Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 35, Number 4, 1967 by Utah Historical Society

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STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

BOARD OF TRUSTEES j . GRANT IVERSON, Salt Lake City, 1971 President MILTON c. ABRAMS, Logan, 1969

Vice-President EVERETT L. COOLEY, Salt Lake City Secretary DEAN R. B R I M H A L L , F r u i t a , 1969 MRS. J U A N I T A BROOKS, St. George, 1969

JACK GOODMAN, Salt Lake City, 1969 MRS. A. c. J E N S E N , Sandy, 1971 T H E R O N L U K E , Provo, 1971

CLYDE L. MILLER, Secretary of State

Ex officio HOWARD c. PRICE, J R . , Price, 1971 M R S . ELIZABETH S K A N C H Y , Midvale, 1969

MRS. NAOMI WOOLLEY, Salt Lake City, 1971

ADMINISTRATION EVERETT L. COOLEY, Director

T. H . JACOBSEN, State Archivist, Archives F. T. J O H N S O N , Records Manager, Archives

J O H N J A M E S , J R . , Librarian MARGERY W . WARD, Associate Editor

IRIS SCOTTJ Business M a n a g e r

T h e U t a h State Historical Society is an organization devoted to the collection, preservation, a n d publication of U t a h a n d related history. I t was organized by public spirited Utahns in 1897 for this purpose. I n fulfillment of its objectives, the Society publishes t h e Utah Historical Quarterly, which is distributed to its members with payment of a $5.00 annual membership fee. T h e Society also maintains a specialized research library of books, pamphlets, photographs, periodicals, microfilms, newspapers, maps, and manuscripts. Many of these items have come to t h e library as gifts. Donations are encouraged, for only through such means can the U t a h State Historical Society live u p to its responsibility of preserving the record of Utah's past. ?

T h e primary purpose of t h e Quarterly is t h e publication of manuscripts, photographs, a n d documents which relate or give a new interpretation to Utah's unique story. Contributions of writers are solicited for the consideration of the editor. However, the editor assumes n o responsibility for t h e return of manuscripts unaccompanied by return postage. Manuscripts and material for publications should be sent to the editor. T h e U t a h State Historical Society does not assume responsibility for statements of fact or opinions expressed by contributors. T h e Utah Historical Quarterly is entered as second-class postage, paid at Salt Lake City, U t a h . Copyright 1967, U t a h State Historical Society, 603 East South Temple Street, Salt Lake City, U t a h 84102.

FALL, 1967 • VOLUME 35 • NUMBER 4

HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Contents DESERT T O R T O I S E : T H E M O R M O N TABERNACLE ON TEMPLE SQUARE BY ROBERT C. M I T C H E L L

279

RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES AND DEVELOPMENT IN UTAH, 1847-1910 B Y T. EDGAR L Y O N

292

TRIBUTE T O STANLEY S. IVINS

307

NOTES ON M O R M O N POLYGAMY B Y S T A N L E Y S. I V I N S

309

ELI AZARIAH DAY: PIONEER SCHOOLTEACHER AND "PRISONER FOR CONSCIENCE SAKE" EDITED B Y ROBERT B . DAY

322

T H E PRESIDENT'S R E P O R T FOR T H E FISCAL YEAR 1966-67 BY J. GRANT IVERSON REVIEWS AND PUBLICATIONS

342 -

INDEX

352 -

360

The Cover The year 1967 marks the centennial of the construction of the Tabernacle in Salt Lake City. This photograph shows the Tabernacle completion, with some of the roof trusses in place.

Mormon nearing

U T A H STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR

L. COOLEY Margery W. Ward

EVERETT

H A N S E N , K L A U S J., Quest for The Political Kingdom

Empire:

of God and the

Council of Fifty in Mormon

History,

BY DALE L. MORGAN

352

B R O D I E , F A W N M., The Devil A Life of Sir Richard

Drives:

Burton,

BY LAMAR P E T E R S E N

353

H O R A N , J A M E S D., Timothy America's

Forgotten

O'Sullivan:

Photographer.

Life and Work of the Brilliant Whose Camera Recorded

Photographer

the

Scene from the Battlefields

The

American

of the Civil

War to the Frontiers of the

West,

BY W . D. A E S C H B A C H E R

354

C L A R K , T H O M A S D . , Gold Rush

Diary:

Being the Journal of Elisha Douglas on the Overland and Summer

Trail in the

Perkins

Spring

of 1849,

355

BY GUSTIVE O. L A R S O N

H A W G O O D , J O H N A., America's Frontiers:

The Exploration

of the Trans-Mississippi

and

W E B E R , F R A N C I S J., Readings Catholic

Settlement

West,

BY BRIGHAM D. M A D S E N

California

Western

356

History,

BY B E N J A M I N F . GILBERT

357

S M I T H , F A Y J A C K S O N , J O H N L. K E S S E L L , A N D F R A N C I S J. F O X , Father Kino in

Arizona,

BY L E L A N D H . CREER

358

MMMMi

DESERT TORTOISE: The Mormon Tabernacle On Temple Square BY R O B E R T C. M I T C H E L L

or one hundred years the Salt Lake Tabernacle has stood like a giant tortoise in the desert. And like the tortoise shell, the famed Tabernacle shell and underpinnings have been adapted to meet the needs of contemporary occupants over the century. A balcony, which is said to have improved acoustics as well as increased seating capacity, was added in 1870; the celebrated Joseph Mr. Mitchell, a reporter on the Deseret historic preservation within the state.

News,

has taken an active role in promoting

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Harris Ridges organ was remodeled and enlarged; lighting and steam heat were innovations; an aluminum roof, possessing greater durability than either the original split wood shingles or the replacement metal roof applied about the turn of the century, was added in 1947; a tiled baptistry eliminated a marble-font version; podium changes and arrangements were numerous; and a myriad of major and minor adaptations were effected in the Tabernacle. The building replaced the Old Tabernacle situated in the southwest corner of the Temple Block, where the Assembly Hall now stands. The Old Tabernacle served from 1852 until the new building was completed. Construction on the Desert Tortoise began in 1863, after a survey was made by Jesse W. Fox, the territorial surveyor. During church conference that spring, Daniel Hanmer Wells, Brigham Young's second counselor, announced that a tabernacle would be built that would seat 10,000 persons comfortably. 1 Proposed specifications for the structure were announced by Church Architect William H. Folsom in the Deseret News.2 But the finished building shows a departure from those specifications, Henry Grow, a former Pennsylvanian and a bridge builder, applied arching lattice supports, characteristic of bridge construction, to the roof. He also was credited with being a designer and builder on the project. Other than the building's general shape which was suggested by Brigham Young, what actual credit for design belongs to whom remains in dispute. And there is some question whether detailed plans for the building ever existed. It was Mr. Grow who compared the building with a tortoise in the Salt Lake Telegraph on October 6, 1867.3 Three days before the July 26, 1864, cornerstone laying, the Salt Lake City Council voted to contribute money toward construction of the new building. It was motioned by Counselman [sic] Burton and carried that the sum of five hundred dollars be appropriated toward the erection of the new Tabernacle now being built in this city; that the mayor be requested to communicate by note or otherwise to Pres't. Young the action of the council notifying him that said appropriation was subject to his order. 4

The Tabernacle was completed enough to be opened for the semiannual conference of the church in October of 1867, but the building was 1

Journal of Discourses (26 vols., Liverpool, 1854â&#x20AC;&#x201D;1886), X, 139. Deseret News (Salt Lake C i t y ) , J u n e 3, 1863. 3 Stewart L. Grow, " T h e Building of the T a b e r n a c l e , " The Improvement Era, 70 (April, 1967), 8. 4 Salt: Lake City Council, "Record Book D , 1 8 6 2 - 6 4 " (Salt Lake City Recorder, City and County Building, Salt Lake C i t y ) , 130. 2

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not dedicated until October 9, 1875. The giant tortoise is 250 feet long by 150 feet wide and 80 feet in height. The roof rests on piers of red sandstone that vary from 10 to 12 feet apart. More than a million feet of lumber was used in the roof alone. Lumber was provided under contract by Joseph A. Young, son of Brigham.5 When the building was opened for use, it was a marvel of its time â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the largest indoor auditorium in the youthful Zion. And ironically, when the centennial was commemorated October 9, 1967, the Tabernacle was still the largest indoor auditorium in Utah.

he Tabernacle's evolvement from an exclusively religious edifice to a place for dignified but secular lectures and entertainment was slow at first, but the pace of such activity became anything but tortoise-like after 1884. Though religiously related and dealing with whether the Bible sanctioned polygamy, a debate between Elder Orson Pratt, of the Council of the Twelve, and Dr. John P. Newman, U. S. Senate chaplain, has been described as the first recorded "non-religious" use of the structure. 6 But it was the feminine guile of Adelina Patti, world-renowned operatic singer, and the agressiveness of impresario James Henry Mapleson that are credited with paving the way for non-religious, admission-charged entertainment to be held in the Tabernacle. 7 During an 1884 tour of the West with Her Majesty's Opera Company, Mme. Patti amused herself the day of her arrival in Salt Lake City by visiting the Tabernacle. Both she and Mr. Mapleson were calculating and solicitous of Mormon authorities in an effort to use the building for a concert. They were impressed with the building's acoustical quality. Mapleson recounted the visit: O n entering this superb building, excellent in an accoustic point of view, a n d capable of seating 12,000 persons [this was a n exaggeration], t h e idea immediately crossed my m i n d of giving, if possible, a concert there on our return from San Francisco; but I was unsuccessful in m y endeavors to< obtain the use of it. I thereupon resolved that M d m . Patti should invite the M o r m o n Prophet himself, together with as m a n y of the twelve apostles as we could obtain, to visit her private car, then outside t h e station; a n d a splendid dejeuner was prepared by the cooks. T h e next m o r n i n g the Prophet Taylor came, accompanied by several of his apostles. M d m . Patti took great care to praise the magnificent building she h a d visited the day 5 Levi Edgar Young, The Mormon Tabernacle with Its World-Famed Organ and Choir (Salt Lake City, 1930), 7. 6 Eleanor Knowles, "Focal Point for I m p o r t a n t Events," The Improvement Era, 70 (April, 1967), 22. 7 Harold Rosenthal, The Mapleson Memoirs (New York, 1966), 194.

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previously, expressing a strong desire t h a t she m i g h t be allowed to try her voice there, which led on to my offering t h a t a regular concert would be m o r e desirable . . . . 8

Several apostles countered Mapleson's proposal by explaining that the building was not intended for any such purpose, but was simply a place of worship. But Mme. Patti was not stymied. Again, she launched into enthusiastic praise of Mormon doctrine and even expressed a strong wish to join the church. Persistence had its reward, and after hearing Mme. Patti try her voice in the building, President John Taylor granted permission for the famed singer to hold a concert on her return trip. 9 Meanwhile, the M o r m o n s h a d been enthusiastic at the idea of their m a g nificent T a b e r n a c l e echoing with the tones of Adelina Patti. President Taylor, the p r o p h e t of the M o r m o n C h u r c h , assisted in the preparations m a d e to receive the great songstress. A special line of t h e railway h a d been laid d o w n from the regular m a i n line of Salt L a k e City to the T a b e r nacle, a n d on it t h e special train r a n without a hitch u p t o the very door of the building. 1 0

The Deseret News announced that the Tabernacle would be lighted by gas jets and heated with steam, if needed, "and the audience will be made comfortable while listening to the world's greatest singer and her satellites." Old timers described Mme. Patti's concert as being the first time the Tabernacle was either "let or het." The great singer's concert, April 1, was considered one of the extraordinary events in the territory and was praised by reviewers. T h e coming of Patti has driven from our m i n d s the r e m e m b r a n c e of all former favorites . . . . ______â&#x201E;˘__ÂŤ=ra_^^ Even Gerster [Patti's rival w h o appeared with H e r | 8

Ibid.,

193.

But after winning the battle, Mapleson nearly lost the j war for M m e . Patti, when he suggested that $3.00 should be j charged for the best seats in the Tabernacle. "An objection was |. instantly made by one of the apostles, who, having five wives, | thought it would be rather a heavy call upon his purse" (Rosenthal, Mapleson Memoirs, 1 9 3 ) . Quick negotiations set the price at $2.00 a n d $1.00 for the seats, but as actually charged, the general admission was \ $1.00 while reserved seats were $1.50 a n d $2.00 {Deseret News, ''M a r c h 6, 1884). WMMMf, 10 Rosenthal, Mapleson Memoirs, 208.

Adelina Patti, world-renowned operatic singer, presented the first commercial program in the Salt Lake Tabernacle April 1, 1884.

sâ&#x20AC;&#x17E;

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Majesty's Company at the Salt Lake Theatre], brightly as she shone, is now in the shadow, and must with all others who have delighted us in the past henceforth hide a diminished head . . . . "

It was fitting that Mme. Patti, who paved the way for other entertainers, would mark her conquest amid "thunders of applause." She was dressed in an elegant satin of white and azure with lace and pearl trimmings and "glittered from head to foot with diamonds." 12 Patti came, saw, liked, and conquered and set the stage for other artists to appear in the building, including Nellie Melba, Ernestine Schumann-Heink, Lili Pons, Ignace Jan Padewreski, Lauritz Melchior, Lawrence Tibbett, John Charles Thomas, Nino Martini, Richard Crooks, John Philip Sousa, Fritz Kreisler, Vladimir Horowitz, Rise Stevens, Igor Gorin, Artur Rubinstein, Yehudi Menuhin, Marian Anderson, and many others. Various famed symphony orchestras and singing groups have performed there also. Although Mme. Patti broke the tradition of the Tabernacle being used solely as a religious meeting place, certain rules governing its use were still retained. One such rule, forbidding costumed performances, caused the cancellation of a 1927 appearance of the great Feodor Chaliapin. The singer was to have starred in The Barber of Seville. Today, the Tabernacle is the home of the Utah Symphony and the Salt Lake Tabernacle Choir, is the scene of annual presentations of The Messiah, and is the place where many top-level cultural events, aside from religious conferences, are held.

'amuel S. Bateman, chief custodian of the Tabernacle from 1935 to 1963, was unofficial greeter and has probably guided more famous persons through the building than anyone else. He remembers many "heart stirring events," such as Helen Keller, blind and deaf from birth, placing her hands on a wall of the speaker's stand to "hear" the great organ. She nodded her head in approval and told her aid that she had "heard" its sounds. Shirley Temple, who captured the hearts of nearly everyone during the 1930's, added Mr. Bateman's own to her collection. "Shirley, who was seven or eight, attended the pin-dropping demonstration and was so thrilled when I gave her the pin that had been dropped that she later sent me two pictures of herself."13 11

Deseret News, April 2, 1884. Ibid. 13 Personal interview with Samuel S. Bateman, Salt Lake City.

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It was Mr. Bateman who guided Nelson Eddy through passageways of the cavernous Tabernacle basement and out another entrance to avoid fans who mobbed the exits. Mr. Bateman also guided Alfred Landon, Thomas E. Dewey, and Wendell Wilkie (all U. S. presidential candidates) on a tour of the latticed beam attic under the great tortoise shell. "Wendell Wilkie was impressed with the original rawhide bindings on some of the beams. He tried to scratch the rawhide but could not because it was too hard," Mr. Bateman said.14 Other presidential candidates â&#x20AC;&#x201D; James G. Blaine, Adlai Stevenson, Richard M. Nixon, and Barry Goldwater â&#x20AC;&#x201D; have visited or spoken in the Tabernacle. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft (who carried Utah in the three-way 1912 election between Teddy Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Taft), Woodrow Wilson, Warren Gamaliel Harding (whose Tabernacle podium included only two microphones during his 1923 visit), Herbert Clark Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson have spoken in the Tabernacle. Of the Presidents since 1900, only "Silent Cal" Coolidge was not heard in the Tabernacle as either President or a candidate for the office. President Wilson made Salt Lake City one of 26 major stops on his 9,981-mile trip to take his League of Nations fight to the people. At Salt L a k e City the speech was to be in t h e M o r m o n T a b e r n a c l e a t eight in the evening. A t six, T u m u l t y [Wilson's secretary] came to the hotel where they were resting a n d said the T a b e r n a c l e was so packed t h a t the police h a d locked the doors . . . . Inside, fifteen thousand people sat in a n unventilated building on a very h o t night. T h e h e a t a n d fetid air m a d e the First L a d y sick a n d blind. T h e y w e n t u p on t h e rostrum, where the hot thick air was even m o r e stifling, a n d she t h o u g h t she was going to> faint. H e r m a i d saw her getting white a n d passed u p a bottle of smelling salts which she gratefully inhaled a n d then p o u r e d onto a handkerchief for the president. H e was in agony from the terrible pain in his h e a d and choking from the asthma a n d the poor air, a n d w h e n they got back to' the hotel his clothing was soaked through with perspiration. 1 5

President Franklin D. Roosevelt appeared in the Tabernacle at the funeral of former Utah Governor George Dern, who was Secretary of War in the Roosevelt cabinet. Eight cabinet members also attended the Tabernacle service for Secretary Dern, who had held his position only one year when he died August 28, 1936. Dern was Utah's sixth governor, serving from 1925 through 1933. 14 15

ibid. Gene Smith, When the Cheering Stopped (New York, 1964), 79-80.

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Funerals of many church officials and civic leaders have been held in the Tabernacle. The funerals of all church presidents were held there, with the exceptions of the Prophet Joseph Smith and President Joseph F. Smith (his was a graveside service because of the dread Spanish Influenza epidemic which discouraged gatherings of people). Services of other governors, including that of the first Utah chief executive, Heber Manning Wells, were held in the Tabernacle. Funerals were also conducted there for former Utah Senator Reed Smoot and J. Reuben Clark, Jr., who had been the U. S. ambassador to Mexico. Among the roll of happy events held under the great dome was the 1868 Independence Day celebration program, the first of its kind held there. After residents were awakened at 5 A.M. by music from bands of Captain Croxall, Captain Beesley, and Captain Parkinson, students representing all schools filed into the Tabernacle. After they were seated, others were allowed to enter the building. Dignitaries lined the stand, whose front and canopy supportive shafts were draped with the national flag. Among them were Presidents Young and Wells; Elder Orson Pratt, chaplain of the day; Elder John Taylor; Colonel F. H. Head, orator; Governor Charles Durkee; George A. Smith; and George Q. Cannon. Governor Durkee, who was to leave office two years later "enjoying the general respect and good feelings" of the Mormons, spoke on the theme that just principles make just government and not the names, such as democracy or republicanism, which are attached to it. He said: L e t us resolve today, in the sight of G o d our Everlasting father, to< be m o r e united in the cause of duty, of benevolence, of charity, of industry, a n d the m a i n t e n a n c e of the principles of civil a n d religious liberty; a n d n o m a t t e r w h o the m a n m a y be, w h e t h e r Methodist, Baptists, M o r m o n , or anything else, w h o lives according to those principles; those who- live t h e m are true saints a n d doers of the Almighty's will, a n d they have revelation, joy a n d peace. 1 6

Among the very early celebrations held in the Tabernacle, the Deseret Sunday School Union Jubilee of July 24, 1875, was perhaps the first occasion for which the building was lavishly decorated. A Deseret News account of the celebration shows that era's flowery way of decorating as well as writing: . . . T h e scene as a whole has perhaps never been surpassed for beauty in the U t a h Territory. T h e decorations were simply magnificent. T h e large center piece, trees a n d festoons, of evergreens a n d artificial flowers appeared to metamorphose the h u g e ceiling into an inverted garden. O v e r 16

Deseret News, July 6, 1868.

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

S. S. BATEMAN

The Deseret Sunday School Union Jubilee of July 24, 1875 (left), and the funeral of Heber J. Grant (1856-1945), president of the Mormon Church from 1918 to his death (right). This was the first public service held in the Tabernacle after Pearl Harbor. Note the changes in the famed Tabernacle organ.

the gallery, at the east end, was a very fine b a n n e r with the words "Deseret Sunday School U n i o n " in large letters with a beehive, of flowers and shrubbery in the centre, painted by Morris and Weggeland. T h e n there were flags, hanging baskets, banners, and other things too numerous to mention, tastefully arranged along the front of the gallery and between the pillars, all heightening the beauty and gaiety of the effect. O n e beautiful feature, which attracted great attention, was the fountain of living water, near the middle of the building, toward the stand, which sent forth a graceful spray. I n this basin of the fountain were live water lilies and on each of the four corners a crouching lion, on which were seated four children, in costume representing the four quarters of the globe, Europe, Asia, Africa a n d America, the latter two being genuine specimens. Surmounting the organ was a gilded and shaded figure of an angel sounding the Gospel T r u m p e t , to "every kindred, tongue and people," and on the stand were children from every country on the globe, where the Gospel has been preached, and from whence converts have gathered in this dispensation. 17

Several happy events held at the Tabernacle were the 1896 Statehood Day program, at which time Governor Heber M. Wells was inaugurated; the 1930 L.D.S. Church centennial celebration, whose Tabernacle production was entitled Message of the Ages; and a gigantic pageant and other activities of the 1947 centennial commemoration of the arrival of the pioneers in Salt Lake Valley. 17

Ibid., July 27, 1875.

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For the 1896 Statehood Day affair (it fell on Saturday, J a n u a r y 4, but was officially celebrated the following M o n d a y ) there was suspended from the Tabernacle ceiling what has been described as the largest United States flag ever m a d e . T h e flag was about 75 by 160 feet in size and was sewn at the Z C M I overall factory on South Temple. T h e flag was delivered to J o h n Starley, the first permanent landscape gardener and foreman of the Temple Block, who also was responsible for decorating the Tabernacle for special occasions. T h e flag was spread over the seats a n d rings were sewn to it to correspond with the ceiling vent holes. T h e flag was then pulled into position near the ceiling. O n e star in the flag, Utah's, was illuminated. T h e gigantic flag continued to hang in the Tabernacle until it was taken down to be hung on the south side of the T e m p l e for the July 24th celebration. It was hung there each July for several years until it reached such poor condition that it h a d to be burned. Five m e n were required to handle it because of its size. 18 I n addition to the huge flag, the 1896 Statehood D a y decorations included bunting and a great American eagle which surmounted the tower between the pipes of the organ, with the word " U t a h " electrically lighted below it. After being i n a u g u r a t e d in the T a b e r n a c l e p r o g r a m , G o v e r n o r Wells, then only thirty-six years old, called for a special session of the legislature for 2:00 P . M . that day. T h e inaugural was preceded by a p a r a d e witnessed by throngs of people and included military units, state officials, 1847 pioneers, G r a n d Army of the Republic members, and others. Events of both solemn and happy occasions held under the giant tortoise' acoustical shell have utilized the Tabernacle's two finest accessories â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the Tabernacle Choir and organ. T h e choir has been directed by eleven m e n â&#x20AC;&#x201D; J o h n Parry, Stephen Goddard, James Smithies, Charles J. Thomas, Robert Sands, George Careless, Ebenezer Beesley, Anthony C. Lund, J. Spencer Cornwall, and Richard P. Condie. 1 9 Robert Sands was director when the Tabernacle was opened in 1867. E v a n Stephens, who was the choir's director for twenty-five years, composed the state song, " U t a h , W e Love T h e e . " T h e choir's weekly broadcast, inaugurated in 1929, is the oldest continuously 18 Gwennie Starley Matheson, " J o h n Starley, gardner [sic] a n d foreman of the Salt Lake T e m p l e Block" (typescript, U t a h State Historical Society). 19 Young, Mormon Tabernacle, 37.

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broadcast noncommercial radio program. Some of the choir's 375 members have sung with the group for forty years. Tabernacle Choir singers won plaudits for singing at the 1893 Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and more recently under Director Richard P. Condie have won a gold record and "Emmy" for their rendition of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic," which became a national best seller.20 Joseph Harris Ridges' original Tabernacle organ, remodeled and expanded, was begun in 1866, but was not completed in time for the instrument's dedication in October of 1867. By dedication time only about seven hundred of the nearly two thousand pipes planned for the organ were finished. Mr. Ridges, an English native who emigrated from Australia to America, had been a carpenter and an organ factory employee. He was assisted in building the Tabernacle organ by Shure Olsen, Niels Johnson, Henry Taylor, Frank Wood, and others. 21 It has been suggested that the organ of the Boston Music Hall may have inspired Mr. Ridges in constructing the exposed portion of the organ with its huge decorative and speaking pipes, which are visible to Tabernacle visitors today. 22 Nearly one hundred men worked simultaneously on the organ project. Some experimented with glue making; some fashioned tools with which to carve the wood. People from various settlements sent samples of wood from their locales to be considered for use in the instrument. Fine grain wood that had few knots and little gum or pitch was selected from the Pine Valley, near St. George, Utah. In November of 1867, when the organ was nearing completion, Mr. Ridges gave a description of what the organ contained and stated that builders had used twenty-five thousand feet of lumber in its construction. The organ has been overhauled, expanded, and improved several times. The first renovation was made in 1885 by Niels Johnson, one of Mr. Ridges' associates. An organ of finer tonal quality resulted. 23 The W. W. Kimball Company, of Chicago, updated the organ once again in 1900. The instrument was enlarged and a new mechanism was added. Austin Organ Company, of Hartford, Connecticut, overhauled the organ in 1915. The fifteen-foot wings or extensions were added to the visible portion at that time. 24 20

Mabel Jones Gabbott, "Tabernacle Choir," The Improvement Era, 70 (April, 1967), 31. Deseret News, February 15, 1958. 22 Jay M. Todd, "Tabernacle Organ," The Improvement Era, 70 (April, 1967), 17. 23 Ibid., 20. 2i Ibid., 24. 21

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Tabernacle

The Tabernacle organ, though it has in effect been several organs over the past one hundred years, continues to elicit favorable comment from visitors and coast-to-coast radio listeners. Its music once caused Mme. Ernestine Schumann-Heink, the great Austrian-born contralto, to comment that she counted the music of the organ as one of the greatest pleasures of her life.

uring its first hundred years, the Tabernacle has not been without threats from the elements, from wood hungry insects to fire. On several occasions the building was closed because of disease epidemics and war. One brush with fire came in 1938 when a man, self-described as the "Prophet of the Living God," led several others in spraying the south wall of the building with gasoline and touching a match to it. The man, who claimed to have had "personal talks with God," reportedly said he had been denied use of the Tabernacle to tell of his experiences, and that his group was not actually attempting to destroy the building. Persons inside the building were unaware of the incident. The men, who wielded wagon-spoke clubs, shouted passages of scripture and warned of impend-

Stairwell leading to the top of the Tabernacle. Note the original rawhide and wooden pegs used in the construction of the Tabernacle. The right shows the Tabernacle roof beams still held securely by wooden pegs. S. S. BATEMAN

wrappings photograph

ROBERT C. MITCHELL

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ing danger to anyone attempting to stop them, however. Several spectators were hurt in the melee when they tried to stop the men. 25 In 1942 it was announced that all public meetings in the Tabernacle would cease, including noon organ recitals, for the war's duration. The recitals were broadcast over KSL Radio, and Sunday Tabernacle Choir broadcasts were listened to by spectators in the Assembly Hall and Bureau of Information, but not in the Tabernacle. Officials of the church explained the action was taken as a precaution to safeguard the lives of people and the building itself. C h u r c h authorities indicated that if crowds were not permitted in the Tabernacle the building might not be bombed as a moral-defeat type of enemy attack, aimed only at the people who might be inside. 26 The reopening of the Tabernacle in August 1945 was regarded by many as an omen of peace. In May 1947 the dome of the great Desert Tortoise began to "shine like a new dime." Strips of a new aluminum roof, which would weigh thirty thousand pounds, were being installed to replace the roof of patched copper which had been laid over the original wood shingles. Jed L. Ashton was the contractor, and the Overly Manufacturing Company provided the prefabricated metal strips. The Tabernacle was once again closed in 1962 because of an extensive renovation program. During the renovation, 324 native pine benches were reinforced and refinished. A newspaper article aptly cited the reason for this: "Cracks in some of the benches have [been] known to pinch sitters during the past few years and the square benchlegs have contributed to numerous snags of women's hose." 27 The Tabernacle's plastered ceilings survived without cracking several minor earthquakes that have jostled the valley floor. Steps have been taken to prevent plaster from falling should other tremors hit. 28 A tour of the Tabernacle basement shows many chalk marks of " D " and " T " on huge supportive timbers. These stand for places where dry rot and termites seemed apparent. 29 Several years ago, under the direction of then Presiding Bishop LeGrand Richards, a crew worked ten months removing six hundred cubic yards of earth and placing new supports and concrete work on which massive timbers would rest. Earth was removed to prevent ground contact with the timbers, which were 25

Salt Lake Bateman 27 Salt Lake 28 Bateman 29 Ibid.

Tribune, January 17, 1938. interview. Tribune, May 5, 1962. interview.

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treated with creosote and capped with metal to prevent future termite infestation. But like the aged tortoise, whose shell is scarred from the elements, the Tabernacle, with many repairs and adaptations, continues to function and should be extant for people to marvel at for another hundred years. In June of 1870 Brigham Young said he hoped and prayed that people from throughout the world would come to the Tabernacle to partake of the spirit of the building and the music of the great organ and choir. That it today remains sturdy as a place of worship and cultural events and as the potential site of such activity a hundred years hence, seem to be a fulfillment of the great colonizer's desire.

July 4, 1887 . . . the Tabernacle, Salt Lake City, took fire from the alighting of a toy balloon, from the fire works, on the roof, but the flames were promptly put out by the fire brigade before much damage. (Andrew Jenson, Church Chronology, A Record of Important Events Pertaining to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints [Salt Lake City, 1899], 149.)

Religious Activities and Development in Utah, 1847-1910 BY T. EDGAR LYON

The First Presbyterian Church was organized in Salt Lake City, November 12,1871. In 1874 the group met in this church on Second East and Second South. Here the first Presbyterian school was established.

tah has the unique distinction of being the only state in the Union which was founded primarily as a religious colony and in which the total population was almost all of one faith, perhaps as high as ninety-eight per cent, in its first decade. This condition created an unparalleled situation in which religious differences became inextricably entwined with the political, educational, and social life, both of the territory and the later state. No discussion of denominational religious activities in U t a h from its founding in 1847 to the acquisition of statehood can be understood without a background of this peculiar religious phenomenon. An investigation of religious activities in U t a h during these years must recognize six divergent groups:

1. T h e Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints commonly referred to as the " M o r m o n Church," but which the non-Mormons usually designated " T h e local dominant church." Existing as the sole religious organization in the territory for nearly two decades, by 1895 it numbered about 200,000, or eighty-two per cent of the new State of Utah's approximately 240,000 inhabitants. With its wards (parishes) established in every L.D.S. community, it dominated every phase of territorial life. With its "People's party" it managed and won, with few exceptions, the elections; manipulated the territorial legislature; and controlled the district schools and the two territorial institutions of higher learning. This fact had led objective observers, as well as non-Mormon ecclesiastics, to conclude there was no separation of church and state in Utah. 2. T h e Jews. This religious community first organized itself in Salt Lake in 1866, and consisted of twenty-four adults of whom eighteen were males. They were a non-proselyting group, engaged primarily in business, and about evenly divided between Reformed and Orthodox traditions. Their growth was slow. By 1895 there were a few more than 1,200 Jews in Utah. About 1,050 of them were in Salt Lake City, where they h a d erected a synagogue. Ogden had about 150 members of this faith. 1 3. T h e Unitarian Society. In 1891 the first Unitarian Society was organized in Salt Lake City. Its informal manner of extending membership, its disconcern about records, and its rapid turnover of members make it impossible to list its membership or accomplishments. At the beginning of Utah's existence as a state, its total membership was less Dr. T. Edgar Lyon, associate director of the Salt Lake Institute of Religion and research historian for Nauvoo Restoration, Incorporated, presented this article at the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the U t a h State Historical Society, September 12, 1964. 1 Representatives of the Religious Denominations, comp., World's Fair Ecclesiastical History of Utah (Salt Lake City, 1893), 305-7.

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than one hundred, all in Salt Lake City. This group provided an intellectual prod to those who tended to become complacent about religion, politics, education, or social problems. 2 4. The Roman Catholic Church. This world-wide institution commenced work in Utah in 1864, although it was sporadic until 1871. Its efforts were designed primarily to serve members of that faith who were residing in the territory. This ecclesiastical body did not carry on an organized missionary program for the purpose of converting members from the L.D.S. Church. By 1895 the Roman Catholics had established seven chapels, three parochial schools, and two hospitals in Utah. 5. The Protestant Episcopal Church. In 1867 this church established itself in Utah under the direction of Bishop Daniel S. Tuttle. He viewed his apostolic assignment as a charge to serve his denomination and not as a proselytor among the Mormons. Throughout his administration, and that of his successors, a policy of "constructive Christian fellowship with the Mormons and other people of U t a h " characterized Episcopal activities. Bishop Tuttle, as did the Roman Catholic bishop, Lawrence Scanlan, lived among the Mormons in "peaceful co-existence." By 1895 the Protestant Episcopal Church had seven parishes, two schools, and one hospital in operation. 3 6. The Evangelical Christian Churches operating in Utah constitute a sixth religious group. By dictionary definition, the word "evangelical" means . . . any school of Protestants which holds that the essence of the gospel consists mainly of its doctrines of man's sinful condition and the need of salvation, the revelation of God's grace in Christ, and necessity of spiritual renovation, and participation in the experience of redemption through faith.

According to this definition, the Presbyterians, Methodists, Congregationalists, Baptists, Lutherans, and Church of Christ were the six evangelical Christian bodies that operated in Utah during its territorial period. Following the Civil War the American evangelical churches turned their zeal for service, which during the war years had been channeled into relief work, into three areas â&#x20AC;&#x201D; renewed missionary work among the heathen nations; among the recently freed Negroes of the South; and to 2

Ibid., 303. Wain Sutton, ed., Utah, A Centennial History (3 vols., New York, 1949), II, 622-65, and Religious Denominations, Ecclesiastical History of Utah, 217. 3

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the "deluded Mormons, semi-Pagan Mexicans, sun-worshiping Pueblos, [and] demon-worshiping Alaskans" of the West.4 These evangelical churches came to Utah with an attitude quite different from that of the groups previously mentioned. They set out as missions to convert the "deluded" Mormons from what they sincerely believed to be a non-Christian religion. They soon discovered that conversion of adult Mormons was almost impossible. Most of these Mormons had been converted from evangelical Christian churches and to reconvert them proved to be an almost impossible task.5 They soon concluded the "Mormon Problem" must be attacked in another manner, as traditional Protestant proselyting techniques proved unsuccessful. Utah, as was the case with other western territories, had no true public schools, as we understand the term today, until 1890. Its territorial schools, with few exceptions, were usually semiprivate fee schools. There were no compulsory education attendance laws, no standards for certification of teachers, and no legally defined length of a school year. Salaries for teachers were niggardly, and the superintendent of territorial schools had no supervisory authority, but only power to recommend and report. The evangelical Protestants conceived the idea that although the adult Mormons were beyond redemption, the children might be saved from the evil Mormon system by providing a true Christian education for the Mormon youth, fewer than one-fourth of whom were regularly attending school for three months a year. This they viewed as the vulnerable spot in Mormon solidarity. They believed that if they established free schools with a nine-month course of study, instructed by certified denominational teachers from outside Utah, who were provided with the most modern educational equipment, the more intelligent Mormon youth would flock to their schools. There, along with the standard curriculum of the day, biblical, moral, and Christian education would be provided. Extracurricular activities in the Loyal Leagues, Liberty Brigades, Sewing Circles, and similar youth clubs would, it was hoped, bind them to Protestantism. They believed the Mormon youth, thus exposed to "true Christianity" would grow up, see the difference, abandon the errors of Mormonism, and accept evangelical Christianity. With this conviction, the evangelical churches turned to schools as their primary mission tool. 4 Robert Laird Stewart, " T h e Mission of Sheldon Jackson in the Winning of the West," Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society, V I (June-September, 1911), 58. 5 R. M a u d e Ditmars, who served as a Baptist missionary-teacher in U t a h for ten years, wrote, " T h e combined efforts of all evangelical denominations have m a d e n o perceptible impression on the M o r m o n C h u r c h as to numbers . . . ." R. M a u d e Ditmars, "A History of Baptist Missions in U t a h , 1 8 7 1 - 1 9 3 1 " (Master's thesis, University of Colorado, 1931), 82.

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By the time most of the mission schools closed near the end of the century, the evangelicals claimed that they had taught more than 50,000 Mormon children in their schools.6 This was probably a cumulative, rather than an individual, number. The Presbyterians opened their first missionary work in Utah in 1869 at Corinne, a non-Mormon town on the Central Pacific Railroad near the north end of Great Salt Lake. Two years later a church was established in Salt Lake City. By the close of the territorial period, twenty-five years later, twelve churches and forty-nine schools had been in operation in Utah, although not all of them had functioned at the same time. As many as sixty-five imported teachers and nineteen missionary-ministers had worked in the missions among the Mormons at one time. More than $1 million had been invested in their educationalmissionary effort. Methodists had also started their work in Corinne in 1869 and then invaded the Mormon centers. A quarter of a century later they had operated twenty-six schools with twenty-nine teachers at the height of their expansion, and had forty-one churches or preaching stations staffed by twenty-two missionary ministers or pastors in the Mormon communities. Their total membership was 1,440 in 1895.7 Methodist expenditures were in excess of $600,000. Congregational missionary work among the Mormons opened in Salt Lake in the spring of 1874, when the regular missionary board of the church, the American Home Missionary Society, entered the field. In 1880 an independent group, The New West Education Commission, which functioned within the framework of the Congregational Church, took over most of the schools already established and proceeded to establish more of its own. At its greatest extent, twenty-eight schools and forty-eight teachers were serving the missionary effort. About fifteen congregations had been established, presided over by ten pastors in 1893.8 Expenditures were in excess of $625,000. It was not until 1881 that the Baptist Church commenced permanent missionary work in Utah, although some efforts had been made as early as 1871. At the close of the territorial period the Baptists reported only four schools and nine churches in Utah, with ten teachers and eight 6 Herbert Reherd, "An Outline History of the Protestant Church in Utah," in Sutton, Utah, A Centennial History, II, 687. 7 Religious Denominations, Ecclesiastical History of Utah, 271. 8 Ibid.

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pastors at their greatest period of expansion. Their investment was about $230,000 and their membership numbered 478 persons, 9 Lutherans were late arriving in Utah. Their first church was established in Salt Lake City in 1882, and in Ogden the second church was commenced in 1888. An Icelandic Lutheran Church was organized and a chapel built in Spanish Fork in 1892. Only one school was operated, and that in Salt Lake, for a few years. T h e total membership of the two 9 T. Edgar Lyon, "Evangelical Protestant Missionary Activities in Mormon Dominated Areas: 1865-1900" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of U t a h , 1962), 210.

B'Nai Israel Temple, 249 South Fourth East, was erected, dedicated, and consecrated in 1891. The Auerbach family, members of the B'Nai Israel Congregation, brought a nephew, Philip Meyer, an architect, from Germany to draw plans for the new synagogue. The temple of Byzantine architecture is a replica of the famous Jewish temple in Berlin. (Left) The First Methodist Church first held services in Salt Lake City on May 22, 1870, in an unfinished hay loft of a livery stable at 32 East Second South. The following year construction began on a church at 33 East Third South. Services were held in this church for over thirty years until the church pictured here was constructed at 203 South Second East. On May 22, 1906, the church was dedicated, and over the years has undergone many additions and changes to the original structure. (Right) UTAH STATE DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT SERVICES (ROBERT MCCREA)

- . â&#x20AC;˘;: v-watlBiS ja^f,)ihrnffl \i\ iTfiTr Tl "^IT

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Lutheran Synods functioning in Utah in 1896 was less than two hundred. The Lutheran investment was approximately $60,000.10 The last of the evangelical groups to establish itself in Utah was the Christian Church (also having groups known as the Church of Christ and the Church of the Disciples of Christ). This movement had its origin primarily in the work of Alexander Campbell and Barton W. Stone during the first third of the nineteenth century. The church in Salt Lake City was organized in 1890. The following year a congregation was organized in Ogden, but soon disintegrated because of not being able to sustain a minister. The territorial period closed with but one active congregation of this denomination, numbering fewer than one hundred. Its Utah investment was approximately $35,000. As the years passed, the evangelical churches seemed to crystallize their attitude toward the Mormons around four major concepts. Unable to unite in their Christian endeavors on anything except their distrust of Mormonism, which they viewed as a national menace to Christianity, they announced their determination to arouse American public opinion and thus block any attempt of Utah to acquire statehood: (1) until the territory had adopted a tax-supported, free public school system, which would be removed from ecclesiastical control; (2) until the Mormon Church agreed to abolish plural marriage, or polygamy as the nonMormons denominated it; (3) until the territory abolished the marked ballot in elections, which they claimed gave the L.D.S. Church a means of determining how anyone in the territory voted in territorial elections; and (4) until the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints would guarantee the separation of church and state in Utah politics. United on these principles, the evangelical churches generated a great amount of anti-Mormon propaganda throughout the country through their constituent churches. Their members sent petitions containing millions of names to Congress, demanding legislation to correct these situations which they felt were incompatible with American democracy. They were convinced, judging from their press releases, that their efforts had been among the most powerful factors in the passage of the Edmunds Law in 1882, and even more important in the enactment of the more drastic Edmunds-Tucker Law of 1887. By 1895 all four of these goals had nominally been obtained, and the churches found themselves without a common cause in their crusade against the Mormon Church. With Utah admitted to the sisterhood of 10

Ibid., 247.

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states in 1896, a new era dawned for the evangelical churches as well as the L.D.S. Church. R E A D J U S T M E N T ACTIVITIES,

1890-1910

From 1890 to 1910 the M o r m o n Church, the largest of all the religious groups in Utah, with a membership of perhaps eighty per cent of the population, readjusted and reoriented its religious teachings and practices in many areas. Perhaps its greatest adjustment was accommodating itself to the abolition of plural marriage as a basic practice of the church. Opposition rose within its ranks and the seeds of the later "Fundamentalism" began to appear as those unwilling to accept the new interpretation c o n t i n u e d to a d v o c a t e a n d p r a c t i c e p l u r a l marriage regardless of the publicly announced policy of the church. Economically the L.D.S. Church entered upon a new era. I n 1895 the church appeared to be hopelessly in debt. U n d e r President Lorenzo Snow methods were adopted to materially increase the financial resources of the church. U n d e r his leadership the outstanding bonds commenced to be paid off, first by selling replacement bonds locally rather than in eastern or western markets, and secondly by a renewed emphasis on the payment of tithing. President Joseph F. Smith continued these wise fiscal policies, a n d on December 31, 1906, the church retired the last million dollars in bonds. At the April conference in 1907, President Smith was able to announce the church was out of debt and operating on a cash basis. T h e church then started accumulating a surplus, which enabled it to adopt the policy of paying the return transportation of its missionaries. A new era, characterized by the building of hospitals, schools, and chapels, few of which had been constructed in the previous quarter of a century, was inaugurated. Politically, the church effected a great change in abolishing the oneparty system which h a d existed in the territory. Quite effectively the membership divided fairly evenly on national party lines, so that henceforth Jews, Catholics, Mormons, and evangelical Protestants would associate together in political activities. T h e separation of church and state posed another challenge. This topic is one which is still under investigation and one which must be dealt with in greater length at a later time. During these twenty years the Jewish community, the Unitarian Society, the R o m a n Catholics, and the Protestant Episcopal Church followed much the same course that h a d characterized their activities

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since they first entered the Territory of Utah. Each had enjoyed a steady growth, although small, drawn primarily from members of their denominations migrating to Utah. All were, however, small minority groups. As new industries were established, there was an increasing influx of nonMormon people into Utah. Many of these joined the local parishes and took an active part in promoting their respective faiths. This was especially true of the Jewish groups in Salt Lake who were able to establish another synagogue so the divergent elements of that ancient faith could enjoy two forms of ritual according to their Orthodox or Reformed inclinations. Ogden was able to establish a congregation and employ a rabbi during this period. Increased mining and smelting activities brought many Roman Catholics into Utah. The vigorous Bishop Scanlan founded parish chapels at Price and Tooele, and in addition established several missionary stations for serving the sacraments. In 1899 he undertook the erection of the present magnificent Cathedral of the Madeleine as the bishop's church for the Salt Lake Diocese. By December of 1907, the building had progressed sufficiently to abandon the old church of St. Mary Magdalene and move into the basement of the new edifice. It was dedicated in 1909 as a worthy cathedral for what was at that time the most extensive diocese in the United States. Bishop Scanlan recognized a need among his flock, a large portion of whom were engaged in mining and smelting, for a hospital to care for the injured, nursing facilities for the disabled and aged miners, and an orphanage for the bereft children. Simultaneously with the erection of the cathedral he embarked on the construction of an orphanage. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Kearns generously backed this much needed institution, and Kearns St. Ann's Orphanage was opened and almost immediately filled. The facilities of the Holy Cross Hospital were also expanded, but could not take care of the disabled miners and the civilian population. Largely through the generosity of Mrs, Mary Judge, the Judge Memorial Home for aged and ailing miners was opened in 1910. New safety devices and regulations in the mining industry reduced the need for such an institution shortly thereafter, but it is indicative of the untiring efforts put forth by the diocesan bishop, the priests, Sisters of the Holy Cross, and the parishioners to apply Christian teachings to the unfortunate victims of the contemporary industrial world. 11 11

Sutton, Utah, A Centennial astical History of Utah, 217.

History,

I I , 2 7 0 - 9 0 , a n d Religious Denominations,

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The Unitarian Society, the smallest of all the religious bodies, had struggled along for years in rented buildings without the means to acquire suitable headquarters. In 1903 this society constructed and moved into Unity Hall, its first chapel. In 1896, in keeping with a policy then followed by the U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, the federal government allocated Indian reservations to various churches. Bishop Abiel Leonard of the Protestant Episcopal Church assumed responsibility for the spiritual well-being of those dwelling on the Uintah Reservation. A chapel was built at Randlett and a priest stationed there. In 1904, when the government school was moved to Whiterocks, a chapel and station were erected at that agency. The Emery House, adjacent to the University of Utah campus, was dedicated in 1910 by the Episcopal Church. It was the gift of a widow of a wealthy mining man and was constructed to care for both the physical and spiritual needs of out-of-town students attending the University of Utah. It also hoped to provide a spiritual environment for those seeking such on the University campus. In 1910 it was the only religiously sponsored institution in the vicinity of the University. This and the Indian school were big undertakings as the Episcopal membership was small â&#x20AC;&#x201D; as late as 1947 it was only 2,784, and probably numbered not more than half that in 1910.12 For the evangelical Protestant churches, the period from 1890 to 1910 was quite different from the social and religious expansion of the Jews, Roman Catholics, and Episcopalians. T h e evangelical groups had developed very expansive school p r o g r a m s , which depended almost entirely on contributions from mission boards and private individuals. The funds raised locally were negligible. In 1893 the great economic panic produced a crisis in church finances in the United States, and the various church administrative units were forced to reduce expenditures. They decided to invest their money only where it was producing some visible results. T h e evangelical schools in Utah were subjected to careful scrutiny, and the few converts made from among the Mormons could not justify the continued outlay of money. A committee of the Methodist Church, after making an investigation of the total impact of the evangelical churches on Mormonism reported: So far as converting the Mormons is concerned money has been largely wasted. If 200 real Mormons have been changed into' real evangelical Christians during the time we have been unable to discover them. 13 12

Sutton, Utah, A Centennial History, II, 662-67; Religious Denominations, Ecclesiastical History of Utah, 217. 13 Henry Martin Merkel, History of Methodism in Utah (Colorado Springs, 1938), 213-15.

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Retrenchment started immediately. The smaller schools were abandoned, and with them, the small churches and preaching stations were closed. The Methodist, Presbyterian, and Congregational boards had operated academies (later known as high schools) in Salt Lake City, Mt. Pleasant, Springville, Logan, Ogden, Provo, Beaver, Nephi, Park City, and Lehi. Only one of the three such institutions that operated in Salt Lake City survived the readjustment period. Neither of the Ogden schools survived, and the one in Logan carried on for only a few years after 1910. The Wasatch Academy at Mt. Pleasant is the only school south of Salt Lake City which survived the economy move by the mission boards. The Presbyterians had operated an academy in Salt Lake, the Salt Lake Collegiate Institute, since the 1870's. In 1895 and 1896 Dr. Sheldon Jackson, who had formerly been superintendent of Presbyterian missions in the Intermountain Area, agreed to turn over a legacy he had received to establish a Presbyterian college in Salt Lake City. A board of directors was chosen, a president selected, and the new institution was designated as Sheldon Jackson College. A large tract of land in the southeast section of the city was donated by a local Presbyterian for the proposed school. A portion of it was laid off in lots and a national real estate promotion scheme organized whereby lots were given free to donors who contributed a minimum amount. Advertisements appeared in the leading Presbyterian periodicals and in the interdenominational Christian Herald. The nature of the advertisements was a resurrection of the anti-Mormon propaganda with which the evangelical churches had raised money to support their schools ten years earlier. The headlines of one of these advertisements read: AN APPEAL FOR W O M A N H O O D MORALITY AND CHRISTIAN EDUCATION COLLEGE T O F I G H T POLYGAMY AND SAVE M O R M O N GIRLS F R O M POLYGAMOUS SLAVERY AND DEBACHERY 1 4

Dr. Jackson carried on a voluminous correspondence -â&#x20AC;&#x201D; much of it on Department of the Interior letterhead as he was an official of the Indian Service, as well as being Presbyterian Missionary superintendent for Alaska â&#x20AC;&#x201D; asking for donations. He addressed one of the Vanderbilt girls of New York, who had been a regular donor to his Alaskan Indian 14 Presbyterian Banner (Pittsburgh), November 18, 1899. T h e "Sheldon Jackson Scrap Book," I I I , at Westminster College Library in Salt Lake City contains many of these scareheadline advertisements.

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

The first hospital operated by the Sisters of the Holy Cross in Salt Lake City was housed in this adobe building on Fifth East between South Temple and First South streets. The hospital opened in October of 1875 and could accommodate thirteen patients. The present site of Holy Cross Hospital (between Tenth and Eleventh East on First South) was purchased in 1881. By June of 1883 the nucleus of the Holy Cross Hospital of today was ready to accommodate 125 patients. Today the hospital can care for 380 patients. St. Mark's Hospital (803 North Second West), an affiliate of the Episcopal Church, was established in April 1872 on the corner of Fourth South and Fifth East. The hospital accommodated six patients. Four years later the hospital moved one block north where it doubled its capacity to twelve beds. In 1879 the hospital moved to its present location, and through additions to the original structure it can now accommodate 260 patients.

missions. The letter indicates his sincere conviction that Utah needed education, but also is indicative of his ignorance concerning the real situation in Utah. He wrote: T h e r e is n o section of the Globe â&#x20AC;&#x201D; there is n o people â&#x20AC;&#x201D; there is n o heathenism existing where God is so dishonored as in U t a h by the M o r mons, hence the need for m o r e money, m o r e prayer a n d m o r e faith. Y o u like myself h a v e largely a family of daughters. W h a t have they been saved from by being born a n d brought u p in Christian homes! C a n w e better testify our gratitude, t h a n by trying to create Christian homes in U t a h , where the religious condition of women is beyond expression? 1 5

In spite of such appeals, the money was not forthcoming. The national Presbyterian Mission Board condemned the real estate promotion technique. Apparently the people in the East were convinced that the "Mormon Menace" propaganda which had been so effective a decade or two earlier was not as menacing as they had formerly believed. The college was not established. Out of the movement, however, Westminster College emerged in 1902. Another area in which the evangelical churches manifested a determination to wage a crusade against the L.D.S. Church in the period following statehood, was that of theology. In April of 1897, the Presbytery of Utah adopted ten resolutions against Mormon doctrines. These ^ Jackson to Mrs. Elliot F. Shepherd, January 1, 1897, in "Sheldon Jackson Scrap Book," II, 89-93.

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were published in pamphlet form under the heading "Ten Reasons Why Christians Cannot Fellowship the Mormon Church." The Congregational Association of Utah placed its stamp of approval on these resolutions on October 14th of the same year and joined in its distribution. Apparently these two churches were still convinced that the Mormons and Christians could not cooperate nor have fellowship one with the other. The election of B. H. Roberts, a known polygamist, to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1898 was not only a political problem, but one heavily weighted with religious implications. With the financial and moral support of the evangelical ministers of Utah, who drew up a petition of protest against his seating, Dr. Thomas C. Iliff, Methodist superintendent for Utah, traveled throughout the nation urging Christian people to demand that their congressmen vote to deny Roberts a seat in the national legislature. When Roberts was deprived of his congressional office, the evangelicals thought their campaign had been one of the most powerful factors in this action. Because of the effort he had spent in this campaign, Iliff was promoted by his church to a coveted position on one of the national Methodist boards. In 1903 when Reed Smoot was elected to the Senate, the Christian evangelicals of Utah organized for a similar defeat for Smoot. Dr. John L. Leilich, who had succeeded Reverend T. C. Iliff, attempted the same thing Iliff had done. He toured the country, proclaiming Smoot to be a polygamist and demanding that he be refused admission to the Senate. His charges, however, were not proved, and he and every Methodist minister in Utah, except two who had refused to support his crusade, were replaced by men who were instructed to stay out of politics.16 The Baptists entered the Roberts contest in a different manner. They circulated two flyleaves entitled "The Mormon Octopus." Each had a map of the United States showing an octopus with its head in Utah, but its tentacles extending into Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Nevada. Its massage was that the Mormon Church had a stranglehold on the Intermountain Region and was destroying American freedom. Below the m a p and the octopus, one of the flyleaves contained a purported pro-polygamous hymn, which it claimed the Mormons sang, beseeching God to destroy Congress for passing anti-polygamous bills. The other handbill, in place of the hymn, had a drawing of what it proclaimed to be the Great Seal of the State of Utah. Around 16

Merkel, Methodism in Utah, 77, 121-22.

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the outer edge of the seal were the words, "Utah for Mormons Only." In the center of the seal was the inscription "In Polygamy We Trust." The impact of these leaflets apparently was almost nil, and the evangelical churches in Utah commenced to see that their strength could not come from attacking the L.D.S. Church but would have to arise from building on a solid foundation by developing a stronger Christian community life among the denominations. With one unsuccessful exception, which occurred immediately following 1910, such attempts to return to the nineteenth century religious practices were abandoned. The evangelical Christian churches of Utah from 1890 to 1910 were going through a transition period which had not led them to a solution of their problem of expanding their religious services in Utah. A number of attempts had been made to produce cooperation among them, but they were not yet ready to readjust their denominational consciousness to the extent they could unite their efforts to expand their usefulness. They were trying to maintain three and four competitive denominations in small Mormon towns where the combined non-Mormon population was too small to support effectively one Protestant church. The hope of supporting three Protestant churches in such places as Lehi, Monroe, Scipio, Midway, Parowan, Millville, Moroni, and Benjamin was preposterous, but they persisted in the attempt. It was not until 1915 that the Protestant churches of Utah formed the Home Missions Council.17 By this cooperative arrangement it was agreed that no church would establish a church in a community where another was already functioning. Furthermore, the weaker churches were urged to move out of the small towns and leave the largest there to take care of the religious needs of the populace. It was also agreed that if a person moved from one town to another where there was no congregation of his denomination, his membership would be transferred to whatever church existed in that town. The idea of a community church was commencing to grow. This technique has enabled the evangelical churches to establish flourishing churches in many of the small Utah towns which they could not have done by competing for members and thus dividing the potential flock. Denominational consciousness was too strong until after the first decade of the twentieth century to achieve this logical solution to their problem. At the close of the period under discussion some noticeable changes had taken place in the religious climate of Utah. Tax supported free " D i t m a r s , "Baptist Missions in U t a h , " 90. Miss Ditmars gives the date as 1915, but some denominations date it a year or two earlier.

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public schools had become a reality; plural marriage had been officially abolished in 1890; the marked ballot had been replaced by the secret ballot; and the separation of church and state had been written into the state constitution. In contrast to the situation a half century earlier, when non-Mormons first commenced their missionary efforts, the Jews, Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, Unitarians, and Evangelical Protestants had sunk their roots deep in the soil of Utah. Although their parishes and congregations were neither numerous nor large in numbers, they were firmly grounded, some having become self-supporting and no longer mere missions of their respective national organizations. Their members were actively participating in the social, economic, political, and religious life of their communities. They were to be found cooperating with the Mormons in civic endeavors, moral problems, and community projects.

. . . Pres. Brigham Young having tendered the use of the Tabernacle to the Rev. Mr. Vaux, chaplain at Fort Laramie, he held service according to the form and order of the Episcopal Church, Dr. Forney reading the responses . . . . {Deseret News [Salt Lake City], June 19, 1859.)

Tribute to Stanley S. Ivins Notes on Mormon Polygamy BY STANLEY S. IVINS

Utah Historical Quarterly

quiet, unassuming man, schooled in animal-husbandry, but reared in a home where philosophy, religion, and politics were common fare, Stanley S. Ivins (1891-1967) has left his mark on his society. Although not a trained historian, Stanley Ivins will long be remembered for his work in this area by friends and scholars of Mormon history. His writing was not extensive, but his articles that did appear in print have made significant contributions to the knowledge of Utah and Mormon history. Stanley Ivins' written contributions include the following: The Moses Thatcher Case (Salt Lake City: Modern Microfilm, 1964) ; "Anthony W. Ivins," The Instructor, 78-79 (November, 1943-August, 1944) ; "A Constitution for Utah," Utah Historical Quarterly, XXV (April, 1957); "Free Schools Come to Utah," Utah Historical Quarterly, X X I I (October, 1954); "Deseret Alphabet," Utah Humanities Review, I (July, 1947) ; "Notes on Mormon Polygamy," The Western Humanities Review, X (Summer, 1956); History of Brigham Young, by William L. Knecht, reviewed in Utah Historical Quarterly, 33 (Spring, 1965); Isn't One Wife Enough? by Kimball Young, reviewed in Pacific Historical Review (November, 1954) ; and The Twenty-Seventh Wife, by Irving Wallace, reviewed in Utah Historical Quarterly, X X I X (Summer, 1961). Perhaps Stanley's greatest service to history has been the generous assistance he has given to other scholars. For the past dozen years, Stanley Ivins has been a faithful visitor to the Library and Archives of the Utah State Historical Society. Scarcely a week went by when Stanley did not "hold court" for the numerous students working on Utah subjects for books, dissertations, theses, or merely to satisfy a curiosity or problem of Utah history. Whatever the status of the knowledge seeker, he found a helpful mentor in Stanley Ivins. He was extremely generous with his time and his accumulated knowledge â&#x20AC;&#x201D;- dispensing both with no thought that he was being mined by others who stood to benefit from his years of collecting information. And Stanley was a veritable storehouse of information on Utah and Mormon history. For a good part of his life he had accumulated notes, correspondence, memorandums, and books which he digested thoroughly. Not trusting entirely to memory, Stanley methodically compiled an index to his notebook materials which he had copied from various manuscripts, rare books, and library resources across the nation. His card index is a fruitful subject guide to a wealth of information about Utah and the Mormons.

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And Stanley acting in his characteristically generous manner willed his library of more than 1,000 books and pamphlets, his notebooks and index, and private family records to the Library of the Utah State Historical Society. While Stanley S. Ivins, the son of Anthony W. and Elizabeth Snow Ivins died on Wednesday, July 5, 1967, and will be missed by all of his many friends at the Society, he will not be forgotten. His strong sense of serving the cause of history by willing his library to the Society will permit the present generation and future ones to continue to benefit from his accumulated knowledge. The Society gratefully pays its respects to the memory of Stanley S. Ivins, scholar, servant, and friend of Utah history. In recognition of his numerous contributions to Utah history, the Society had planned to award Stanley Ivins the highest award granted by the Society for years of service to history beyond the ordinary call of duty â&#x20AC;&#x201D; an Honorary Life Membership. Since his death occurred prior to the 1967 Annual Meeting when this award was to have been presented, the Board of the Society unanimously voted to withhold the granting of any Honorary Life Membership this year out of respect for Stanley. At the same time it was agreed that one of his articles should be reprinted in the Utah Historical Quarterly. Originally published in the Western Humanities Review, Volume X (Summer, 1956), "Notes on Mormon Polygamy" has enjoyed an enthusiastic reception from scholars. The limited circulation of the Review of 1956 suggested that the wider audience of the Quarterly would enjoy and benefit from the article's reprinting. We have, therefore, printed the article exactly as it appeared in the Review. In this way we once again pay tribute to Stan.

Notes on Mormon Polygamy BY S T A N L E Y S . I V I N S

ime was when, in the popular mind, Mormonism meant only polygamy.1 It was assumed that every Mormon man was a practical or theoretical polygamist. This was a misconception, like the widespread belief that Mormons grew horns, for there were always many of these 1 "Polygamy" is used here rather than the technically correct "polygyny" because it is the term generally employed to designate this Mormon experiment in marriage.

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Latter-day Saints who refused to go along with the doctrine of "plurality of wives." It was accepted by only a few of the more than fifty churches or factions which grew out of the revelations of the prophet Joseph Smith. Principal advocate of the doctrine was the Utah church, which far outnumbered all other branches of Mormonism. And strongest opposition from within Mormondom came from the second largest group, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, with headquarters at Independence, Missouri. This strange experiment in family relations extended over a period of approximately sixty-five years. It was professedly inaugurated on April 5, 1841, in a cornfield outside the city of Nauvoo, Illinois, with the sealing of Louisa Beaman to Joseph Smith. And it was brought to an official end by a resolution adopted at the 74th Annual Conference of the Utah church, on April 4, 1904. Since that time, those who have persisted in carrying on with it have been excommunicated. But the project was openly and energetically prosecuted during only about forty years. For the first ten years the new doctrine was kept pretty well under wraps, and it was not until the fall of 1852 that it was openly avowed and the Saints were told that only those who embraced it could hope for the highest exaltation in the resurrection. And during the fifteen years prior to 1904, there were only a few privately solemnized plural marriages. So it might be said that the experiment was ten years in embryo, enjoyed a vigorous life of forty years, and took fifteen years to die. The extent to which polygamy was practiced in Utah will probably never be known. Plural marriages were not publicly recorded, and there is little chance that any private records which might have been kept will ever be revealed. Curious visitors to Utah in the days when polygamy was flourishing were usually told that about one-tenth of the people actually practiced it. Since the abandonment of the principle this estimate has been revised downward. A recent official published statement by the Mormon church said: "The practice of plural marriage has never been general in the Church and at no time have more than three per cent of families in the Church been polygamous." This estimate was apparently based upon testimony given during the investigation into the right of Reed Smoot to retain his seat in the United States Senate. A high church official, testifying there, referred to the 1882 report of the Utah Commission, which said that application of the antipolygamy laws had disfranchised approximately 12,000 persons in Utah. The witness declared that, since at least two-thirds of these must have been women, there remained no more than

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4,000 polygamists, which he believed constituted less than two per cent of the church population. The error of setting heads of families against total church membership is obvious. Using the same report, Senator Dubois concluded that twenty-three per cent of Utah Mormons over eighteen years of age were involved in polygamy. Later on in the Smoot hearing the same church official testified that a careful census, taken in 1890, revealed that there were 2,451 plural families in the United States. This suggests that, at that time, ten per cent or more of the Utah Mormons might have been involved in polygamy. Of more than 6,000 Mormon families, sketches of which are found in a huge volume published in 1913, between fifteen and twenty per cent appear to have been polygamous,2 And a history of Sanpete and Emery counties contains biographical sketches of 722 men, of whom 12.6 per cent married more than one woman. 3 From information obtainable from all available sources, it appears that there may have been a time when fifteen, or possibly twenty, per cent of the Mormon families of Utah were polygamous. This leaves the great majority of the Saints delinquent in their obligation to the principle of plurality of wives. While the small proportion of Mormons who went into polygamy may not necessarily be a true measure of its popularity, there is other evidence that they were not anxious to rush into it, although they were constantly reminded of its importance to their salvation. A tabulation, by years, of about 2,500 polygamous marriages, covering the whole period of this experiment, reveals some interesting facts. It indicates that, until the death of the prophet Joseph Smith in the summer of 1844, the privilege of taking extra wives was pretty well monopolized by him and a few of his trusted disciples. Following his death and the assumption of leadership by the Twelve Apostles under Brigham Young, there was a noticeable increase in plural marriages. This may be accounted for by the fact that, during the winter of 1845-1846, the Nauvoo Temple was finished to a point where it could be used for the performance of sacred rites and ordinances. For a few weeks before their departure in search of a refuge in the Rocky Mountains, the Saints worked feverishly at their sealings and endowments. As part of this religious activity, the rate of polygamous marrying rose to a point it was not again to reach for ten years. It then fell off sharply and remained low until the stimulation given by the public announcement, in the fall of 2 3

Frank Esshom, Pioneers and Prominent Men of Utah (Salt Lake City, 1913). W. H. Lever, History of Sanpete and Emery Counties, Utah (Ogden, 1898).

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1852, that polygamy was an essential tenet of the church. This spurt was followed by a sharp decline over the next few years. Beginning in the fall of 1856 and during a good part of the following year, the Utah Mormons were engaged in the greatest religious revival of their history. To the fiery and sometimes intemperate exhortations of their leaders, they responded with fanatical enthusiasm, which at times led to acts of violence against those who were slow to repent. There was a general confession of sins and renewal of covenants through baptism, people hastened to return articles "borrowed" from their neighbors, and men who had not before given a thought to the matter began looking for new wives. And, as one of the fruits of "the Reformation," plural marriages skyrocketed to a height not before approached and never again to be reached. If our tabulation is a true index, there were sixty-five per cent more of such marriages during 1856 and 1857 than in any other two years of this experiment. With the waning of the spirit of reformation, the rate of polygamous marrying dropped in 1858 to less than a third and in 1859 to less than a fifth of what it was in 1857. This decline continued until 1862, when Congress, responding to the clamor of alarmists, enacted a law prohibiting bigamy in Utah and other territories. The answer of the Mormons to this rebuke was a revival of plural marrying to a point not previously reached except during the gala years of the Reformation. The next noticeable acceleration in the marriage rate came in 1868 and 1869 and coincided with the inauguration of a boycott against the Gentile merchants and the organization of an anti-Mormon political party. But this increased activity was short-lived and was followed by a slump lasting for a dozen years. By 1881 polygamous marrying had fallen to almost its lowest ebb since the public avowal of the doctrine of plurality. With the passage of the Edmunds Act of 1882, which greatly strengthened the anti-polygamy laws, the government began its first serious effort to suppress the practice of polygamy. The Mormons responded with their last major revival of polygamous activity, which reached its height in 1884 and 1885. But, with hundreds of polygamists imprisoned and most of the church leaders driven into exile to avoid arrest, resistance weakened and there was a sudden decline in marriages, which culminated in formal capitulation in the fall of 1890. This was the end, except for a few under-cover marriages during the ensuing fifteen years, while the experiment was in its death throes.

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If there is any significance in this chronicle of polygamous marrying, it is in the lack of evidence that the steady growth of the Utah church was accompanied by a corresponding increase in the number of such marriages. The story is rather one of sporadic outbursts of enthusiasm, followed by relapses, with the proportion of the Saints living in polygamy steadily falling. And it appears to be more than chance that each outbreak of fervor coincided with some revivalist activity within the church or with some menace from without. It is evident that, far from looking upon plural marriage as a privilege to be made the most of, the rank and file Mormons accepted it as one of the onerous obligations of church membership. Left alone, they were prone to neglect it, and it always took some form of pressure to stir them to renewed zeal. The number of wives married by the men who practiced polygamy offers further evidence of lack of enthusiasm for the principle. A common mistaken notion was that most polygamists maintained large harems, an idea which can be attributed to the publicity given the few men who went in for marrying on a grand scale. Joseph Smith was probably the most married of these men. The number of his wives can only be guessed at, but it might have gone as high as sixty or more. Brigham Young is usually credited with only twenty-seven wives, but he was sealed to more than twice that many living women, and to at least 150 more who had died. Heber C. Kimball had forty-five living wives, a number of them elderly ladies who never lived with him. No one else came close to these three men in the point of marrying. John D. Lee gave the names of his nineteen wives, but modestly explained that, "as I was married to old Mrs. Woolsey for her soul's sake, and she was near sixty years old when I married her, I never considered her really as a wife. . . . That is the reason that I claim only eighteen true wives." And, by taking fourteen wives, Jens Hansen earned special mention in the Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, which said: "Of all the Scandinavian brethren who figured prominently in the Church Bro. Hansen distinguished himself by marrying more wives than any other of his countrymen in modern times." Orson Pratt, who was chosen to deliver the first public discourse on the subject of plural marriage and became its most able defender, had only ten living wives, but on two days, a week apart, he was sealed for eternity to more than two hundred dead women. But these men with many wives were the few exceptions to the rule. Of 1,784 polygamists, 66.3 per cent married only one extra wife. Another

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Brigham Young (1801-1877), grew up with little formal education, but was trained in carpentry. He joined the Mormon Church in April of 1832, was made an apostle in 1835, and before 1844 had advanced to president of that quorum. After the death of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young was named leader of the church at a general meeting of the membership held August 8, 1844, but he was not formally sustained as president until December 27, 1847.

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Heber Chase Kimball (1801-1868), blacksmith and potter by trade, was an effective proselyter for the Mormon Church â&#x20AC;&#x201D; baptizing thousands of converts in England. He accepted plural marriage reluctantly, but became the most married man in the church. On December 5, 1857, when Brigham Young was sustained president of the Mormon Church by the Twelve Apostles, Heber C. Kimball was made first counselor, a position he held the remainder of his life.

21.2 per cent were three-wife men, and 6.7 per cent went as far as to take four wives. This left a small group of less than six per cent who married five or more women. T h e typical polygamist, far from being the insatiable male of popular fable, was a dispassionate fellow, content to call a halt after marrying the one extra wife required to assure him of his chance at salvation. Another false conception was that polygamists were bearded patriarchs who continued marrying young girls as long as they were able to hobble about. It is true that Brigham Young took a young wife when he was sixty-seven years old and a few others followed his example, but such marriages were not much more common with the Mormons t h a n among other groups. Of 1,229 polygamists, more than ten per cent married

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Polygamy

-ÂŁ"*â&#x20AC;˘

John D. Lee (1812-1877), joined the Mormon Church in 1838. The second adopted son of Brigham Young, he participated as an important leader in the Mormon migration of 1848 to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake and played a major role in the exploration and settlement of southern Utah in the 1850's. On March 23, 1877, John D. Lee was executed at Mountain Meadows for his part in the massacre which occurred there September 11, 1857.

Orson Pratt (1811-1881), one of the most intellectual leaders of the Mormon Church, filled many missions and wrote extensively in defense of his faith. In 1835 he was ordained an apostle. In addition to fifteen religious pamphlets, Orson Pratt published books on mathematics, astrology, and calculus. He was also a territorial legislator and served seven times as speaker of the House, edited the Millennial Star (1848-57), and in 1874 was appointed historian and general church recorder.

their last wives while still in their twenties, and more than one half of them before arriving at the still lusty age of forty years. Not one in five took a wife after reaching his fiftieth year. T h e average age at which the group ceased marrying was forty years. T h e r e appears to be more basis in fact for the reports that polygamists were likely to choose their wives from among the young girls who might bear them many children. Of 1,348 women selected as plural wives, thirty-eight per cent were in their teens, sixty-seven per cent were under twenty-five and only thirty per cent over thirty years of age. A few had passed forty and about one in a hundred had, like John D. Lee's old Mrs. Woolsey, seen her fiftieth birthday.

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T h e r e were a few notable instances of high speed marrying among the polygamists. Whatever the n u m b e r of Joseph Smith's wives, he must have married them all over a period of thirty-nine months. A n d Brigham Young took eight wives in a single month, four of them on the same day. But only a few enthusiasts indulged in such rapid marrying. As a rule it proceeded at a much less hurried pace. Not one plural marriage in ten followed a previous marriage by less t h a n a year. T h e composite polygamist was first married at the age of twenty-three to a girl of twenty. Thirteen years later he took a plural wife, choosing a twenty-two-year-old girl. T h e chances were two to one that, having demonstrated his acceptance of the principle of plurality, h e was finished with marrying. If, however, h e took a third wife, he waited four years, then selected another girl of twenty-two. T h e odds were now three to one against his taking a fourth wife, but if he did so, he waited another four years, and once more chose a twenty-two-year-old girl, although he h a d now reached the ripe age of forty-four. I n case he decided to add a fifth wife, he waited only two years, and this time the lady of his choice was twenty-one years old. This was the end of his marrying, unless he belonged to a three per cent minority. Available records offer no corroboration of the accusation that many polygamous marriages were incestuous. They do, however, suggest the source of such reports, in the surprisingly common practice of marrying sisters. T h e custom was initiated by Joseph Smith, among whose wives were at least three pairs of sisters. His example was followed by H e b e r C. Kimball, whose forty-five wives included Clarissa and Emily Cutler, A m a n d a and Anna Gheen, Harriet a n d Ellen Sanders, H a n n a h and Dorothy Moon, and Laura a n d Abigail Pitkin. Brigham Young honored the precedent by marrying the Decker sisters, Lucy and Clara, and the Bigelow girls, M a r y and Lucy. A n d J o h n D. Lee told how he married the three Woolsey sisters, Agatha Ann, Rachel and Andora and rounded out the family circle by having their mother sealed to him for her soul's sake. Among his other wives were the Young sisters, Polly and Lovina, sealed to h i m on the same evening. T h e popularity of this custom is indicated by t h e fact that of 1,642 polygamists, ten per cent married one or more pairs of sisters. While marrying sisters could have been a simple matter of propinquity, there probably was some method in it. M a n y a m a n went into polygamy reluctantly, fully aware of its hazards. Knowing that his double family must live in one small home, a n d realizing that the peace of his household would hinge upon the congeniality between its two mistresses,

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he might well hope that if they were sisters the chances for domestic tranquility would be more even. And a wife, consenting to share her husband with another, could not be blamed for asking that he choose her sister, instead of bringing home a strange woman. Ill The fruits of this experiment in polygamy are not easy to appraise. In defense of their marriage system, the Mormons talked much about the benefits it would bring. By depriving husbands of an excuse for seeking extra-marital pleasures, and by making it possible for every woman to marry, it was to solve the problem of the "social evil" by eliminating professional prostitution and other adulterous activities. It was to furnish healthy tabernacles for the countless spirits, waiting anxiously to assume their earthly bodies. It was to build up a "righteous generation" of physically and intellectually superior individuals. It was to enhance the glory of the polygamist through a posterity so numerous that, in the course of eternity, he might become the god of a world peopled by his descendants. And there was another blessing in store for men who lived this principle. Heber C. Kimball, Brigham Young's chief lieutenant, explained it this way: I would not be afraid to promise a m a n w h o is sixty years of age, if h e will take the counsel of brother Brigham a n d his brethren, t h a t h e will renew his age. I have noticed t h a t a m a n w h o has but o n e wife, a n d is inclined to t h a t doctrine, soon begins to wither a n d dry u p , while a m a n who goes into plurality looks fresh, young and sprightly. W h y is this? Because God loves t h a t m a n , and because he honors His work a n d word. Some of you m a y not believe this; but I not only believe it â&#x20AC;&#x201D; I also know it. F o r a m a n of God to be confined to one w o m a n is small business; for it is as m u c h as we can do now to keep u p u n d e r the burdens we h a v e to carry; a n d I do not know w h a t we should do if we h a d only one wife apiece. 4

It does appear that Mormon communities of the polygamous era were comparatively free from the evils of professional prostitution. But this can hardly be attributed to the fact that a few men, supposedly selected for their moral superiority, were permitted to marry more than one wife. It might better be credited to the common teaching that adultery was a sin so monstrous that there was no atonement for it short of the spilling of the blood of the offender. It would be strange indeed if such a fearful warning failed to exert a restraining influence upon the potential adulterer. 4

Journal of Discourses (Liverpool, 1854-86), V, 22.

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There is, of course, nothing unsound in the theory that a community of superior people might be propagated by selecting the highest ranking males and having them reproduce themselves in large numbers. The difficulty here would be to find a scientific basis for the selection of the favored males. And there is no information from which an opinion can be arrived at as to the results which were obtained in this respect. When it came to fathering large families and supplying bodies for waiting spirits, the polygamists did fairly well, but fell far short of some of their dreams. Heber C. Kimball once said of himself and Brigham Young: "In twenty-five or thirty years we will have a larger number in our two families than there now is in this whole Territory, which numbers more than seventy-five thousand. If twenty-five years will produce this amount of people, how much will be the increase in one hundred years?" 5 And the Millennial Star reckoned that a hypothetical Mr. Fruitful, with forty wives, might, at the age of seventy-eight, number among his seed 3,508,441 souls, while his monogamous counterpart could boast of only 152.6 With such reminders of their potentialities before them, the most married of the polygamists must have been far from satisfied with the results they could show. There is no conclusive evidence that any of Joseph Smith's many plural wives bore children by him. Heber C. Kimball, with his forty-five wives, was the father of sixty-five children. John D. Lee, with only eighteen "true wives," fell one short of Kimball's record, and Brigham Young fathered fifty-six children, approximately one for each wife. Although the issue of the few men of many wives was disappointing in numbers, the rank and file of polygamists made a fair showing. Of 1,651 families, more than four-fifths numbered ten or more children. Half of them had fifteen or more and one-fourth, twenty or more. There were eighty-eight families of thirty or more, nineteen of forty or more, and seven of fifty or more. The average number of children per family was fifteen. And by the third or fourth generation some families had reached rather impressive proportions. When one six-wife elder had been dead fifty-five years, his descendants numbered 1,900. While polygamy increased the number of children of the men, it did not do the same for the women involved. A count revealed that 3,335 wives of polygamists bore 19,806 children, for an average of 5.9 per woman. An equal number of wives of monogamists, taken from the same 5 6

Journal of Discourses, I V , 224. Lattter-day Saints' Millennial Star (Liverpool), X I X (June, July, 1857), 384, 432.

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general group, bore 26,780 for an average of eight. This suggests the possibility that the over-all production of children in Utah may have been less than it would have been without benefit of plurality of wives. The claim that plurality was needed because of a surplus of women is not borne out by statistics. There is little doubt that the plural wife system went a good way toward making it possible for every woman to marry. According to Mormon teachings a woman could "never obtain a fullness of glory, without being married to a righteous man for time and all eternity." If she never married or was the wife of a Gentile, her chance of attaining a high degree of salvation was indeed slim. And one of the responsibilities of those in official church positions was to try to make sure that no woman went without a husband. When a widow or a maiden lady "gathered" to Utah, it was a community obligation to see to it that she had food and shelter and the privilege of being married to a good man. If she received no offer of marriage, it was not considered inconsistent with feminine modesty for her to "apply" to the man of her choice, but if she set her sights too high she might be disappointed. My grandmother, who did sewing for the family of Brigham Young, was fond of telling how she watched through a partly open doorway while he forcibly ejected a woman who was too persistent in applying to be sealed to him. Her story would always end with the same words: "And I just couldn't help laughing tÂŠ see brother Brigham get so out of patience with that woman." However, if the lady in search of a husband was not too ambitious, her chances of success were good. It was said of the bishop of one small settlement that he "was a good bishop. He married all the widows in town and took good care of them." And John D. Lee was following accepted precedent when he married old Mrs, Woolsey for her soul's sake. As for Mr. Kimball's claims concerning the spiritual uplift to be derived from taking a fresh young wife, what man is going to quarrel with him about that? IV The most common reasons given for opposition to the plural wife system were that it was not compatible with the American way of life, that it debased the women who lived under it, and that it caused disharmony and unhappiness in the family. To these charges the Mormons replied that their women enjoyed a higher social position than those of the outside world, and that there was less contention and unhappiness in their families than in those of the Gentiles. There is no statistical infor-

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mation upon which to base a judgment as to who had the better of this argument. In addition to these general complaints against polygamy, its critics told some fantastic stories about the evils which followed in its wake. It was said that, through some mysterious workings of the laws of heredity, polygamous children were born with such peculiarities as feeble-mindedness, abnormal sexual desires, and weak and deformed bodies. At a meeting of the New Orleans Academy of Sciences in 1861, a remarkable paper was presented by Dr. Samuel A. Cartwright and Prof. C. G. Forshey. It consisted mainly of quotations from a report made by Assistant Surgeon Robert Barthelow of the United States Army on the "Effects and Tendencies of Mormon Polygamy in the Territory of Utah." Barthelow had observed that the Mormon system of marriage was already producing a people with distinct racial characteristics. He said: T h e yellow, sunken, cadaverous visage; t h e greenish-colored eye; the thick, p r o t u b e r a n t lips; t h e low forehead; t h e light, yellowish hair, a n d t h e lank, angular person, constitute a n a p p e a r a n c e so characteristic of the n e w race, the production of polygamy, as to distinguish t h e m a t a glance. T h e older m e n a n d women present all t h e physical peculiarities of the nationalities to< which they belong; b u t these peculiarities are not p r o p a g a t e d a n d continued in t h e new r a c e ; they are lost in t h e prevailing type. 7

Dr. Cartwright observed that the Barthelow report went far "to prove that polygamy not only blights the physical organism, but the moral nature of the white or Adamic woman to so great a degree as to render her incapable of breeding any other than abortive specimens of humanity â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a new race that would die out â&#x20AC;&#x201D; utterly perish from the earth, if left to sustain itself."8 When one or two of the New Orleans scientists questioned the soundness of parts of this paper, the hecklers were silenced by Dr. Cartwright's retort that the facts presented were not so strong as "those which might be brought in proof of the debasing influence of abolitionism on the moral principles and character of that portion of the Northern people who have enacted personal liberty bills to evade a compliance with their constitutional obligations to the Southern States, and have elevated the Poltroon Sumner into a hero, and made a Saint of the miscreant Brown." 9 7

See De Bow's Review, XXX (February, 1861), 206. Loc. cit. 9 Loc. cit.

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Needless to say there is no evidence that polygamy produced any such physical and mental effects upon the progeny of those who practiced it. A study of the infant mortality rate in a large number of Mormon families showed no difference between the polygamous and monogamous households. It is difficult to arrive at general conclusions concerning this experiment in polygamy, but a few facts about it are evident. Mormondom was not a society in which all men married many wives, but one in which a few men married two or more wives. Although plurality of wives was taught as a tenet of the church, it was not one of the fundamental principles of the Mormon faith, and its abandonment was accomplished with less disturbance than that caused by its introduction. The Saints accepted plurality in theory, but most of them were loath to put it into practice, despite the continual urging of leaders in whose divine authority they had the utmost faith. Once the initial impetus given the venture had subsided it became increasingly unpopular. In 1857 there were nearly fourteen times as many plural marriages for each one thousand Utah Mormons as there were in 1880. Left to itself, undisturbed by pressure from without, the church would inevitably have given up the practice of polygamy, perhaps even sooner than it did under pressure. The experiment was not a satisfactory test of plurality of wives as a social system. Its results were neither spectacular nor conclusive, and they gave little justification for either the high hopes of its promoters or the dire predictions of its critics.

'M'lr .

ROBERT B. DAV

Eli Azariah Day (second from the left) serving his prison sentence in 1888-89. George Q. Cannon is in the doorway, and Francis M. Lyman is dressed in street clothing.

Eli Azariah Day: Pioneer Schoolteacher and ^Prisoner for Conscience Sake" EDITED BY ROBERT B. DAY

n Sunday, November 18, 1888, Eli Azariah Day was ushered through the gates of the Utah Territorial Prison to the welcoming call of "Fresh Fish!" from the old inmates. His "crime" was the same that imprisoned a thousand other Latter-day Saint men in the same institution. He had been sentenced for polygamous cohabitation to a term of five months and a fine of $150.00. In 1878 Eli had married Eliza Jane Staker in the St. George Temple. Six years later he had been sealed to Elvira Euphrasia Cox, his first and only plural wife, in the Logan Temple. Eli was himself the son of a polygamist. His father, Abraham Day, III, had marched with the Mormon Battalion, then pioneered in Springville, Utah, where Eli was born September 23, 1856. In 1860 Abraham moved Eli's mother, Charlotte Katherine Mellon Day, to Mt. Pleasant. Here Eli herded cows, swam in Sanpitch or in Pleasant Creek, and played with Indian children as well as white. Poverty amid pioneer conditions was the common lot, but, as Eli remembered, "I was happy as a lark." He went to school in the old log schoolhouse and soon showed a natural aptitude and love for learning. On the street in Mt. Pleasant in the summer of 1875 he was approached by Bishop Seeley and his own father with the proposition that he should go to the University of Deseret (now the University of Utah) and complete a one-year normal course to prepare himself to teach in his own community. The eager young scholar accepted and worked hard to support himself during the demanding school year in Salt Lake City. He boarded and worked at the home of Amos Milton Musser, who soon advised him to join a new organization of young men just formed by Brigham Young in the Thirteenth Ward. So it happened that young Eli became a member of the first Mutual Improvement Association of the church. During the winter Professor Karl G. Maeser, who had been teaching the normal class, was sent by Brigham Young to Provo to found the Brigham Young Academy. John R. Park completed the class year as teacher. On June 9, 1876, thirty-two students received their normal diplomas, the first ever issued at the University of Deseret. Armed with that diploma and the learning it represented, Eli went home to teach in Mt. Pleasant. As his letters reveal, he was a man of gentle nature and loving affection. He discarded the willow switch and corporal punishment wherever he taught. He was to have a long and happy career in the classroom. As Mr. Day is a grandson of Eli A. Day. At present he resides in Brigham City, Utah, where he is a bookmobile librarian for the U t a h State Library.

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teacher and principal he taught in places so far removed, for those days, as Spring Glen in Carbon County, Thurber (now Bicknell) in Wayne County, Woodland in Summit County, and the Emery Stake Academy. Most of his teaching years, however, were spent in the northern Sanpete County communities of Milburn, Oakcreek, Indianola, Round Knolls, Mt. Pleasant, and Fairview. Sixty-six years after his enrollment at the University, Eli was its honored guest at Homecoming. His diploma was the only one known still in existence, and he was the only survivor of that first normal class. Eli settled to his teaching in Fairview in the 1880's. Mt. Pleasant, six miles to the south, had been the childhood home of his first wife Eliza Jane Staker. She was the daughter of Mormon pioneer Nathan Staker, whose first wife had died crossing the plains. In Utah, Nathan married a widow, Eliza Cusworth Burton (Eliza Jane's mother), who had survived the terrible ordeal of the march of the Martin handcart company of 1856. In Eli's school at Fairview was a young teacher named Elvira Euphrasia Cox, daughter of Fairview pioneers Orville S. Cox and Elvira Pamela Mills. She caught the principal's eye and became his second wife. Eventually Eli built separate homes within two blocks of each other for the two families, but at first they lived together. In the spring of 1885, Eli had to leave his school in Fairview and "go on the Underground." U.S. marshals were out to arrest him for polygamy. He went alone to Emery County and worked, much of the time for his father who had moved there earlier. This was the beginning of a long period of unsettled family life and sudden flight to avoid arrest. After his release from imprisonment during the winter of 1888-89, Eli took both his families to Emery County, where he taught at the Emery Stake Academy while his second wife, Euphrasia, taught in Cleveland. One day a marshal accosted him with a warrant for his arrest. Eli, quick to seize any chance of escape, noted that the name was incorrectly stated on the warrant. His protest sent the marshal to Eli's bishop who confirmed that Eli was not the man named in the court document. The chagrinned officer dashed off to have the change legally made while Eli dashed for home. He loaded his plural wife and family in a wagon and set off for Colorado. Eventually, as feelings cooled following the Manifesto, Eli and his families were allowed to resume their normal lives. In 1900 his second wife Euphrasia separated from him. She had borne him five children; Eliza had been the mother of thirteen. Eli was an affectionate parent and his old age was filled with children, grand-

Eli A. Day

Eliza Jane Staker Day, first wife of Eli A. Day.

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Elvira Euphrasia Cox second wife of Eli A.

Day, Day.

children, and more. T h e r e were frequent family reunions at which the descendants of both wives mingled freely. T h e respect of generations of his former students mellowed his declining years. Eli could take pride in his progeny. His example h a d been impressive: eight of the eleven children, by Eliza, who reached adulthood, taught school. Four of them married teachers. At the age of eighty, Eli began his memoirs, but lost himself so completely in the reminiscences of the younger years that he never carried his history p a s t the b e g i n n i n g of his first year's t e a c h i n g . It r e m a i n s a remarkable record of pioneer childhood games, songs, adventures, and relationships. H e died at age eighty-seven on November 23, 1943, and was laid to rest in the hilly cemetery above the town of Fairview where he could look down upon the generations he h a d taught the studies he h a d loved. Both of his wives survived him -â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Euphrasia to pass away in 1944, and Eliza in 1948. T h e following letters were written to his families while Eli was "on the U n d e r g r o u n d " and during his imprisonment in the territorial penitentiary. [Emery County] May 8, 1885 Loved ones at home. Your letters have been received, and read with much gratitude. I received one from Mt. Pleasant a week ago-, but did not answer it then, because I had just mailed one the same day. From Fairview, it came day before yesterday. I now answer both to Fairview, because, as I suppose Eliza is there before this gets there. I am glad that

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E. J. 1 feels so well, she seems to be less blue than E. E. 2 Please to look through something of a lighter shade and with all the hope you can. Do not look at the black side so much, for there is a side that appears to me to be very bright and glorious. As long as I know that dear ones are not suffering for food or clothing, or from cold, hunger or sickness I can feel joyous, and thank God for his many blessings, for they are many and great unto me and mine. I had much rather you would stay at home during your "We are too poor to hire?" Are there no bills against folks who are able to work, and not likely to pay anything else? But you may have your own way, just as you can agree. No coercion from me, remember. Tell mother E. P. 3 that her lines were greatfully received, but to be very cautious about using relationship to much in letters, for we do not know where they may sometimes go, and might, in a certain emergency, prove very ugly. Love and respects all the same, but we must be "wise as serpents, and harmless as doves." I am doing nothing but working for father. Nor expect to for some time. I am getting $30.00 per month. Make up your minds to stay where you are the coming winter. Do not feel despondent about finances. I have seen much darker times, with less prospects. Remember the darkest hour is just before the dawn of day. But what is dark before us? A short separation? Hundreds of men leave their families for much longer periods, and we must not grieve at such a small thing as the present, but look forward to the bright future which will come as surely as God reigns and we prove faithful to our covenants. Poor Tena! Ah! if such trouble were stairing us in the face, then there would be great cause for forebodings. But may God grant her recovery! If E. J. is not in Fair please send this to her, it is written to all. Let E. P. read it. One thing please remember, and that is that I do not wish you to injure yourselves with big day's work, even though things may not go to suit. One foolish day may ruin a woman's life, and I never was in love with any person for what she could do in a day, but for her striving to be pure, holy, virtuous, and true to the Kingdom of God. I continually pray for loved ones, and was about to ask you all to pray for me, but think I would be asking for something that I have already received. Do not sell the organ. I have plenty to settle all debts if they will take what I have to offer, and if they will not, they will have to wait until I get something that will suit them. But my debts are to be paid by me. I am very glad you are so willing, and thankful for it, but if the organ is sold, use the means to make yourself comfortable, or in someway to provide income for yourself for the future. If I had language sufficient I would express feelings of love that are in my breast, but my words would fail. Often in my dreams am I with you, but oftener in my thoughts. Short will be the time until I will see you all face to face, then what joy will be ours! Ah! the thought of that time gives me strength! Health and happiness are mine; and I wish you to try to imitate me, and be just as happy as you can. When blue streaks appear, cast them aside and think of joy to come, for I feel to say, in the name of Israel's God, that joy is not very far off for all. Since I know that all are well at home, I am happy and joyous. I intend to so continue. What can the world do to mar this happiness of mine? Nothing!! So long as I am able to keep God's commandments! 1

Eliza Jane Staker, Eli's first wife. Elvira Euphrasia Cox, the second wife. 3 Elvira Pamela Mills Cox, mother of Euphrasia.

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And may God assist you to feel the same is the prayer of E. W i t h love and kisses for all. T h e girls will have to eat dinner without me, b u t may each eat a piece of pie for me, well sweetened though. O u r fare is not of the richest. Potatoes, milk, butter, pork, rabbits, b u t not quite as m u c h g r a h a m as I would like, yet I a m e [sic] hale and hearty, and my labor scarcely makes me feel tired since I have got a little used to it. Tell the boys w h o teach school to use my things t h a t are in school until the end of this term and then r e t u r n them. H a n s Madsen, is one of the best young m e n I know. W h a t do folks say about m e ? E. P.S. Please see Brown a n d ask him how much he will give to boot between his place a n d mine. If h e will give $200.00 in cash to boot h e can have mine. Get P. H . H u r s t 4 or Amasa 5 to see him. E. [Emery County] M a y 30, 1885 Dearest: This is my last half Sheet of paper, and I sent my last envelope with my last letter. I a m well, a n d all the folks are also well. W e have got our work done so nearly that we expect to start to the canion [sic] next Tuesday, to work o n the H u n t ington Canion road. W e expect to get to work at the mill about t h e 15th. I have got in about 2 % acres of lucerne in and watered over once. Next M o n d a y we intend to lay off our land t h a t we are intending to take u p . Yesterday we were out leveling ditch and found t h a t we can get the water onto the land with about three months work from each m a n . Ditch making, in this country, is quite a h a r d job, as the streams are large a n d lay so low. W e have to make 5 or 6 miles of ditch to get the water where w e w a n t it, and p a r t of t h a t is on t h e sides of hills. I h a v e got one of the colts that I bought, paid for. I expect to> get some lucern p u t in on the lots in Castledale, if I can hire anyone to p u t it in for lumber, this is my only pay. N o one has been to the office this week, and I expect to get a letter today, the reason why I did not get your letter last week, was because you sent it to t h e wrong office. It came to m e on M o n d a y last. T w o or three weeks! Not very long to wait! Be patient, a n d keep off the blues. I had them very badly for about three hours one day this week, b u t have been feeling better since. Be cautious of your work, and guard your health very carefully, for my sake, and also t h a t of the sweet ones. Tell them that p a loves t h e m all day and all night, but they must not talk to other children or folks about pa, a n d t h a t he is coming to see them b u t they must not tell any one anything about it. If any one has any desire to write to me, let t h e m do so, but do> not tell them where I am, b u t p u t their letters in with yours. You m a y direct one more letter the same as usual, then I will try to be post master and mail carrier also. I believe t h a t I have said nothing about George. 6 H e has been the truest boy to his M t . Pleasant girl that could be possible, a n d she will never find one w h o can 4

Philip H. Hurst, resident of Fairview and of the Mormon colonies in Mexico. Amasa B. Cox, brother of Euphrasia. 6 Probably Eli's younger brother, George William Day, then nineteen years old. A year and a half later he married Elizabeth Ellis Staker. 5

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be more so. He has never once gone with a girl in this county, not even so musch [sic] as to take one home, or walk through the streets with one, although he has been counciled to forget her, and find another. All would be very glad to see things made right again, even George, and he has written to her once, but she seemed to have no desire to make up. My gossip. My heart yearns to be with you all, and that is my aim. How about the propositions to Brown and Hanson? Love to all the dear ones, and respects to all enquiring friends, unless they get too inquisitive. E.A.D. ., Pen. Dec. 1, 1888 r Dear wife & family, This is the second time I have written, but have not received any word from home yet. I have been he[re] no[w] two weeks to-morrow. My health is good, and the time seems short to me. Nothing bothers me but the thought of those at home who have a heavy burden to bear. Tell the children to be good to one another, and that I want Estella7 to be good and kind to her little brothers & sisters, and to do all she can for her mother, also to write a letter to her father. Tell Ellis,8 Geneva,9 and Orville 10 to carry all the wood & coal, and ask them what they want to tell pa. Kiss the children for me every morning, and remember me always in your prayers. I think of you by day, and dream of my home and dear ones by night. Be careful of your health, and do as little as you possibly can and get along. Please do not cut your own wood, but get some one to do it for you, for I know you have more other work, without chopping, than you are really capable of doing. I want the children that are old enough to attend S.S. and Primary whenever the weather will allow. We had a grand time here on Thanksgiving day. The people of Salt Lake, under the lead of Geo. Q. Cannon, donated turkeys, cellery [sic], butter, money, and the necessary things, and we had a nice dinner, at 3 P.M. on Thursday. After the dinner, before we had left the tables, Mr. Doyle, the prison guard, proposed a vote of thanks to G. Q. Cannon, & others who had assisted in getting up the dinner, and a hearty responce came from all present. Even Peggy, the little pet dog of the Pen, responded in a way to* raise a roar of laughter and a rousing clapping of hands. I have found a few brethren who wish me to give them instructions in Grammer and other branches. We have to go through the exercises promenading in the yard, or in some corner, as the house formerly used for school, is now in use as a hospital. Everything here is kept neat and clean, but it seems to me to be a pity to see over two-hundred men, most of whom are healthy and strong, enclosed in these walls, with nothing to do but to cook, eat, sleep, and clean yards, rooms, & cells; still such is life in the pen. Some employ their time in study, some in making whips, walking canes, bridles, and other trinkets, probably earning 25^ a day. I fear that when I am released I will be too lazy to do anything, even to teach school. Please write & tell 7

Eliza Estella, first child of Eli and Eliza, was born April 29, 1879, in Mt. Pleasant. Sarah Ellis, third child (the second child, also a daughter, who died in childhood had this name) of Eli and Eliza, was born March 1, 1883, in M t . Pleasant. 9 M a r t h a Geneva, fourth child of Eli a n d Eliza, was born April 14, 1885, in Mt. Pleasant. 10 Orville Cox Day, first child of Eli and Euphrasia, was born June 1, 1885, in Fairview. 8

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your brother W m . ' s 1 1 family that I a m here. T h e y m a y desire to come to see me. Send m e a towel if you can. Sunday. I h a d written most of m y letter before I received your welcome letter. Give my love to all enquiring friends. I would be pleased to h e a r from any of them but cannot answer their letters. Y o u m a y let any of t h e m read my letters to you. Get the hay from the old yard hauled, if you can, a n d p u t into t h e south end of the barn. If E. Davidson will winter the old mare, h e m a y h a v e t h e above n a m e d hay. Write often. Y o u r loving husband, Eli A. D a y Dec. 7, 1888 Beloved wife: I have just received a can of honey a n d three lbs. of butter from home. M a n y thanks. Yesterday I received a letter from my sister, m a n y thanks to h e r for her kind r e m e m b r a n c e of m e in my time of trouble, b u t you will have to let her read letters t h a t I write to you for her answer. Give her my love. Ask all my brothers and sisters to write to me. I d r e a m of them nearly every night, a n d a m often on t h e old homestead w i t h them, father & mother. If father does not come to see you, send him some of my letters to read, that h e may know how I a m geting on. I a m so glad to 11

William Staker was a brother of Eliza.

A pencil sketch of the Utah Territorial Penitentiary, by Eli A. Day. Shortly before Eli Day's incarceration a new three-story, white brick building was constructed to house the prisoners. The inside measurements of the building were 30 by 126 feet, with 120 cells in three tiers. In the basement were the kitchen and laundry. The dining room on the second floor measured 37 by 56 feet and 250 men could^ be seated comfortably at the tables for meals. Religious services were conducted in this room on Sundays. The bunkhouses surrounding the new building were removed. ROBERT B . DAY

M:M(M^^M-:

'M^

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hear that he has concluded to stay in San Pete this winter, and that Arlington 12 and his wife will be with him. Tell him that I have learned of several families of Days in the Territory since I came here. I hear of one, presumably about 70 years of age, whose address is Eli Day, CircleVille, Piute Co., Utah. I almost hope it is uncle Eli, my namesake, for I have been informed that he went to California many years ago, also that this Eli Day came from California. I have also learned that Wm. Broomhead, son of sarah Broomhead, wife of mothers Cousin Benjamin, lives at Lake Shore, Utah Co.; and that Wm. Broomhead, son of Wm. Broomhead, also mothers cousin, lives in Paris Idaho. Tell Geo. and Dora 1 3 of this, and tell George that / charge him very particularly to write to them upon the business With C. H. Wheelock,14 and getting the genealogy of mothers family. I can only write but one letter a weeke [sic] from here (and my dear wife is entitled to that one) or I would write to them myself. As nearly as I can learn, all of your brother Wm.'s folks except Matilda Wagstaff, have moved from Sugarhouse Ward, I cannot learn where. As the little mare is badly hurt, I would rather you would not let Thompson have her at all. I have milk for supper now, also all the good water I want to drink at all my meals. The warden's name is Pratt. Give my kind regards to Bro. & Sister Anderson, to brother Madsen & Wife, also brother Wilson, and all enquiring friends, send word to the school that I long every day to be with them, and would willingly teach them for nothing this winter if it would release me from here. Not that imprisonment is irksome to me, but my love for my dear pupils in school, and also' my pupils in music, leads me to> desire greatly to be with them again. Tell the schoolars to be kind and obedient to their teachers. I think also of my choirs that I left and the S.S. Give my regards to the trustees, to the presidents & members of my quorum, and all who enquire after my welfare. Our S. S. is composed of but one class, with Bro. Cannon for teacher! Think of a Sunday school Class of over one hundred members, composed of Presidents, bishops, Seventies, elders, high Priests, with an apostle for a teacher! We learn golden thoughts from the Bible, which are explaned by our teacher, and then read from the New Testament. Sunday, Dec. 9, 1888, I am still well, have just come from S.S. and listened to very excellent remarks from Br. Cannon. But O! it will be a treat to me when I can again mingle my voice with my own dear schools at home. I have the privilege of singing in the choir here which I highly appreciate, but all are male voices, and not half so sweet to my ears as the voices of the daughters of Zion. I want Estella to attend S.S. choir practices when the weather is good, if the leader will allow. I asked you to send me a towel. Please send me a fine comb, a ball of yarn & darning needle. My health is excellent, and I am getting fat and lazy. I have not yet received my covering of stripes. I can find plenty to do to pass away the time. I remain, your ever affectionate husband, E. A. Day Tell the babies that papa sends kisses to them all, and will come to see them again by & by. My Christmas present to them is 25 cts in wheat to each, and 50^ to ma. be sure to use this much for presents for them and yourself. 12

Albert Arlington Day, younger half-brother of Eli, married to E m m e r Jane Loveless. D o r a Elmira Day, Eli's older (full) sister. 14 Cyrus H . Wheelock of M t . Pleasant. 13

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Dec. 15. Dear wife; Your letter was received on Monday, my sister's on Tuesday. I am sorry to hear that you are not very well. I know that you have more to do than you are capable of doing. I told you before I left that it was to much for you. Now, I want you to see brother Warner and get him to do the feeding of the horses and cattle, and also the watering of them. Tell him that I will pay him for it after I get home, and that if he wants to use the team some he can, by being careful of them, as I know he will be. If you can not get him to do it, see if you can get brother Neilsen. Then give him to understand to feed the cows about half as much hay as they would eat, and let them eat the straw from the shead which they can reach themselves as the shed is very low. He can also open the chaff house about Christmass [sic] and deal out the chaff in proportion that will use it up by Spring. No excuses will be accepted by me for your not getting help; for your welfare is more to me than all the property we have. Also hire the wood chopped. Urge brother Mower to haul the load he is owing, also urge Orville 15 to haul a load. I charged him nothing for the teaching of his children for a year, and he can certainly haul a load of wood in return. Has C. Coolard hauled a load of coal ? If not, get after him pretty sharply about it, also after Owen, for he promised faithfully to haul me two loads, and you must pay him out of the store. Do not neglect these things, but be very urgent upon them. I try to answer all your questions. Be very sure to keep me posted as to your health and the children's. There is nothing to bother me but the anxiety concerning my family, and if you do not let me know the true conditions of things, I will certainly feel to blame you. If anything is wrong, do not wait for a certain time of the week, but write at once. Tell the children Pa is so glad to hear that they are good, and that, by the time you get this, one month of my absence will be past. Pa sends them an extra kiss. Remember to get them the presents for the wheat. There are many nice little things made here that I would like to by to' send to them, but I can not. Remember, dear wife, that my love is true and increasing, and that the advice I give is not to find fault but for your good. I spend a portion of my time here teaching some of the brethren Grammar and arithmetic, some writing in albums, also studying geology, chatting with the brethren upon principle, practicing in the Choir, &c.; plenty of ways to pass the time. I desire to study Bookkeeping, and if you will please look among the books you will find two books on that branch. Please send them to me by mail. I believe they have been covered with colored cloth. I caught cold and was not very well yesterday, but am feeling splendid again to-day. Sunday. Dec. 16. I have just returned from a feast of instructions in S.S. given by Bro. Cannon. H e teaches us, not as little children, but as, what shall I say? Cohabs.? Probably! I was so pleased to get such a nice letter from my little girl, and to see it so well written and nicely composed. I want her to write one or two every week and send in your or sister's letters. Have received three letters this week. Get the straw if you can. Tell the folks in Mt. Pleasant that if they do not write to me, I shall give orders to keep my letters from them. I send my love to them all, also to father and mother and all the relations in Manti. I believe Nathan 1 6 is still at the paper mill which, I think is located on Cotton wood near the canon. I have plenty of bedding for the present. You may send me one pair of socks. 15 18

Either Orville Cox, brother of Euphrasia or her father of the same name. Probably Nathan Staker, father of Eliza.

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I am glad the children are so- good and helpful, and Pa will buy them something nice some time if they will only keep on. T e n cts. per day for the wagon. T h e school bills are all in the small red backed bill book. I have tried to answer all your questions but it is in a very scattering way. Tell the children Pa got all the kisses they sent, & you give them two, for me, for each one they sent. May God bless all my dear ones and keep them from evil, sickness, poverty, distress, and perplexity of every kind, is the constant desire and prayer of your loving husband, E. A. Day Give my regards to all enquiring friends. I enclose a small poem of my own composition. E. A. Day Dec. 21. Dear wife; George has written me a letter and sent Ephraim 1 7 & wife's letters to' me. Thank him kindly. I was very much pleased for the favor. This is all the letter I have yet received this week. I wish you all a merry Christmas and hope you will enjoy yourselves. We are, I understand, going to have a grand dinner here. I have been promoted (?) to the office of waitor and dishwasher! so you see I will be handy when I come home. The work does not hurt my feelings very much, but it takes so much of my time, that I can not get to study half so much as I desire, it also interferes with the teaching I was engaged in. I hope though, to be able to retire from Dishwashing before long. It would be a sight to you to> see me, and Bro. Baily, my 42nd. cousin, with our sieves rolled above our elbows, washing spoons, tin cups & plates &c, for over two hundred men, three times a day, and four or five men wiping them. This takes us but little over half an hour, but setting tables, and putting on the food, then cleaning up and gathering the dishes, is what takes the most time, so that five or six hours each day are spent in the dining room. T h e food of the waiters, though, is a little better than the others get, and we can sit in the dining room to< study, if we wish. It is a pleasant room, well lighted and warmed. We are getting pretty well filled up with men, some coming in every few days, Bp. Chamberlain, of Orderville came in this week. He tells me that Delon 1 8 is safe yet. Some men here have hopes of a speedy release, others rest certain that they will stay a long time. All that come from Beaver court seem to get the full extent of the law, while, from the other courts, there is much more leniency. Many are here serving a second term. But look forward with renewed hope, for the time is speedily passing, Christmass will have past by the time you get this and spring will be upon us almost before we look for it, when we will be reunited, I hope, to be separated no more by the law. Be that as it may, we are working in the kingdom of our God. H e is still stearing the ship Zion, and will bring her safe to shore. Again I caution you against working too hard. Do not stay up late of nights to do your work, even though you may have to' leave some little things unfinished, for the first part of the night is the best to rest in, and "Early to bed & early to rise" is a good motto and worth practicing. Tell my little ones that Pa still remembers them, that we had a nice deer here in the yard, but he got so that 17 18

Ephraim Arthur Day, a younger, full brother of Eli, married to Janie Gartrel. Delann Cox of Orderville, a relative of Euphrasia.

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he would hook people down and they had to kill him. We also have a nice little dog and three or four cats. Many pretty little birds fly about the prison, roosting in the windows and picking up the crumbs. We are surrounded by a wall 21 ft. high, and can not get out unless we could fly with the birds. But Pa will get out in the Spring and come to his little children again. Just got a good long letter from sister E.19 George says that sister Dora is going to write to me soon. Tell her I am very glad her health is so good, singing school calls me now, more hereafter. Dec. 23. I received your letter and one from Henry M. Bohney 20 the evening I started to write this. As to sisters question about helping mother, I would advise her to do* so when she has time, but to continue living where she is. Tell Bro. Henry that I would be ever so much pleased to write to him, but can write but once a week. I feel to say "God bless Bro. & Sister Anderson for their kind visit, and all others who come to cheer you in this time of trouble. At such times we find out who are our true friends. I am surprised about John M. for he promised me faithfully to haul the load of wood. Tell Bro. Wilson I will be pleased to shake his hand, but do not desire to in this place. Kind regards to all enquiring friends. Tell the school children to be kind to their teachers and get their lessons well. I know they have good teachers who will show them an example in life worthy to be followed. How I would love to be there with the school, with the S.S. also, on Christmass Eve, but above all, to see the dear ones at home, who so long to see me. But we must be patient, and give honor to God who does all things for the good of his children. May His blessings ever be with you, is the prayer of your loving Husband and father: E. A. Day Jan. 3, 1889 Dear wife, Your letter and Estella's came day before yesterday. I was very pleased to get them. I am well at present, and a prospect of continueing [sic] so. I am very glad you have concluded to go to Manti, and believe it will greatly benefit you. Your health, I have faith, will improve if you are careful not to over work, or expose yourself to the cold too much, and are cautious in your diet. I advise you to eat graham bread & butter principally. My prayers constantly ascend in your behalf, and also in behalf of all the family. From what I have been shown, I am satisfied that I will see you all at the expiration of my imprisonment, in health. To-day is Fast-day, and I am observing it as are many of my brethren. Some who say they observe it when at home, do not keep it here. I am glad the children are so well pleased with their Christmas toys, and hope they will be careful of them, and show them to Pa when he comes home. Did not Pearl 21 & Earl 22 get any presents for Christmas? I hope they were not forgotten, and do not think they were, though nothing was said about them in Estella's letter telling of her parents and the other children's. I hope my little girl, Estella, will try to write when she has time to write a good long letter, and that she will ask her little brothers and sisters what they want to tell Pa, and write it for them. I hope my little lambs are good to mama all the time. They must 19

Second wife Euphrasia. Bohne was the husband of Eli's older half-sister Juliett. 21 Dora Pearl, fifth child of Eli and Eliza, was born March 4, 1887, in Fairview. 22 Abraham Earl, second child of Eli and Euphrasia, was born March 27, 1887. 20

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try not to cry a n d tease a n d to d o all they can to help m a m a , a n d be little m e n & ladies. Pa's time to stay is only three m o n t h s & twenty days from to-day, I got a letter from m y little nephew, Joseph D . Bohney. I was really pleased to get it, a n d wish m o r e of my little nephews would write. I w a n t you t o thank h i m kindly, a n d tell h i m to write again. I h e a r from Alma Y o u n g t h a t his father is badly h u r t . H o w is he getting along? I presume the young folks are h a v i n g jolly times, dancing a n d sleighing. W e have no chance for sleighing here, for the snow is swept from the yard, into large piles in the shad of the wall, a n d the yard is dry, besides we have n o sleighs. T h e little birds, Eng. sparrows, still fly a b o u t picking u p the crumbs from the dining room. T h e y are all the animal life we see t h a t comes from the outside. N e w years day has past. W e h a d Con. grub for breakfast & supper, with the addition of p u d d i n g at dinner. W e were interested in t h e eclipse in the after-noon, a n d since then the weather here has been m u c h colder. T h i s m o n t h of course will be the coldest of the Winter, and I h o p e you will get help in some way. D o not think of sending money to me, for w h a t little means you have you need it m u c h worse t h a n I do, a n d I know t h a t if you get w h a t you need to m a k e you all comfortable, you will use m o r e means t h a n you can possibly raise. I pay for my milk by giving lessons in arithmetic, and believe t h a t I can earn all I need in this way. If we h a d schoolrooms here the b r e t h r e n would spend m u c h more time in improving, b u t m a n y are, as it is, studying Spanish, G r a m m a r , Writing, Bookkeeping, Arithmetic, &. T h e books I w a n t are a b o u t the size of a fourth and a first reader. T h e y are nicely bound, with good backs, &, I believe, are also covered with dark calico. I disremember their names, b u t they are works on Bookkeeping. D o not bother to look m u c h for them. Please send m e 25^ w o r t h of this kind of paper, a n d a b o u t a half dozen envelopes. Dec. [Jan.?] 6 I a m not very well today, but nothing serious is the matter. I t is still the same complaint, my food does not agree with me. If I could h a v e g r a h a m bread I would be m u c h better off. I received a letter from sister Elvira 2 3 a n d one from sister Adelia. 2 4 T h e y were so cheering, a n d so greatfully received as are all letters t h a t I get. T h e y bring joy every time they come. Tell sister Elvira not to work too- hard, I fear from her letter t h a t she is doing so. I h o p e Miss M a r s h will have success in her music lessons, a n d t h a t Semour will succeed in teaching. Give t h e m m y regards, a n d also all the young folks. If Lindsey Stevens desires to practice on the organ, I would let him do so, a n d let him cut wood or help with the feeding to pay for it. I would advise all the young m e n & ladies to go to school a n d learn all they can. I feel t h a t God is good to us, yes; even here in prison, I feel t h a t h e blesses me, though m a n y things h e r e are very h a r d for m e to bear; and nearly every day something happens to try m e to the very centre. O u r Sunday school is such a treat, and blessing. Bro. C a n n o n tries so h a r d , to impress u p o n us the necessity of bearing with others, being kind, help the afflicted, the poor, orphans, widows, a n d all w h o are in any way oppressed with poverty, or otherwise. If I can only p u t these instructions into practice in m y future life, I know it will be for my own good. M a y God bless and protect you all, a n d keep you in the enjoyment of health, a n d assist you to improve yourselves in kindness, love, faith, hope, charity, and all things of the gospel t h a t tend to elevate a n d ennoble the 23 24

M o t h e r of Euphrasia. Oldest sister of Euphrasia.

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human mind, and bring us nearer to Heaven, is the prayer of your loving Husband and father, E. A. Day Jan. 9, 1889 Dear Wife, Your welcome letter came yesterday. The news was all good except the school bills. I fear some are trying to take advantage of my absence. Geo. Vance, H. Cox, J. Orton, F. Christensen, R. A. Stevens, August & Peter Nordstrom, James Anderson, C. Petersen, J. A. Mower, J. Blanchett, A. C. Christensen; all, as nearly as I can remember, had not paid one cent on the tuition of the term, but had said they would pay before the term was out. Some of them are even owing for the former term. H. Mower 75^ & H. Sorenson 60^, had partly paid. This is of course, the best I can remember. But I left a half sheet of large paper in the record with the names of those who had made arrangements, also of the amounts that had been paid, upon it. I left instructions with my assistant about it. Please try to find the paper. It is correct, and no one's memory need be trusted to for the accounts, I should be sorry to have any mistake made in the bills, and hope you will be careful not to offend any one about it. If you have butter to spare you might send me a little once in a while. I do not think preserves would be very good for me. I have a very hard time with my food, and hardly dare to eat sweets or meat. I am bothered with dispepsia, but, with care, I believe I will get along all right. If I had graham bread and butter to eat I would be all right. I can get pills here, but they are of such a nature that they seem of very little good, leaving me worse than before I take them. I was not allowed to bring in the medicine I brought with me, and can get none, not even a little ginger, only as our doctor may prescribe; and you know what faith I have in doctors generally. Do not think that I am sick, only complaining a little. I am better this week than the two previous weeks. I have obtained a couple of pounds of butter, and will fare better while it lasts, which I think will be about three weeks. I saw brother P. R. Young 25 yesterday, and we would like for you to see the Bishop and ask him to give it out in meeting and request the brethren, when any of them are coming to Salt Lake, to see our families before they come, and bring any little thing that you may wish to send to us. If they cannot bring it to the Pen., they can leave it at the head Marshals office in S. L., or at the City Hall, and I think it will be brought up to us. Beloved wife, do not despond, though things look dark for us, and there seems to be a more stringent effort against us continually. All will be well in the end. Others there are whose burdens are even heavier than ours. But It is a long lane that has no turning, and I believe we are getting nearer to the turn, when the sun will shine upon us more brightly than ever. I love the gospel, and often feel that I could even sacrifice life itself for the pure principles thereof. But, I tell you, this thing is terrible to me, and a great strain upon my nature. Yet, I feel to say, "God is ever good to us, and has showered blessings upon us, manyfold; and will, in the future, give us more than in the past." "Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness' sake; for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven. Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you, and persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against you, falsely, for my sake. Rejoice and be exceeding 25

Parley R. Young, fellow townsman and fellow prisoner of Eli.

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glad, for great is your reward in Heaven; for so persecuted they the prophets which were befor[e] you." Matt. 5, Chap. 10 verse. Jan. 13. Beloved wife, the above was written four days ago. I have since received a letter from Sister. My health has also improved. I have not been working in the dining room this week, and hope not to go back there any more. I believe part of my sickness was caused from catching cold, as my feet got wet nearly every day. How kind and charitable Bro. Cannon is! So thoughtful of his brethren! He often buys some little dainty and treats all the prisoners. Thursday was his birthday, and he brought in a very large cake and gave each man a piece on Friday. This morning he brought a glass of jelly to' my next neighbor, saying it was so difficult to get things from so far away he might have the jelly. These little kindnesses will be remembered to his credit throughout time and eternity! many others might be mentioned of him. O, if we can only emulate his example of charity in our future lives! How blessed we will be, and how great will be our reward! Please try at home to be kind to one another in all your associations, and to teach the little ones the same. At the same time try to be cheerful, and the Spirit of the Lord will lighten your burden very greatly. When I think of my dear wife, and my six little babes, left to battle with life alone, in a severe climate it nearly unmans me and the tears will sometimes flow in spite of my endeavor to choke them back. My burden, if borne alone, would be very light but my heart is often very sad for the loved ones who< have the heavier burden to bear! My prayers ascend constantly in your behalf, and I firmly believe God is blessing and strengthening you. "As thy day, so shall thy strength be." I know I am week [sic] to-_give way to such feelings, but I am only a week human, and have much yet to learn before I am really worthy to be called a faithful servant of God. But he is merciful and charitable, and if we will to do> right, and strive to keep his commandments, he will overlook many little failings. I here inclose a couple of little trinkets which I have made. Please treasure them, even though they are of poor material. It is the best I could get here, and only obtained it by accident. When you receive any thing from me, please mention it in your next communication, and be wise in your expressions. No fault to find as yet. Give my love to sister E. and all the folks, and accept the same yourself, also, to all the relations; and my kind regards to all enquiring friends. I thank your Bro. James 26 for his proffered help, also E. Davidson. This is to the children also. I want them to continue to be good, so that when ma writes she can say they are loving, kind, and helpful. Pa is coming home after awhile, and will love them better than ever before. I am now living in No. 101, third tear South, and think I have about the best cell in prison. I can see out over the wall a large scope of country. With love, E. A. D. Jan. 18, 1889 Dear wife; your last letter came to me last Sunday about half an hour after I had mailed mine to you. I am very glad to hear that all is going on well at home. You may settle my tithing, but let it stand on the books and keep what means you need for yourselves until June. Do not pay any of the school bills on tithing, and I will try to pay up when I come home. All my tithing for the year should be about $50. 26

James Staker of Mt. Pleasant, brother of Eliza.

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

Utah Territorial Penitentiary (Utah State Prison), 2100 South 1400 East, where Eli A. Day spent five months serving a conviction for unlawful cohabitation. The site for the prison was selected in 1853, and in 1854 an adobe brick prison was constructed. Improvements and new construction followed over the years, but by the 1940's the prison had outlived its usefulness. On March 12, 1951, the inmates were moved to a new prison at the Point of the Mountain. The old prison site is now a city park. Some of this is paid, and I will try to pay the balance in the future. I have no pain in my head or side, but my food hurts m e nearly all the time, b u t nothing of a serious nature. I have the priviledge of bathing every week. N o m o r e Dining-room work for me, but another job of mopping a Corridor and cleaning wash stand and bowls every morning, and some other things. This suits me m u c h better a n d gives m e some exercise, but leaves m e plenty of time for other things t h a t I wish to a attend to. P. R. Young does my washing. I believe I have received all you have sent to the present time. T h e Stationery and socks came last. I also got the two lbs. of butter that Bro. P. N. Petersen sent to me. I t was a mystery to me w h o sent it, b u t I a m very thankful to him for it, and want you to tell him so. I am so thankful the children are so good, but very sorry to hear of the deaths in other families, b u t God does all for the good of his children. I received Sister's letter yesterday, a n d Estella's also. She will have to read your letter for her answer, and I w a n t you to be sure to let her read every one, because she is so good to write every week. I t seems to me t h a t most of my relations have forgotten me, or probably they consider my imprisonment has disgraced the family, a n d they are ashamed to write to their convict brother. Now, my dear little ones, Pa thanks you for being so good and loving p a & m a so much. You have all been little men and women. Pa wants to tell you t h a t we h a d a snow storm the other night, a n d the next day we plowed it all off from the yard, so that we h a d dry ground, but the snow has come again and covered the yard with whiteness. Pa used a willow broom to help sweep the snow away b u t Brother F. M . L y m a n 2 7 took it from me and used it about half of the time. H e swept the cleanest of any m a n in the yard. T h e little birds still fly around our house, and sometimes come right in at the windows, and sing in the house. T h e little dog, Peggy, and the cats, also r u n around in the prison, and sometimes come into our cells. T h e r e is also a big fierce bull dog here in prison, but he cannot get to us, and will not h u r t any one unless they are mean. Pa is very anxious to see his sweet children again, a n d will come home again after awhile, 27

prisoner.

Francis M. Lyman, member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and a fellow

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and will have a lot of kisses for the little ones, and let them sit on his lap, too. Dear wife, be patient and I will be home. The time I spend here will not be missed in three years after it ends. Great blessings are ahead of us, and also many trials. This is serving to purify the saints and make them charitable, and strong to> bear the greater test that I feel is before the people of God. Our enemies are upon us, and have the power in their hands to bring oppression upon us; but, though barred in prison, and subject as far as the body is concerned, to the laws enacted against us, yet the spirit is free and cannot be bound by man. Thus we can still serve our God in Spirit and in truth, even though the spirit may be driven from this mortal coil. Though there is much to regret, yet there is much to be thankful for, for the Warden gives us all the priviledges he possibly can, and most of the guards are very kind. Certainly, to be a prisoner is very humiliating in many respects, but when we know that we have committed no crime before God, it brings joy to the oppressed. Dear wife, I feel that your burden is greater than mine, but If this one term will end it, we will none of us be caused to suffer much. I still have hopes that the indictment still against me, will amount to nothing. I must acknowledge the receipt of a letter from H. Boney and his little boy, which afforded me great pleasure, and I thank them both kindly for remembering me in my loneliness; as also the letter and poetry from Bro. Williams. These kind and encouraging letters bring hours of sunshine between the heavy and lowering clouds of prison life. I thank Bro. Williams and will ever be grateful to him, and the poetry will be cherished forever. Jan. 20. More than two long months have passed since I bade you good by, but the wail of my little girl as I left the door still rings in my ears. Three months and 3 days are yet to pass before I can leave these dreary enclosures. I just got my "stripes" yesterday, and many of the brethren were unable to recognize me in my new clothes. Things go' on about after the old fashion here. Eat, sleep, clean up, study or lie around, is about the regular order of prison life. I am now studying Astronomy, having finished Geology. We have a refreshing time in S.S. Every Sabbath morning. Much of the Sunday meetings is more amusing than instructing to me. Still many good things are spoken even by those of different faith, and common respect between men teaches me to listen quietly and respectfully to doctrines that I cannot believe in. And others are as much entitled to their belief as I am to mine. O! how joyous will the greeting be, When from prison walls I am set free, And I can meet my dear ones again, In our beloved home! Your Affectionate Husband, Kind regards to all enquiring friends.

~" Jan. 26, 1889

Dear wife: Your letter and sister's came to me all right, also* one from my dear niece, Juliette Bohney,28 and one from Ellie Whitmore, 29 for which I thank them very 28 29

Daughter of Henry M. and Juliett Day Bohne. Daughter of Frank Whitmore and Eli's older half-sister, Elmira Janett.

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kindly, but cannot answer at present. Sister thinks one of her letters has not reached me. I have got one from her each week since she commenced writing. I am very glad the children and you keep so well, the knowledge of that takes off the greater part of my anxiety about home. My health has steadily improved until I am now enjoying good health again. I do not wish to bother the officers & others about graham. The fewer favors I can get along with from them the better. I have a good pair of shoes, but when I asked the regular day guard to get me a pair, when my old ones were no longer fit to wear, he said it was expected that a man who was able to keep two families was able to> provide for himself. H e then referred me to the Warden, but my Cellmate let me have a pair, which suited me much better than asking for any of them. Tell brother Sanderson 30 that if he wants a good comfortable bed when he comes here, as I fear he will have to befor[e] a great while, he had better get him a narrow -mattress made and bring it with him. T h e mattress should not be over two feet wide, as our hammocks are only about that wide, and many of the older men find them very uncomfortable to sleep in for a while without a mattress or a bed tick. He had better, also, bring such little things as butter, sugar &c. that he wants to use; enough to last him until he will be able to get supplies from home. Also, if he wishes to get letters from home shortly after he arrives, he had better tell his folks to write before he writes to them, as it is sometimes two or three weeks before some of the brethren get any word from home, and, O, how lonely those first weeks are, unless we can hear from dear ones! You can give him the directions the same as you direct to me. I hear other brethren have also been arrested. He can give them the same advice, as I send to him, and they can suit themselves about acting upon it. I am glad Estella is so good and helpful. I hope she is also kind to her little brothers and sisters. I know she is a good girl, and she will be blessed for it. I hope Earl's cold will not make him sick. I know you will take good care of the children, and keep them from getting sick if you can. My only care is for my family. This imprisonment hurts me but very little, as far as I am concerned myself, but for me to banish from my mind the thoughts of my home and family, is something that I will not try to do. What kind of a heart could I have to put that care from me! God grant that my thoughts may ever be centered on them! That nothing but the Gospel, and the love of God, may ever be stronger in my mind, than the love and care of my family! These are the dearest things on earth to me, and are the only things that can make me submit to what is now placed upon me. I do not look upon our condition despondingly, but I do believe that there is a glorious and happy future ahead of all who serve God faithfully. I do not fear the result. All I fear is that some who ought to prove faithful will swerve from the path of duty. The darkest hour is just before the dawn. I believe it will not be long before the sun will shine between the clouds, and I also believe that it will not be much longer before a heavier trial than has ever come upon us, will take many out of the church, and that it will shake all that can be shaken. Get enough of your dividend from the mill to pay the interest on your mortgage to Neilsen in Mt. Pleasant. If the dividend is 10% it will still leave you some. First pay what is owing in the mill, with the balance, and then use the other to buy bran, if you need it, or whatever you think you need most. Tell Wm. Terry I would like for him to take the land on the terms we agreed upon, if he will, for I do not expect to be home 30

Probably Henry Wix Sanderson of Fairview.

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soon enough to do anything with it myself. Be sure to feed the old mare a little wheat every morning, before you give her hay, if that will not be too much trouble. Is Filley, the small mare, still at home, or did W. Cox take her to feed? Try to> get Amasa to look after the old mare after the 20 of Feb., if only to come to the barn and arrange things every day or two, or as often as he can. If you cannot get him to-, try to get R. A. Stephens to do it, and tell him to use his own judgement about the matter. Jan. 27. I expected a letter to-day but was disappointed. My health is good. Dear wife, do not keep any sickness of yourself or children from me. I wish to> know the truth about this at all times. How sorry I am to hear of the arrest of sister Sanderson! It looks hard enough to take the father away from the family, but that innocent women should be torn from the bosom of their families! O, what a terrible thing it would be! I hardly believe that the judge will be hard hearted enough to' send her to prison. He seemed to me, to be a man of a feeling heart, but yet we know not what he may do, under the pressure of influence of others. Why is it that my brothers & sisters do not write to me, and father. If they only knew the comfort and satisfaction a few lines from them to me would be, I do not think they would let one opportunity pass. But why should I bother them with my loneliness? May God bless them, and may they never have this to pass through! I am looking forward with joy to the time when I will again be united with my loved ones! May God grant, to part no more in life. Accept my love and blessings. Give my respects to all enquiring friends. God bless you all. _, . _ J E. A. Day Pen. Feb. 2, 1889. Dear wife: The last letter that I have received was yours written 24 ult.. I have not received what you said you would send by P. Petersen. I have been out of butter for several days, but got about half a pound to night after supper. I ate the last of my honey to-night, but have got about 2 lbs of sugar. My health is still good. If things are only going on all right at home, I will be very thankful. The brethren are leaving here now, very fast, many more going out than coming in. I think there are 40 or 50 less Cohabs. now here than there were at Christmas, but, from the best information I can get, it appears that we will fill up again from the Provo court. I have moved again. I now live at No. 108, third South Cohab. street. It is not so quiet and good a place to study in as either of my former cells was. This evening I was walking the yard, arm in arm with Bro. P. R. Young, chatting cozily, while listening to the strains of three violins, one banjo, and a clarionet, and now and then paused to look at the dancing of the Pen. clown, and an old gentleman 72 years of age. When the weather was not so cold, our band used to play often in the evening. We also, sometimes witness a bout between some of our pugilists with boxing gloves. They call it a manly art, but to me it does not appear so much manly as cruel, though the most active men are the ones who excel in it, but I doubt whether they are as excellent in mind as in body. Well, dear wife, the time is passing, but not fleeting on golden wings. By the time you get this, half of my dreary imprisonment will be passed. This is getting to be an old thing to me, but that does not lessen the heaviness of its pressure. "Be patient, weary soul, for your deliverance will surely come." If a week should pass without your receiving a letter from me, let that be no cause to deter you from writing. I write every week, and wish you would write twice as often. I am very sure

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that I would if it was allowable. I sent a walking cane to-day to' father, by Bp. Jensen of M a n t i . I m a d e it, a n d got it painted for him. I h o p e h e will give m e a letter in return for it. I do not know t h a t I have acknowledged t h e receipt of a letter from m y dear niece, Imogene. I was very thankful to receive it. I h o p e she will not let it be the only one she writes. T h e one George wrote is getting very lonesome, being alone so l o n g . H e h a d b e t t e r send a n o t h e r to k e e p it c o m p a n y . You said you were going to send m e some p a p e r t h a t D o r a gave you. If it comes, a n d is suitable, I believe t h a t I will spend some of my leisure time in writing a short sketch of m y life. If you can get a bottle of pasteboard, or paper, please send it to< me, with ink in it. I t is so very h a r d to get such things here. Send it by mail. I have h a d t o borrow all the ink I have yet used. Ask George if h e will take charge of the lucerne p a t c h near M t . Pleasant, if I do not r e t u r n in the Spring. I a m in hopes that I will, for I a m not guilty of w h a t is charged against me, b u t w h e t h e r I can prove this or not is quite another question. D e a r wife, still hope to see m e before April passes, for I firmly believe we will meet then. Sunday, Feb. 3, Still well, b u t feeling bad because it is so long since I received a letter. I fear something has h a p p e n e d to detain one or more, as this is the longest period without receiving one since you first began to write. Perhaps it is wrong for m e to do so, b u t I almost feel like finding fault. H o w deep is the snow at home? D o the children still keep well a n d good to one another? I do not think t h e younger ones will know m e after so long an absence; b u t they will soon learn to k n o w m e again when I get home. I h o p e you a r e all kind a n d charitable to one another, and let love abound in your hearts. D o not foster evil feelings or thoughts against any one, and, as a prophet of old said, " L e t not the sun set o n thine anger." T h e L o r d has blessed us so abundantly t h e past three m o n t h s t h a t w e ought to strive h a r d e r t h a n ever to keep his c o m m a n d m e n t s . H o w blessed would the world be if all would only keep the laws laid down by Jesus Christ! T h e r e would indeed be a millenium ushered in upon the e a r t h ! Peace, good will, love, charity would a b o u n d a n d m a k e the earth as E d e n of old! If we, in our little family, can only cultivate this Spirit of the teaching of our Savior, we will possess a n E d e n of our o w n ; a n d joy a n d happiness will shadow us oer. Now, d e a r wife, I w a n t to ask you again, to get someone to do the outside chores. I know, u n d e r t h e present circumstances, t h a t t h e labor both in a n d out of doors, is to m u c h for you to accomplish. I know you wish to be saving, but save your own health a n d well being before the things of this world. See if you can not get Bro. Neilsen, (the old gentleman) to do the feeding. If not, try some other old gentleman. I will some day be able to repay him amply for all h e will do. If you do not m a k e a n effort in this direction, I shall most certainly deprive you of one letter, a n d write to some one w h o will d o something of the kind. Now, please tell m e w h a t you do in this regard. Give my respects to all enquiring friends. Tell them I would be pleased to have t h e m to' write to> me. Bro. Young is well, a n d seems to feel first rate in his imprisonment, I believe h e takes it easier t h a n I do. Bro. Jenkens of Nephi is well, a n d sends his respects to Charles Terry, with w h o m h e labored on his mission. Accept m y love a n d cincerest desire for the welfare of m y loved family. God bless you. E. A. D a y

Iâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Mm I

U T A H STATE DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT SERVICES (ROBERT MCCREA)

The President's Report for the Fiscal Year 1966-67 BY J . GRANT IVERSON

onight I am reporting to you not as the president of the Board of Trustees of the Utah State Historical Society, but as the president of the Board of the Division of State History of the Department of Development Services. This change in title resulted from an act of the 1967 Legislature which consolidated functions of government under coordinating councils. Section 67 of Chapter 175, Laws of Utah, 1967, specifies: T h e r e is created within the d e p a r t m e n t of development services a division of state history which shall be u n d e r the administration and general supervision of the coordinating council of development services a n d u n d e r the policy direction of the board of state history. T h e division of state history shall be the authority of t h e state of U t a h for state history a n d is vested with such powers to perform such duties as are set forth in law.

Section 70 further specifies that: T h e governing body of the division of state history a n d the U t a h state historical society shall be the board of state history consisting of eleven persons, ten of w h o m shall be appointed by the governor with the advice a n d consent of the senate. O n e m e m b e r of the board shall be the secretary of state. T h e appointed members shall be appointed for terms of four years a n d shall serve until their successors a r e appointed a n d qualified. T h e board shall choose a president a n d a vice-president from its own members and shall make rules a n d regulations for its own governm e n t a n d for the administration of t h e U t a h state historical society a n d the division of state history. . . .

And so it can be seen from the reading of the law that it is the intention of the legislature that the Utah State Historical Society shall continue â&#x20AC;&#x201D; with memberships and publications provided for. It is earnestly hoped that the new organizational structure of the Historical Society in a Department of Development Services will not adversely affect the existing Society program. Instead, it is hoped that being part of a major department of state government, the Division of State History can properly win its place in the eyes of the legislature and in the minds of the people of Utah. It is hoped that the new alignment will permit the achievement of those goals envisioned by the Society's founders who seventy years ago organized to preserve and proclaim Utah's rich heritage. Those goals of 1897 are still valid today. They remain constantly before the Board as they determine policy to guide the fortunes of the Mr. Iverson, a member of the Board of Trustees since 1959, has been president of the Board since 1961. A condensed version of the "President's Report" was presented at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting, September 23, 1967.

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Society. Then as now it is the Board's desire to build the best possible library on Utah history, the most complete file possible of the official sources of Utah history, and publish the best of those sources, interpretive books, and articles relating to Utah. With an increase in Library, publications, and Archives budgets for the present year, The Division of State History comes closer toward the achievement of these goals. The Library budget was increased by approximately 60 per cent, the Archives received a 160 per cent increase, and the Society administration and publications budget was increased by approximately 5 per cent, moreover, a publications revolving fund of $40,000 was created which gives some benefit to the existing program.* With these increases, a central microfilming program is being developed in the Archives, with additional staff members to carry on the responsibilities assigned the Archives by the 1963 Legislature. The Library is also increasing its staff to try to keep pace with the ever increasing demand for research services from the public. In addition the budget increase will permit an increase in book purchases so that the Library can more nearly keep abreast of the current books being published by and about Utah. The modest increase in administration funds is less than the known increases needed for added personnel benefits, i.e., health insurance, retirement, etc. However, the additional appropriation of $40,000 for a publications revolving fund will permit extra publications by the Society â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a program long planned by the Board and staff. And so with the continued support of the legislature, the Society or Division of State History will come much closer to the achievement of the goals set by the original founders in 1897. Turning our eyes from the future to the past, we must note several changes and significant accomplishments for the Society since our last meeting and my last report. We welcome tonight two new members to the Board of the Division of State History. They are Mrs. Naomi Woolley and Mr. Theron Luke. Mrs. Woolley, a native Utahn, is a graduate of the University of Utah. She taught in the Salt Lake City and Granite School districts, and was supervisor of the University of Utah Nursery School. Mrs. Woolley has been active in civic affairs and has been an officer or member of the boards of the Utah Association for the United Nations, * Ed. n o t e : These figures apply to the legislative appropriations. Unfortunate events of the past few months caused a reduction in available funds, thus curtailing Society operations.

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UTAH STATE DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT SERVICES (ROBERT MCCREA)

Governor Calvin L. Rampton presented the Utah State Historical Society Awards at the Annual Dinner, September 23, 1967. Here receiving the Teacher Award is Mr. Jack W. Leifson, of Spanish Fork High School.

Women's Legislative Council, Planned Parenthood, Abolition of Capital Punishment, as well as several others. She has held offices at all levels in the Salt Lake County Democratic party. Mrs. Woolley has recently retired as vice-chairman of the Salt Lake County Democratic Committee. Mr. Theron Luke, the other new member of the Board of Trustees, resides in Provo. Mr. Luke, also a native Utahn, attended Brigham Young University and went into newspaper work immediately after attending college. Outside of a few years working for Geneva Steel during World War II, Mr. Luke has been actively associated with newspapers. He has worked for the Salt Lake Telegram, the Anchorage Daily

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U T A H STATE DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT SERVICES (ROBERT MCCREA)

Mr. Dale L. Morgan, noted Utah historian and staff member of Bancroft Library, was the guest speaker at the Fifteenth Annual Dinner of the Utah State Historical Society.

Times in Alaska, and has been city editor of the Daily Herald in Provo for nearly twenty years. With the appointment of Mrs. Woolley and Mr. Luke, the Board lost two faithful and devoted members who have served you, the Society, and the state well. They are Mr. J. Sterling Anderson and Mr. L. Glen Snarr. Both have left their mark on the Society. Mr. Snarr was the first chairman of the Society's award program and served in that capacity from its inception until his retirement. Mr. Anderson has an enviable record for attendance and support of the Society meetings and programs. He had an almost one hundred per cent record during his eight years of Board service.

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Report

Board members reappointed for another four-year term were Mrs. A. C. Jensen, Mr. Jack Goodman, M r . H o w a r d C. Price, and myself. W e look forward to serving on the Society's distinguished Board for another four years. Also, beginning in April, there was a reorganization of the Board with Dr. Milton C. Abrams replacing Mr. Jack Goodman as vice-president. For the contributions and labor of these persons who receive no pay for the time they devote to the work of the Society, we are grateful and express a w a r m thanks as I know all Society members do. Among the highlights of the year's activities was the very successful annual meeting of one year ago. T h e program oriented toward preservation, set the stage for the Society's role in supporting the newly organized U t a h Heritage Foundation. T h e efforts of the Society have proved worthwhile, for the Foundation is becoming a force for preservation of Utah's significant landmarks. As a result of the Foundation's activities, a team of architects and researchers has been working during the summer to record via photographs, sketches, drawings, and measurements some of Utah's historic buildings which are threatened or have, since surveyed, been destroyed. T h e team will continue the project next summer in cooperation with the U.S. National Park Service. Recipients of the Society Awards at the Fifteenth Annual Dinner were Mrs. Calvin L. Rampton, for service to the Society and Utah history; Mr. Jack W. Leifson, for exceptional teaching of history in the public schools of Utah; and Mrs. Fawn M. Brodie, Fellow for outstanding scholarship. U T A H STATE DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT SERVICES (ROBERT MCCREA )

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The Society has been working closely with the Utah State Department of Highways in the construction and remodeling of the highway historic markers. Many new markers have replaced old ones which were found to contain much misinformation. This cooperative program with the Highway Department will continue through the next year. Eventually new historical signs will be located at each rest area on the interstate highway system, and most of the old signs will be replaced on the state highway system. In return for Society help in this project, the Highway Department has been most cooperative in supplying photographs and printing services to the Society. We are grateful for this support of our programs. The publications of the Society continue to illicit favorable comment from readers all over the nation. The Cumulative Index for the Utah Historical Quarterly, printed last summer, has proved very helpful to scholars. The new edition of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake is larger and more attractive than earlier editions. It has had a sale of over 100,000 since its first printing. The new edition will, I am sure, exceed the old in sales appeal. A publication which has been in progress for all of twenty years, should be finished this next year â&#x20AC;&#x201D; A Checklist of Mormon Literature. Begun by Dale L. Morgan, the project was turned over to the Historical Society in 1952. Mr. John James, the Society librarian, attempted to carry on the collecting of titles while doing his usual eight-hours of work. Other staff members also worked on the project. Then in 1963, a cooperative venture was begun under Dr. S. Lyman Tyler's direction with Brigham Young University personnel carrying the major burden. The University of Utah granted research funds under Dr. Ray Canning's administration. Mr. Chad Flake, special collections librarian at Brigham Young University, was employed to complete the project. It is now in its final stages â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and will represent the cooperative effort of Dale L. Morgan, the Utah State Historical Society, Brigham Young University, the University of Utah, Utah State University, and the L.D.S. Church Historian's Office. Utah's birthday was celebrated again this year by the Society. An excellent program at the Capitol brought favorable comment from various quarters. The address of Mr. Neal Maxwell, vice-president of the University of Utah, was well received. The Society printed the address and distributed it to its membership. The birthday celebration seems to be an established tradition of the Society after several years and will be continued.

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The Library of the Society has received some significant gifts in the past year. The Ellis Shipp and Ellis Shipp Musser Collection promises to be a rich source of information on one of Utah's first women doctors and her family. The Stanley S. Ivins library is, in the words of Society Librarian John James, "one of the best private collections of Mormonia." Now in the Society Library, the Ivins Collection will soon be available to researchers. The Society and the State of Utah have greatly benefitted from the generous gifts of Stanley S. Ivins and the Ellis Shipp Musser family. Other persons may properly follow their example. Of course, gifts of this nature are only valuable for research when they are catalogued, arranged, and useable by scholars. During the past year, great strides have been made in the Library to make more useable the Society's manuscript collection. That progress has been made is due largely to a dedicated staff and numerous volunteers from the Salt Lake Junior League under Mrs, Marilyn Warenski's supervision and also the volunteer labor of Mrs. Florence Showell. The Society wishes to give a vote of thanks to these persons for their generous support of the Society. Considerable changes have occurred in the Archives during the past year. Unable to accession any more records into their crowded quarters in the Society building, the Archives during the Christmas holidays moved to the basement of the Capitol. There midst the plumbing and heating pipes, the official records of state government for Utah are being cared for as well as conditions will permit. That such a situation exists is a disgrace to the state. But it will continue to exist as long as the people of the state are not interested or concerned enough to see that better and safer quarters are provided. Meanwhile, the staff of the Archives is doing their best to preserve the original records and provide security microfilm copies of these unique documents of our past. There are now approximately 3,150 cubic feet of records in the Archives. During the past year, 1,360 cubic feet were added to the collection. The records accessioned into the Archives this year are equal to 136 five-drawer file cabinets. All the governors' records from 1851 to 1965 have now been arranged and are available for research. They are contained in 995 document boxes and constitute one of the richest sources for Utah history. Another Archives project worthy of noting is the mounting of approximately 900 maps into microfilm aperture cards. These maps will be used in connection with several federal planning projects besides the usual historical information.

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The Archives made an agreement with the L.D.S. Church Genealogical Society whereby birth and death records, marriage records, probate records, and inheritance tax records were microfilmed in each county of the state except Utah and Weber. The Genealogical Society did the microfilming â&#x20AC;&#x201D; supplying the photographer and all processing at a cost to them of $22,375. For their part in making contacts and all arrangements, the Archives received a copy of each of the 895 rolls of film at no cost. This is another example of cooperative effort between the Utah State Historical Society and the L.D.S. Church. Part of the work of the Archives is the destruction of useless records as well as the preservation of the valuable. In this connection the Archives approved the destruction of 3,359 cubic feet of useless records from various state agencies. This represents a saving to the state of $50,385. This volume of records would fill 336 five-drawer filing cabinets. Eighty-five cubic feet of records were destroyed after being microfilmed. The Records Center operation continues to be successful. More state agencies are using the service, and the number of requests for service is increasing. During the year 1,111 cubic feet of records were brought into the Center and 886 cubic feet of records were destroyed by Records CenLeft, Dr. Everett L. Cooley, director of the Utah State Historical Society, presenting the American Association for State and Local History Award of Merit to Mr. Harold Schindler for his biography of Orrin Porter Rockwell. Right, Dr. Cooley presenting the American Association for State and Local History Award of Commendation to Mr. Keith Wallentine of the Utah Idaho Sugar Company for that company's sponsorship of its business history, Beet Sugar in the West: A History of the U t a h - I d a h o Sugar C o m p a n y , 1891-1966, by Leonard J. Arrington.

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ter personnel. The resultant savings of approximately $30,000 by the Records Center was accomplished with a budget of $16,000. However, because of the shortage of funds for personnel and equipment, many tasks remain undone. There is a backlog of at least 1,000 cubic feet of records to be destroyed and approximately 10,000 documents remain to be refiled. All of the space allocated to the Records Center is filled to capacity and the halls are now being used in order to satisfy the demands of state agencies for records storage. By way of conclusion, I would be remiss in my duties if I failed to call your attention to the dedicated and capable staff of the Utah State Historical Society. Several staff members have more than ten years of service with the Society. During this time they have devoted themselves to serving the state and the cause of Utah history to the best of their abilities and to the extent the funds of the Society will allow. To them and to the newer employees, I extend them a hearty thanks and an expression of appreciation for their work under, what at times, are most trying and frustrating conditions.

REVIEWS and PUBLICATIONS Quest for Empire: The Political Kingdom of God and the Council of Fifty in Mormon History. By KLAUS J . H A N S E N . (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1967. xiv-f- 237 pp. $6.50) Klaus Hansen's book is an interesting and valuable product of the new Mormon scholarship â&#x20AC;&#x201D; intellectually aware, intellectually curious, and disposed to follow the facts wherever the facts may lead. Inquiries begun for a master's thesis a t Brigham Young University were widened for a doctoral dissertation at Wayne State University which became the basis of the present book. In a much larger sense, Quest for Empire is the exposition of a thesis "that the idea of a political kingdom of God, promulgated by a secret 'Council of Fifty,' is by far the most important key to an understanding of the Mormon past," more important by far than the polygamy issue which so long dominated analysis of the Mormon position vis-a-vis the United States and in American social history. Having got hold of some ideas and some facts which have not been widely known or properly evaluated, Dr. Hansen works vigorously to apply both to a reinterpretation of Mormon history, and for this he merits the warmest praise. If he also tends to ride his thesis too hard, in the fine flush of discovery, this excess is understandable and may readily be discounted. Dr. Hansen's fundings are, in brief: On April 7, 1842, Joseph Smith had a revelation, the text of which is still withheld, outlining the organization of a political Kingdom of God. Nearly two

years later, in February 1844, Smith formally organized this Kingdom in Nauvoo. Thereafter it was referred to by a variety of names, "Kingdom of God," "special council," "general council," "council of the Kingdom," but usually "Council of Fifty," elaborated by one member as "Fifty Princes of the Kingdom" in reference to the number of members at its inception. This council (or "legislature," or "living constitution") was to have the responsibility of attending to the temporal welfare of the Mormon Church; or, as conceived at the time, set up that political kingdom which would end by swallowing up all the other kingdoms of the world. At some length, after skillfully setting the stage with preliminary chapters on "The Kingdom of God and the Millennial Tradition" and "Mormonism and the American Dream," Dr. Hansen describes the immediate antecedents of the Kingdom the extraordinary milieu of its founding, and the principal known activities of the Council of Fifty during its period of maximum energy, 1844â&#x20AC;&#x201D;51. Brigham Young found the Council of Fifty a useful instrument during the turbulent era of the Mormon expulsion from Nauvoo, their migration to the Rockies, and the founding of the State of Deseret. (The latter has had to be reexamined since the diaries of John D. Lee and Hosea Stout became available to scholars.) When the Mormons got about half what they had hoped for from the United States government, a territorial government with many officers chosen from among their number, with county

Reviews

and

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and municipal governments to handle the local affairs of the Saints, the C o u n cil of Fifty showed a tendency to wither on the vine (my point of view, not Dr. H a n s e n ' s ) . I t was revived during the excitement occasioned by the Civil W a r , w h e n it seemed t h a t the downfall of the U n i t e d States as prophesied by Joseph Smith might be imminent, but again lapsed after 1870. T h e r e was another revival of the Council of Fifty in 1880, after Brigham Young's death, but its later years are shrouded in obscurity, a n d t h o u g h Dr. H a n s e n makes the effort, n o fair assessment of its functioning thereafter can be m a d e on the basis of the available record. H e offers some sage remarks on the changing character of M o r m o n society, a n d t h e uses the M o r m o n s have tended to make of their history at different times, and for these alone his book merits thoughtful reflection. T h e real importance of Quest for Empire is t h a t t h e book has been written, could be written, without reference to t h e primary records of the Council of Fifty, shown to be still existing as late as 1880. T h e r e seems n o real reason they should not now be m a d e available to scholars as a p a r t of a general opening u p of t h e archives of the M o r m o n C h u r c h , seen to be in the best interests of the church. D A L E L.

MORGAN

Bancroft

Library

The Devil Drives: A Life of Sir Burton.

By F A W N M .

BRODIE.

Richard (New

Y o r k : W . W . Norton & Company, Inc., 1967. 390 p p . $6.95) T h e chief interest for U t a h readers in R i c h a r d F . Burton is probably his threeweek stay in Salt Lake City in 1860. F r o m this brief sojourn h e was able to p r o d u c e the 700-page City of the Saints which F a w n M . Brodie terms the best book on t h e Mormons published in the

nineteenth century. This excellent volume, b u t one of forty-three of Burton's books on his world travels a n d explorations, was recently reprinted by W . W. N o r t o n & C o m p a n y with an introduction by Mrs. Brodie. I t was while engaged in this task t h a t she was motivated to write a full biography of the noted British adventurer a n d was commissioned by N o r t o n to pursue her study in depth. I t took courage to enter a d o m a i n t h a t h a d already been explored by ten earlier biographers, b u t the result is not a mere r e p e t i t i o u s recital of known events nor a token gesture to a great figure, it is a brilliant and comprehensive analysis d r a w n from original sources a n d from a newly discovered collection of letters a n d papers. T h e a u t h o r is no novice in the field of biography. I n two earlier studies, No Man Knows My History, the Life of Joseph Smith the Mormon Prophet (Alfred A. Knopf Company, 1945) a n d Thaddeus Stevens, Scourge of the South ( W . W . N o r t o n & Company, 1959), M r s . Brodie demonstrated t h a t she could reexamine a n d synthesize with telling effect the lives of two American luminaries whose fortunes h a d previously been chronicled by others. T h o u g h but one chapter of The Devil Drives is devoted to Burton's Salt Lake visit a n d his impressions of Brigham Y o u n g a n d the Mormons, the U t a h reader is soon caught u p in the excitem e n t of his pilgrimage to t h e forbidden cities of M e c c a and H a r a r ; his measuring of the sacred K a a b a where torture or d e a t h awaited him if his disguise were detected; the gruelling h u n t for the headwaters of the Nile; t h e discovery with J o h n H a n n i n g Speke of L a k e Tanganyika, the longest lake in the w o r l d ; the escape from Somali warriors with a javelin in his cheek; the penetration of Dahomey, land of the fierce female Amazons; a n d the 1,500mile navigation by raft of the treacherous Sao Francisco River in Brazil. Burton was a soldier in I n d i a a n d the

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Crimea; he was a gallant swordsman, a dedicated ethnologist, a keen observer of men and women on four continents, a poet, a prolific author, and master of twenty-five languages. In 1886 he was knighted by Queen Victoria for his services to the crown. A less competent biographer might h a v e skirted the motif t h a t r u n s throughout every chapter of Burton's turbulent career: his intense preoccupation with the sexual customs of every people that he visited, culminating in his translation of the unexpurgated Arabian Nights, with copious notes and commentary on forbidden topics. Mrs. Brodie has carefully explored Burton's own sexuality and the insights that made him a worthy precursor of Ellis and Freud. The author's critical summation of Burton's City of the Saints might well be applied to her own vigorous scholarship in The Devil Drives: "sagacious and thorough." The twenty-nine chapters are supported by twenty-five pages of notes, making it the only Burton biography to be fully annotated. A chrono^logical listing of all his books is given, and at the center of the book are sixteen pages of pictures including a heretofore u n p u b l i s h e d p h o t o g r a p h of Burton. Maps showing the routes of the search for the Nile adorn the inside cover pages. It would have been helpful if other maps had been included. Few today know the location of the exotic cities of Karachi, Medina, Balaclava, Fernando Po, Agbome, and a score of others where Burton trod. L A M A R PETERSEN

Salt Lake City, Utah

Timothy O'Sullivan: America's Forgotten Photographer. The Life and Work of the Brilliant Photographer Whose Camera Recorded the American Scene from the Battlefields of the Civil War to the Frontiers of the

Quarterly

West. By JAMES D. HORAN. (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1966. xiv + 334 pp. $15.00) In the Introduction to his Matthew Brady: A Historian with a Camera, James D. Horan remarked that Timothy O'Sullivan deserved his own biography. Now, eleven years after the Brady book, he has supplied the biography. His work on Brady introduced the photographer to a larger circle of enthusiasts, and Matthew Brady became more than a credit line under many, perhaps most, of the Civil War photographs that we see. The book on O'Sullivan has even more to recommend it. Besides one of Brady's most active, and most artistic, photographers of the Civil War, O'Sullivan had two other careers as an action photographer. He participated in two major expeditions in the Trans-Mountain West 1867-75, and during an interlude in 1870 served as photographer on an expedition surveying in Panama. Thus you may expect and find pictures of the Civil War, the King Expedition of 1867-69 and the Wheeler Expedition of 1871-75 portraying the West, and the Darien Survey Expedition of 1870 in this book. The book is handsomely made and profusely illustrated. It is printed on a good grade of glossy paper, but the quality of the photographs does not come out as sharply in this printing as in books where the photographs are printed separately on a different paper stock. Thus while the overall appearance and quality of the book are superior to editions of Horan's Matthew Brady and The Great American West with which it was compared, photographs that appear in both an earlier work and this book are a bit sharper and more detailed in the earlier book. O'Sullivan made his reputation as a photographer in the Civil War, and about half of the pictures in the book are devoted to his photographs of that

Reviews and Publications conflict. A number of these appeared in the book on Brady, but many are pictures that were unused in the earlier book. Credit lines from the earlier to t h e later book do differ on some pictures. Credits in the Brady book that indicate the picture was m a d e by one of Brady's photographers are definitely attributed to O'Sullivan in this book. U n d o u b t e d l y additional i n f o r m a t i o n uncovered in the eleven years between publication makes the credit line used both times as accurate as possible in each instance, but the new captions m a k e O'Sullivan a m u c h more import a n t p a r t of Brady's picture taking crew during the Civil War. Perhaps for readers of this magazine the most interesting sections of the book are those devoted to the K i n g a n d Wheeler Expeditions. A rough count disclosed fifty-five photographs from the K i n g a n d eighty from the Wheeler. T h e K i n g Survey r a n from Virginia City to D e n v e r r o u g h l y f o l l o w i n g the 40th parallel, while the Wheeler Survey was m u c h farther south. U t a h partisans m a y not be particularly pleased with the selection of photographs for the K i n g Survey, as there are a preponderance of pictures from the Nevada mountains a n d from the Snake River country in I d a h o , with no more than ten or eleven pictures from U t a h . However, putting state pride aside, you will be delighted with the views of the Shoshone Falls a n d the spectacular flash photographs, some of the first underground pictures ever m a d e , that were taken in the Cornstock Lode. T h e book is an interesting addition to the material available on early photogr a p h y a n d photographers with special applications to the pictures of the Civil W a r a n d the early photographs of the F a r West. I t may disappoint those familiar with Horan's earlier works as there are a large number of photographs reproduced that he has used in earlier books. Also the text again covers the career of M a t t h e w Brady at length,

355 going over his relationship with O'Sullivan, rehashing and repeating m a n y of the things t h a t were said in the book on Brady with little new in either information or insight. A n erroneous entry on page 172, which repeats an entry in The Great American West, is of special interest to U t a h n s . I t is a picture of Salt L a k e City with " C a m p Douglass" on the left. T h e r e seems to be no authority for the second " s " on Douglas as the c a m p was n a m e d for Stephen A. Douglas. Perhaps it was a misspelling in a label by O'Sullivan, or he may have erroneously thought the post was named for a Douglass, possibly the famous former slave Frederick Douglass. At any r a t e the a u t h o r again uses Douglass with the second " s " for the n a m e of the installation. W.

AESCHBACHER

Associate Professor of History University of Utah

Gold Rush Diary: Being the Journal of Elisha Douglas Perkins on the Overland Trail in the Spring and Summer of

1849.

Edited

THOMAS

CLARK. (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967. xxv 4-206 p p . $8.75) Adding to the goodly n u m b e r of "Gold R u s h " d i a r i e s c o m e s t h a t of Elisha Douglas Perkins, edited by Dr. T h o m a s D . Clark. After enjoying every mile of the rugged journey with the diarist, this reviewer agrees with the editor w h o suggests that "Perkins was more intimately observant than most of his fellow travellers." This appears in his notations of flora and fauna along the route, his pen pictures such as t h a t inspired by a panoramic view from the top of Scotts Bluff, and his descriptions of I n d i a n tribes varying from "Snake warriors galloping over the hills on their fine horses with their red blankets a n d headdresses" to the Diggers who stole

356 their cattle â&#x20AC;&#x201D; "naked rascals could be seen dancing upon the rocks and hill tops and making all kinds of j erring gestures . . . ." T h e cold statistics of t h e press a n n o u n c i n g t h a t there were 5,000 wagons on the California Trail in 1849 including 16,772 persons, and 33,544 mules come to life in Perkins description "As we came nearer it seemed as though a vast army was encamped . . . wagons with their mules and oxen scattered over the plain and nearly all in motion, some just starting forward on their way, some just camping, others driving their animals to water etc. The scene was a very animated and exciting one." The reader feels a certain intimacy with the diarist who records unexpected friendship along the trail, growing consciousness of his total dependence upon a mule, and fascination with a forked stick serving to distribute mail in a strategic location. He suffers the choking alkali dust along the Sweetwater and the Humboldt and blesses refreshing water after a long day of thirst; he feasts with the writer on buffalo meat, starves with him when provisions run out, and shivers around a cold morning fire after a drenching rain. He counts not only the many roadside graves but notes the daily mounting number of dead animals left for devouring wolves. He deplores the endless piles of abandoned equipment, clothing, and food supplies â&#x20AC;&#x201D; monuments to total ignorance in preparation for the overland journey. He becomes accustomed to the dissolution of organized traveling companies to a point where the breakup of his own unit meets casual acceptance. Noteworthy in Perkins diary as edited by Thomas Clark, is a valuable Appendix which, as a collection of letters published in the Marietta Intelligencer for the home folks, introduces the reader to the gambling-crazed gold rush community spawning in Sacramento Valley. Herein is reflected the hunger for news from home, deep concern for delayed

Utah Historical

Quarterly

friends on the trail facing the hazards of winter, introduction to back-breaking gold mining processes, disillusionment about climate, and disappointment over prospects of quick wealth. T h e one letter included from Perkins himself relates "I have hardly met a man who is not disappointed and dejected and wishes himself back." Another, observing the exchange of thousands of dollars in the canvas-covered gambling houses, comments "one hears occasionally of the large amount of gold obtained by a certain person in a short time but nothing is said about the many hundred who do not make expenses." Editor Clark has given the diary unique perspective with liberal quotes from several contemporary sojourning diarists in marginal footnotes. The result is to make the Perkins Gold Rush Diary one of the most interesting and valuable in collections of Western Americana. GUSTIVE O. LARSON

Professor of Religious Brigham Young

Instruction University

America's Western Frontiers: The Exploration and Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West. By J O H N A. HAWGOOD. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967. xxiii + 440 + x pp. $10.00) America's Western Frontiers by John A. Hawgood presents a scintillating and d r a m a t i c synthesis of Far Western American history. Professor Hawgood's many years of travel in the West, his painstaking and erudite scholarship, and his delightful command of the English language all combine to produce a book which certainly deserves its selection as the first winner of the Alfred A. Knopf Western History Prize. The Table of Contents follows the traditional pattern of examining the following topics: exploration of the Louisiana Purchase and the Pacific Coast, the

Reviews and Publications fur trade and trappers, wagon roads and trails, discovery of gold and the mining boom, western t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , the Indian problem, the cattle kingdom, the western farmer, and the twentieth-century frontier. But any similarity between this book and the traditional text on the western frontier disappears immediately when the reader starts on a delightful journey from the Mississippi River to California and Oregon with Mr. Hawgood as guide. The important personalities involved in the early development of the West are revealed in all of their warmth and in all of their unregeneracy as well. With wit and humor and an unerring sense of what is appropriate, the author introduces seldom-used quotations to flavor his narrative with a savory sauce which will delight the palate of the general reader as well as that of the professional student of history. T h e chapters devoted to mountain men, cowboys, and Indians are of particular interest and reveal Mr. Hawgood's very wide knowledge of original and contemporary sources. His bibliographic essays on each chapter are valuable appraisals from one who commands respect in the field. In addition he even dares to inject a little humor into his historiography. For example his notation on LeRoy Hafen's The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West includes the comment that these volumes bid "fair to tell us . . . all that we need and perhaps more than we ought to know about these rugged and picturesque characters." Welcome words, indeed, among a usually sterile recital of historic tomes. The book's format has the accepted excellence of all of Alfred A. Knopf's publications â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the ninety-eight pictures include rare photographs and illustrations which are new, at least to this reviewer. Mr. Hawgood also betrays his enthusiasm for geography with an inclusion of nineteen maps which are very helpful.

357 In his discussion of the mountain men, the author remarks that "One cannot have enough of Jim Bridger. . . . " The reader of America's Western Frontiers can only agree that that statement should be applied to the entire book. BRIGHAM D. MADSEN

Vice President University of Utah

Readings in California Catholic History. By

REV. FRANCIS J.

WEBER.

(LOS

Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1967. xi + 265pp. $7.95) This book completes the author's trilogy on California's Catholic heritage. His first two volumes in the series were Documents of California Catholic History and A Select Guide to California Catholic History. The book has 132 short essays which the author originally wrote for his syndicated column appearing in several Catholic newspapers. These are divided into six sections with the first covering the mission era with essays on such topics as the Pious Fund, the earthquake at Mission San Juan Capistrano, mission architecture, and secularization. In the second section, entitled "Pastoral Scene" and largely biographical, is an essay about Father L a w r e n c e Scanlan, "Utah's Pioneer Prelate." During the 1870's he founded St. Mary's Academy and Holy Cross Hospital, and in 1891 he became the first bishop of Salt Lake City. Section three, "Blueprints for Greatness," is concerned with education, journalism, and Catholic orders and clubs. Sections four and five are primarily biographical essays and section six, "Local Scene," is a miscellany. One of the more interesting essays in the last section is about the anti-Catholic American Protective Association's activities in San Francisco. Father Peter C. Yorke defended the Catholic position and vigorously fought this organization. Yorke's career as edi-

358

Utah Historical

tor of the Monitor, a Catholic weekly, and his work in behalf of labor are treated in a separate essay. Since the book is merely a collection of miscellaneous essays, it does not fully portray the history of Catholicism in California; however, the Introduction summarizes this history. While many of the essays deal with familiar subjects, the book has much data that may not be readily located elsewhere. Although the book lacks a bibliography, there is probably no need for one because a reader may consult the second volume in the trilogy. The book is not a critical study, but it remains an interesting one. A detailed Table of Contents and an adequate Index make the book a useful reference work. B E N J A M I N F. GILBERT

Professor of History San Jose State College

Father Kino in Arizona.

By FAY J A C K SON S M I T H , J O H N L. K E S S E L L , AND FRANCIS J. Fox, S.J. Maps by D O N B U F K I N . ( P h o e n i x : Arizona Historical Foundation, 1966. xvii -1- 142

pp. N.P.) In the early 1900's Herbert E. Bolton of the University of California discovered Kino's original manuscript, since called the Relacion Diarea from which he quoted liberally in the preparation of his own moving two volume biography, Rim of Christendom published in 1936. Says Father Ernest J. Burrus, S.J., of this memorable work, "This daily report by Kino records only a month of his life, but it contains elements and accomplishments representative of the twenty-four years he spent in Pimeria alta. It shows first of all his dedication to both majesties — King and Church. . . . His diary reminds us anew that the beginnings of civilized Arizona were of Spanish origin. It tells us also in a capsule the life of Kino as missionary, explorer, cattle man, and one of our earliest historians" (p. 5 ) .

Quarterly

Eusibio Francisco Kino was born of Italian parentage near Trent in the Austrian province of Tyrol in 1645. He distinguished himself as a student at Freiburg and Ingolstadt, and became a missionary in N e w Spain. Kino arrived in Pimeria alta in M a r c h of 1687. At that time the frontier mission station was established at Cucurupe in the San Miguel River Valley. Fifteen miles north of this site, the pioneer Jesuit built his first mission •— Neustra Senora de los Dolores — O u r Lady of Sorrows. The site chosen was one of particular fitness and beauty. From his station at Dolores, Kino pushed the missionary frontier across Arizona to the Gila and Colorado rivers. In 1691, with his faithful companion, Salvatierra, he reached Tumacacori, a Pima village on the Santa Cruz River and the year following (1692) came to San Xavier del Bac, where he entered the Valley of the San Pedro. Here, eight years later (1700), he built his most notable structure, reputed to be architecturally the most beautiful mission in North America — Mission San Xavier del Bac. Kino developed a keen geographical interest in the Sonora Northwest. The difficulty of sending supplies across the gulf to his c o m p a n i o n , S a l v a t i e r r a , accelerated his thinking on this problem. By 1702 he had explored the Colorado from the mouth of the Gila to- the Gulf and proved, to his own satisfaction at least, that Lower California was not an island but a peninsula. In proof of his deductions he prepared a map (1705) which was not improved upon for more than a century. Kino was successful as a missionary. His diaries reveal not only a consuming zeal for his faith but a love and paternal care for his rapidly accumulating redskinned friends. By 1691 he began to prepare for resident missions in Arizona by founding stock ranches in the Santa Cruz and San Pedro valleys and by inaugurating plans for the completion

Reviews and Publications of Mission San Xavier del Bac. San Gabriel was built at Grebavi in 1691. For support of his many missions the intrepid pioneer frontiersman started his stock and grain farms. On one occasion he sent as many as 1,700 head of cattle to his beleaguered friend Salvatierra on the California Peninsula. As an explorer, Kino ranks among the greatest of the Southwest. From Dolores, during his twenty-four year ministry, he made over fifty journeys which varied in length from a hundred to a thousand miles. This rugged apostle of the wilderness lived in extreme poverty and simplicity; he ate sparingly, drank no wine, and always went meagerly clothed. U n d e r his supervision crops were planted, cultivated, irrigated, harvested, stored, and prepared for consumption. Father Kino died at Magdelena in 1711. Apostle Valarde describes the tragic event in these words, "He died as he had lived, with extreme humility and poverty. His death bed, as his bed had always been, consisted of two- calfskins for a matress, two blankets such as the Indians use for covers, and a pack saddle for a pillow. No one ever saw in him any vice whatsoever, for the discovery of lands and the conversion of souls had purified him. He was merciful to others but cruel to himself" (Herbert E. Bolton, Spanish Borderlands, pp. 200-1). LELAND H. CREER

Professor Emeritus of History University of Utah

359 "Books That Won The West," by A. B I L L I N G T O N , 25ff.; "Gold Rush Daguerreotypes," by ROBERT A. WEINSTEIN, 33ff. RAY

Arizona Highways — X L I I I , August 1967: "Return to Rainbow Bridge," by NEILL M. JUDD, 30-39 — Septem-

ber 1967: "Hubbell Trading Post, National Historic Site," by Jo J E F FERS,

2ff.

Colorado Magazine — XLIV, Spring 1967: " M i n i n g C a m p s : Myth vs. Reality," by DUANE ALLAN SMITH,

93—110; "Rural Settlement Patterns in the San Luis Valley: A Comparative Study [Mormons in Colorado]," by ALVAR WARD CARLSON, 111-28 National Geographic— 132, July 1967: "Lake Powell: Waterway to Desert W o n d e r s , " by W A L T E R

MEAYERS

44-75 — August 1967: "Life in a 'Dead' Sea—Great Salt

EDWARDS,

Lake," by PAUL A. ZAHL, 252-63

New Mexico Historical Review—XLII, July 1967: "Diary of the Mormon Battalion Mission, John D. Lee [Part 1]," edited by JUANITA BROOKS, 165209 The Pacific Historian—11, Spring 1967: "Jedediah Smith Today," by DALE L. MORGAN, 35-46 Western Gateways, Magazine of the Golden Circle — 7, Summer 1967: "Swinging Around the Four Corners," by WELDON F. HEALD, 6ff.;

ARTICLES OF INTEREST American History Illustrated — II, August 1967: "Indian Culture Before the White Man Came," by NONO MINOR,

4ff.

The American West — IV, August 1967: "The Rise & Fall of Alec Swan [one of the greatest cattle kings]," by HELENA HUNTINGTON SMITH, 2 Iff.;

"Where

Four States Meet," by WELDON F. HEALD, 16; "The Golden Circle Concept [scenic wonders in southern Utah, southwestern Colorado, northeastern New Mexico-, and north-central and northeastern Arizona]," by GEORGE B. HARTZOG, JR., 32ff. The Western Political Quarterly -— XX, June 1967: "The 1966 Election in Utah," by FRANK H. JONAS, 602-6

INDEX

Aberle, Sophie D., comp., The Indian: America's Unfinished Business. Report of the Commission on the Rights, Liberties, and Responsibilities of the American Indian, reviewed, 179-80 Abrams, Milton C , vice-president U t a h State Historical Society board, 347 Aeschbacher, W. D., Timothy O'Sullivan: America's Forgotten Photographer. The Life and Work of the Brilliant Photographer Whose Camera Recorded the American Scene from the Battlefields of the Civil War to the Frontiers of the West, review by, 354-55 Aikens, C. Melvin, Karnee: A Paiute Narrative, review by, 177—78 Alexander, Thomas G., Nevada's Twentieth Century Mining Boom: Tonopah, Goldfield, Ely, review by, 175—76 Allen, G. E., prominent non-Mormon, 95 Allen, Charles, tarred and feathered, 72 Almy, Wyoming, mining community, 203 America's Western Frontiers: The Exploration and Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, by Hawgood, reviewed, 356—57 American Association for State and Local History, 1967 awards, 350 American party, formed, 9 5 ; controlled administration of Salt Lake City", 9 8 ; T h o m a s Kearns joined, 9 8 ; collapsed, 107; lost control of Salt Lake City government, 107 Anderson, J. Sterling, retired as U t a h State Historical Society board member, 346 Anderson, James H., m e m b e r of Smoot machine, 99 Archives, U t a h State, see U t a h State Archives Area of the Richer Beaver Harvest of North America, m a p and key by Sandoz, reviewed, 86 Armstrong, F., president Salt Lake County Cattle and Horse Association, 195—96 Arrington, Leonard J., Beet Sugar in the West: A History of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, 1891—1966, reviewed, 174—75 Ashliman, D . L., " T h e Image of U t a h a n d the Mormons in Nineteenth-Century Germany," 209-27 Atkinson, Jessie L., established sawmill at Evanston, 203 B B a i l e y , L . R., Indian Slave Trade in the Southwest, reviewed, 181—82 Bamberger, Simon, 108; won 1916 election, 110 Bancroft Library, Friends of the, An Informal Record of George P. Hammond and His Era in the Bancroft Library, reviewed, 269— 70 Bankers and Cattlemen, by Gressley, reviewed, 81-82 Bannock Indians, see Indians

Baptist Church, began missionary work in U t a h , 296; accomplishments by 1896, 2 9 6 9 7 ; crusade against seating B. H . Roberts in Congress, 304—5 Barber, George W., left Fort Limhi, 136 fn. 19 Bernard, Ezra, Salmon River missionary, 124 Battle of Bear River, 3-4, 2 5 - 2 7 ; pictures of area of, 26, 2 7 ; casualties, 2 7 ; reaction to, 2 8 ; picture of painting " R e t u r n i n g From the Battle of Bear River," cover No. 1 Beaman, Louisa, first polygamous wife of Joseph Smith, 310 Bean, George W., description of Mountain Meadows, 139 Bear Hunter, Indian chief visited Salt Lake City, 14 Bear River, "Early D a y T i m b e r C u t t i n g Along the U p p e r Bear River," 202—8; periods of timber cutting, 2 0 2 ; flume for transportation of timber, 2 0 4 - 6 Becker, Gus, 105; U t a h brewer, 104 Beesley, Ebenezer, directed Tabernacle Choir, 287 Beet Sugar in the West: A History of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, 1891—1966, by Arrington, reviewed, 174—75 Bennett, Alma H., bishop at St. Joseph, Nevada, 164 Benson, Ezra T., reported on Indians in Cache Valley in 1863, 29 Bigelow, Lucy, polygamous wife of Brigham Young, 316 Bigelow, Mary, polygamous wife of Brigham Young, 316 Bingham, Thomas, member advance party to rescue Fort Limhi settlers, 1 3 1 ; left Fort Limhi, 136 fn. 19 Bigler, David L., " T h e Crisis at Fort Limhi, 1858," 121-36 Blaine, James G., visited Tabernacle, 284 Blanchard, Jr., J o h n , left Fort Limhi, 136 fn. 19 Bleak, James G., visited M u d d y River settlements, 157 Bloxham, Thomas, member advance party to rescue Fort Limhi settlers, 131 fn. 12; left Fort Limhi, 136 fn. 19 Board of the Division of State History of the D e p a r t m e n t of Development Services, see U t a h State Historical Society Book of Commandments, publication began, 60 Brodie, Fawn M., picture, 3 4 7 ; U t a h State Historical Society 1967 Fellow Award recipient, 3 4 7 ; The Devil Drives: A Life of Sir Richard Burton, reviewed, 353—54 Brooks, Juanita, " T h e M o u n t a i n Meadows: historic stopping place on the Spanish Trail," 135-43 Brophy, William A., comp., The Indian: America's Unfinished Business. Report of the Commission on the Rights, Liberties, and Responsibilities of the American Indian, reviewed, 179—80

Index Brown, Arthur, non-Mormon elected to state office, 94 Bryan, William Jennings, ran for President, 102

California Volunteers, participated in Battle of Bear River, 3—4, 2 6 - 2 7 ; commander, 2 0 ; recruited, 2 0 ; appeal to chief of staff to fight in Civil War, 2 1 ; arrived in Salt Lake, 2 2 ; m a r c h e d against Indians, 2 4 - 2 5 ; casualties from Battle of Bear River, 27 Call, Anson, called to establish settlement on Colorado River, 1 5 1 ; selected site for settlem e n t on Colorado River, 152 Call's Landing, picture, 147; site selected, 152; description, 153; abandoned, 154; p e r h a p s a fort at one time, 154—55 fn. 2 4 ; see also M u d d y River Callister, E. H., editor of Inter-Mountain Republican, 9 9 ; member of Smoot machine, 9 9 ; biographical sketch, 100; investor in Inter-Mountain Republican, 100 Callville, see Call's L a n d i n g C a m p , Charles L., George C. Yount and his Chronicles of the West. Comprising Extracts from his "Memoirs" and from the Osage Clark "Narrative," reviewed, 77—78 C a m p Douglas, see Fort Douglas C a m p Floyd, established, 141, 143-44 C a n n o n , Angus M., called to explore Color a d o River a n d commerce possibilities, 151 C a n n o n , David H., called to explore for road from St. George to Colorado River, Color a d o River, and commerce possibilities of river, 151 C a n n o n , Frank J., member of American party, 9 8 ; biographical sketch, 107; editor of Rocky Mountain News ( D e n v e r ) , 107; picture, 107 C a n n o n , George Q., 3 3 1 , 334, 3 3 6 ; picture, 322 C a n n o n , Joseph J., introduced prohibition bill in U t a h Legislature, 104; prohibition bill defeated, 105 Captain Charles M. Weber, Pioneer of the San Joaquin and founder of Stockton, California, with a description of his papers, maps, books, pictures and memorabilia now in the Bancroft Library, by H a m m o n d and M o r g a n , reviewed, 85—86 Careless, George, directed Tabernacle Choir, 287 C a r t e r Road, " T h r o u g h the U i n t a s : History of the C a r t e r R o a d , " 256—57; pictures, 256, 2 6 1 ; location, 2 5 7 ; reason for establishing, 2 5 7 ; route, 257, 2 6 6 - 6 7 ; m a p , 2 5 9 ; description of early road, 259—60; description of first supply train over, 260, 262; route to Dyer Mine, 2 6 3 ; used by Daggett County residents, 2 6 5 ; see also Dyer Mine Carter, William A., urged reestablishment of soldiers at Fort Bridger, 2 5 8 ; urged C a r t e r R o a d be route to supply goods to Fort Bridger, 258 Cassidy, "Butch," 114 C a r d o n , A. F., ed., " M o u n t a i n Meadows Burial Detachment, 1859: T o m m y Gordon's Diary," 143-46

361 C a t h e d r a l of the Madeleine, erected, 300 Catholic Church, established in U t a h , 2 9 4 ; size in U t a h in 1895, 2 9 4 ; constructed a n orphanage, 300; erected C a t h e d r a l of the Madeleine, 300; opened J u d g e Memorial H o m e , 300; parish chapels established, 300 Cattlemen, " F r o m Self-Reliance to Cooperation: T h e Early Development of the Cattlemen's Associations in U t a h , " 187—201; protection of m u t u a l interests, 1 8 8 ; U t a h delegation to organize nationally, 189—90; conflict with sheepmen, 189; need for national organization, 189; reports on attempts to organize nationally, 190—92; national organization established, 192; controversy over leasing arid lands, 1 9 3 ; Faust organized county associations, 193; move toward territorial asociation, 194; counties organized into associations, 195; local convention announced, 195; conventions convened, 196; subjects to be discussed a t convention, 196; two conventions scheduled, 196; description of conventions, 196—201; controversy between conventions, 197; att e m p t to unite into one territorial organization, 198; attitude toward sheep, 200—1 Christian Church, 1896 membership in U t a h , 2 9 8 ; organized in U t a h , 2 9 8 ; see also Evangelical Christian Churches C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, attitude toward Negro membership in, 66, 6 7 ; disposed of properties, 95—96; backer of Inter-Mountain Republican, 100; underwrote Inter-Mountain Republican losses, 100; attitude toward unions, 2 5 2 ; description of in early U t a h , 2 9 3 ; economic condition, 2 9 9 ; 1890-1910 membership in U t a h , 2 9 9 ; out of debt, 2 9 9 ; length of time polygamy practiced in, 3 1 0 ; Reformation, 3 1 2 ; see also Mormons Clark, Ella E., Indian Legends from the Northern Rockies, reviewed, 84—85 Clark, T h o m a s D., ed., Gold Rush Diary: Being the Journal of Elisha Douglas Perkins on the Overland Trail in the Spring and Summer of 1849, reviewed, 355—56 Clayton, James L., Area of the Richer Beaver Harvest of North America, m a p a n d key by Sandoz, review by, 86 Clough, Wilson L., trans., The Rocky Mountain West in 1867, reviewed, 178—79 Clove, James, member of Smoot machine, 99 Colorado Cattle Growers' Association, m e m bership ( 1 8 7 7 ) , 189; organized, 189; see also Cattlemen a n d Stock Growers Association Colorado River, plans for navigation on, 150— 5 1 ; mission to explore, 1 5 1 ; description of Boulder Canyon, 152 fn. 1 3 ; money needed to improve river between Call's L a n d i n g and Harding's Landing, 152 ; cost of freight brought by, 1 5 3 ; steamships on, 153 Colton, L. J., "Early Day T i m b e r C u t t i n g Along the U p p e r Bear River," 202—8 C o n d i e , R i c h a r d P., d i r e c t e d T a b e r n a c l e Choir, 287 Conger, Leonard, called to explore for road from St. George to Colorado River, 151 Congregational C h u r c h , b e g a n m i s s i o n a r y work in U t a h , 2 9 6 ; 1893 membership in

362 U t a h , 296; academies operated in U t a h , 3 0 2 ; see also E v a n g e l i c a l C h r i s t i a n Churches Connor, Patrick E., commander of troops at Battle of Bear River, 3 - 4 ; commander of California Volunteers, 20; described Indian battle, 2 5 - 2 6 ; promoted, 28 Cooley, Everett L., History of Highway Development in Utah, review by, 274; pictures, 350 Cornwall, J. Spencer, directed Tabernacle Choir, 287 Corrill, John, described Missouri citizens attitude toward Mormons, 6 1 ; approached by mob with demand Mormons leave Missouri, 70 Cowdery, Oliver, assistant editor Evening and Morning Star, 58 Cox, Elvira Euphrasia, polygamist wife of E. A. Day, 3 2 3 ; children, 324; picture, 325 Cowley, Matthias F., resigned from Q u o r u m of Twelve, 95 Creer, Leland H., Father Kino in Arizona, review by, 358-59 Culmsee, Carlton, " T h e Frontier: H a r d y Perennial," 228-35 Cummings, Benjamin Franklin, led advance company to rescue Fort Limhi settlers, 1 3 1 ; diary accounts of progress of Fort Limhi advance rescue party, 131, 132, 134, 135; reached Fort Limhi, 135; left Fort Limhi, 136 Cunningham, Andrew, called to rescue Fort Limhi settlers, 127 Cutler, Benjamin, member advance party to rescue Fort Limhi settlers, 131 fn. 12; left Fort Limhi, 136 fn. 19 Cutler, Clarissa, polygamist wife of Heber C. Kimball, 316 Cutler, Emily, polygamist wife of Heber C. Kimball, 316 Cutler, John C , U t a h governor, 98 Cutter, Donald C , Captain Charles M. Weber, Pioneer of the San Joaquin and founder of Stockton, California, with a description of his papers, maps, books, pictures and memorabilia now in the Bancroft Library, review by, 85—86

Davidson, James, family perished in M u d d y River Valley, 167-68 fn. 49 Davis, Jr., W. N., George C. Yount and his Chronicles of the West. Comprising Extracts from his "Memoirs" and from the Osage Clark "Narrative," review by, 77—78 Davison, Stanley R., The Rocky Mountain West in 1867, review by, 178-79 Day, Eli Azariah, "Eli Azariah D a y : Pioneer Schoolteacher and 'Prisoner for Conscience S a k e , ' " 3 2 2 - 4 1 ; pictures, 322, 3 2 5 ; biographical sketch, 323—24; entered prison, 3 2 3 ; children, 324; letters while "on the U n d e r g r o u n d " and in prison, 325—41 Day, Robert B., ed., "Eli Azariah D a y : Pioneer Schoolteacher and 'Prisoner for Conscience Sake,' " 322—41

Utah Historical Quarterly Decker, Clara, polygamous wife of Brigham Young, 316 Decker, Lucy, polygamous wife of Brigham Young, 316 Democratic party, influential Gentiles join, 96; membership in U t a h , 97; advocated prohibition, 107 Dern, George, funeral services held in Tabernacle, 284 Deseret Evening News, first issued, 55 Deseret News, 100 Deseret Telegraph, sold, 95 Deseret Sunday School Union Jubilee (July 24, 1875), description of celebration, 285— 8 6 ; picture of Tabernacle decorated for, 286 Desert, picture of cemetery in frontier community on, 234 The Devil Drives: A Life of Sir Richard Burton, by Brodie, reviewed, 353-54 Dewey, Thomas E., visited Tabernacle, 284 Drury, Clifford Merrill, First White Women Over the Rockies: Diaries, Letters, and Biographical Sketches of the Six Women of the Oregon Mission who made the Overland Journey in 1836 and 1838, reviewed, 86-87 Duffin, Isaac, called to explore for road from St. George to Colorado River, 151 Durrant, Stephen D., The Grizzly Bear: Portraits from Life, review by, 80—81 Dyer Mine, location, 263 ; smelter constructed for, 264; ore extracted, 263—64; abandoned, 264; pictures, 264, 2 6 5 ; see also Carter Road Edmunds Act, passed, 312 Egloffstein, F. W., visited U t a h with Fremont Expedition, 213 Eisenhower, Dwight D., spoke in Tabernacle, 284 Elliott, Russell R., Nevada's Twentieth-Century Mining Boom: Tonopah, Goldfield, Ely, reviewed, 175—76 Emery House, established, 301 Episcopal Church, established in U t a h , 294; policy toward Mormons, 294; 1895 membership in U t a h , 294; assumed responsibility for spiritual well-being of U i n t a h Indian Reservation, 3 0 1 ; Emery House established at University of U t a h , 3 0 1 ; 1947 membership in U t a h , 301 Evangelical Christian Churches, attitude toward Mormons, 295, 298, 3 0 5 ; established schools in U t a h , 295; number of Mormon children taught by schools established by, 296; blocked U t a h statehood, 2 9 8 ; circulated anti-Mormon propaganda throughout the country, 2 9 8 ; expanded school program, 3 0 1 ; retrenchment of school program, 3 0 1 ; crusade against L.D.S. Church theology, 303—4; ministers send petitions protesting seating of B. H. Roberts in Congress, 304; beginning of community church, 3 0 5 ; formed Home Missions Council, 305; see also Baptist Church, Church of Christ, Congregational Church, Lutheran Church, Methodist Church, and Presbyterian Church

Index Evans, David, bishop of Lehi, 126 Evanston, Wyoming, sawmill established, 203 Evening and Morning Star, "Factors in the Destruction of the Mormon Press in Missouri, 1833," 5 6 - 7 6 ; press destroyed, 5 7 ; assistant editor, 5 8 ; editor, 5 8 ; established, 5 8 ; first number issued, 5 8 ; contents, 59— 6 0 ; resolution by Missourians to cease publication of, 70; printing office razed, 7 1 ; offices moved, 72 Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West, by Goetzmann, reviewed, 272—73

Farms, pictures, 228,232-33 Father Kino in Arizona, by Smith, Kessell, and Fox, reviewed, 358—59 Faust, Henry J., reported on U t a h delegation of cattlemen to form national cattlemen's association, 190—92; view on land leasing, 191—92; picture, 192; started to establish territorial cattlemen's organization in U t a h , 192; vice-president National Cattle and Horse Association, 192, 195; organized county cattlemen's associations, 193—94; argued for territorial cattlemen's organization, 1 9 4 - 9 5 ; announced cattlemen's convention, 195; controversy at cattlemen's conventions, 197, 200; president of Territorial Stock Growers' Association of U t a h , 201 Fernhagel, D. T., description of Mormons, 223-25 Ferry, W. Mont, prominent non-Mormon, 94-95 First White Women Over the Rockies: Diaries, Letters, and Biographical Sketches of the Six Women of the Oregon Mission who made the Overland Journey in 1836 and 1838, by Drury, reviewed, 86-87 Fisher, Frank, U t a h brewer, 104 Fleming, L. A., " T h e Settlements on the M u d d y , 1865 to 1871, 'A God Forsaken place,' " 147-72 Folsom, William H., Mormon Church architect, 280 Foote, Warren, presided over St. Joseph, Nevada, 157 Fort Bridger, military telegraph established between Fort Thornburgh and, 263 Fort Douglas, established, 22 Fort Duchesne, established, 263 Fort Limhi, " T h e Crisis at Fort Limhi, 1858," 1 2 1 - 3 6 ; picture of site of, 1 2 1 ; attack by Indians, 124, 125; picture of area, 126; advance rescue party leaves for, 1 3 1 ; diary accounts of progress of advance rescue party of settlers of, 131, 132, 134, 135; members of advance rescue party, 131, 131 fn. 12; picture of ruins of, 133; advance rescue party reached settlers of, 135; abandoned, 136 Fort Thornburgh, to be supplied over Carter Road, 2 5 8 ; soldiers established sawmill in Summit Park, 262; abandoned, 2 6 3 ; mili-

363 tary telegraph established between Fort Bridger and, 2 6 3 ; routes used to supply, 2 6 3 ; picture of plaque concerning, 266 Fox, Francis J., Father Kino in Arizona, reviewed, 3 5 8 - 5 9 Fremont, J o h n Charles, description of M o u n tain Meadows, 138; expeditions to U t a h , 210, 2 1 1 , 213 Frontier, Frederick Jackson T u r n e r definition, 38; Frederic Paxson definition, 3 8 ; U . S. Census definition, 3 9 ; " T h e Frontier: H a r dy Perennial," 228-35

Gentiles, controversy with Mormons, 93—94; elected to U t a h offices, 94 George C. Yount and his Chronicles of the West, Comprising Extracts from his "Memoirs" and from the Osage Clark "Narrative," by Camp, reviewed, 77—78 Germans, " T h e Image of U t a h and the Mormons in Nineteenth-Century Germany," 2 0 9 - 2 7 ; first to visit U t a h , 210; reasons for interest in American West, 210 Gheen, Amanda, polygamist wife of Heber C. Kimball, 316 Gheen, Anna, polygamist wife of Heber C. Kimball, 316 Gibbons, Andrew, Indian interpreter, 160 Gilbert, Algernon S., "storehouse" proprietor in Independence, Missouri, 6 0 ; approached by mob with demand Mormons leave Missouri, 70; "storehouse" looted, 72 Gilbert, Benjamin F., Readings in California Catholic History, review by, 357—58 Goddard, Stephen, directed Tabernacle Choir, 287 Goetzmann, William H., Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West, reviewed, 272-73 Gold Hill, Wyoming, 204 Gold Rush Diary: Being the Journal of Elisha Douglas Perkins on the Overland Trail in the Spring and Summer of 1849, by Clark, reviewed, 355—56 Goldwater, Barry, visited Tabernacle, 284 Goodman, David Michael, A Western Panorama 1849—1875: the travels, writings and influence of J. Ross Browne on the Pacific Coast, and in Texas, Nevada, Arizona and Baja California, as the first Mining Commissioner, and Minister to China, reviewed, 79-80 Goodman, Jack, reappointed U t a h State Historical Society board member, 347; retired as vice-president of U t a h State Historical Society board, 347 Goodwin, C. C , prominent non-Mormon, 94 Gordon, Tommy, "Mountain Meadows Burial Detachment, 1859: Tommy Gordon's Diary," 1 4 3 - 4 6 ; brief description of, 144 Grant, Heber J., prohibition crusade, 103, 106; views regarding Word of Wisdom 103; used letters against Reed Smoot, 104 became president of Mormon Church, 111 political affiliation, 111; picture of funeral 286

Utah Historical Quarterly

364 Gressley, Gene M., Bankers and Cattlemen, reviewed, 81—82 The Grizzly Bear: Portraits from Life, by Haynes and Haynes, reviewed, 80—81 Grover, Joel, argued in defense of proposal to lease arid lands to cattle interests, 1 9 3 ; argued for territorial cattlemen's organization, 1 9 4 - 9 5 ; vice-president U t a h Cattle and Horse Growers' Association, 194; controversy at Cattlemen's conventions, 198 Grover, Joseph, called to rescue Fort Limhi settlers, 128 Grow, Henry, helped design and build Tabernacle, 280

H Hafen, Ann W., First White Women Over the Rockies: Diaries, Letters, and Biographical Sketches of the Six Women of the Oregon Mission who made the Overland Journey in 1836 and 1838, review by, 86—87 Hafen, LeRoy R., ed., The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West, reviewed, 270-71 Hague, Alma, member U t a h Cattle and Horse Growers' Association, 194; controversy at cattlemen's conventions, 198 Hague, John, member U t a h Cattle and Horse Growers' Association, 194 Hamblin, Jacob, called to explore for road from St. George to Colorado River, Colorado River, and commercial possibilities of river, 1 5 1 ; description of Boulder Canyon on the Colorado by, 152 fn. 13 H a m m e r , J., member advance party to rescue Fort Limhi settlers, 131 fn. 12 H a m m o n d , George P., Captain Charles M. Weber, Pioneer of the San Joaquin and founder of Stockton, California, with a description of his papers, maps, books, pictures and memorabilia now in the Bancroft Library, reviewed, 85—86 Hansen, Jens, polygamist, 313 Hansen, Klaus J., Orrin Porter Rockwell: Man of God, Son of Thunder, review by, 173—74; Quest for Empire: The Political Kingdom of God and the Council of Fifty in Mormon History, reviewed, 352—53 Harding, W a r r e n Gamaliel, spoke in Tabernacle, 284 Hardy's Landing, location, 150—51 H a r r i m a n , E. H., Union Pacific magnate, 95 Haseltine, James L., Thomas Moran: Artist of the Mountains, review by, 82—83 H a t c h , Abram, 197; called to rescue Fort Limhi settlers, 128; reached Fort Limhi, 135; controversy at cattlemen's conventions, 198 Havemeyer, Henry O., acquired control of U t a h Sugar Company, 95 Hawgood, J o h n A., America's Western Frontiers: The Exploration and Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, reviewed, 356— 57 Haynes, Bessie Doak and Edgar, The Grizzly Bear: Portraits from Life, reviewed, 80—81

H e a p , Gwinn Harris, description of Mountain Meadows, 139 Hill, George Washington, member advance party to rescue Fort Limhi settlers, 1 3 1 ; left Fort Limhi, 136 fn. 19 Hilliard, Wyoming, 204, 2 0 5 ; charcoal kilns at, 206; charcoal industry flourished at, 208 Historical Society, U t a h State, see U t a h State Historical Society History of Highway Development in Utah, by Knowlton, reviewed, 274 Holy Cross Hospital, picture of first, 303 Home Missions Council, formed, 305 Hoover, Herbert Clark, spoke in Tabernacle, 284 Horan, James D., Timothy O'Sullivan: America's Forgotten Photographer. The Life and Work of the Brilliant Photographer Whose Camera Recorded the American Scene from the Battlefields of the Civil War to the Frontiers of the West, reviewed, 354—55 The Horse in America, by H o w a r d , reviewed, 273-74 Howard, Robert West, The Horse in America, reviewed, 273—74 Howes, Edward H., An Informal Record of George P. Hammond and His Era in the Bancroft Library, review by, 269—70

1 Iliff, Thomas C , Methodist mission superintendent who urged denial of seat in Congress to B. H . Roberts, 304 Independence Day, description of 1868 celebration, 285 The Indian: America's Unfinished Business. Report of the Commission on the Rights, Liberties, and Responsibilities of the American Indian, comp., Brophy and Aberle, reviewed, 179-80 Indian Legends from the Northern Rockies, by Clark, reviewed, 84—85 Indian Slave Trade in the Southwest, by Bailey, reviewed, 181-82 Indians, "Shoshoni-Bannock M a r a u d e r s on the Oregon Trail, 1 8 5 9 - 1 8 6 3 , " 3 - 3 0 ; pictures, 3, 8, 9, 1 8 ; M o r m o n attitude toward, 4—5; white cruelty toward, 4, 5, 6, 7; depredations against whites, 6—7, 7—9, 11—12, 14—15; suspicion of white men leading Indians in attacks against white settlers, 6; army attacks, 7, 22, 2 4 - 2 5 ; massacre by, 7; army attempts to control, 9; government attitude toward, 10, 1 3 ; attitude of Shoshoni-Bannock toward not purchasing their land, 1 1 ; title to land in U t a h not extinguished, 1 1 ; clash with settlers in Smithfield, 12; destitute conditions of, 12—13, 1 4 - 1 5 ; clash with settlers in Grantsville area, 14; Mormons accused of intriguing with, 14; attacked whites, 1 4 - 1 9 , 2 3 ; warning to emigrants against, 1 7 - 1 8 ; agents ask for annuity and treaty goods, 18—19; attacked Cache Valley settlements, 19; gather at Bear Lake, 19; California Volunteers punish, 2 0 - 2 1 ; release white captive, 22; parley with Mormons, 2 3 - 2 4 ; belligerent

365

Index toward white men, 2 3 ; Battle of Bear River, 2 6 - 2 7 ; reaction to Battle of Bear River of, 2 8 - 2 9 ; conditions in Cache Valley, 2 9 ; treaties, 3 0 ; Shoshoni and Bannock attack Fort Limhi, 125; Fort Limhi rescue party fight, 136; uprising along M u d d y a n d Virgin rivers, 159; letter from Brigham Young advising M u d d y River settlers on course to pursue with hostile, 1 5 9 - 6 0 ; parley with Erastus Snow, 160; force a b a n d o n m e n t of Sevier County settlements, 172; attacked M a j o r T . T . T h o r n b u r g h , 2 5 7 ; Meeker Massacre, 2 5 7 ; removed to U i n t a h Reservation, 2 5 7 - 5 8 ; Episcopal C h u r c h accepted responsibility for spiritual well-being of U i n t a h Reservation, 301 Industrial Workers of the World, 2 4 3 ; attempted to organize in U t a h , 248 An Informal Record of George P. Hammond and His Era in the Boncroft Library, by Friends of the Bancroft Library, reviewed, 269-70 Inter-Mountain Republican, inaugurated, 9 9 ; financial conditions, 100; investors, 100 Irrigation, picture of new methods of, 231 Iverson, J. Grant, " T h e President's R e p o r t for the Fiscal Year 1966-67," 3 4 2 - 5 1 ; picture, 3 4 2 ; reappointed U t a h State Historical Society board member, 347 Ivins, Anthony W., prohibition crusade, 103, 106 Ivins, Stanley S., " T r i b u t e to Stanley S. Ivins," 3 0 7 - 9 ; writings, 3 0 8 ; died, 309; "Notes on M o r m o n Polygamy," 3 0 9 - 2 1 ; library willed to U t a h State Historical Society, 349

J Jackling, D . C , friendly toward Mormons, 98 Jackson, Sheldon, Presbyterian mission president, 3 0 2 ; requested money to carry on missionary work in U t a h , 303 Jackson, W. Turrentine, A Western Panorama 1849—1875: the travels, writings and influence of J. Ross Browne on the Pacific Coast, and in Texas, Nevada, Arizona and Baja California, as the first Mining Commissioner, and Minister to China, review by, 79-80 Jennings, W a r r e n A., "Factors in the Destruction of the Mormon Press in Missouri, 1833," 5 6 - 7 6 Jennings, William, picture, 192; president U t a h Cattle a n d Horse Growers' Association, 194; controversy at cattlemen's conventions, 198, 199, 200; nominated chairm a n of territorial cattlemen's association, 200 Jensen, Mrs. A. O , reappointed U t a h State Historical Society board member, 347 Jews, organized in U t a h , 2 9 3 ; 1895 membership in Utah, 2 9 3 ; picture of B'Nai Israel Temple, 2 9 7 ; established congregation in Ogden, 300; Orthodox and Reformed churches established in Salt Lake City, 300 Johnson, L y n d o n B., spoke in Tabernacle, 284 Johnston, Albert Sidney, commander U t a h Expedition, 122 J u d g e Memorial Home, opened, 300

Junction City, Nevada, settled, 165; visited by church officials, 166; see also M u d d y River

K K a n e , Thomas L., mediator between M o r mons and U t a h Expedition, 123 Karnee: A Paiute Narrative, by Scott, reviewed, 177—78 Kearns, Thomas, Mormon support refused in 1904 Senate election, 9 4 ; b i o g r a p h i c a l sketch, 9 8 ; joined American party, 9 8 ; picture, 9 8 ; backer of Salt Lake Tribune, 100; rejoined Republican party, 107; backed construction of an orphanage, 300 Keith, David, backer of Salt Lake Tribune, 100 Kennedy, J o h n F., spoke in Tabernacle, 284 Kessell, J o h n L., Father Kino in Arizona, reviewed, 3 5 8 - 5 9 Kimball, Heber C , n u m b e r of wives, 3 1 3 ; picture, 3 1 4 ; married sisters, 3 1 6 ; views on polygamy, 3 1 7 ; size of family, 318 Kimberly, U t a h , "Kimberly as I remember her," 1 1 2 - 2 0 ; pictures, 112, 114, 117, 118; residents, 114-15, 116, 118, 119 King, William H., opposed Reed Smoot, 1 0 1 ; won 1916 election, 110 Knowlton, Ezra C , History of Highway Development in Utah, reviewed, 274

Labor, factors determining movement of, 2 3 8 ; persons engaged in building trades in 1880, 2 4 1 ; pictures of laborers, 2 4 1 , 247, 250, 2 5 3 ; legislation in U t a h , 2 5 4 - 5 5 ; see also Unions Lake, William Bailey, member advance party to rescue Fort Limhi settlers, 1 3 1 ; left Fort Limhi, 136 fn. 19; killed, 136 fn. 20 L a n d e r , F . W., superintendent of Indians, 5, 6, 9 L a n d o n , Alfred, visited Tabernacle, 284 Larson, Gustive O., Gold Rush Diary: Being the Journal of Elisha Douglas Perkins on the Overland Trail in the Spring and Summer of 1849, review by, 355—56 The Latter-day Saints: The Mormons Yesterday and Today, by Mullen, reviewed, 268— 69 Layton, Christopher, called to rescue Fort Limhi settlers, 128; reached Fort Limhi, 135 Leatherwood, E. O., lost 1912 election, 109 Leavitt, J. Q., controversy at cattlemen's conventions, 198 Lee, J o h n D., n u m b e r of wives, 3 1 3 ; picture, 3 1 5 ; married sisters and their mother, 3 1 6 ; size of family, 318 Leifson, Jack W., pictures, 345, 3 4 7 ; received U t a h State Historical Society Teacher Award, 345 Leilich, J o h n L., Methodist mission president who crusaded against Reed Smoot, 304 Leithead, James, bishop of St. T h o m a s , 162; vice-president M u d d y River Valley Coopera t i v e , 1 6 8 ; l e t t e r s a s k i n g for relief for M u d d y River settlers, 168-69, 169-70

366

Utah Historical

Leonard, Abiel, bishop in Episcopal Church, 301 Liberal party, dissolved, 96 Lienhard, Heinrich, visited Salt Lake Valley, 2 1 1 ; described Salt Lake Valley in 1846, 2 1 2 ; picture, 212 Limhi, Fort, see Fort Limhi Loose, C. E., member of Smoot machine, 9 9 ; investor in Inter-Mountain Republican, 100 Luke, Theron, appointed U t a h State Historical Society board member, 344; biographical sketch, 345-46 Lumber, see Timber L u n d , Anthon H., sketch of property, 3 2 ; died, 34; picture, 35 Lund, Anthony C , directed Tabernacle Choir, 287 L u n d , Jr., Herbert Z., " T h e Skeleton in Grandpa's Barn," 31—36 L u n d , Sr., Herbert Z., picture, 3 1 ; prison doctor, 32-33 L u n d , Sarah Ann Peterson, description, 3 4 ; picture, 35 L u t h e r a n Church, first church in U t a h , 297; size in 1 8 9 6 , 2 9 8 ; see also E v a n g e l i c a l Christian Churches Lyman, Francis M., 337; prohibition crusade, 103, 106; view regarding Word of Wisdom, 1 0 3 ; picture, 322 Lynde, Isaac, major U.S. Army attempted to quell Indians, 7 Lyon, T. Edgar, "Religious Activities and Development in U t a h , 1847-1910," 292-306

Mc McCornick, W. S., friendly toward Mormons, 98 McGarry, Edward, major with California Volunteers, 2 0 - 2 1 ; sent to recover captive white boy from Indians, 22 M c l n t y r e , Samuel, member U t a h Cattle and Horse Growers' Association, 194 M c l n t y r e , William, member U t a h Cattle and Horse Growers' Association, 194

M Madsen, Brigham D., "Shoshoni-Bannock Marauders on the Oregon Trail, 1859— 1863," 3—30; America's Western Frontiers: The Exploration and Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, review by, 356—57 Maeser, Karl G., founded Brigham Young Academy, 323 Mason, Alice S., Navaho Neighbors, review by, 82 Maxwell, Neal, presented address at 1967 Statehood Day program, 348 May, Karl, descriptions of Mormons and U t a h in his works of fiction, 2 2 2 - 2 3 Mays, James H., won 1912 election in U t a h , 109; won 1916 election in U t a h , 110 Meeker Massacre, 257 Messenger and Advocate, publication began, 72 Methodist Church, accomplishments by 1895, 296; began missionary work in U t a h , 296; membership in 1895, 296; picture of First

Quarterly

Methodist Church, 2 9 7 ; academies operated in U t a h , 3 0 2 ; ministers instructed to stay out of politics, 304; see also Evangelical Christian Churches Meyers, F. H., member U t a h Cattle and Horse Growers' Association, 194 Mill Point, Nevada, 1866 census, 162 Missourians, attitude toward Evening and Morning Star, 6 0 ; attitude toward free Negro, 67, 6 8 ; act to expel Mormons, 63, 65, 68—69; wrote and circulated "Secret Constitution," 68—69; charges levied against Mormons by, 6 9 ; m o b against Mormons, 69—72 ; demanded Mormons leave Missouri, 70; resolutions against Mormons passed by, 70; local law enforcement against, 72—73; causes of conflict with Mormons, 7 3 ; expelled Mormons from Missouri, 73 Mitchell, Robert C , "Desert Tortoise: T h e Mormon Tabernacle on T e m p l e Square," 279-91 M o a p a Valley, see M u d d y Valley Moler, M u r r a y M., Retreat to Nevada: A Socialist Colony of World War I, review by, 272 Mollhausen, Heinrich Balduin, picture, 209; visited the West, 2 1 7 ; descriptions of Mormons in his works of fiction, 218—21; painting by, 219 Moon, Dorothy, polygamous wife of Heber C. Kimball, 316 Moon, H a n n a h , polygamous wife of Heber C. Kimball, 316 Moorman, Donald R., The Wagonmasters: High Plains Freighting from the Earliest Days of the Santa Fe Trail to 1880, review by, 176-77 Morgan, Dale L., Captain Charles M. Weber, Pioneer of the San Joaquin and founder of Stockton, California, with a description of his papers, maps, books, pictures and memorabilia now in the Bancroft Library, reviewed, 85—86; The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West, review by, 2 7 0 - 7 1 ; pictures, 342, 3 4 6 ; Quest for Empire: The Political Kingdom of God and the Council of Fifty in Mormon History, review by, 352—53 Moritz, Jacob, U t a h brewer, 104 Morley, Isaac, approached by m o b with dem a n d Mormons leave Missouri, 70 The Mormon Establishment, by T u r n e r , reviewed, 2 6 8 - 6 9 Mormons, attitude toward Indians, 4 - 5 ; Indian hostility toward, 5 ; attitude toward army efforts to suppress Indians, 10; accused of inciting Indians, 14; parley with Indians, 2 3 - 2 4 ; "Factors in the Destruction of the M o r m o n Press in Missouri, 1833," 5 6 - 7 6 ; friction with Missourians, 61, 6 2 ; number in Jackson County, Missouri, in 1831, 6 1 ; reasons for friction with Missourians, 6 2 - 6 3 , 7 3 ; Missourians actions to expel, 63, 65, 6 8 - 6 9 ; accused of inciting Negro slaves, 6 4 ; attitude toward Negro membership in church, 65, 66—67; Negro members, 6 5 ; Missourians "Secret Constitution," 6 8 - 6 9 ; Missourians charges against, 6 9 ; Missourians mob action

Index against, 69—72; Missourians demand removal of, 70; resolutions against, 70; attitude toward slavery, 73, 75; expelled from Jackson County, Missouri, 7 3 ; involvement in slavery in Missouri, 73—74; polygamy in 1900's, 9 2 - 9 3 , 94; controversy with Gentiles, 9 3 - 9 4 ; elect Gentiles to office, 9 4 ; " T h e Image of U t a h and the Mormons in Nineteenth-Century Germany," 209—27; description by Jacob H . Schiel, 214—15; description by Professor Streng, 216—17; description of fictitious Mormons by Heinrich Balduin Mollhausen, 218—21; description of fictitious Mormons by Karl May, 2 2 2 - 2 3 ; description by D . T . Fernhagel, 2 2 3 - 2 5 ; description by E m m a Poesche, 2 2 6 ; progress on Checklist of M o r m o n Literature, 3 4 8 ; see also C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Morris, Nephi L., lost 1916 election, 110 M o u n t a i n Meadows, " T h e Mountain Meadows : historic stopping place on the Spanish Trail," 137—43; Spanish traders use, 137; descriptions, 138, 139, 139-40, 1 4 1 ; see also Mountain Meadows Massacre M o u n t a i n Meadows Massacre, brief description of events, 1 4 0 - 4 1 ; victims buried, 1 4 1 ; monument, 1 4 2 - 4 3 ; picture of monument and plaque, 142; "Mountain Meadows Burial Detachment, 1859: T o m m y Gordon's Diary," 143-46; description of area after, 145, 145 fn. 2 ; see also Mountain Meadows The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West, by Hafen, reviewed, 270-71 Moyle, James H., opposed Reed Smoot, 108; lost 1912 election, 109 M u d d y River, " T h e Settlements on the M u d dy, 1865 to 1871, 'A God Forsaken place,' " 147—72; conditions settlers faced, 148; location "x>f settlements, 148; named, 1 4 8 - 4 9 ; call for Mormons to settle, 155; m a p of settlements on, 156; letter from Brigham Young on how to deal with hostile Indians, 1 5 9 - 6 0 ; Nauvoo Legion organized against Indians, 160; letter from Daniel H . Wells advising settlers to construct forts, 1 6 1 ; letter from Erastus Snow concerning defense of settlements against Indians, 1 6 1 ; settlers conditions critical, 168-70; state boundary dispute, 170; letter from Brigham Young advising settlers to leave, 171—72; state boundary settled, 171; settlements abandoned, 172; see also Call's Landing, Junction City, M u d d y River Valley, Overton, St. Joseph, St. Thomas, and West Point M u d d y River Valley, description, 149; location, 149; reasons for settling, 1 4 9 - 5 0 ; settlers purchase stock in Washington cotton factory, 167; telegraph to be built to settlements in, 167; cooperative established, 168; officers of valley cooperative, 168; see also M u d d y River Mullen, Robert, The Latter-day Saints: The Mormons Yesterday and Today, reviewed, 268-69 Munson, John, member advance party to rescue Fort Limhi settlers, 131 fn. 12 Musser, Amos Milton, 323

367 Musser, Ellis Shipp, collection presented to U t a h State Historical Society library, 349 M u t u a l Improvement Association, began, 323

N Nauvoo Legion, called to go to Fort Limhi, 1 2 4 ; d e s c r i p t i o n of s o l d i e r s , 128—29; reached Fort Limhi, 135; organized in M u d d y River settlements, 160 Navaho Neighbors, by Newcomb, reviewed, 82 Negroes, membership in Mormon Church, 65 ; Missouri statute concerning, 65, 6 6 ; Mormon missionaries among, 6 5 ; attitude of Mormon Church toward, 66, 6 7 ; attitude of Missourians toward free, 67, 6 8 ; 1830 census in Missouri, 6 8 ; Mormons accused of inciting, 69 Nevada's Twentieth-Century Mining Boom: Tonopah, Goldfield, Ely, by Elliott, reviewed, 175—76 Newcomb, F r a n c Johnson, Navaho Neighbors, reviewed, 82 Nixon, Richard M., visited Tabernacle, 284

O'Dea, Thomas F., The Latter-day Saints: The Mormons Yesterday and Today, review by, 2 6 8 - 6 9 ; The Mormon Establishment, review by, 268—69 Orrin Porter Rockwell: Man of God, Son of Thunder, by Schindler, reviewed, 173—74 Osborne, Dr., see Kane, Thomas L. Overton, Nevada, named, 168 fn. 5 0 ; settled, 168; see also M u d d y River Oviatt, Alton B., Indian Legends from the Northern Rockies, review by, 8 4 - 8 5 Owen, J o h n , attempted to carry out instructions concerning Indians, 10; major U . S . Army placed in charge of Shoshoni-Bannock Indians, 10; plea for the " S n a k e " Indians, 12—13

Pace, Josephine, "Kimberly as I remember her," 112-20 Park, J o h n R., 323 Parker, LeRoy, see Cassidy, "Butch" Parowan, U t a h , settled, 139 Parry, John, directed Tabernacle Choir, 287 Patti, Adelina, efforts to perform in Tabernacle, 2 8 1 - 8 2 ; performed in Tabernacle, 282; picture, 282 Patridge, Edward, 5 8 ; approached by mob with demand Mormons leave Missouri, 70; tarred and feathered by mob, 72 Paul, R o d m a n W., Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West, review by, 272— 73 Pawar, Sheelwant B., " T h e Structure of L a b o r Unions in U t a h , An Historical Perspective, 1890-1920," 236-55 Paxson, Frederic L., definition of frontier, 38 People's party, dissolved, 96 Petersen, L a M a r , The Devil Drives: A Life of Sir Richard Burton, review by, 353—54

368 Phelps, William Wines, picture, 5 7 ; editor of Evening and Morning Star, 5 8 ; articles incense Missourians, 66—70; Missouri delegation demanded removal of Mormons, 70; biographical sketch, 76 Pioneer Artifacts, picture of tin lantern, cover No. 3 Pioneer Circuses of the West, by Reynolds, reviewed, 83—84 Pitkin, Abigail, polygamous wife of Heber C. Kimball, 316 Pitkin, Laura, polygamous wife of Heber C. Kimball, 316 Pocatello, Indian chief who swore vengeance on whites, 6—7 Poesche, Emma, witty description of Mormons, 226 Politics, " U t a h comes of age politically: a study of the state's politics in the early years of the twentieth century," 91—111 Polygamy, congressional hearing concerning, 9 2 - 9 3 , 9 4 - 9 5 ; in U t a h in 1900's, 9 2 - 9 3 , 9 5 ; raised as an issue politically, 9 2 ; abolished, 306, 310, 3 1 2 ; "Notes on Mormon Polygamy," 309—21; extent practiced in U t a h , 310, 3 1 1 ; inaugurated, 3 1 0 ; length of life in Church of Jesus Christ of Latterday Saints, 310; openly avowed by Mormons, 310; testimony in Reed Smoot case, 3 1 0 - 1 1 ; increase in marriages, 311, 3 1 2 ; Mormon acceptance of doctrine, 3 1 1 ; Edmunds Act passed, 3 1 2 ; Joseph Smith most married m a n in church, 3 1 3 ; number of wives of Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, John D . Lee, a n d Orson Pratt, 3 1 3 ; number of polygamists and wives, 313—14; age when married, 315 ; description of composite polygamist, 316; high speed marrying, 316; popularity of marrying sisters, 316; reason for marrying sisters, 316—17; Mormon justification of, 317, 3 1 9 ; size of families, 318—19; common reasons for opposition, 319—20; people with distinct racial characteristics produced from, 3 2 0 ; tenet of church, 3 2 1 ; "Eli Azariah D a y : Pioneer Schoolteacher and 'Prisoner for Conscience Sake,' " 3 2 2 - 4 1 ; picture of cohabs in prison, 322; letters of polygamist "on the U n d e r g r o u n d " and in prison, 325— 41 Pomeroy, Earl, " W h a t remains of the West?" 37-55 Powell, J o h n Wesley, arrived at m o u t h of Virgin River, 165 Powers, O r l a n d o W., prominent non-Mormon, 94; party affiliation, 96, 97 Pratt, Heleman, presided over Overton, Nevada, settlement, 168 Pratt, Orson, number of wives, 3 1 3 ; picture, 315 Pratt, Orville C , description of Mountain Meadows, 139 Presbyterian Church, picture of First Presbyterian Church, 292; accomplishments by 1895, 296; began missionary work in U t a h , 296; academies operated in U t a h , 302; attempted to resurrect anti-Mormon sentiment, 302; see also Evangelical Christian Churches

Utah Historical Quarterly Preuss, Charles, cartographer with Fremont Expeditions, 210, 211 Price, Howard C , reappointed U t a h State Historical Society board member, 347 Price, Virginia N., The Horse in America, review by, 273-74 Price, U t a h , Catholic parish chapel established, 300 Prison, see U t a h Territorial Prison Progressive party, fused with Democrats in U t a h , 108 Prohibition, advocated by members of Twelve Apostles, 103, 106; advocated state-wide, 103; Cannon Bill, 104, 105; political issue in 1914, 109; Wooten Bill passed, 109; liquor law passed, 111 Q Quest for Empire: The Political Kingdom of God and the Council of Fifty in Mormon History, by Hansen, reviewed, 352—53

Rampton, Calvin L., picture, 345 Rampton, Mrs. Calvin L., picture, 347; U t a h State H i s t o r i c a l Society 1967 Service Award recipient, 347 Randlett, U t a h , Episcopal chapel constructed, 301 Rawlins, Joseph L., non-Mormon elected to state office, 9 4 ; party affiliation, 96 Readings in California Catholic History, by Weber, reviewed, 357—58 Records Center, 1966-67 accomplishments, 350—51; see also U t a h State Archives Religions, "Religious Activities a n d Development in U t a h , 1847-1910," 2 9 2 - 3 0 6 Reorganized C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, opposed polygamy, 310 Republican party, Gentiles joined, 96; membership in U t a h , 9 7 ; status in 1908, 102; attitude toward, 109; defeated in U t a h , 110 Retreat to Nevada: A Socialist Colony of World War I, by Shepperson, reviewed, 272 Reynolds, Chang, Pioneer Circuses of the West, reviewed, 8 3 - 8 4 Rich, J. C , controversy at cattlemen's conventions, 198, 199 Richfield, abandoned because of hostile Indians, 172 Ridges, Joseph Harris, constructed Tabernacle organ, 288 Rio Virgin County, county seat, 1 7 1 ; created, 171 Roberts, B. H., congressional rejection of, 9 7 ; petition of protest against seating in Congress by Evangelical ministers of U t a h , 304 Rockville Telegraph Office, picture, cover No. 2 ; historical sketch and description, 136 Rockwell, Orrin Porter, 123 The Rocky Mountain West in 1867, by Simonin, reviewed, 178—79 Rollins, George W., Bankers and Cattlemen, review by, 81—82 A Room for the Night: Hotels of the Old West, by V a n O r m a n , reviewed, 271—72 Roosevelt, Franklin D., spoke in Tabernacle, 284

Index Roosevelt, Theodore, backed William Howard Taft, 102; popular, 108; spoke in T a b e r nacle, 284

Salt Lake City, population in 1900's, 245 Salt Lake Collegiate Institute, 302 Salt L a k e Federation of Labor, n a m e changed to, 2 4 3 ; a t t e m p t e d to bring together craft and radical unions, 249 Salt Lake City Hall, picture, 199 Salt Lake Herald, Democratic newspaper, 100; sold, 101 Salt Lake Telegram, attacked Republican party, 99 Salt Lake Tribune, Republican newspaper, 9 9 ; attacked Republican party, 100 Sanders, Ellen, polygamous wife of H e b e r C. Kimball, 316 Sanders, Harriet, polygamous wife of H e b e r C. Kimball, 316 Sandoz, M a r i , m a p a n d key of Area of the Richer Beaver Harvest of North America, reviewed, 86 Sands, Robert, directed Tabernacle Choir, 287 Scamehorn, Lee, Beet Sugar in the West: A History of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, 1891-1966, review by, 174-75 Scanlan, L a u r e n c e , Catholic bishop's accomplishments in Utah, 300 Schiel, J a c o b H., picture of title page of book by, 2 0 9 ; visited U t a h , 2 1 3 ; description of U t a h a n d t h e Mormons, 2 1 3 - 1 5 Schindler, H a r o l d , Orrin Porter Rockwell: Man of God, Son of Thunder, reviewed, 1 7 3 - 7 4 ; picture, 3 5 0 ; received 1967 American Association for State a n d Local History Award of Merit, 350 Schools, established in U t a h by Evangelical Christian Churches, 2 9 5 ; in U t a h Territory, 295 Scott, Lalla, Karnee: A Paiute Narrative, reviewed, 177—78 Settle, R a y m o n d W. a n d M a r y L u n d , War Drums and Wagon Wheels: The Story of Russell, Majors and Waddell, reviewed, 77 Sevier County, settlements abandoned because of hostile Indians, 172 Sheepmen, conflict with cattlemen, 189 Shepperson, Wilbur S., Retreat to Nevada: A Socialist Colony of World War I, reviewed, 272 Shipp, Ellis, collection presented to U t a h State Historical Society library, 349 Shipps, J a n , " U t a h comes of age politically: a study of the state's politics in the early years of the twentieth century," 91—111 Shoshoni Indians, see Indians Showell, Florence, volunteer worker for U t a h State Historical Society, 349 Simonin, Louis L., The Rocky Mountain West in 1867, reviewed, 178-79 Simons, Orawell, presided over Simonsville, Nevada, 158

369 Simonsville, Nevada, picture of grave in, 158; settled, 158; I n d i a n problems, 159; picture of irrigation canal, 166; see also M u d d y River Slavery, M o r m o n attitude toward, 73, 7 5 ; M o r m o n involvement in Missouri, 73—74 Smith, Fay Jackson, Father Kino in Arizona, reviewed, 358—59 Smith, George Albert, advocated state-wide prohibition, 1 0 3 ; visited M u d d y River settlements, 166 Smith, H y r u m M., accused R e e d Smoot of being out of harmony with Twelve, 105; prohibition crusade, 106 Smith, Joseph, revelations, 6 2 ; revelation concerning temperance, 102; took first plural wife, 3 1 0 ; most married polygamist in church, 3 1 3 ; length of time in marrying plural wives, 3 1 6 ; married sisters, 3 1 6 ; size of family, 318 Smith, Joseph F., 9 8 ; president of M o r m o n C h u r c h , 9 4 ; testimony at congressional hearing, 9 5 ; opposed to Democratic party, 9 7 ; advocated Mormons vote Republican, 1 0 1 ; biographical sketch, 1 0 3 ; picture, 103; view regarding W o r d of Wisdom, 1 0 3 ; appealed to Mormons to vote for William H . Taft, 108; died, 1 1 1 ; increased church's financial resources, 299 Smith, T h o m a s S., president of Salmon River colony, 125; wounded, 125; presided over St. T h o m a s , Nevada, 1 5 5 ; major N a u v o o Legion, 160; released from M u d d y River mission, 162 Smithies, James, directed T a b e r n a c l e Choir, 287 Smoot, Reed, 9 8 ; polygamy controversy, 92— 93, 94—95; biographical sketch, 9 3 ; picture, 9 3 ; investor in Inter-Mountain Republican, 100; extended aid to Inter-Mountain Republican, 1 0 1 ; opposed by William H . King, 1 0 1 ; attitude toward prohibition, 103—4; warned against H e b e r J. G r a n t , 104; accused of being out of h a r m o n y with Twelve Apostles, 105; first election by popular vote, 108; won 1912 election, 1 0 9 ; elected to Senate, 3 0 4 ; testimony in investigation for him to retain U . S . Senate seat, 3 1 0 - 1 1 Snarr, L. Glen, retired as U t a h State Historical Society board member, 346 Snell, Joseph W., A Room for the Night: Hotels of the Old West, review by, 2 7 1 - 7 2 Snow, Erastus, visited M u d d y River settlements, 157, 167; parley with Indians, 160; letter concerning defense of M u d d y River settlements against hostile Indians, 1 6 1 ; informed Brigham Y o u n g of new settlem e n t on M u d d y River, 163 Snow, Lorenzo, increased financial resources of church, 299 Songs of the Cowboys, by T h o r p , reviewed, 180-81 Sonne, Conway B., War Drums and Wagon Wheels: The Story of Russell, Majors and Waddell, review by, 7 7 ; Indian Slave Trade in the Southwest, review by, 181—82 Spanish Trail, traders, 137; description, 138

370 Spry, William, U t a h governor, 9 8 ; member of Smoot machine, 9 9 ; extended aid to InterMountain Republican, 1 0 1 ; vetoed local option bill, 105; biographical sketch, 106; picture, 106; committed political suicide, 109-10; vetoed Wooten Bill, 109 St. Ann's Orphanage, constructed, 300 St. Joseph, Nevada, location, 157; settled, 157; description, 158; Indian problems, 159; abandoned, 162; new settlers leave to found additional settlement, 162—63; destroyed by fire, 163—64; appealed to southern U t a h settlements for help, 164; picture of irrigation ditch, 166; agreed to build portion of telegraph line, 167; purchased stock in Washington cotton factory, 167; county seat of Rio Virgin County, 1 7 1 ; see also M u d d y River St. Mark's Hospital, picture, 303 St. Thomas, Nevada, description, 155, 157; location, 155; reasons for settling, 155; settled, 155; 1866 census, 162; agreed to build portion of telegraph line, 167; purchased stock in Washington cotton factory, 167: abandoned, 172; see also M u d d y River Staker, Eliza Jane, wife of E. A. Day, 3 2 3 ; children, 324; picture, 325 Standing, A. R., " T h r o u g h the U i n t a s : History of the Carter Road," 256—67 Statehood Day, description of Tabernacle and day's events in 1896, 286, 2 8 7 ; 1967 program, 348 Stock Growers' Association (Colorado), organized, 189; see also Colorado Cattle Growers' Association and Cattlemen Stephens, Evan, composed state song, 287 Stevenson, Adlai, visited Tabernacle, 284 Streng, Professor, description of U t a h and the Mormons, 216—17 Summit Park, sawmill established, 262 Sutherland, George, 98, 9 9 ; non-Mormon elected to state office, 94; investor in InterMountain Republican, 100; extended aid to Inter-Mountain Republican, 101; lost 1916 election, 110 Tabernacle, Salt Lake, description, 36, 2 8 1 ; first conference held in, 3 6 ; pictures, cover No. 4, 279, 289; "Desert Tortoise: T h e Mormon Tabernacle on Temple Square," 2 7 9 - 9 1 ; balcony added, 279; history, 2 7 9 9 1 ; architect, 280; changes, 280; construction began, 280; first opened, 2 8 0 ; location, 280; dedicated, 2 8 1 ; first non-religious program, 2 8 1 ; first commercial performance, 282; artists who have performed in, 283; rules governing use of, 2 8 3 ; famous visitors to, 2 8 3 - 8 4 ; description of President Woodrow Wilson's appearance in, 284; Presidents who have spoken in, 284; funeral services held in, 284—85; description of 1868 Independence Day celebration, 2 8 5 ; d e s c r i p t i o n of D e s e r e t S u n d a y S c h o o l Union Jubilee celebration (July 24, 1875), 2 8 5 - 8 6 ; Statehood Day program of 1896, 286, 287; threatened by arson, 2 8 9 - 9 0 ; closed during World W a r I I , 290; reopened after World War I I , 2 9 0 - 9 1 ; measures

Utah Historical Quarterly taken to prevent deterioration, 290; roof changes, 290; threatened by fire, 291 Tabernacle Choir, directors, 287; weekly radio broadcasts inaugurated, 287 Tabernacle Organ, builder, 2 8 0 ; pictures, 286; constructed, 2 8 8 ; renovations, 288 Taft, William Howard, 108; ran for President, 102; spoke in Tabernacle, 284 Taylor, John, gave permission for operatic performance in Tabernacle, 282 Taylor, J o h n W., resigned from Q u o r u m of Twelve, 95 Telegraph, to be built to M u d d y River settlements, 167 Temperance, tenet of Mormon faith, 102; see also Prohibition Territorial Stock Growers' Association of U t a h , organized, 2 0 1 ; see also Cattlemen Thanksgiving, 1888 description in prison, 328 Thatcher, Moses, 97 T h o m a s , C h a r l e s J., d i r e c t e d T a b e r n a c l e Choir, 287 Thomas Moran: Artist of the Mountains, by Wilkins, reviewed, 82—83 Thornburgh, Thomas T., major U.S. Army attacked by Indians, 257; fort named for, 258; killed by Indians, 258 Thorp, N. Howard ( " J a c k " ) , Songs of the Cowboys, reviewed, 180—8i Timber, "Early Day Timber Cutting Along the U p p e r Bear River," 202—8; government control of cutting of, 202—3; periods of cutting on U p p e r Bear River, 202; picture of lumberjack, 202; flume constructed from Gold Hill to Hilliard for transportation of, 204—6; industry important to Wyoming and U t a h , 204; pictures of tie loading operation along Union Pacific, 204; pictures of tie hackers' camp and lumbering tools, 2 0 5 ; pictures of cribbing and splash dam on Mill Creek, 207 Timothy O'Sullivan: America's Forgotten Photographer. The Life and Work of the Brilliant Photographer Whose Camera Recorded the American Scene from the Battlefields of the Civil War to the Frontiers of the West, by Horan, reviewed, 354—55 Toelken, J. Barre, Songs of the Cowboys, review by, 180-81 Tooele County, cattlemen's association formed, 193 Tooele, Catholic parish chapel established, 300 T r u m a n , H a r r y S, spoke in Tabernacle, 284 Turner, Frederick Jackson, definition of frontier, 3 8 ; thesis, 299 Turner, Wallace, The Mormon Establishment, reviewed, 268-69 Tyler, S. Lyman, The Indian: America's Unfinished Business. Report of the Commission on the Rights, Liberties, and Responsibilities of the American Indian, review by, 179-80 Typographical Union Local 115, established, 240

U Unions, " T h e Structure of Labor Unions in Utah, An Historical Perspective, 1890-

371

Index 1920," 2 3 6 - 5 5 ; locals founded in Utah, 239, 240; number organized by 1890, 240; Typographical Union Local 115 established, 240; U t a h Federated Trades and Labor Council established, 240; Building Trades Council established, 242; U t a h Federated Trades and Labor Council dissolved, 242; Board of Labor (later U t a h Federation of Labor) established, 2 4 3 ; radical unions started, 2 4 3 ; U t a h Federation of Labor changed name to Salt Lake Federation of Labor, 2 4 3 ; U t a h State Federation of Labor established, 243; locals in U t a h to 1920, 244; nature of first in U t a h , 246; early strikes in U t a h , 247—48; craft-conscious, 248; revolutionary, 248; success of radical unionism in Utah, 248; controversy with Salt Lake Federation of Labor, 2 5 1 ; conservative unionism survived in U t a h , 252; Mormon Church advocated conservative unionism, 252 Unitarian Society, description in early U t a h , 2 9 3 - 9 4 ; constructed first chapel, 301 University of Deseret, issued first diplomas, 3 2 3 ; see also University of U t a h University of Utah, first religiously sponsored institution in vicinity of, 3 0 1 ; see also University of Deseret U t a h , " U t a h comes of age politically: a study of the state's politics in the early years of the twentieth century," 9 1 - 1 1 1 ; " T h e Image of U t a h and the Mormons in Nineteenth-Century Germany," 2 0 9 - 2 7 ; description by Jacob H. Schiel, 213—14; description by Professor Streng, 216—17; population 1900, 1910, 1920, 2 4 3 ; manufacturing establishments 1900 to 1920, 245; occupations from 1900 to 1920, 245; labor legislation, 254 U t a h Cattle and Horse Growers' Association, 188; met in Salt Lake City, 194; officers, 194; see also Cattlemen U t a h Federated Trades and Labor Council, established, 240; locals affiliated with, 240; dissolved, 242; see also Unions U t a h Federation of Labor, organized, 242; name changed, 243; see also Salt Lake Federation of Labor and Unions U t a h Heritage Foundation, 347 U t a h - I d a h o Sugar Company, received 1967 American Association for State and Local History Award of Commendation, 350 U t a h Light and Railway Company, sold, 95 U t a h State Archives, accomplishments in 1966-67, 3 4 9 - 5 0 ; see also Records Center U t a h State Federation of Labor, established, 243 U t a h State Historical Society, " T h e President's Report for the Fiscal Year 1966-67," 3 4 2 - 5 1 ; pictures of 1967 Annual Meeting, 342, 345, 346, 347, 350; law adding name to, 3 4 3 ; goals, 3 4 3 - 4 4 ; 1966-67 budget, 344; board members, 3 4 4 - 4 7 ; pictures of 1967 Annual Award winners, 345, 347; Checklist of Mormon Literature, 348; highway marking program, 348; 1967 Statehood Day program, 348; contributions of volunteer workers, 349; gifts to library, 349

U t a h Sugar Company, control of, 95 U t a h Territorial Prison, description of life in 1888 in, 328, 339, 340; drawing of in 1888, 329; picture, 337

Van Orman, Richard A., A Room for the Night: Hotels of the Old West, reviewed, 271-72 Varian, Charles S., prominent non-Mormon, 94 Virgin River, settlement established at mouth of, 165; see also Junction City

w The Wagonmasters: High Plains Freighting from the Earliest Days of the Santa Fe Trail to 1880, by Walker, reviewed, 176—77 Walker, Don D., "From Self-Reliance to Cooperation: The Early Development of the Cattlemen's Associations in U t a h , " 187— 201 Walker, Henry Pickering, The Wagonmasters: High Plains Freighting from the Earliest Days of the Santa Fe Trail to 1880, reviewed, 176—77 Walker Opera House, picture, 199 Wallentine, Keith, picture, 350; received 1967 American Association for State and Local History Award of Commendation for U t a h - I d a h o Sugar Company, 350 War Drums and Wagon Wheels: The Story of Russell, Majors and Waddell, by Settle and Settle, reviewed, 77 Warenski, Marilyn, volunteer worker for U t a h State Historical Society, 349 Wasatch Academy, 302 Washington Cotton Factory, stock purchased by M u d d y River settlers, 167 Water, picture of new methods in irrigating, 231 Watts, Bauldwin Harvey, Salmon River missionary, 124; member advance party to rescue Fort Limhi settlers, 1 3 1 ; left Fort Limhi, 136 fn. 19 Weber, Francis J., Readings in California Catholic History, reviewed, 357—58 Wells, Daniel H , letter advising M u d d y River settlers to construct forts, 161 Wells, Merle, Pioneer Circuses of the West, review by, 83—84 West, " W h a t remains of the West?" 37-55 West Point, Nevada, settled, 163; agreed to build portion of telegraph line, 167; purchased stock in Washington cotton factory, 167 ; abandoned, 170; see also M u d d y River Western Federation of Miners, 243 A Western Panorama 1849-1875: the travels, writings and influence of J. Ross Browne on the Pacific Coast, and in Texas, Nevada, Arizona and Baja California, as the first Mining Commissioner, and Minister to China, by Goodman, reviewed, 79—80 Westminster College, 303 Whiterocks, Utah, Episcopal chapel and station erected at, 301 Whitmer, John, 60; approached by mob with demand Mormons leave Missouri, 70

372 W h i t m o r e , J a m e s M., called to explore Color a d o River a n d commerce possibilities, 151 Wilkie, Wendell, visited Tabernacle, 284 Wilkins, T h u r m a n , Thomas Moran: Artist of the Mountains, reviewed, 82—83 Williams, Parley L., p r o m i n e n t n o n - M o r m o n , 9 4 ; party affiliation, 96 Wilson, Woodrow, p o p u l a r in U t a h , 108; spoke in Tabernacle, 284 Woolley, Naomi, appointed board m e m b e r of the U t a h State Historical Society, 3 4 4 ; biographical sketch, 3 4 4 - 4 5 Woolsey, A g a t h a Ann, polygamous wife of J o h n D . Lee, 316 Woolsey, Andora, polygamous wife of J o h n D . Lee, 316 Woolsey, Rachel, polygamous wife of J o h n D . Lee, 316 W o r d of Wisdom, 102; views of H e b e r J. Grant, Francis M . L y m a n , a n d Joseph F. Smith, 103 Workers', Soldiers', a n d Sailors' Council, 243 W o r k m a n , T h o m a s , m e m b e r advance p a r t y to rescue Fort L i m h i settlers, 131 fn. 12; left Fort Limhi, 136 fn. 19 Wyoming Stock Growers' Association, organized, 189; see also C a t t l e m e n

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Young, Brigham, attitude toward Indians, 4 - 5 ; willing to arbitrate with U t a h Expedition, 129; advice to M u d d y River settlers regarding hostile Indians, 159—60; angry at M u d d y River settlers, 1 6 3 ; visited M u d d y River settlements, 166, 1 6 8 ; letter to M u d dy River settlers advising t h e m to leave, 171—72; n u m b e r of wives, 3 1 3 ; picture, 3 1 4 ; m a r r i e d sisters, 3 1 6 ; speed in marrying polygamous wives, 3 1 6 ; size of family, 318 Young, Joseph W., president M u d d y River Valley Cooperative, 168 Young, L e g r a n d e , controversy at cattlemen's conventions, 199 Young, Lovina, polygamous wife of J o h n D. Lee, 316 Young, Polly, polygamous wife of J o h n D. Lee, 316

Zane, Charles, p r o m i n e n t n o n - M o r m o n , 94

Utah State Historical Society

"••W***-

Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 35, Number 4, 1967

Articles inside

Desert Tortoise: The Mormon Tabernacle on Temple Square

Religious Activities and Development in Utah, 1847-1910

Tribute to Stanley S. Ivins: Notes on Mormon Polygamy

Eli Azariah Day: Pioneer Schoolteacher and "Prisoner for Conscience Sake"