d efforts to obtain it is well covered. T h e extent a n d cost of reclamation are subjects which will prove shocking to some taxpayers a n d discouraging to others â&#x20AC;&#x201D; with a cost estimate of $100 billion being placed on reclamation projects by the vear 2000.

Professor Hollon's book is must reading for anyone w h o hopes to understand the Great American Desert.

E V E R E T T L.

COOLEY

Utah State Historical

Society

The Far Southwest,

1846-1912,

A Ter-

ritorial History.

By H O W A R D ERTS LAMAR. (New H a v e n :

ROBYale

University Press, 1966. xiii+560 p p . $10.00) Jefferson C. Dykes listed 437 published items in his 186-page biblography of Billy the K i d ( 1 9 5 2 ) , but, as H o w a r d L a m a r pointed out in this Quarterly (Vol. X X V I I I [October, 1960], p . 364) there is not one satisfactory biography of any of the 18 governors of t h e territory of N e w Mexico. T h e last 15 years have seen further additions to the literature of western violence a n d adventure, w h i c h d o m i n a t e whole presses a n d journals, a n d also striking advances in

Utah Historical Quarterly

354 western history. Perhaps t h e shape of western institutions will n o t appear most significantly in biographies, for terms of office in territorial government tended t o b e short a n d office holders inept, while significant political history blends into other themes. Of t h e three major recent contributions to the general history of far western territories, one announced itself as primarily economic history, which it presents in religious and social relationships: Leonard J. Arrington's Great Basin Kingdom (1958). L a m a r ' s Dakota Territory (1956) puts territorial politics in t h e setting of t h e straitened economy of the northern plains. His new book extends his method and hypotheses to territorial New M e x i c o , C o l o r a d o , U t a h , a n d Arizona.

T h e Far Southwest is a large undertaking by almost any yardstick. Facing an enormous range of sources a n d secondary work, which h e surveys in a useful bibliographical essay ( p p . 5 0 5 4 1 ) , L a m a r assimilates it to his plan of narrating the development of political institutions from the origins to statehood. T h e r e is n o better general political history for any of the four territories, or any o t h e r far western t e r r i t o r i e s .

T h o u g h h e refrains from m u c h explicit comparison of one territory with another, he traces comparable experiences in political a n d social assimilation of people whose cultural heritage, religion, and p h y s i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t set them a p a r t from the common American experience. As h e points out ( p p . 4 8 6 8 7 ) , discussions of the admission of New Mexico a n d Arizona from 1901 to 1912 coincided with controversies over imperialism overseas; the preoccupation of political sociologists in 1966 with comparative national political development makes one wonder whether he considered drawing other analogies.

Yale University Press h a s p u t the work into a n attractive format, although studio portraits ( u n d a t e d â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 3 6

of them) a d d little to this reviewer's understanding, a n d t h e rendering of Spanish names is somewhat irregular.

L a m a r has moved much beyond earlier accounts of territorial government.

His treatment of U t a h is more compressed and apparently based on less extensive research than that of the other territories (it is only slightly longer than that of Colorado, which was a territory for only a third the time) ; yet he has gone well beyond secondary works to describe convincingly, in his accounts of t h e troubles of the Mormons a n d t h e territorial officers with each other, the adjustments of parts of the nation that developed separately, down to what h e calls " t h e sense of painful alienation a n d persecution which accompanied the process of reentry" into t h e mainstream of American life (p. 4 1 1 ) . O n e looks forward to treatments of other territories a n d of aspects of western government a n d political assimilation extending beyond the sometimes accidental boundary of admission to statehood.

EARL POMEROY

University

of Oregon

NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS The

Adventures

of Big-Foot

By J O H N C. D U V A L .

BEL

MAJOR

Wallace.

Edited by M A -

AND REBECCA

SMITH

L E E . Reprint. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966) Flow We Built The Union Pacific Railway and Other Railway Papers and Addresses.

By

GRENVILLE

M.

MAJOR-GENERAL DODGE.

Reprint.

(Denver: Sage Books, 1965) A Texas Cowboy the Hurricane Pony.

or Fifteen Years on Deck of a Spanish

By C H A R L E S A. SIRINGO.

Re-

print. (Lincoln: University of N e braska Press, 1966)

355

Reviews and Publications Wilderness Politics and Indian Gifts, The Northern Colonial Frontier, 1748-1763.

By W I L B U R R.

JACOBS.

Reprint. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966)

L. H A S E L T I N E , 16-29; " T h e Separation of Church a n d State in M o r m o n Theory a n d Practice," by J. D . W I L LIAMS, 30-54

Holiday, 1966:

Travel U.S.A. — 39, M a y "Lake Powell," by WALLACE

STEGNER, P h o t o g r a p h s by MARGARET

ARTICLES OF INTEREST American History Illustrated — I, August 1966: "Fremont a n d His Friend,

by D O N A L D B. W E B S T E R , J R . , 3 2 - 3 6

—-October 1966: " ' t h a n k God we have all got thro, a n d we did not eat h u m a n flesh,' T h e letters of a 12-yearold girl with the Donner party tell a moving story of a n ill-fated trip to California in the 1840's," by D . A L E X ANDER B R O W N , 4 2 - 4 8

Arizona and the West — 8, A u t u m n 1966: " I n l a n d to Zion: M o r m o n T r a d e on t h e Colorado River, 18641867," by LEONARD J. A R R I N G T O N ,

239-50 The California Historical Society Quarterly — X L V , September 1966: " T h e Huntington Library: Fifteen Years' G r o w t h , 1951-1966," by J O H N E. POMFRED, 2 4 1 - 5 7

Desert: Western Travel/Adventure/Living— 29, N o v e m b e r 1 9 6 6 : " T h e Great D i a m o n d Hoax," by ROBERT HYATT, 3 0 - 3 2 ; "Grafton, U t a h , " by LAMBERT F L O R I N , 3 3 - 3 4

Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought — I, Summer 1966: "Mormons a n d t h e Visual Arts," by J A M E S

D U R R A N C E , 64ff.

Missouri Historical Review — L X I , O c tober 1966: "William H e n r y Ashley, A Jackson m a n with feet of Clay, Missouri's Special Election of 1831,"

by J A M E S EARL M O S S , 1-20;

"Isaac

McCoy a n d the Mormons," by W A R REN A. J E N N I N G S , 6 2 - 8 2

National Parks Magazine — 40, August 1966: " M o n u m e n t Valley, A Navajo Tribal Park," by O . F . O L D E N DORPH, 4 - 8

Nevada Historical Society Quarterly — I X , Summer-Fall 1966: "First Record Book of Carson Valley — 1851," intro., E F F I E M O N A M A C K ,

1-81

Pacific Historical Review — X X X V , M a y 1966: " T h e Army of Canton in the High Sierra [Chinese in building of the transcontinental railway],"

by ALEXANDER SAXTON, 141-52

Pacific Northwest Quarterly — 57, July 1966: " T h e U a n d I Sugar Company in W a s h i n g t o n , " by LEONARD A R R I N G TON,

101-9

Utah Architect — N o . 4 1 , S p r i n g Summer 1966: " U t a h Heritage Foundation,"

15-18

by D O N A L D BERGSMA,

INDEX Albert Sidney Johnston: Soldier of Three Republics, by Roland, reviewed, 88—89 Alexander, Thomas G , " C a m p in the Sagebrush: Gamp Floyd, U t a h , 1858-1861," 3—21; "Brief Histories of T h r e e Federal Military Installations in U t a h : Kearns Army Air Base, Hurricane Mesa, and Green River Test Complex," 1 2 1 - 3 7 ; "Charles S. Zane, Apostle of the New Era," 290-314 All Hallows College, picture, 2 8 8 ; opened, 289 fn. 11 Allen, James B., "Here is Brigham . . ."

Brigham Young . . . The Years to 1844, review by, 8 5 - 8 6 ; " T h e Company T o w n : A Passing Phase of Utah's Industrial Development," 138—60 Allen, William J., accused of stuffing ballot box, 303 Alton, U t a h , abandoned, 220 Amalgamated Carpenters, organized in Salt Lake City, 213 The American Heritage History of the Great West, by Lavender, reviewed, 274-75 American Smelting and Refining Corporation, U t a h town owned by, 140, 142 fn. 6 Ammon, see Ute Indians Anderson, Robert, Red Man's Religion: Beliefs and Practices of the Indians North of Mexico, review by, 346—47 Anderson, Thomas J., U t a h judge, 295; brief biographical sketch, 295 fn. 12; court decisions, 295, 297, 299; rulings on naturalization of Mormons, 309 Andrews, Ralph W., Picture Gallery Pioneers, First Photographers of the West, 1850 to 1875, reviewed, 8 2 ; Photographers of the Frontier West: Their Lives and Their Works, 1875 to 1915, reviewed, 268-69 Angleman, Sydney W., Mountain Man: A Novel of Male and Female in the Early American West, review by, 349—50 Arapaho Indians, relations with Ute Indians, 49 Arizona, picture of mountains near Clifton, 193 Arizona Pageant: A Short History of the 48th State, by Pare, reviewed, 188 Armstrong, Francis, v i c e - p r e s i d e n t U t a h Sugar Company, 96 Arrapeen (Arrapine), see U t e Indians Arrington, Leonard J., " C a m p in the Sagebrush: C a m p Floyd, U t a h , 1858-1861," 3—21; " U t a h ' s Pioneer Beet Sugar Plant: T h e Lehi Factory of the U t a h Sugar Company," 95-120 Athena Missile, description, 135—36; manufacturers of, 136; picture, 136; see also Green River Test Complex Austin, George, field superintendent Lehi Sugar Factory, 104; planted first sugarbeet seed in Utah, 108

A v e r e t t , E l i j a h , w o r k e r at P i p e (1871), 222-23 A v e r e t t , E l i s h a , w o r k e r at P i p e (1871), 222 B

Spring Spring

Bacchus, U t a h , company-owned town, 140, 142 fn. 6; reason for abandoning, 159 Bailey, L. R., The Long Walk: A History of the Navajo Wars, 1856-68, reviewed, 8 2 83 Baker, Pearl, The Wild Bunch at Robbers Roost, reviewed, 269 Bannock Indians, theory about when U t a h was reached by, 41 Baseball, picture of Tooele team, 152 Baskin, R. N., leader of "Liberals," 3 1 3 ; elected chief justice U t a h Supreme Court, 314 Batchelor, Harry, worked on Echo Flour Mill, 162 Batchelor, William, worked on Echo Flour Mill, 162 Beal, Merrill D., The Valley of the Upper Yellowstone: An Exploration of the Headwaters of the Yellowstone River in the Year 1869, review by, 271-72 Beale, E. F., transcontinental crossings by, 247 Bear Lake, Idaho, description (1877), 7 1 72; picture, 72 Bear River, description, 78, 78 fn. 27 Bear River Range, description of country (1877), 7 1 ; Mt. Naomi, 71 fn. 17 Bear R i v e r V a l l e y , I d a h o , d e s c r i p t i o n ( 1 8 7 7 ) , 71, 74 Bennion, Esther Wainwright, character sketch, 317; wife of John Bennion, 317 Bennion, Glynn, "A Pioneer Cattle Venture of the Bennion Family," 315-25 Bennion, Heber, owned Echo Flour Mill, 164 Bennion, Israel, picture, 315; reminiscenses, 3 1 5 - 2 5 ; early life on ranch, 3 1 7 - 1 8 ; left to care for family cattle herd, 320—24; description, 324 Bennion, John, early life, conversion to Mormonism, and immigration to Salt Lake Valley, 316; died, 3 2 3 ; family cattle venture ended, 323 Bennion, Samuel, early life, conversion to Mormonism, and immigration to Salt Lake Valley, 316 Bennion, Samuel R., description, 324 Bernhisel, John M., sent surplus cattle across Jordan River to Bennions, 316—17 Berry, Isabella, killed by Navajos, 220 Berry, Joseph, killed by Navajos, 220 Berry, Robert, killed by Navajos, 220 Bidlack, Russell E., intro., " T h e Kintner Letters: An Astronomer's Account of the Wheeler Survey in U t a h and Idaho," 6 2 80, 169-82 Bitton, Davis, "A Re-Evaluation of the 'Turner Thesis and Mormon Beginnings . . . , ' " 326-33

Index Black Foot Mountains, Idaho, description ( 1 8 7 7 ) , 173 Black Hawk, U t a h , company-owned town, 143 Blackburn, J o h n W., brief sketch of, 295 fn.

12; court decisions, 2 9 5 ; U t a h judge, 295 Blackhawk War, 56 The Blazed Trail of Antoine Leroux, by Parkhill, reviewed, 344-45 Boreman, Jacob S., court decisions, 294, 296, 296 fn. 14, 297; U t a h judge, 294 Box Elder County, U t a h , defense employment in, 230, 232 Bradshaw, Dean, pictures, 337, 340; received U t a h State Historical Society Teacher Award, 337 Brooks, j u a n i t a , George Brooks: Artist in Stone, reviewed, 345 Buchanan, Dorothy J., "Life 'On the R o a d ' : Reminiscences of a D r u m m e r in U t a h , " 22-29 The Buckeye Rovers in the Gold Rush: An Edition of Two Diaries, ed., Scamehorn, reviewed, 270—71 Building Trades Congress, dissolved, 2 1 5 ; organized, 215 Buffalo, importance to Indians, 49 Burt, Olive, Steamboat Up The Colorado: From the Journal of Lieutenant Joseph Christmas Ives, United States Topographical Engineers, 1857-1858, review by, 3 5 1 5 2 ; Flag of the Dreadful Bear: The Story of the Republic of California, review by, 352 Cache Valley, U t a h , description ( 1 8 7 7 ) , 70 C a m p Floyd, history, 3 - 2 1 ; site, 5, 6; established, 6; pictures, 6, 10, 17, 20; description, 6 - 7 , 10, 1 3 ; officially opened, 7; construction costs, 8; aids Utah's economy, 8-9, 16; trade with, 8 - 9 ; size, 9 ; wagon route to Fort Bridger opened from, 10; activities of soldiers, 1 1 - 1 2 ; chaplain at, 12; number of troops at, 13, 19; physical conditions at, 1 3 ; relations between soldiers and Mormons, 13—15; Mountain Meadows massacre, 15; counterfeiting, 15—16; disposal of surplus property, 16— 18; r e n a m e d , 18; a b a n d o n e d , 1 8 - 1 9 ; cemetery, 19; commissary restored, 19; development of historic park, 19—20; Gentile community, 20; significance of estal> lishment of, 20—21; results of establishment of, 2 1 ; see also U t a h Expedition Cannon, George M., stockholder U t a h Sugar Company, 97 Cannon, George Q., stockholder U t a h Sugar Company, 9 6 ; dedicated Lehi Sugar Factory, 100; agreed to raise money for sugar factory venture, 1 0 1 ; picture, 304 Cannon, M . Hamlin, Albert Sidney Johnston: Soldier of Three Republics, review by, 8 8 - 8 9 Capitol, State, Exhibits Committee, 339 Carbon Coal Company, U t a h town owned by, 142 fn. 6 Carbon County, U t a h , foreign-born population ( 1 9 0 0 ) , 154

357 Caribou Mountains, Idaho, description ( 1 8 7 7 ) , 175-77 Carley, Maurine, The Shoshonis, Sentinels of the Rockies, reviewed, 185-86 Carlisle, Harold, manager Kansas and New Mexico L a n d and Cattle Company, 256; account of I n d i a n fight ( 1 8 8 4 ) , 256-62 Carson, John, founded Fairfield, 6; built Stagecoach Inn, 10; died, 19; see also Stagecoach I n n Castle Gate, U t a h , company-owned town, 142 fn. 6, 143; description ( 1 9 0 1 ) , 144; established, 144; incorporated, 1 4 4 - 4 5 ; population (1901, 1965), 144, 145; sold, 145 Castle Valley, U t a h , rich cattle range, 319; cattle grazed in, 322 Catholic Church, "Father Lawrence Scanlan's Report of Catholicism in U t a h , 1880," 2 8 3 - 8 9 ; churches in U t a h ( 1 8 8 0 8 1 ) , 284, 284 fn. 4, 286, 286 fn. 7; mission stations in U t a h ( 1 8 8 0 ) , 284, 284 fn.

5 ; priests in U t a h ( 1 8 8 0 ) , 284, 284 fn. 3, 286; first Mass in U t a h , 286 fn. 6; schools in U t a h ( 1 8 8 0 ) , 286, 286 fn. 8, 289, 289 fn. 12; relations with Mormons (1880's), 289 fn. 1 3 ; see also All Hallows College, Holy Cross Hospital, St. M a r y Magdalene Church Cattle, "A Pioneer Cattle Venture of the Bennion Family," 3 1 5 - 2 5 ; description of life for youngsters on a ranch, 317—18; picture of San Rafael Grazing District, 3 1 8 - 1 9 ; picture of cattle grazing, 321 Cazier, Stanford, Keepers of the Past, review by, 265-66 Cedar Fort, outbuildings burned, 15 Cedar Valley, U t a h , site of C a m p Floyd, 5 ; declared military reserve, 14 Cheyenne Indians, relations with U t e Indians, 49 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, subscription to U t a h Sugar Company, 1 0 1 ; part in directing work force of 1860's, 208; break between workers and, 211, 212; philosophy toward social and economic evils of capitalism, 2 1 1 ; strike averted by ( 1 8 6 4 ) , 2 1 1 ; prime owner of Winsor Castle Stock Growing Company, 2 2 5 ; court case involving property of, 3 0 5 6; Manifesto issued by president of, 312 Clayton, James L., "An Unhallowed Gathering: T h e I m p a c t of Defense Spending on U t a h ' s Population Growth, 1940-1964," 227-42 Clayton, Nephi W., replaced as territorial auditor of public accounts, 302 Clear Creek (Cleer C r e e k ) , U t a h , companyowned town, 142 fn. 6, 1 4 3 ; description ( 1 8 9 9 ) , 145; established, 145 Coleman Engineering Company, Incorporated, awarded contract to construct Hurricane Mesa Supersonic Military Air Research Site, 128; received contract to operate S M A R T , 129 Columbia, U t a h , company-owned town, 142 fn. 6 ; sold to individual owners, 160 Comanche Indians, relations with U t e Indians, 49

358 Company Town, see Labor A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 1846-1847, by Tyler, reviewed, 83—84 Congregationalists, missionary work in U t a h (1880's), 288 Consumers, U t a h , company-owned town, 142 fn. 6 Cooke, Philip St. George, commander of C a m p Floyd, 13; abandoned C a m p Floyd, 18 Cooley, Everett L., ed., " T h e Kintner Letters: An Astronomer's Account of the Wheeler Survey in U t a h and I d a h o , " 62-80, 1 6 9 8 2 ; The Gathering of Zion: The Story of the Mormon Trail, review by, 8 1 - 8 2 ; The American Heritage History of the Great West, r e v i e w by, 2 7 4 - 7 5 ; The Great American Desert, Then and Now, review by, 353 Copperton, U t a h , c o m p a n y - o w n e d town, 140, 142 fn. 6; picture, 148; built, 149; description, 149; model town, 149; sold, 149, 160 Cowboys, "Cowboys, Indians, & Cavalry: A Cattleman's Account of the Fights of 1884," 2 5 5 - 6 2 ; killed, 2 5 8 ; picture of marker over graves of, 259; description of life of, 319-20, 3 2 0 - 2 1 , 322 Crampton, C. Gregory, Historical Sites in Cataract and Narrow Canyons, and in Glen Canyon to California Bar, reviewed, 87-88 Cranmer, U t a h , company-owned town planned in 1947, 159-60 Creating Historical Drama: A guide for the community and the individual, by McCalmon and Moe, reviewed, 273 Crittenden, Fort, see C a m p Floyd Crosby, Alexander L., Steamboat Up The Colorado: From the Journal of Lieutenant Joseph Christmas Ives, United States Topographical Engineers, 1857-1858, reviewed, 351—52 Cumming, Alfred, took Mormon side against federal troops, 14-15 Cutler, Thomas R., general-manager Lehi Sugar Factory, 1 0 1 ; picture, 102

Davies, J. Kenneth, " U t a h Labor Before Statehood," 202-17 Davis County, U t a h , defense employment in, 230, 232 Davison, Stanley R., Newspapering in the Old West: A Pictorial History of Journalism and Printing on the Frontier, review by, 1 8 7 - 8 8 ; The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northivest, review by, 273-74 Defense Industries, "An Unhallowed Gathering: The Impact of Defense Spending on Utah's P o p u l a t i o n G r o w t h , 19401964," 2 2 7 - 4 2 ; cutbacks, 228, 230; created new jobs, 230; employment centered in U t a h , 230; employees in U t a h ( 1 9 4 0 1964), 2 3 1 ; employees in Box Elder, Davis, Salt Lake, Tooele, and Weber coun-

Utah Historical Quarterly ties ( 1 9 5 2 - 1 9 6 4 ) , 232; use of migration and vital statistics methods to determine employment, 2 3 3 - 3 6 ; wages (1964), 242 Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, company-owned towns of, 141 Deseret T y p o g r a p h i c a l Association Local No. 115, received national charter, 205; facsimile of constitution, 214; see also Printers Union, Typographical Society of Deseret Desert, Great American, description (1877), 179, 181 Devil's Slide, 65 Digger Indians, description, 52-54 Dillon, Richard H., My Life in the Mountains and on the Plains, review by, 275 Disturnell's Treaty Map: The Map that was part of the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty on Southwestern Boundaries, 1848, by Rittenhouse, reviewed, 343 Dividend, U t a h , company-owned town, 140, 142 fn. 6; model company-owned town, 153 Dragerton, Utah, reason for establishment of, 1 4 1 ; operated by U.S. Steel, 142, 142 fn. 6; sold, 142, 160 Dyer, E. H., received contract to construct Lehi Sugar Factory, 9 8 ; picture, 102 Dyer, Edward F., first superintendent Lehi Sugar Factory, 104 Dyer, Frank, U.S. marshal and receiver of L.D.S. Church property, 3 0 5 ; court case involving L.D.S. Church property, 305-6 Dyer, Guy, foreman Lehi Sugar Factory, 104 Dyer, Hubert, chemist Lehi Sugar Factory, 104 Dyer, H u g h , foreman Lehi Sugar Factory, 104 Echo Canyon, description (1877), 65; names of rock formations in, 161 ; Pony Express route, 161 ; stagecoach station erected, 161 Echo Flour Mill, history, 161-68; location, 161; built, 162; cost to construct, 162; owners, 162, 164, 165; picture, 162; description, 1 6 2 - 6 3 ; first flour ground by, 163; remodeled, 163-64; picture of flour sack, 165; dam constructed, 166, 167; electricity in, 167; donated to Utah State University, 168 Ellsworth, Maria S., Arizona Pageant: A Short History of the 48th State, review by, 188 Elsinore, U t a h , picture of livery stable, 25 ; hotel, 2 6 ; story of hotel, 30—37; named, 31 ; settled, 3 1 ; social life, 3 1 ; life after 1896, 3 2 ; picture of hotel, 3 5 ; picture of Main Street, 36 Emenhiser, JeDon A., Utah's Governments, reviewed, 266-67 E p i s c o p a l i a n s , m i s s i o n a r y w o r k in Utah (1880's), 288 Euler, Robert C , Indian Affairs: A Study of the Changes in Policy of the United States Toward Indians, review by, 8 4 - 8 5 ; Indian Affairs: A Work Paper on Termination: With an Attempt to Show Its Antecedents, review by, 84—85; The Ute Peo-

Index pie: A Bibliographical Checklist, review by, 85 Expectations Westward: The Mormons and the Emigration of their British Converts in the Nineteenth Century, by Taylor, reviewed, 184-85

Fabian, Josephine C , A House of Many Rooms, A Family Memoir, review by, 276 Fairfield, Utah, Camp Floyd established at, 6; population, 9, 20; Gentile community, 20 The Far Southwest, 1846-1912, A Territorial History, by Lamar, reviewed, 353—54 Farquhar, Francis P., ed., A Journey to California, 1841: The first emigrant party to California by wagon train, The Journal of John Bidwell, reviewed, 89—90 Federated Trades, dissolved, 215 Fisher, Vardis, Mountain Man: A Novel of Male and Female in the Early American West, reviewed, 349-50 Flag of the Dreadful Bear: The Story of the Republic of California, by Howard, reviewed, 352 Flake, Chad, Sources of Mormon History in Illinois, 1839—48: An Annotated Catalog of the Microfilm Collection at Southern Illinois University, review by, 269—70 Flanders, Robert Bruce, Nauvoo: Kingdom on the Mississippi, reviewed, 263—64 Flour, description of grinding, 1 6 5 - 6 6 ; price (1910,1911, 1912),166 Floyd, Camp, see Camp Floyd Foley, James V., Catholic priest, 266 fn. 6 Fort Douglas, U t a h State Historical Society efforts to preserve portion of, 336 Forts of the West: Military Forts and Presidios and Posts Commonly Called Forts West of the Mississippi River to 1898, by Frazer, reviewed, 348—49 Fowler, Fred M., The Theological Foundations of the Mormon Religion, review by, 267-68 Fox, Jesse W., Jr., stockholder U t a h Sugar Company, 97 Franklin, Idaho, description (1877), 70—71 Frazer, Robert W., Forts of the West: Military Forts and Presidios and Posts Commonly Called Forts West of the Mississippi River to 1898, reviewed, 348-49 Freemasonry, first lodge established in Utah, 11 Frontier: American Literature and the American West, by Fussell, reviewed, 3 4 3 44 Fussell, Edwin, Frontier: American Literature and the American West, reviewed, 343-44 Galbreath & Company, John W., real estate firm which sells entire towns, 160 Garden City, Idaho, picture, 73 Gardner, James H., sugar boiler Lehi Sugar Factory, 104

359 Garfield, Utah, company-owned town, 140, 142 fn. 6; abandoned, 160; sold, 160 Garland, U t a h , semi-company-owned town, 141 The Gathering of Zion: The Story of the Mormon Trail, by Stegner, reviewed, 8 1 82 Gentiles, relations with Mormons, 3 1 0 - 1 1 , 311 fn. 60 George Brooks: Artist in Stone, by Brooks, reviewed, 345 Gilbert, Benjamin F., The Buckeye Rovers in the Gold Rush: An Edition of Two Diaries, review by, 2 7 0 - 7 1 ; Disturnell's Treaty Map: The Map that was part of the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty on Southwestern Boundaries, 1848, review by, 343 Gilson, Sam, description of him as a cowboy, 319-20 Glendale, Utah, abandoned, 220 Golden Spike National Historic Site, created, 336 Granger, Clarence A., assistant superintendent Lehi Sugar Factory, 104; superintendent Lehi Sugar Factory, 105 Grant, Heber J., financial agent for Mormon Church to raise money for sugar factory, 101 Grass Creek Coal Company, U t a h town owned by, 142 fn. 6 Grass Creek, U t a h , company-owned town, 142 fn. 6; settled, 142; brief history, 1 4 2 4 3 ; mine closed, 143 The Great American Desert, Then and Now,

by Hollon, reviewed, 353 Green River Test Complex, history, 1 3 2 - 3 7 ; reasons for establishing, 132; site, 132, 134; aerial photograph, 133; construction, 134; responsibility for site, 134—35; size, 134, 135; description, 135; prime contractors, 135; test firings, 136—37; economic effect of, 137; employees, 137; payroll, 137; see also Athena Missile Groesbeck, Kathryn D., "A Southwest Photographic Expedition, 1898-99," 191-201 Grow, Stewart L., Utah's Governments, review by, 266—67 Gunn, Wilhelmina Jensen, letter from, 29; "The Elsinore H o u s e : A D r u m m e r ' s Home Away from Home," 30—37; picture, 31, 33

H Hafen, Ann W., picture, 2 4 3 ; co-author with husband, 244; children, 2 5 1 ; married, 2 5 1 ; books co-authored and co-edited by, 252-54 Hafen, LeRoy R., ed., The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West, reviewed, 1 8 3 - 8 4 ; biography, 243—51; pictures, 243, 246, 247; started writing, 2 4 3 ; positions held, 243—44; current project, 244; doctoral dissertation, 248; master's thesis, 248; o p i n i o n s of c o n t e m p o r a r y scholars, 2 4 9 - 5 0 ; awards received, 2 5 0 5 1 ; born, 2 5 1 ; children, 2 5 1 ; education, 2 5 1 ; married, 2 5 1 ; books authored and edited by, 252-54

360 Hagen, Clementine Jensen, story of life in Elsinore Hotel, 3 0 - 3 7 ; picture, 33 Haines, Aubrey L., ed., The Valley of the Upper Yellowstone: An Exploration of the Headwaters of the Yellowstone River in the Year 1869, reviewed, 271-72 Hampton, Brigham Y., case involving, 301 Hampton Station, 69, 69 fn. 12 H a n s e n , H a r o l d I., Creating Historical Drama: A guide for the community and the individual, review by, 273 Haseltine, James L., 100 Years of Utah Painting. Selected Works from the 1840's to the 1950's, reviewed, 275-76 Hatch, Floyd Garn, picture, 337; received U t a h State H i s t o r i c a l Society Service Award, 337 Havasupai Indians, neighbor to U t e Indians, 42 Henderson, Henry P., brief b i o g r a p h i c a l sketch, 294 fn. 10; U t a h judge, 294; court decisions, 294, 296, 296 fn. 14, 297 H e r c u l e s P o w d e r C o m p a n y , Utah town owned by, 140, 142 fn. 6 Henefer, Lehi, worked on Echo Flour Mill, 162 "Here is Brigham . . ." Brigham Young . . .

The Years to 1844, by Young, reviewed, 85-86 Hiawatha, Utah, company-owned town, 142 fn. 6; model company-owned town, 153; dairy farm operated for residents, 153 Hickman, Bill, settled in Rush Valley, 318 Hill Air Force Base, Utah's largest employer, 240 Hinshaw, Thomas E., photographic tour of Southwest ( 1 8 9 8 - 9 9 ) , 191-96; picture of photographic gallery, 192; journal of tour, 196-200; license to transact photographic business (1898), 201 Historical Sites in Cataract and Narrow Canyons, and in Glen Canyon to California Bar, by Crampton, reviewed, 87—88 History of Wyoming, by Larson, reviewed, 272-73 Hollon, W. Eugene, The Great American Desert, Then and Now, reviewed, 353 Holy Cross Hospital, opened, 286 fn. 10 Hopkins, Joseph L., worker at Pipe Spring, 223 Hotels, " T h e Elsinore House: A Drummer's Home Away from Home," 3 0 - 3 7 ; picture of Elsinore House, 3 5 ; see also Travel A House of Many Rooms, A Family Memoir, by Hunter, reviewed, 276 Howard, Robert West, Flag of the Dreadful Bear: The Story of the Republic of California, reviewed, 352 H u i s h , D a v i d , p i c t u r e s , 191, 193; photographic tour of Southwest ( 1 8 9 8 - 9 9 ) , 191-96 Huish, Orson Pratt, photographic tour of Southwest ( 1 8 9 8 - 9 9 ) , 191-96; picture of photographic gallery, 192; journal of tour, 196—200; license to transact photographic business (1898), 201 Hulse, James W., The Nevada Adventure, A History, reviewed, 267

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Hunter, Rodello, A House of Many Rooms, A Family Memoir, reviewed, 276 Hurricane Mesa, Utah, picture, 127 Hurricane Supersonic Research Site, history, 1 2 7 - 3 1 ; reason for establishing, 127-28; construction contract awarded, 128; location, 128; facilities, 128-29; track constructed, 128-29; types of tests performed, 128-29; description of test, 129; name changed, 129; benefits to Green River, 130; equipment used in tests, 130; facility changed hands, 130; base closed, 131; economy of Green River helped by, 131; employees, 131; payroll, 131; picture of equipment used at, 131 I I m m i g r a n t s , s e t t l e d in c o m p a n y - o w n e d towns, 154; Utah's foreign-born population (1900), 154; friction with nativeborn Americans, 155; management attitude toward, 155 Independent Coal and Coke Company, Utah town owned by, 142 fn. 6, 145 Independent Workingmen's party, election of 1890, 216-17 Indian Affairs: A Study of the Changes in Policy of the United States Toward Indians, by Tyler, reviewed, 84-85 Indian Affairs: A Work Paper on Termination: With an Attempt to Show Its Antecedents, by Tyler, reviewed, 84-85 Indian Culture, Ute Indian culture, 4 2 - 4 4 ; Desert Culture, 44, 45, 4 6 ; Great Basin Culture, 4 4 - 4 6 ; Basket-Maker Culture, 45, 46, 4 7 ; figurines, 4 5 ; food-gatherers, 4 5 ; Fremont Culture, 45, 46, 4 7 ; houses, 4 5 ; pottery, 45 ; prehistoric implements, 45, 46; Pueblo Culture, 45, 4 7 ; religion, 4 5 ; Anasazi Pueblo, 4 6 ; petroglyphs, 46; pictographs, 4 6 ; importance of buffalo, 4 9 ; importance of horse, 49—51 Indians, hunting blind picture, 5 3 ; difficulties with w h i t e s , 5 5 ; t r o u b l e at Soda Springs, Idaho, 169; see also Arapaho, Bannock, Cheyenne, Comanche, Havasupai, Navajo, Northern Paiute, Paiute, Shoshone, Southern Paiute, Ute Indians Ingalls, M. W., master mechanic Lehi Sugar Factory, 104 Iverson, J. Grant, picture, 334; "The President's Report for the Fiscal Year 196566," 334-42 Ivins, Anthony W., helped quell miners strike in Silver Reef (1881), 211 J Jack, James, treasurer Utah Sugar Company, 9 6 ; replaced as U t a h territorial treasurer, 302 Jackson Hole, Wyoming, picture, 177 Jackson, William Henry, described economy of St. George, 248 Jacobs, Henry C , reminiscences of a salesman, 2 2 - 2 9 ; born, 22; early life, 2 3 ; picture, 2 3 ; letter to, 29

Index

361

Jennings, Jesse D., Southwestern Archaeology, review by, 86—87 Jensen, Inger Sondergaard, story of Elsinore Hotel owned and run by, 30—37; picture, 32 Jensen, Jens Iver, story of Elsinore Hotel owned and run by, 30—37; picture, 32 John Day's Lake, Idaho, description ( 1 8 7 7 ) , 174 Johnston, Albert Sidney, army arrived Salt Lake Valley, 3, 5 ; commander U t a h Expedition, 4 ; picture, 7; transferred back to states, 13 Jones, Alfred Marlow, bought Echo Flour Mill, 165; picture, 167; died, 168 Jones, Alfred R., bought Echo Flour Mill, 164; died, 165 Jones, John S., bought Echo Flour Mill, 164; L.D.S. mission, 164; sold interest in Echo Flour Mill, 165 Josephy, Alvin M., Jr., The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest, reviewed, 273—74 A Journey to California, 1841: The first emigrant party to California by wagon train, The Journal of John Bidwell, ed., Farquhar, reviewed, 89-90 K Kaiser Steel Corporation, leased mine at S u n n y s i d e , 147; p u r c h a s e d U t a h Fuel Company assets, 148 K a n a b , U t a h , abandoned, 200 Karolevitz, Robert F., Newspapering in the Old West: A Pictorial History of Journalism and Printing on the Frontier, reviewed, 187-88 Kearns Army Air Base, history, 123-26; pictures, 123, 125; reasons for establishing, 123; construction, 124; facilities, 124, 125-26; location, 124; size, 124, 125; purpose, 1 2 4 - 2 5 ; civilians employed, 125; troops stationed, 125; declared surplus, 126; friction with Salt Lake City residents, 126; p o p u l a t i o n of c o m m u n i t y (1960), 126; sold, 126 Keepers of the Past, by Lord, reviewed, 2 6 5 66 Keetley, U t a h , company-owned town, 142 fn. 6; model company-owned town, 153 Kelly, Charles, Old Greenwood: The Story of Caleb Greenwood: Trapper, Pathfinder, and early Pioneer, reviewed, 186-87; The Wild Bunch at Robbers Roost, review by, 269 Kenilworth, U t a h , c o m p a n y - o w n e d town, 142 fn. 6 Kennecott Copper Corporation, U t a h towns owned by, 140, 142 fn. 6 Kimball, Stanley B., Sources of Mormon History in Illinois, 1839-48: An Annotated Catalog of the Microfilm Collection at Southern Illinois University, reviewed, 269-70 Kingsbury, Ilene H., Some Went West, review by, 350-51

Kintner, Charles Jacob, " T h e Kintner Letters: An Astronomer's Account of the Wheeler Survey in U t a h and I d a h o , " 6 2 80, 1 6 9 - 8 2 ; picture, 6 2 ; employed by Wheeler Survey, 6 3 ; biography, 64-65 Knight, Jesse, founded Spring Canyon, 149; prominent mining m a n and industrialist, 149; built Silver City, 150; controlled Knightsville, 150 Knightsville, Utah, description of management, 150 L Labor, " T h e Company T o w n : A Passing Phase of Utah's Industrial Development," 1 3 8 - 6 0 ; hypothetical account of conditions in 1900's, 1 3 8 - 3 9 ; description of typical company town, 139-40, 1 5 1 ; reasons for creation of company towns, 139— 4 0 ; location of Utah's company towns, 140; significance of company town on U t a h economy, 140; list of company towns in U t a h , 142 fn. 6; description of typical house in company town, 144; company towns adequate by 1920's, 153; services furnished residents of company towns, 153; U t a h ' s m o d e l m i n i n g c o m p a n y towns, 153; b e a u t i f i c a t i o n of company towns, 151—53; company sponsored activities for company towns, 153—54; problems in company towns, 154; anti-company p r o p a g a n d a , 156—57; c o m p a n y - o w n e d town as political and economic tool, 156— 5 9 ; employees forced to trade at company store, 157; company towns disappear, 159; company towns decline, 160; companytowns most important in coal fields, 160; " U t a h Labor Before Statehood," 2 0 2 - 1 7 ; manufacturing establishments in Salt Lake City ( 1 8 5 0 ) , 2 0 3 ; legislative action establishing arbitrators for labor and management, 206; interests of workers recognized, 207; problems in the 1860's, 208; break between workers and Mormon Church, 211, 212; coal miners strike in Pleasant Valley (1883), 213, 2 1 5 ; Salt Lake City ordinance regarding working hours, 216; working hours reduced, 216; see also Independent Workingmen's party, Unions Laketown (Lake P o r t ) , U t a h , description ( 1 8 7 7 ) , 75, 75 fn. 20 Lamar, Howard Roberts, The Far Southwest, 1846—1912, A Territorial History. reviewed, 353—54 Lambert, Neal, Frontier: American Literature and the American West, review by, 343-44 Lane's Valley, Idaho, description ( 1 8 7 7 ) , 172 Lark, U t a h , semi-company-owned town, 141 Larson, Gustive O., Expectations Westward: The Mormons and the Emigration of their British Converts in the Nineteenth Century, review by, 184—85 Larson, T. A., History of Wyoming, reviewed, 272-73 Lamb, Ben, worked on Echo Flour Mill, 162; ran Echo Flour Mill, 164

362

Utah Historical

Lavender, David, The American Heritage History of the Great West, reviewed, 2 7 4 75 Leek, Thomas A., 100 Years of Utah Painting. Selected Works from the 1850's to the 1950's, review by, 275-76 Lehi Sugar Factory, painting of, cover No. 2; history, 95—120; contract for construction, 9 8 ; building site, 9 9 ; picture, 9 9 ; cornerstone-laying ceremony, 100; description and size, 100; first sugar produced by, 102—3; first supervising staff, 104; number of employees, 104; production season, 104; sugar produced first season, 104; profitable year, 105; local labor taught to manage, 114; picture of beet storage sheds, 115; labor conditions, 117; new innovations produced by, 117; successful, 119; dismantled, 120; see also Sugar, U t a h Sugar Company Lehi, U t a h , first sugarbeet factory in Mountain West, 95 Liberal party, election of 1890, 216—17; court case involving election of 1890, 303 Liebler, H . B., The Long Walk: A History of the Navajo Wars, 1856-68, review by, 82-83 Lion Coal Company, U t a h town owned by, 142 fn. 6 Little Hoover Commission, report concerning U t a h State Historical Society, 335 Logan C a n y o n , p i c t u r e , 7 5 ; d e s c r i p t i o n ( 1 8 7 7 ) , 77-78 The Long Walk: A History of the Navajo Wars, 1856-68, by Bailey, reviewed, 82-83 Lord, Clifford L., Keepers of the Past, reviewed, 265—66 Lund, E m m a Jensen, story of life in Elsinore Hotel, 3 0 - 3 7 ; picture, 33 Lyon, T. Edgar, Nauvoo: Kingdom on the Mississippi, review by, 263-64 Mc McCallum, H . S., accused of stuffing ballot box ( 1 8 9 0 ) , 3 0 3 ; Liberal party leader, 303 McCalmon, G e o r g e , Creating Historical Drama: A guide for the community and the individual, reviewed, 273 McGregor, John C , Southwestern Archaeology, reviewed, 86—87 Mclntyre, Robert, killed by Navajos, 220 McMurrin, Sterling M., The Theological Foundations of the Mormon Religion, reviewed, 267—68

M Macheboeuf, Joseph P., vicar apostolic of Colorado and U t a h (1868), 284 fn. 1; visited Salt Lake City, 286 fn. 6 M a m m o t h , U t a h , semi-company-owned town, 140; employees forced to board at beanery and trade at company store, 158 Manufacturing, establishments in Salt Lake City ( 1 8 5 0 ) , 203-4 Maw, Herbert B., pictures, 39, 125 Meeker massacre, 56

Quarterly

Men Against the Mountains: Jedediah Smith and the South West Expedition of 18261829, by Smith, reviewed, 347-48 Merchandising, "Life 'On the R o a d ' : Reminiscences of a Drummer in U t a h , " 2 2 - 2 9 ; "The Elsinore H o u s e : A D r u m m e r ' s Home Away from Home," 30-37 Meriwether, David, My Life in the Mountains and on the Plains, reviewed, 275 M e t h o d i s t s , m i s s i o n a r y w o r k in U t a h (1880's), 288 Migration, methods of estimating, 233-34; in U t a h ( 1 9 4 0 - 1 9 6 4 ) , 234-37 Military Installations, map, 122; amount spent for buildings and equipment in Utah ( 1 9 4 1 - 4 4 ) , 230; see also Green River Test Complex, Hurricane Mesa, Kearns Army Air Base Miller, David E., A Journey to California, 1841: The first emigrant party to California by wagon train, The Journal of John Bidwell, review by, 89-90 M i n i n g , d e s c r i p t i o n (1877) in C a r i b o u Mountains, Idaho, 178 Moe, Christian, Creating Historical Drama: A guide for the community and the individual, reviewed, 273 Mohrland, U t a h , company-owned town, 142 fn. 6, 143 Moler, Murray M., The Nevada Adventure, A History, review by, 267 M o n t p e l i e r C a n y o n , I d a h o , descriptions (1877), 78, 169-70 Montpelier, Idaho, description (1877), 78 Morgan, Dale L., The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West, review by, 183—84; Old Greenwood: The Story of Caleb Greenwood: Trapper, Pathfinder, and early Pioneer, reviewed, 186—87 Mormons, relations with Camp Floyd soldiers, 13—16; trouble with Indians, 5 5 ; relations with Gentiles, 67, 3 1 0 - 1 1 ; description (1877), 70; description of salt works in Salt River Canyon, 170, 170 fn.

1; professions of (1847), 2 0 3 ; ecclesiastical arbitration system, 2 0 6 - 7 ; friction with Noble Order of the Knights of Labor, 212—13; attitude toward unions, 217; relations with Catholics (1880's), 289 fn.

13; registering as voters, 3 0 3 ; position toward polygamy, 306; "A Re-Evaluation of the ' T u r n e r Thesis and Mormon Beginnings . . . , ' " 326—33 Morris, Elias, president U t a h Sugar Company, 96 Mortensen, A. R., Old Greenwood: The Story of Caleb Greenwood: Trapper, Pathfinder, and early Pioneer, review by, 18687 Mt. Carmel, U t a h , abandoned, 220 Mt. Pleasant, U t a h , picture of Progress Mercantile Company, 28 Mountain Man: A Novel of Male and Female in the Early American West, byFisher, reviewed, 349-50 Mountain Meadows massacre, reaction at C a m p Floyd, 15

Index

363

The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West, ed., Hafen, reviewed, 183— 84 M u r r a y , Eli, a p p o i n t e d officers n o r m a l l y elected, 301, 302 M u t u a l Coal Company, U t a h town owned by, 142 fn. 6 My Life in the Mountains and on the Plains,

by Meriwether, reviewed, 275

N Nasatir, A. P., The Silver Dons, review by, 345-46 Nauvoo: Kingdom on the Mississippi, by Flanders, reviewed, 263—64 Navajo Indians, uprising (1865), 220; raids by, 221 The Nevada Adventure, A History, by Hulse, reviewed, 267 Newhouse, Samuel, U t a h town owned by, 142 fn. 6 Newhouse, U t a h , company-owned town, 140, 142 fn. 6 New Mexico, picture of scene in, 195 Newspapering in the Old West: A Pictorial History of Journalism and Printing on the Frontier, by Karolevitz, reviewed, 187—88 The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest, by Josephy, reviewed, 273— 74 Noble Order of the Knights of Labor, members, 212; organized in Utah, 212; friction with Mormons, 212-13 Northern Paiute Indians, language kinship, 40 Ogden, U t a h , description (1877), 6 6 ; description of observatory (1877), 69 Old Greenwood: The Story of Caleb Greenwood: Trapper, Pathfinder, and early Pioneer, by Kelly and Morgan, reviewed, 186-87 Olsen, Robert W., Jr., "Winsor Castle: Mormon Frontier Fort at Pipe Spring," 2 1 8 26 100 Years of Utah Painting. Selected Works from the 1850's to the 1950's, by Haseltine, reviewed, 275—76 Oneida Salt Works, description, 170, 170—71 fn. 3, 172 Paiute Indians, picture, 4 8 ; "Cowboys, I n dians, & Cavalry: A Cattleman's Account of the Fights of 1884," 255-62 Pare, Madeline Ferrin, Arizona Pageant: A Short History of the 48th State, reviewed, 188 Park, John R., testified in court case involving schools, 298, 303 Park U t a h Mining Company, U t a h town owned by, 142 fn. 6 Parkhill, Forbes, The Blazed Trail of Antoine Leroux, reviewed, 344—45 People's party, election of 1890, 216—17; court case involving election of 1890, 303

Peters, George S., attorney in court case involving L.D.S. Church property, 3 0 5 ; U.S. district attorney, 305-6 Peterson, Virgil V., A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 1846-1847, review by, 8 3 - 8 4 Photographers of the Frontier West: Their Lives and Their Works, 1875 to 1915, by Andrews, reviewed, 268-69 Photography, "A Southwest Photographic Expedition, 1898-99," 1 9 1 - 2 0 1 ; picture of tent gallery, 192; journal of photographic expedition, 196-200; license to practice photography, 201 Picture Gallery Pioneers, First Photographers of the West, 1850 to 1875, by Andrews, reviewed, 82 Pioneer Day, picture of parade, 202-3 Pipe Spring, Arizona, artist sketch, 2 1 8 - 1 9 ; history, 2 1 8 - 2 6 ; location, 219; area ordered evacuated, 220; description of range, 220; ranch established, 220; resettled, 220; spring discovered, 220; description of proposed fort, 2 2 1 ; pictures, 221, 224, 226; purchase of property, 2 2 1 ; construction financed, 222; fort constructed, 2 2 2 24; materials used in construction of fort, 2 2 2 - 2 3 ; workmen, 2 2 2 - 2 3 ; description of fort, 222, 225; cheese factory established, 224; fort completed, 224; fort named, 225; Powell Survey visited, 225; reason for constructing fort, 225; fort restored, 226; proclaimed national monument, 226; sold, 226 Pleasant Valley Coal Company, foreign-born employees ( 1 9 0 0 ) , 154 Polygamy, Mormons disfranchised, 3 0 1 ; U.S. Supreme Court ruled Mormons practicing polygamy cannot vote, 303—4; picture of convicted polygamists, 304; convictions for practice of ( 1 8 8 4 - 1 8 9 3 ) , 3 0 8 ; Charles S. Zane's opinion of Mormon belief in, 311 Pomeroy, Earl, The Far Southwest, 18461912, A Territorial History, review by, 353-54 Population, in U t a h ( 1 9 6 4 ) , 227; "An U n hallowed Gathering: T h e Impact of Defense S p e n d i n g on Utah's P o p u l a t i o n Growth, 1940-1964," 2 2 7 - 4 2 ; increased in U t a h , 237, 240, 2 4 1 ; decreased in Utah, 237, 240 Pourade, Richard F., The Silver Dons, reviewed, 345—46 Powers, Orlando W., brief sketch of, 296 fn. 15; court decision, 296; U t a h judge, 296; attorney against allowing non-practicing polygamists to vote, 3 0 4 - 5 ; Liberal party attorney, 304; leader of "Liberals," 313 Pratt, Arthur, quelled miners strike in Silver Reef ( 1 8 8 1 ) , 2 1 1 ; U.S. marshal, 211 P r e s b y t e r i a n s , m i s s i o n a r y work in U t a h (1880's), 288 Price, Howard C , Jr., Forts of the West: Military Forts and Presidios and Posts Commonly Called Forts West of the Mississippi River to 1898, review by, 348-49

364 Printers Union, established, 204; see also Deseret Typographical Association Local No. 115, Typographical Society of Deseret Printing, picture of linotype machines and operators, 206 Pueblo Indians, change in culture after revolt ( 1 6 8 0 ) , 49 Purdy, William M., History of Wyoming, review by, 272-73

Railroad Brotherhoods, organized, 215; strike ( 1 8 9 4 ) , 215-16 Rains, U t a h , company-owned town, 142 fn.

6; reason for abandoning, 159 Red Man's Religion: Beliefs and Practices of the Indians North of Mexico, by Underhill, reviewed, 346—47 Republican party, organized in U t a h , 313 Reusser, Marguerite Sinclair, picture, 337; received U t a h State Historical Society Honorary Life Membership, 337 Ricks Spring, description, 76-77, 76 fn. 22; picture, 77 Rittenhouse, Jack D., Disturnell's Treaty Map: The Map that was part of the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty on Southwestern Boundaries, 1848, reviewed, 343 Roland, Charles P., Albert Sidney Johnston: Soldier of Three Republics, reviewed, 88— 89 Romney, Miles, 210 fn. 3 3 ; construction general superintendent St. George Temple and Tabernacle, 210 Romney, Miles P., 210 fn. 3 3 ; superintendent St. George Builders Union, 210 Rush Valley, U t a h , rich cattle range, 318, 319; range depleted, 319

St. Charles, Idaho, location, 72, 72 fn. 19, 74 St. George Builders Union, organized, 209; trades which joined, 209; existence, 210; qualifications to join, 210; officers, 210 St. Mary Magdalene Church, pictures, 285, 287 Salt, description of Mormon works in Salt River Canyon, 170, 170 fn. 1; description of Oneida Salt Works in Salt River Canyon, 170, 170-71 fn. 3, 172 Salt Lake City, population (1877), 6 6 ; picture, cover No. 4 Salt Lake City Police Department, court case involving, 300—1 Salt Lake County, U t a h , defense employment in, 230, 232 Salt Lake Tribune, picture of composing room, 216 Salt River Valley, Idaho, description (1877), 170—71, 174; description of hot springs in, 171-72 Sand Creek massacre, 56 Sandford, Elliott, U t a h chief justice, 305; lenient in polygamy prosecutions, 306 Sanpitch (San P e t e ) , see Ute Indians Sawmill, description of difficulties of an early, 222 fn. 6

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Scamehorn, Howard L., ed., The Buckeye Rovers in the Gold Rush: An Edition of Two Diaries, reviewed, 270—71 Scanlan, Lawrence, "Report of Catholicism in U t a h , 1880," 2 8 3 - 8 9 ; appointed to U t a h , 284 fn. 1; celebrated High Mass in St. George Tabernacle, 289 fn. 1 3 ; died, 289 fn. 14 Schools, court case, 297—99; Catholic schools in U t a h (1880), 286, 286 fn. 8, 289, 289 fn. 11 and 12 Scott, Hollis J., "LeRoy R. Hafen: 47 Years as Chronicler of Western Americana," 243-54 Scowcroft and Sons, early merchants, 23, 24 Sharp, John, trial for illegal cohabitation, 307 Shepherd, Margaret, Photographers of the Frontier West: Their Lives and Their Works, 1875 to 1915, review by, 268-69 Shoshone Indians, language kinship, 40; theory on when they reached Utah, 4 1 ; acquire horses, 4 9 ; description (1877), 78 The Shoshonis, Sentinels of the Rockies, by Trenholm and Carley, reviewed, 185-86 Silver City, U t a h , s e m i - c o m p a n y - o w n e d town, 141 ; built by Jesse Knight, 150 The Silver Dons, by Pourade, reviewed, 3 4 5 46 Silver King Coalition Mines Company, provided facilities for employees, 141 Silver Reef, Utah, area developed, 2 1 1 ; miners strike ( 1 8 8 1 ) , 2 1 1 ; miners union organized, 211 Simpers, Tom, left with Bennion family cattle, 320; bought cattle from Bennion family, 324 Simpson, J. H , explorations, 10; see also Stagecoach Inn Skull Valley, Utah, picture of area, 321 Sleight, Kenneth, Historical Sites in Cataract and Narrow Canyons, and in Glen Canyon to California Bar, review by, 87— 88 Smart, William B., Men Against the Mountains: Jedediah Smith and the South West Expedition of 1826—1829, review by, 3 4 7 48 Smith, Alson J., Men Against the Mountains: Jedediah Smith and the South West Expedition of 1826-1829, reviewed, 3 4 7 48 Smith, Elias, court case involving, 302 Smith, J o h n Henry, led newly organized Republican party, 313 Smith, Lot, harassed U t a h Expedition, 5 Smoot, A. O., settled miners strike in Pleasant Valley (1883), 215 Snarr, L. Glen, picture, 340 Snow, Lorenzo, c o n v i c t e d for p r a c t i c i n g polygamy, 309 Societe de la Propagation de la Foi, charitable organization, 2 8 3 ; supplied money to Catholic Church in U t a h ( 1 8 7 2 - 8 7 ) , 284 Soda Springs, Idaho, picture, 79; description ( 1 8 7 7 ) , 7 9 - 8 0 , 1 7 8 - 7 9 ; I n d i a n trouble (1877), 169

Index Soldier Summit, U t a h , company-owned town, 141; description, 141 Soldiers, activities at C a m p Floyd, 1 1 - 1 2 ; pay, 12; punishment, 1 3 ; duties, 14; relations with Mormons, 13—16 Some Went West, by Johnson, reviewed, 350-51 Somerset, Colorado, company-owned town, 143 Sources of Mormon History in Illinois, 1839-48: An Annotated Catalog of the Microfilm Collection at Southern Illinois University, by Kimball, reviewed, 269-70 Southern Paiute Indians, separate people from Utes, 3 9 ; language kinship, 40 South Platte River, description of country (1877), 65 Southwest, "A Southwest Photographic Expedition, 1898-99," 191-201 Southwestern Archaeology, by McGregor, reviewed, 86—87 Spanish Fork Treaty, 56 Spring Canyon Coal Company, U t a h town owned by, 142 fn. 6 Spring Canyon, U t a h , company-owned town, 142 fn. 6; founder, 149; description, 150, 151; established, 150; management of, 150; name changed, 150; abandoned, 1 5 1 ; peak population, 151 Stable, picture, 25 Stagecoach Inn, pictures, cover No. 1, 14; clientele, 10; constructed, 10; rebuilt and decorated, 19; turned over to U t a h State Park and Recreation Commission, 19; officially dedicated, 20; see also C a m p Floyd; Carson, J o h n ; Fairfield, U t a h Standard Coal Company, U t a h town owned by, 142 fn. 6 Standardville, Utah, company-owned town, 142 fn. 6; model company-owned town, 153 Statehood Day Celebration, success of, 339 Stayner, Arthur, attempted to manufacture sugar, 9 5 - 9 6 ; secretary and general-manager U t a h Sugar Company, 9 6 ; resigned from U t a h Sugar Company, 101 Steamboat Up The Colorado: From the Journal of Lieutenant Joseph Christmas Ives, United States Topographical Engineers, 1857—1858, by Crosby, reviewed, 351-52 Stegner, Wallace, The Gathering of Zion: The Story of the Mormon Trail, reviewed, 81-82 Stewart, O m e r C , " U t e Indians: before and after white contact," 3 8 - 6 1 ; The Shoshonis, Sentinels of the Rockies, review by, 185-86 Stormont Mining and Milling Company, mining interests in Silver Reef, 211 Storrs, see Spring Canyon, U t a h Stout, Hosea, journals published, 337—38 Stuart (Stewart), Daniel, stockholder U t a h Sugar Company, 96-97 Sugar, first sugarbeet factory in Mountain West, 9 5 ; first attempt to manufacture in U t a h , 95—96; bounty on sugar collected, 9 6 ; first marketable in U t a h , 9 6 ; beets cultivated in U t a h , 9 7 ; bounty voted by

365 legislature on, 9 8 ; first produced in Utah, 102; description of first production, 1 0 2 3 ; reaction of individuals to first beet, 1 0 3 - 4 ; first sugarbeet seed, 105; efforts to cultivate beet seed, 106; efforts to produce monogerm beet seed, 107; picture of harvesting beet seed, 107; expense in educating farmers on growing sugarbeets, 108; first beet seed planted in U t a h , 108; instructions to farmers on growing sugarbeets, 108; problems in growing beets, 1 0 8 - 1 1 ; first production of beets, 109; description of growing beets, 1 0 9 - 1 1 ; beet production (1891 to 1900), 111, 112; cutting stations constructed, 112; beet parasites, 1 1 2 - 1 4 ; importance of crop rotation, 1 1 2 - 1 4 ; picture of tools and equipment used for beets, 113; description of beet storage sheds, 1 1 4 - 1 5 ; picture of beet storage sheds, 115; description of operations to produce, 115-17; amount of s u g a r e x t r a c t e d from b e e t s (1891 to 1900), 116; picture of employees, 119; description of employees, 1 1 8 - 1 9 ; factories established in United States, 120; see also Lehi Sugar Factory, U t a h Sugar Company Sunnydale, U t a h , see Sunnyside, U t a h Sunnyside, U t a h , picture, 1 3 8 - 3 9 ; companyowned town, 142 fn. 6, 143; description (1901, 1903, 1906, 1940's), 145, 146, 147, 148; established, 145; population (1901, 1940), 145, 147; company store, 146; n a t i o n a l i t i e s ( 1 9 0 6 ) , 146; "Ragtown," 146; economic stimulus, 147; incorporated, 147; mines rehabilitated, 147; prosperity declined, 147; World War I I , 147; modern houses erected in, 1 4 7 - 4 8 ; operates as company-owned town today, 149; friction between immigrants and native-born Americans, 1 5 4 - 5 5 ; employees forced to trade at company store, 157 Supersonic Military Air Research Site ( H u r ricane M e s a ) , see Hurricane Supersonic Research Site Swensen, Russel B., picture, 337; received U t a h State Historical Society Honorary Life Membership, 337

Tabeguache Treaty, 51 Taylor, John, sent surplus cattle across Jordan River to Bennions, 316-17 Taylor, P. A. M., Expectations Westward: The Mormons and the Emigration of their British Converts in the Nineteenth Century, reviewed, 184—85 Terrace, U t a h , location, 1 7 9 - 8 0 ; picture, 180; population (1877), 180; description (1877), 180-81 The Theological Foundations of the Mormon Religion,

by McMurrin, reviewed, 267-68 Thousand Mile Tree, 66, 66 fn. 4 Tintic Standard Mining Company, U t a h town owned by, 142 fn. 6 Tintic War, 56 Tobiah ( T a b b y ) , see Ute Indians

366

Utah Historical Quarterly

Tooele Army Depot, picture of military barracks, 238; aerial view, 2 3 8 - 3 9 ; picture of housing ( T O D P a r k ) , 239 Tooele County, U t a h , defense employment in, 230, 232 Tooele Ordnance Depot, see Tooele Army Depot Travel, "Life 'On the R o a d ' : Reminiscences of a D r u m m e r in U t a h , " 22—29 Trenholm, Virginia Cole, The Shoshonis, Sentinels of the Rockies, reviewed, 185-86 Tribune Building, picture, 209 T r u m a n , Harry S, picture, 125 Turner, Frederick Jackson, "A Re-Evaluation of the 'Turner Thesis and Mormon Beginnings . . . , ' " 326-33 Turpin, William L., owned Echo Flour Mill, 162, 164 Tyler, S. Lyman, Indian Affairs: A Study of the Changes in Policy of the United States Toward Indians, reviewed, 84—85; Indian Affairs: A Work Paper on Termination: With an Attempt to Show Its Antecedents, reviewed, 8 4 - 8 5 ; The Ute People: A Bibliographical Checklist, reviewed, 85; George Brooks: Artist in Stone, review by, 345 Tyler, Sergeant Daniel, A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 1846-1847, reviewed, 8 3 - 8 4 Typographical Society of Deseret, activities in early years, 205; first anniversary celebration, 2 0 5 ; organized local in Ogden, 2 1 5 ; see also Deseret Typographical Association Local No. 115, Printers Union

u Uintah-Ouray Indian Reservation, see Ute Indians Underhill, R u t h M., Red Man's Religion: Beliefs and Practices of the Indians North of Mexico, reviewed, 346—47 Union Catalogue of Mormon Literature, progress toward publishing, 338—39 Unions, first established in U t a h , 204; guilds established in Nauvoo, 204; problems of U t a h locals affiliating with national organizations, 2 0 5 - 6 ; parades (1861, 1865"), 207, 208; miners organized in Silver Reef, 2 1 1 ; brewery workers organized, 215; cigar makers organized, 215; plasterers organized, 2 1 5 ; plumbers on strike, 215; number in Salt Lake City ( 1 8 8 9 ) , 215; Mormon attitude toward, 217; rebirth in U t a h , 217; see also Amalgamated Carpenters, Building Trades Congress, Deseret Typographical Association Local No. 115, Labor, Noble O r d e r of the Knights of L a b o r , P r i n t e r s U n i o n , R a i l r o a d Brotherhoods, T y p o g r a p h i c a l Society of Deseret, St. George Builders Union United States Fuel Company, U t a h town owned by, 142 fn. 6 United States Smelter and Refining Company, semi-company-owned town of, 141 United States Steel Corporation, U t a h town owned by, 142 fn. 6

United States Supreme Court, ruled Congress had full power over territories, 302 University of U t a h , history workshop cosponsored by U t a h State Historical Society and, 339 U t a h Commission, disfranchised Mormons, 301 U t a h Expedition, arrived in Salt Lake Valley, 3 ; assembled, 3 ; size, 3 ; established C a m p Floyd, 5 ; Mormons harassed, 5 ; boon to U t a h economy, 16 U t a h Fuel Company, U t a h towns owned by, 142 fn. 6; "chain" of company towns, 143; subsidiary of Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, 143; assets purchased, 148; subsidiary businesses, 148-49; foreign-born employees ( 1 9 0 0 ) , 154; attitude t o w a r d i m m i g r a n t s , 155; strike against, 155; charged with controlling employees, county government, and press, 156-57 U t a h Heritage Foundation, organized, 336; purpose, 336 Utah Historical Quarterly, index published, 3 3 8 ; Valley of the Great Salt Lake to be reprinted, 338 U t a h - I d a h o Sugar Company, semi-companyowned town of, 1 4 1 ; see also Lehi Sugar Factory, Sugar, U t a h Sugar Company U t a h State Historical Society, president's report ( 1 9 6 5 - 6 6 ) , 3 3 4 - 4 2 ; problems of Library, 3 3 5 ; picture of Fourteenth Annual Dinner, 337; picture of annual award winners, 337; local chapters, 339; Library report, 3 4 0 - 4 1 ; Archives report, 341-42 U t a h State Historical Society Mansion, repairs and improvements, 3 3 9 - 4 0 ; pictures, 340, 341 U t a h Sugar Company, first sugarbeet factory in M o u n t a i n West, 9 5 ; c a p i t a l stock (1889, 1890), 96, 9 8 ; incorporated, 9 6 ; officers (1889), 9 6 ; president, 96; investigated other factory operations, 97; cost of first factory, 9 7 - 9 8 ; decided to build factory, 9 8 ; subscriptions to, 98, 99, 101; financial difficulties of, 1 0 1 ; produced first sugar, 1 0 2 - 3 ; see also Lehi Sugar Factory, Sugar Utah's Governments,

by Emenhiser, reviewed, 266—67 U t e Indians, " U t e I n d i a n s : before and after white contact," 38—61; picture, 39; relationship of language with other languages, 4 0 ; theory of reaching U t a h , 4 1 ; folklore, 41—42; anthropological findings concerning, 42; occupation of Great Basin, 42; physical characteristics of, 42; map of tribal area, 4 3 ; visited by Escalante, 44, 50; results of contact with European culture, 4 8 ; Spanish contact with, 48—49; importance of horse to, 49—50, 5 2 ; description ( 1 8 7 6 ) , 50; territory of, 5 1 ; treaties with, 5 1 ; cultural distinctions between Utah Ute and Colorado Ute, 5 2 ; description by early travelers, 5 2 ; activities of Ammon, Arrapeen (Arrapine), Sanpitch (San Pete), Tobiah ( T a b b y ) , and Chief Walker (Walk a r a ) , 5 4 ; picture of Tobiah, 5 5 ; federal a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of C o l o r a d o and U t a h

Index

367

Utes, 55—56; driven from Colorado, 56; Meeker massacre, 5 6 ; Uintah-Ouray Reservation, 56, 5 8 ; wars, 5 6 ; Confederated Ute Bands of Colorado and Utah, 57, 5 8 ; culturally uniform, 5 7 ; legal organization, 57; location of reservations, 5 7 ; share tribal funds, 5 7 ; land owned by, 5 7 - 5 8 ; assets on land, 5 8 ; court battles, 5 8 - 6 1 ; number on reservation (1964), 5 8 ; success as farmers, 5 8 ; controversy over Utes in Utah, 60; leaders in Colorado, 60; leaders in Utah, 60; Uintah Ute Reservation established, 6 0 - 6 1 ; use of money received by, 6 1 ; list of spellings of, 246 The Ute People: A Bibliographical Checklist, by Tyler, reviewed, 85

The Valley of the Upper Yellowstone: An Exploration of the Headwaters of the Yellowstone River in the Year 1869, ed., Haines, reviewed, 271-72 Valley Tan, facsimile of, 21 Vallez, Henry A., chemist Lehi Sugar Factory, 105 Vandercook, Oscar, court case i n v o l v i n g , 300-1

w Wagon, picture descending mountain, 193 Walker Brothers, established general store, 8 Walker, Don D., "Cowboys, Indians, & Cavalry: A Cattleman's Account of the Fights of 1884," 255-62 Walker War, 56 Walsh, Patrick, Catholic priest appointed to Utah, 286 fn. 6 Warner, Ted J., The Blazed Trail of Antoine Leroux, review by, 344—45 Wasatch S t a k e h o u s e (Heber City Tabernacle), saved from destruction, 336 Wattis, U t a h , company-owned town, 142 fn. 6 Weber Canyon, description (1877), 65 Weber County, Utah, defense employment in, 230, 232 Weber, Francis J., "Father Lawrence Scanlan's Report of Catholicism in U t a h , 1880," 283-89 Wells, Heber M., People's party vice-chairman, 303 Wenner, Uriah J., court case involving, 302 Wheeler Survey, " T h e Kintner Letters: An Astronomer's Account of the Wheeler Survey in U t a h and Idaho," 62-80, 169-82; congressional appropriation, 62; purpose, 6 2 - 6 3 ; total cost, 6 3 ; proposed summer campaign (1877), 6 7 - 6 8 ; objects, 68—69; description of Party No. 1 (1877), 7 2 - 7 3 ; description of life with the Survey, 73—74; picture, 173 Whitmore, Elizabeth, sold Pipe Spring property, 221 Whitmore, James M., established ranch at Pipe Spring, Arizona, 220; killed by Navajos, 220 The Wild Bunch at Robbers Roost, by Baker, reviewed, 269

Wilder, Mitchell A., Picture Gallery Pioneers, First Photographers of the West, 1850 to 1875, review by, 82 Williams, P. L., court case involving election of 1890, 3 0 3 ; attorney in court case involving L.D.S. Church property, 3 0 5 ; territorial superintendent of district schools, 305 Winsor, Anson Perry, settled Pipe Spring, Arizona, 220; superintendent of L.D.S. Church herd for southern Utah, 225 Winsor Castle, see Pipe Spring, Arizona Winsor Castle Stock Growing Company, established, 225; manager, 225, 226; president of the board, 225; dividends, 226; size of herd ( 1 8 7 3 - 8 0 ) , 226 Winter Q u a r t e r s , Utah, c o m p a n y - o w n e d town, 142 fn. 6, 143; picture, 152; sported elegant saloon, 157 Woodruff, Wilford, stockholder U t a h Sugar Company, 9 6 ; dedicated Lehi Sugar Factory, 1O0; inspired to support sugar venture, 101; issued Manifesto, 312; sent surplus cattle across Jordan River to Bennions, 316—17 Woolley, E. G., opinion of Pipe Spring area, 220 Woolley, Edwin Dilworth, manager of herd at Pipe Spring, Arizona, 226 Woolley, Flora Snow, lived at Pipe Spring, Arizona, 226 Wright, Marguerite J., "Echoes From the Past: The Story of the Echo Flour Mill," 161-68 Young, Brigham, acted against federal forces, 5 ; buyer of Camp Floyd surplus goods, 18; a t t i t u d e t o w a r d I n d i a n s , 5 4 - 5 5 ; offered prayer at first union meeting, 204; president of Winsor Castle Stock Growing Company, 225; asked Bennions to help colonize southwestern portion of Salt Lake Valley, 316 Young, John R., worker at Pipe Spring, 223 Young, John W., stockholder U t a h Sugar Company, 97 Young, Joseph W., architect of Pipe Spring fort, 223 Young, Richard W.. court case involving election of 1890, 3 0 3 ; People's party secretary, 303 Young, S. Dilworth, "Here is Brigham . . ."

Brigham Young . . . The Years to 1844, reviewed, 85—86

Zane, Charles S., biography of life in U t a h , 2 9 0 - 3 1 4 ; picture, 290; Mormon historians interpretation of law enforcement in U t a h by, 2 9 1 - 9 2 ; born, 292; early life, 2 9 2 - 9 3 ; Gentile interpretation of law enforcement in U t a h by, 292; arrived Salt Lake City, 2 9 3 ; commissioned chief justice U t a h Supreme Court, 293; Jaw partners, 2 9 3 ; married, 293; political offices held, 293; rulings on cases involving individual rights with corporations, 294-95, 2 9 6 - 9 7 ; rulings

368 on cases involving property rights and public good, 295-96; rulings on cases involving schools, 297—99; believed Mormon doctrines not Christian, 299; case involving federal deputy marshal, 3 0 0 - 1 ; rulings on cases involving individuals and city ordinances, 300—1; rulings on cases involving voting and elections, 302—5; replaced as chief justice, 305; attorney on behalf of schools, 3 0 5 - 6 ; position toward polygamy, 306-7 fn. 45, 307; rulings on cases

Utah Historical Quarterly involving polygamy, 307, 308—9; rulings regarding naturalization of Mormons, 309; called Mormon belief in polygamy barbaric, 3 1 1 ; Gentile reaction to reappointment as judge in Utah, 312; Mormon reaction to reappointment as judge in Utah, 312; reappointed judge in Utah, 312; attitude toward Mormons after Manifesto issued, 312—13 Zane, John M., led newly organized Republican party, 313

SPECIAL MEMBERSHIPS AND HONOREES OF THE UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS

Bemice Gibbs Anderson Kate B. Carter Leland H. Creer Harold P. Fabian Charles Kelly Nicholas G. Morgan, Sr. A. R. Mortensen Marguerite Sinclair Reusser Joel E. Ricks Horace A. Sorensen Russel B. Swenson FELLOWS

Leonard J. Arrington Juanita Brooks Olive W. Burt C. Gregory Crampton LeRoy R. Hafen A. Karl Larson Gustive O. Larson David E. Miller Dale L. Morgan Wallace Stegner

:i:m ':S'.:H?: Mi'tftrLU,: Soc i