Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 37, Number 4, 1969

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

BOARD O F STATE HISTORY Division of Department of Development Services MILTON c. ABRAMS, L o g a n , 1973

President DELLO G. DAYTON, O g d e n , 1971

Vice

President

C H A R L E S s. P E T E R S O N , Salt L a k e City

Secretary DEAN R. B R I M H A L L , F r u i t a , 1973

J A C K GOODMAN, Salt L a k e City, 1973 M R S . A. c. J E N S E N , S a n d y , 1971 T H E R O N L U K E , Provo, 1971 CLYDE L . M I L L E R , Secretary of S t a t e

Ex

officio

H O W A R D c. P R I C E , J R . , Price, 1971 MRS. ELIZABETH SKANCHY, M i d v a l e , 1 9 7 3 M R S . NAOMI W O O L L E Y , S a l t L a k e City, 1971

M R S . J U A N I T A B R O O K S , St. George, 1973

ADVISORY BOARD O F EDITORS THOMAS G. ALEXANDER, PrOVO

DAVID E . M I L L E R , Salt L a k e City M R S . H E L E N z. PAPANIKOLAS, Salt Lake City

S. GEORGE ELLSWORTH, L o g a n LAMAR P E T E R S E N , Salt L a k e City M R S . PEARL J A C O B S O N , Richfield

JEROME STOFFEL, Logan

ADMINISTRATION C H A R L E S s. P E T E R S O N , D i r e c t o r J O H N J A M E S , J R . , Librarian

T h e U t a h State Historical Society is a n organization devoted t o t h e collection, preservation, a n d publication of U t a h a n d related history. I t was organized by publicspirited U t a h n s i n 1897 for this purpose. I n fulfillment of its objectives, t h e Society p u b lishes t h e Utah Historical Quarterly, which is distributed t o its members with payment of a $5.00 a n n u a l membership fee. T h e Society also maintains a specialized research library of books, pamphlets, photographs, periodicals, microfilms, newspapers, maps, a n d manuscripts. M a n y of these items have come t o t h e library as gifts. Donations are encouraged, for only through such means can the U t a h State Historical Society live u p to its responsibility of preserving t h e record of U t a h ' s past.

MARGERY w . WARD, Associate E d i t o r IRIS S C O T T , Business M a n a g e r

T h e primary purpose of t h e Quarterly is t h e publication of manuscripts, photographs, a n d documents which relate or give a new interpretation to U t a h ' s unique story.

Contributions of writers are solicited for t h e consideration of t h e editor. However, t h e editor assumes n o responsibility for the return of manscripts unaccompanied by r e turn postage. Manuscripts a n d material for publications should b e sent to the editor.

T h e U t a h State Historical Society does not assume responsibility for statements of fact or opinions expressed by contributors.

T h e Utah Historical Quarterly is entered as second-class postage, paid a t Salt Lake City, U t a h . Copyright 1969, U t a h State Historical Society, 603 East South T e m p l e Street, Salt Lake City, U t a h 84102.

H I S T O R I C A L CXXJArtXERLY

FALL 1969 / VOLUME 37 / NUMBER 4

Contents JEST A COPIN' — WORD F'R WORD

BY JUANITA BROOKS

375

FAR WESTERN POPULISM:

BY DAVID B. GRIFFITHS

396

T H E CASE OF UTAH, 1893-1900

ZION NATIONAL PARK W I T H SOME REMINISCENCES FIFTY YEARS LATER

BY A. KARL LARSON _._ _

408

THE PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1968-1969

BY MILTON C. ABRAMS

426

REVIEWS AND PUBLICATIONS

435 INDEX 447 EDITOR

ASSOCIATE EDITOR

CHARLES S. PETERSON

Margery W. Ward

THE COVER The Utah State Historical Society Mansion, located at 603 East South Temple, became the home of the Society in 1957. Formerly occupied by the governors of the state and constructed by mining magnate Thomas Kearns, this building now houses the offices and library of the Historical Society. This painting, the work of Deanna McDonald, was loaned

by Everett L. Cooley.

Books Reviewed

HINE, R O B E R T V , Bartlett's West: the Mexican Boundary,

Drawing

—BY—LAVSZR-ENGE-Bi-L-BE

-

FLORIN, LAMBERT, Ghost Town

ElDorado,

BY M A R S H A L L S P R A G U E

GERALD

M.

ALICE

A

BEST

436

GILPIN, LAURA, The Enduring BY

435

436

REED, R O B E R T C , Train Wrecks: Pictorial History of Accidents on The Main Line, BY

ZZTZZZ

Navaho,

MASON

437

YOUNG, KARL E., Ordeal in Mexico: Tales of danger and hardship collected from Mormon colonists, BY

H.

GRANT

IVINS

438

T H O M P S O N , GEORGE A , and FRASER BUCK, Treasure Mountain Home: A Centennial History of Park City, Utah, BY

RAYE

CARLESON

PRICE

DAY, R O B E R T B., They Made History,

439

Mormon

BY I L E N E H . K I N G S B U R Y

440

FAULK, O D I E B., Land of Many Frontiers: A History of the American Southwest,

BY M Y R A E L L E N

JENKINS

441

POURADE, R I C H A R D F., The Call to California, BY

DONALD

C.

CUTTER

442

S T O R M , C O L T O N , comp., A Catalogue of The Everett D. Graff Collection of Western Americana,

BY C H A D J . F L A K E

443

BURT, O L I V E W., Young Wayfarers of the Early West,

BY P E A R L

JACOBSON

444

ANGLE, PAUL M., ed., Prairie State: Impressions of Illinois, 1673-1967,

BY T . EDGAR L Y O N

445

- T RIENDS OF T H E U T A H S T A T E HISTORICAL SOCIETY

I have called my little talk tonight—

Jest a Copyin'- Word f'r

Word

JUANITA BROOKS

—because this was the apologetic statement of our local authority to his superior state officer as he explained what we were doing. As custodian of federal funds in Washington County, he needed to give an account; as Mrs. Brooks, well-known historian and author and member of the Board of Trustees of the Utah State Historical Society, presented this address at the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the Society held in Logan, September 21, 1968.

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a thrifty man, he did not wish to see money wasted. If we must collect these musty old things, we should scan them carefully and take out only the pertinent items such as dates of birth, baptism, ordinations, marriage, and death, arrange them, and summarize in orderly capsules the other events, so that they would be easily available to genealogists. Just to copy them, word-for-word, seemed a needless waste. "No one in the world will ever read them, except you and Nels Anderson," he said with scorn in his voice. This I will return to later.

Perhaps I should take time here for a thumbnail sketch of my background, and the reasons why I have come to have such an intense feeling of the value of handwritten records, especially ones which are kept dayby-day.

Most of you have already heard me tell—some of you many times— of my discovery of the journal of my great-grandmother, Sarah Sturdevant Leavitt, and how I became so completely absorbed that I forgot my assignment entirely.

I cannot overstate the impact of this record, its wrapping-paper pages, scissors cut and sewed together, its pasteboard backs covered with stitched-on cloth. Here was the real feeling of the people about the death of their prophet. Here also were characters I would meet again after many years and in many places: Dr. Vaughan, Brother Conditt (who was shot by John Gheen), Peter Maughn, and others.

During my eighteenth year, I borrowed the journal again and copied it word-for-word by hand into my mother's large record book, carefully preserving the spelling even when I knew it was incorrect.

My second original record was that of John Pulsipher, which began when he was nineteen and continued throughout most of his life. Here now was something really worthwhile. In the 1848 trek across the plains he drove the lead wagon in the first company. After his arrival he tells of various assignments, among them the Northern Indian Mission, the founding of Fort Supply, his service in the Utah War, and his call to Dixie. This is so eloquent that many historians have referred to it and quoted from it. It was in the home of my first husband, Ernest Pulsipher.

Though I did not copy it at the time, I did read it and study it, and I had it copied for me. It was in my possession long before I became involved in the business of collecting. During these years I had also seen and read the diaries of Myron Abbott and Joseph I. Earl, both from the Virgin Valley.

Juanita Brooks

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After I had become a wife, a mother, and a widow in fifteen months, I decided to get my degree and make teaching in a high school or junior college my career. (Some day I'll do a story entitled, "Through College on a Shoe String." Illustrated, it could be supremely, screamingly funny.

But I'll spare you that tonight.)

At last—-in 1925—I was graduated from the B.Y.U. and came that fall to teach at Dixie College. J. Will Harrison and his wife, Gladys, were also new on the faculty. She used to say that there was certainly no band out to greet us; in fact, she smarted some at the fact that we were ignored.

We had this in common, so we became fast friends with each other. She did have a husband, so was eligible to be included in some of the local ladies' groups, but I don't think she was invited—at least to the ones she would have liked to join.

My case was different. I early learned that there is no place for a widow in Mormon society. Married groups have no need for an extra, and the youngsters do not want "old" company. But I didn't mind. I had my son, and always two or three brothers and sisters and cousins living in my home. I was busy teaching classes in English and debate, so my time was more than occupied.

I did have one wonderful woman who sought me out, and with whom I maintained a lasting friendship. This was Mabel Jarvis, who was working at the telephone office in 1925, later worked in the courthouse, and still later became a part of the Historical Records Survey.

She had given up marriage to care for her aged parents. She was much sought after by youngsters who had to make tributes on " D " Day; indeed, there was scarcely a wedding, a missionary farewell, or a funeral without some of the poetry of Mabel Jarvis. Perhaps her finest contributions were the pageants dealing with the early history of Dixie. Her father, Brigham Jarvis, Sr., was widely known as a teller of tall tales, many of which remain folklore today.

One night I called at the telephone office to wait until her shift was up so that we might go together to a wedding reception. There I discovered on the top of the roll-down desk, the four volumes of James G. Bleak's "History of the Southern Mission," Books A, B, C, and D. They were so large they looked like the crack of doom with St. Peter to open them. The black letters on the back were fully two inches tall on a white band. I needed only a few minutes to find that the Bunkerville records were in Book C; at least the beginnings were. After that I went to her office a number of times and copied some interesting notes on my home

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MiMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMyMMMB '&• •••'< II •

.'.,,:.'• M'.':U

i,i'.l. '• 1 S . » Vf ~.; V&kk\. it. 5: •« \ S,i, • i ^ i V i i i " . " ' ' ' ' , ' i ' , ,

mMMMMM']}.

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Mabel Jarvis, friend and confidant of Juanita for the Historical Records Survey.

Brooks,

worked

tirelessly

town. Then during the spring of 1927 a young man from the University, lecturing to an extension class, stated that the villages on the Virgin River were certainly the most inbred in the state, and perhaps in all the world.

The prolific Leavitt families had doubled upon themselves until they would be a valuable source for a group study. During that summer (1927) I did my first attempt at research in a study of the town of Bunkerville, using Books C and D extensively. While this is not a pretentious work, it has preserved some early history, with charts of intermarriages.

It is important here only because I came to know these Bleak records so that later, when for many years they dropped out of circulation, 1 I could still swear they existed. Still later, at the University of Nevada, • u \ F 0 1 u a n u m b e r o f y e a r s t h e s e records were i n t h e St. George T e m p l e basement, along with all t h e other stake a n d w a r d records. W h e n t h e remodeling p r o g r a m began, they were hauled t o t h e tabernacle a n d piled in great disorder u p o n t h e floor.

I told t h e stake president t h a t if h e would g e t someone to build some shelves there I would b e responsible for placing t h e books a n d listing them. Instead, h e called t h e general 'office in Salt Lake City, a n d Brother A n d r e w Jenson came down. H e selected t h e most i m p o r t a n t a n d h a d t h e m shipped to headquarters. I t was so long before they were unpacked t h a t some people began t o d o u b t t h a t Books C a n d D really existed. I h a d extensive notes from them taken in 1928 a n d 1934.

Juanita Brooks

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in 1934, my brother, Francis H. Leavitt, was doing his master's thesis on the Mormon settlement in Clark County, Nevada. When I went to check the Bleak records, they were gone from the telephone office, but I found them in the basement of the temple.

These teaching years—1925 to 1933—were happy, fruitful years, in the midst of which I took a leave of absence to earn my master's degree at Columbia University.

Some of you remember the depression of the early 1930's and the sweeping actions of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's "First 100 Days," as he tried to set the wheels of industry turning again. I was not conscious of the FERA acts—the Federal Emergency Relief Act of March 31, 1933, or of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration of May 12 following. These put federal money into every state of the union. Marineer S. Eccles was in Washington, D . C , working on this, and since he knew that Utah had a high population on low incomes, he saw to it that we received a generous share. The money was dispursed under WPA, PWA, CWA, etc. This last, the Civil Works Administration, gave assistance to towns and cities for improving streets, roads, ditches, water systems, garbage disposal, all of which meant employment for men and boys. By the late summer of 1933 Washington County had received some FERA money, but none had reached the widow and her family, or any other unemployed women.

To Mr. Nels Anderson must go the credit for initiating this collecting and copying project. I had married the William Brooks family in May 1933. That fall Nels came with his wife, his son Martin, and a secretary. His family took lodging on the same block with us, just around the corner, the second house by sidewalk and through the kitchen by a shorter trail from his back door to mine. Mr. Brooks was still Sheriff Brooks, the man who knew every person in the county.

Many of the citizens of St. George remembered Nels as the little hobo who in 1908 had been kicked off a freight car in the long, empty stretches of Nevada, who found his way to the ranch of Lyman Woods in Clover Valley, and was taken in as one of the family. In 1909 he was baptized into the Mormon church; later he attended Dixie College and went on to the B.Y.U. where he was graduated in 1920. Now in 1933 he returned with a grant-in-aid from the Social Science Research Council and one from the Social Science Council of Columbia University. These were to help him collect material for a book to be written on The Last Mormon Frontier. It appeared as Desert Saints in 1942.

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Nels found Sheriff Brooks a valuable source of information, especially in social matters like the part the wine industry had played in Dixie, the DeLamar Dust victims, the social regulations of the dances, and numerous other things. I had already had copies of the two diaries I have mentioned and knew of the contents and whereabouts of the basic histories of James G. Bleak.

As his work progressed, Nels wanted me to use my own family background and write an article on polygamy as I knew it from the experiences of my parents. Flattered by this offer, I set about to do it, but when I had finished, Nels was not satisfied.

"Make it less formal," he told me. "Just take an easy, conversational style and don't be too concerned with statistics. Bring in other families, too, if you can."

By this time Will had been made acting postmaster in St. George.

Nels stopped at the office to say goodbye, wrote his name and address on a piece of paper, and left word for me to forward the article as soon as it was finished.

Will said he would tell me, slipped the address into his shirt pocket, and promptly forgot it. By the time it had run through my Maytag washer and wringer, it was completely illegible. Now with this improved second draft of my polygamy story finished, I had no place to send it.

While I waited for Nels to get tired of waiting and write to inquire, I mailed it to Harper's Magazine. To my surprise, they accepted it and it appeared in the issue of February 1934.

As nearly as I can tell now, a letter from Nels dated November 1, 1934, marks the inception of the idea that collecting diaries and original manuscripts might be done under a government project. I quote: It occurs to me that you should initiate a white collar work project for the unemployed in your area. Better still you might have a study project for the students who are now receiving government aid. In my way of thinking there is no better way of using students than in the gathering of historical documents. Let us call it a collection of Dixiana. Here are some of the subjects that should be included: Documents, pictures and original materials concerning Dixie places, including Silver Reef. All kinds of stories that people can remember about the Reef. Good and bad stories. Even the fictions and myths should be gathered. Each should be written and filed away.

You have already gathered a lot of autobiographies of the pioneers and I have read many of them, but too many of them are worthless. They strive to convey messages. If one could add to these stories about people and places and actual events. The closest approach to a good one was the little book of John S. Stucki.

Juanita Brooks

381

Pictures should be reproduced in every case where owners want to keep the originals.

Letters should be collected and preserved.

The old Church records and the Town records should be gathered together and preserved.

Old songs (good and bad) should be written down with music.

I am sending a copy of this to Dr. Dorothy Nyswander of the University of Utah, who is also in charge of women's projects in the Relief Administration of Utah. I hope she can help get the thing started.

Sincerely, Nels Anderson 2

As a result of his letter to Dr. Nyswander of the University of Utah I had a letter from her dated November 10, in which she gave the idea her approval, and passed it on. . . . I would suggest that you talk over this project immediately with the County Manager of the Relief Administration of Washington County, who has his office in St. George, to see whether or not he would believe it feasible to carry through a project which has so much of social and permanent value . . . .3

1 took her advice. The man in charge of the FERA funds was Mr. William O. Bentley, who was also stake president. Since I had been made stake president of the relief society on September 19, 1933, we were both conscious of the needs of some of our families. Whatever up-state connections he set up, I do not know. I know only that I offered my guest bedroom rent free as a place to work. It had an outside door, so workers could come and go without disturbing our family privacy, and was spacious enoughâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;with the rug and all the furniture out. We put in a long table, some typewriters, a manuscript file, and a small table at which I could work, and were in business right away.

Remember that this was strictly a relief project to make work for families in desperate need. Women who could type or who had daughters who could were set at copying diaries. Others were sent out to take interviews with the older people of the areas. They were instructed to get the important dates of birth, travels, marriage, positions held, and so on, and to fill in with details of home management on the frontier, social activities, important events. They were to encourage reminiscences, impressions of visiting church leaders, of local leaders, of the polygamy raids, of anything in which the informant was interested. They would 2 Letter on official Works Progress Administration stationery, Washington, D . C , November 1, 1934. The originals of all the letters cited are in the possession of the author.

3 Letter dated November 10, 1934, from Dr. Dorothy Nyswander, Department of Psychology, University of Utah.

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take notes, write them up as best they could, return to visit the person and read what they had written, supplement or change the story as needed, and finally bring it to us to be typed in a preliminary form before we made the final copy with carbons.

Not all of these were literary masterpieces, but collectively they did form a good base of local history, and the wagesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;$30.00 a month to begin with, later raised to $32.00, and then to $36.00â&#x20AC;&#x201D;were a literal godsend.

I collected the diaries. We announced in a general stake conference that this project was beginning, that if people who had diaries or other original records in their possession would bring them in, we would copy them free of charge and return the original and a copy to the owner. In every case I received the original, gave the owner a receipt for it, and returned it in person with a typed copy in a manila folder. I followed leads in all parts of the county and into Iron County as well. On one occasion I was traveling with Vivian Leavitt Palmer, who was in some way connected with a government program in Cedar City. We were going to Virgin, I in search of a reported manuscript, she to visit several families. Just before we entered the town we had to cross the Virgin River.

It wasn't exactly in flood, but the water was far too high to drive a car into. We sat on the bank and considered; finally, not willing to go back now that we were here, I pulled off my shoes and stockings and waded across, the water above my knees in some places, After a little hesitation, Vivian followed suit.

Fully dressed, we walked into town. I found the home I was looking for, knocked, gave my name and my reason for coming to the woman who answered the door. She seemed not to comprehend quite just what I was after.

"Who did you say you wuz?" she asked.

"I'm Will Brooks's wifeâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Sheriff Brooks, from St. George," I explained.

"Why didn't you say that in the first place?" she wanted to know, holding out her hand. "Come right in, come right in. Anything I can do for Sheriff Brooks's wife, I'm more than glad to do."

From that day on, I always introduced myself as the wife of Will Brooks, and always had a warm reception. We found a great deal more material than I would have thought existed.

Again Nels proved helpful. He wrote through the list of officials asking to borrow my carbons for study as source material in his research,

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until finally Dr. Luther H. Evans of the Library of Congress learned of our project and asked me to send copies of all I had done to him. He was so impressed that he called a statewide meeting to be held at Salt Lake City for July 10-11, 1936. I was asked to attend. He had brought with him the results of our work, and had conceived the idea of enlarging upon it. In the meantime the Federal Writers' Project had been started in Colorado and, I believe, in Utah, but its purpose was different. The employees were doing creative writing. Our project was exWilliam Brooks, for many years panded to become the Historic Resheriff of St. George and later postmaster, married Juanita cords Survey. In setting this into moLeavitt Pulsipher in 1933. tion, many people were evidently asked for suggestions. Dr. Evans had prepared a questionnaire of a number of questions upon which we were asked to give our opinions. I quote my answer to Question No. 3, which had to do with privately-owned diaries, because it is still my feeling on the subject: . . . I think that wherever possible the manuscript (a privately-owned diary) should be copied in its entirety and then indexed. I should oppose taking excerpts from it because it is not fair to either the writer or the reader. It assumes that the judgment of one person is sufficient to determine what is of value. For example: I have secured the journal of Esias Edwards, born in 1812. It is without a back and quite difficult to read.

I might just list it, but that would be of no value whatever, because the owners would not let everyone have access to it, and even if they did the handwriting is so difficult that few people would go through it without being assured that it contained facts in which they were interested. A few handlings and the book would be all to pieces.

Suppose I were to take excerpts from it. If I were interested in early poetry, I should copy the few verses which it contains; if religiously inclined, I might select the cases of healings which it records. Or I might want the story of the arrival in the Salt Lake Valley, or the Indian troubles at Tooele, or the arrival of Johnston's Army, or the difficulties of living polygamy, or any one of a dozen or more other subjects.

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Unless it can be copied, it is of little use to even mention it. T h e owners cannot afford to have it done, and the book is lost unless it is done . . . .4

From that day to this, my policy has been to copy, word-for-word, without deleting anything. When family members say, "Why did you put that in?" I can only answer, "I didn't put it in. I left it in."

With the organization on a state level and its headquarters at Ogden, I was relieved of my responsibility. My letter to Dr. Evans dated April 20, 1937, says that I am being released, and, after requesting that copies of the diaries of Esias Edwards, Myron Abbott, Levi M. Savage, and Levi Savage, Sr., be returned goes on to give my evaluation of the work: We have done some forty such records under this project, some of them very valuable history, I think, in addition to the work on the County and Church records. I feel that it has been worthwhile, and has fully justified the expenditure. While much remains to be done, I am glad for this start, as many of these would never have been preserved otherwise. T h e work has also been most interesting . . . .5

Although I was "out," I still remained active in locating and sending in diaries; in fact, I considered myself as a Quorum of One to follow up any lead that I found. The staff in our area was now limited to only three or four, and of them, Mabel Jarvis continued long after the others had found more lucrative employment. She was the local correspondent to the Salt Lake Tribune, and as a part of her other assignments she did short histories of every settlement in the county and of every L.D.S. ward in the St. George Stake, which extended at that time to include all the southern Nevada settlements. Many of her stories of historic buildings, celebrations, and obituaries are preserved.

During the next years I became acquainted with Dale L. Morgan, who more than any other person influenced my work and my thinking. I had been interested in doing a biography of Jacob Hamblin, but my father ordered me to do one of his father, Dudley Leavitt, instead.

"Everybody talks about Jacob Hamblin," he said, "but my father was with him on his hardest expeditions, and when he had one too hard, he sent Dudley Leavitt and Ira Hatch to do it. That was the trip to Las Vegas when they both nearly lost their lives."

He reminded me that, as the Jacob Hamblin group were returning from their first mission to the Indians across the Colorado, it was Dudley 4 Letter dated April 11, 1936, from Juanita Brooks to Dr. Luther H. Evans, in answer to his of March 28, 1936.

5 Letter dated April 20, 1937, from J. Brooks to Dr. Luther H. Evans.

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Leavitt who had sacrificed his horse that the men might have food.

Camped in the snow at Pipe Spring, they faced literal stravation. 6 Dudley's family had lived on the frontier and moved so many times that he had little schooling and could hardly sign his name. This was all the more reason why his story should be written.

I had been trained to obey my father; I did so now, working at the manuscript between home duties and carrying it, a chapter at a time, through the block to the local printer. I was not especially proud of it at the time, through I did collect some good folklore from all the living children, the last one of whom died a few months ago. Since that time I have found new material about my grandfather, some pertinent references to him and some accounts of his activities which make me feel that I should like to rewrite the story which appeared in the small volume in 1941.

In the meantime I had become a pen pal of Dale Morgan. We exchanged long letters on a number of subjects, and from the first he astounded me with the scope of his knowledge, with his exact and precise and unerring memory. It was as if he had a photographic mind which stored neatly every scrap of information and promptly brought it forth upon demand.

A never-to-be-forgotten experience was when I kept an early morning appointment with him at Cedar City and drove with him over the Old Spanish Trail route to the Mountain Meadows. The road was not marked at that time; we became lost in the mazes of the Lytle corrals, and finally had to come back to St. George and get my husband to take us back to the place. We had both been there in 1932, when the present monument was dedicated.

The next day Dale and I went through the settlements up the Virgin River toward Zion Park. But from Rockville we took the pioneer road to the top of the plateau, visited the Canaan Ranch, Pipe Spring, and located the site of the Berry massacre near Short Creekâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the early Maxwell Springs area. The old cottonwoods along the sandy creek looked much as they must have done when Father Escalante passed.

This trip put new meaning into my work on the early history of this area. I had already known of Hamblin's first trips there, and as I began working on the John D. Lee material, I was led over this terrain many times. A third significant trip with Dale was down US High6 This story, told in James Amasy Little's Jacob Hamblin, A Narrative of His Personal Experience, as a Frontiersman, Missionary to the Indians and Explorer . . . (Salt Lake City, 1 8 8 1 ) , has been retold in m a n y places a n d has become a family legend.

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way 91 to the point where the Old Mormon Trail intersects it, about seven-tenths of a mile above the Utah-Arizona line. We had timed it perfectly; the straight white line stretched to the horizon clear enough to photograph.

Not only was Dale stimulating and helpful and critical (as at times he had to be), but it was he who opened the next door of opportunity for me. He was living in Arlington, Virginia, doing research in the Library of Congress. Among his good friends was Darel McConkie, who had employment in Washington, D . C , in the Department of Agriculture. In late January of 1944, Dale wrote that Darel had attended a party the night before, at a home there in Arlington, where the secret, supposedly carefully guarded, was whispered: "The Henry E. Huntington Library has purchased from the descendants of Col. William Nelson the diaries of John D. Lee. They paid a fabulous sum. Exact amount unknown."

Dale L. Morgan is one of the outstanding historians of the American West. A native Utahn, Mr. Morgan was state supervisor of the Utah Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration.

Dale suggested that I write the library telling them I understood that they had acquired the diaries of John D. Lee, and asking if I might see them if I were to come down.

The answer came with amazing promptness. It made no reference to my question, but assured me that they did have a copy of the testimony at the John D. Lee trials, which was open to scholars. "There are other

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reasons why we should like to have you visit our library," he wrote, and added that he had seen my little book on Dudley Leavitt, and that his family was connected by marriage.

In less than a week, I was facing the first footman at the Henry E. Huntington Library. The pass Mr. Bliss had sent me gave instant permission to examine the Lee Diaries, upon condition that I should not mention the fact that they had them, and I was appointed to act as a "Field Fellow" for them in the collection of Mormon materials.

Thus the door of opportunity was opened for me. I've often said that "Heaven is doing what you would be glad to do for nothing and getting paid for it." I still think that is true.

For the next four years we had a family project. Mr. Brooks was as interested in it as I was. Even the children became involved with the Henry W. Bigler Diary, which had been used as a scrapbook, each page fully and carefully pasted over with recipes, sentimental poems, fashions, or suggestions. At first sight I said, "I cannot read a sealed book," and then we proceeded to un-seal it a page at a time. We tried razor blades and kitchen knives, and at last settled on steaming towels. How excited we would be as we peeled off the newspapers and the purple ink came through bright and clear of the account of Bigler's trip south with the Jefferson Hunt party of forty-niners, some of whom gave Death Valley its name. So, page by page we read it, until even the children became interested, while Mr. Brooks was completely wrapped up in the project.

This Field Fellow appointment was really a rich experience for us all. "We trust your integrity; we trust your judgment," Dr. Cleland told me. "We know that you cannot hit pay dirt every time, but if you know of a document anywhere in these United States that you think is worth going after, feel free to go for it."

I began by retracing my steps to gather the originals I had already seen. This business of having them preserved as they were, with clear photographs, sometimes enlarged for easier reading, seemed as a blessing from heaven. As a beginning, I gave in my own grandmother's diary, the one which had so impressed me as a child, and accepted in return this photographic reproduction securely bound. I carried it with me wherever I went. Then came the descendants of Martha Cox, whose wonderful record each wanted in the original. The Library, at my suggestion that it might be good publicity, sold them copies for $25.00 each.

This program, however, could not be continued.

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People were so pleased with this arrangement that they passed the word around. One of my best unpaid agents was Brother James Blackburn, whose father, an early bishop of Provo, had kept a large and clearly-written ledger. So happy was he with the copy that he took it under his arm to a different ward each month on Testimony Day and used it as a showpiece from which to speak of the experiences of our pioneers.

Many letters came asking if I would look at their records.

I found the real tragedy when I came to retrace my steps and gather the items I had used just ten years earlier. So many had disappearedâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; the owners, some of them dead, the children, most of them indifferent.

"After we got the nice typewritten copy, we didn't care so much about the other one. It was so ragged and hard to read. I don't know where it did go," one lady told me. Again and again when I asked for a record, they brought out the typewritten copy I had made under the FERA program, and when I insisted that I was interested only in the original, they would look at each other and ask, "Whatever DID happen to that? Did Henry's wife take it? Or was it Minerva?"

Though I was bitterly disappointed at the loss of these, I was grateful for the fact that copies were preserved, imperfect though they were.

For me, the photographic reproductions have been so wonderful. The chance to go back to the actual handwriting clears up so many things.

For though the typed version is made as exact as possible, there is no way to see the significance of the sentence evidently inserted between the lines, of the corrections made by the writer himself. Sometimes the penmanship which looked like one word to you before now stands out clearly as another. For me, the existence of a photographic copy to which I can go is a constant reassurance.

For a good part of this program, I was tied up with the B.Y.U. through Professors M. Wilford Poulsen and N. I. Butt. Since Huntington Library could not afford to give free photostats, I carried with me a sample of the typed copy, all carefully indexed and fastened into a manila binder. I warned the owner that it would take some time to get this copying done but that the original would be safe at B.Y.U. until it was finished, and then I myself would return it. Best of all, there would be no charge for all this work. This program has been a wonderful advantage to everyone concerned.

This project led naturally to a grant for me to study the Mountain Meadows massacre, the result of which was the book by that title which appeared in 1950. There were a number of interesting developments in

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connection with that work. I knew that Professor William J. Snow had been commanded to leave the subject alone and that Dr. LeRoy R. Hafen also had learned early that here was forbidden ground. So I made no mention of the fact that I was doing research on the subjectâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;I was just interested in the history of southern Utah during its earliest years, and in the lives of the men who helped to shape that history.

The diaries of Christopher J. Arthur, of Isaac C Haight, and of Jesse N. Smith were of great significance. I learned of the existence of others, John D. Lee (1812-1877) figures possibly even more relevant, which prominantly in Juanita Brooks' writings.

I have not yet been able to secure.

I had great respect and love for President Heber J. Grant, but I knew his sensitivity on this subject, and how he had gone in person to Phoenix to protest the naming of the bridge at Marble Canyon. He did not want it named "The Lee's Ferry Bridge" because he did not want that man's name perpetuated.

For many reasons I said nothing of the project upon which I was working, not even to my family and close friends. I had already learned that what they did not know about, they would not question me about or discuss with anyone else.

I shall not go into detail on this project, more than to say that the book was finally published by Stanford University Press through the efforts of Dr. Wallace Stegner. An advance order from Miss Ettie Lee of one thousand copies with check enclosed speeded up the process. Here again I must acknowledge the help and encouragement of Dale L. Morgan, who, in long letters, discussed with me the different angles. Then, as he had given me the initial impetus by learning of the existence of the Lee Diaries, so he gave me at the close the most important item in the whole bookâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the letter from William C. Mitchell. This provided the names of all members of the Arkansas company. Dale had found the hand-written original among the papers of the Indian Agency for Utah.

It had arrived in Washington, D . C , too late to be included in Senate

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Document 42, so had been slipped in among the original papers. It came to me after the book was in the press, so I had to add it as a footnote to Chapter Three.

As soon as the Mountain Meadows Massacre appeared, the Historical Society of Arkansas sent a representative to the Library of Congress to verify this letter. This, in turn, resulted in their building a monument on the courthouse grounds at Harrison, Arkansas, and sending me an invitation to attend the dedicatory services. This, too, is another story.

I felt that to represent the murderers in that situation was a great challenge, indeed, but the people treated me with respect. The man in charge, Mr. J. Kenner Fancher, was a Christian gentleman, with whom I formed a deep and lasting friendship. He passed away a few months ago.

With this book out, and his own, This Reckless Breed of Men on the press, Dr. Cleland was ready to edit the John D. Lee Diaries. But he had waited too long. The work was scarcely under way when he suffered a stroke. His secretary, Mrs. Winnifred W. Gregory, carried on, and he directed as he could from his wheel chair.

Always an advocate of copying "word-for-word," I now saw this put into practice with scrupulous care. Not only did the expert typists at the Henry E. Huntington make their copies word-perfect, but line-perfect also, so that the copy could be compared with the original quickly and accurately. My chief business at first was to compare the typescript to the photograph, enlarged for easier reading. I recognized such words as haunes intended to be haimes; I knew the felloes, the king-bolt, the ex, the single-trees, and double tree. It took my husband to explain that shaunts of berries mean a great abundance, and manather of horses, a herd of cattle, flock of sheep, covey of quail, hive of bees, etc. I well knew the meaning of unboalted flour and smutty flour and unsalted curd, of a burr mill compared to a roller mill. In the same way I was familiar with many frontier folkways. In regard to differing interpretations, I remember that in one record an inserted parenthesis in pencil had been interpreted (went to seed store to buy). Without knowing this I saw it as (went to see a stove to buy) and by checking and by noting that the date was in January and there was snow, I decided that the latter was correct.

The item tells also that stoves were available and that he might be able to buy one.

In transcribing these diaries, there is always the problem of the punctuation or lack of it. Much may be said in favor of dividing the sentences by placing in periods and capital letters where they belong, or

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where it seems that they belong. Yet I have found so many times when the meaning was completely changed that I have come to the point where I leave it out unless it is placed in brackets.

You have all heard examples where punctuation has been misread, as "What do you think? I will shave you for nothing and give you a drink!" which was punctuated as " W h a t ! Do you think I will shave you for nothing and give you a drink?"

Truly the punctuation is as important as the words; sometimes it is more important. I think of some of the lists of names where no commas have separated them. This poses a problem where the typist must stop and take time to separate and identify each, inserting the bracketed comma between.

I am particularly emphatic in insisting that nothing be omitted. The researcher has a right to see the complete manuscript. In his use of it, he may delete as he pleases, since much will not be pertinent to his work. One writer will cut an item that is of supreme importance to another. For example: Paul Cheesman in writing of Joseph Smith's account of the first vision as recorded by Alexander Neibaur, used a very short excerpt, and did not mention that the story was being told to one Mr. Bonney. I had been looking everywhere for this man, Bonney, so that this had a special significance for me. I copied the entire entry for the day, line perfect and word perfect from the original and thought it much more emphatic than the shortened and punctuated one of Mr. Cheesman. Then, as I said before, I found in this source an item of great value to me that had meant nothing to him.

I have often told the incident of our work in the FERA, when the girl who was copying the diary of Myron Abbott came to open rebellion: " I wish you would give me something else to copy. I'm sick and tired of this," she said. " I can well believe this whole project is just a waste of government money, if this is the kind of thing we are trying to save. This man does nothing but work on the dam. H e tells every day about the brush and rocks that are put into it. Ditto, ditto, ditto, for two weeks now. Then an entry or tw7o about other things, and now the dam is gone again and the ditch broke in fifty-two places."

She had her point. Myron Abbott was the watermaster, whose business it was to record the work on the dam. A few years after the copy was made, a government engineer told me that this little record was worth its weight in gold as the only real history of the Virgin River any-

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one had found. Though it covered only a few years, it did give tangible and accurate proof of the floods of that time.

Truly "one man's meat is another man's poison."

What a blessing it is that now no longer must copy these on a typewriter, but may have xerox or photostatic copies made, which are as good as the original. With these available research takes on a whole new dimension. There is no need to argue about what was written, when the actual handwriting is reproduced.

But the research scholar still has a challenge. Perhaps the person who wrote the manuscript was in error. If it were done years after the event, there is always the possibility of unintentional distortion. Perhaps you have seen, as I have, stories grow by retelling. One case in point is the account by John L. Ginn of his trip through Utah soon after the massacre at the Mountain Meadows. He insists that he was with the first company over the ground after the tragedy, yet in a letter published in the Valley Tan, we learn that he did not leave Salt Lake City until November 6, and traveling with a wagon train could not have arrived there before late November, more than two and a half months after the massacre.

Before this time at least six other people had written descriptions of dismembered bodies and scattered bones, with many wolves at their ghastly work.7 Ginn declared that "none of the bodies had been mutilated or disfigured by decay, the weather being cold, with a few patches of snow on the ground." The best answer to his account is found where he declares that: T h e foregoing constitute t h e chief incidents of interest t h a t c a m e u n d e r m y personal observation d u r i n g m y eventful trip across t h e continent in t h a t tragic year of 1857, as I recall t h e m to m e m o r y after fortysix years of a busy life o n t h e Pacific frontier, a n d I present t h e m in t h e h o p e t h a t their perusal m a y interest all w h o r e a d the foregoing. 8

My contention is that the person handling an original document is honor-bound to reproduce it accurately, whether he thinks it is true or not. He may bracket his opinions at the end, but not change by any "jot nor tittle" the work of the author, for this manuscript may be used by many people searching for different facts.

I am especially suspicious of the three dots. . ., and so on, as my dictionary interprets them. They are so indefinite; one never knows how 7 For detail of travel over the road immediately after the massacre at the Mountain Meadows, see Juanita Brooks, The Mountain Meadows Massacre (Stanford, 1950) 80-98 or (2nd ed., Norman, 1963), Chapter Seven.

8 John I. Ginn, "Personal Recollections of John I. Ginn" (typescript, Utah State Historical Society), 53.

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much deletion they represent. I shall never forget the shock which I felt when I read the whole of the John Quincy article so often quoted; "It is by no means improbable that some future text-book for the use of generations yet unborn will contain a question something like this: 'What historical American of the nineteenth century has exerted the most powerful influence upon the destinies of his countrymen?' . . . . " It sounds as if he were ready for instant baptism. Yet, by the same use of these three dots placed at the beginning, it could read that the writer thought the Mormons were all demented, cheerfully mad, like the inmates of a mental hospital he had recently visited.

Likewise, I am troubled by a "Mormon Scholar" who will declare spurious a document which he admits has been accepted at face value for over a half a century, and will then proceed to quote from this false and spurious document phrases which prove the point he wishes to make, studiously ignoring a statement three paragraphs beyond and just over the page, which would throw serious doubts over his whole thesis. T h e inference is that in setting out to P R O V E a point, only material which will support the thesis should be used.

Speaking again of the work of reproducing the manuscripts, I find that the copyist must also use her reasoning in the use of dates. I think of an example of my own. In copying the account of John M. Higbee—signed Snort, we found a clear and accurate narrative, with the exact wording of the "Orders" which he himself had carried to Lee. There followed a discussion of reasons why the men who had been innocently drawn into this could not stand trial. Clearly the article was written immediately after the first trial of John D. Lee. T h e story fills eighteen pages of an ordinary notebook; the handwriting is clear and deliberate, the wording studied. This man blames the approaching army for the hysteria which spread throughout the territory and aroused all the Mormons to arm and drill and sing battle songs. According to him, the Indians were all the more inflamed, angry and eager for revenge for wrongs they had suffered at Holden. H e may not have known—-he did not mention it if he did— that Jacob Hamblin had taken ten or twelve Indian chiefs north with him for a conference with President Brigham Young. The "Journal History" reports their being there on September 1, and Brigham Young's Diary carries this very significant entry for the same date: Kanosh the Pavaunt chief with several of his band visited me gave them some council and presents A spirit seems to be takeing possession of the Indians to assist Israel I can hardly restrain them from exterminating the Americans.

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Higbee says the Indians were out of hand, angry and threatening; he tells of the various messengers and quotes verbatim the orders which he himself carried from Isaac C. Haight to John D. Leeâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;orders from the colonel commanding, William H. Dame, in his own handwriting.

The story is told in all its horror. The recent trial is referred to as being managed by "irresponsible hoboes," who knew nothing of the conditions. It all rings true to the times. But the date at the end is clearly 1894. Every person who has seen it has been prompt to say that is right, even with a magnifying glass the same is true. We left it. In this we erred.

We should have followed with [1874], the true date. 9 In somewhat the same way, in the Diary of Tommy Gordon published in the Spring 1967 issue of the Utah Historical Quarterly the distance between the two graves is given as 150 yards. One needs only to be on the ground to see that here is an error. With the exception of Nephi Johnson who in his account said, "After marching along for some time," all others used the terms "a half a mile," "about a half a mile," "a half a mile or more." Either Tommy expected to write 750 yards or 150 rods, both of which would be a little less than the half mile stipulated by all other reporters, 10 I use these to show only that no matter how vigilent we try to be, we can not avoid some errors.

I was asked to talk tonight about some of my experiences and contributions in the field of collecting and preserving manuscripts. The temptation has been strong to describe individual items which have brought into focus some of our early practicesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;like quoting George Laub on the Law of Adoption, or Oliver B. Huntington on the activities of his brother Dimick in the Danite Band, or John Pulsipher on the winter campaign against Johnston's Army, or George W. Bean on the fourth of July celebration in Las Vegas. Instead, I have chosen to try to express my general philosophy in the handling of these records. Like Carlyle, I want to see each steadily and see it whole. I want to preserve the author's per9 This account of John M. Higbee is published in the 1950 edition of Mountain Meadows Massacre, 171-77.

10 Citations here regarding the march of the doomed company are all from the 1950 < edition of Mountain Meadows Massacre.

John M. Higbee: "When they had pased Clingensmith's Co. one-fourth of a mile, women & children were sent up the same road. After they had past same point about a half mile . . ." (p. 174).

Daniel S. Macfarlane: "The Indians will let them past half a mile or more . . ." (p. i yy).

Philip Klingensmith: ". . . after said emigrants had marched about a half mile toward Cedar City . . ." (p. 183).

George A. Smith writing from Parowan: ". . . after proceeding about a mile and a half. . ." (p. 189).

Report of Superintendent of Indian Affairs J. Forney, "They proceeded about one and a half mile toward Cedar . . ." (p. 199).

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sonality, his experiences, his contributions. I want to see him as a person as well as a Saint. I want to pass on his contribution honestly, so that others of the future may make their interpretations from an honest reproduction.

I have made only a small beginning myself, but libraries throughout the nation are continuing to collect and preserve these documents.

And I feel that for all of us the first and best procedure is just to copy, word-for-word, the original. Then, weigh and consider our evaluations, presenting them fairly and honestly, without taking material out of context or trying to shape it to prove our point. These people should stand by their records. We shall be fortunate to do as well.

I have tried, as I went along, to acknowledge the help and encouragement of my family and my many friends. I must add to the list Dr. A. R. Mortensen, who first goaded me into writing an article on the Southern Utah Parks for the July 1958 issue of the Quarterly, and later persuaded me to leave Dixie College and come to work at Historical Society headquarters, editing the Diaries of Hosea Stoutâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and then set me to do the Centennial Issue on the Dixie Cotton Mission for the Quarterly. I owe Dr. Mortensen very much indeed. Then, following him is Dr. Everett L. Cooley who permitted me to finish the Stout records and has given me constant encouragement.

Over and above everything else, I am grateful that events far away and not of my making have made possible much of my work: the discovery of the Mitchell letter by Dale Morgan which seemed a good reason for the long delay in getting the Mountain Meadows Massacre off the press, and the action of reinstating John D. Lee by the L.D.S. church authorities at the end of a similarly long delay by the Arthur H. Clark Company in bringing out John Doyle Lee. For all these things I am gratefulâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and most of all for your presence here tonight. It is a humbling thing for me to have any come so far, but to have so manyâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; I T H A N K YOU.

Far Western Populism: The Case of Utah, 1893-1900

BY DAVID B. GRIFFITHS

decades a debate over the true nature of America's Populist third party movement of the 1890's has raged among historians and social scientists. Some scholars have argued that the Populists were nativistic agrarians, threatened by the new industrial society and obsessed with the idea of free silver as a political panacea. Other scholars have interpreted the Populist movement as a liberal precursor of progressive and New Deal reforms or as a form of demacratic socialism.1 Evidence OR ABOUT TWO

Dr. Griffiths is on the history-humanities faculty at York University, Toronto, Canada.

This article will be part of a forthcoming book on Populism in the Far West by Dr. Griffiths.

1 For this debate see Walter T. K. Nugent, The Tolerant Populists (Chicago, 1963), 3-32; Irwin Unger, ed., Populism: Nostalgic or Progressive? (New York, 1964), Introduction and passim; George B. Tindall, ed., A Populist Reader (New York, 1966), Introduction; Theodore Saloutos, "The Professors and the Populists," Agricultural History, XL (October, 1966), 235-54; Norman Pollack, ed., The Populist Mind (New York, 1967), Introduction and passim; David Griffiths, "Populism in the Far West" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1967), 398ff.

used in the debate has been drawn mainly from midwestern and southern Populist sources and has not done justice to the Populist movements in the Far West. This is particularly true of Utah where the Populists had at one time three newspapers, a brass band (in Millville, Cache County), a freethinker Peoples church, and held "parlor pop meetings with recitations, music, and speeches," in Salt Lake City. The following essay offers an account of this reform movement in Utah and presents evidence that Utah Populists were radical liberals committed to ending economic inequality and political injustice and were not agrarian reactionaries.

In the South and Midwest, the backbone of the Populist movement was supplied by farmers protesting against debt, currency deflation, and political corruption. But the theocratic framework of Utah society inhibited the growth of the secular Farmers' Alliances which might have provided an organizational vehicle for this protest. Because the Utah farmer produced mainly for a local market he was less insecure than farmers of other regions who were often in debt to eastern finance firms because of their dependence upon eastern markets. 2 In view of these conditions, it was not surprising that Utah Populist strength was centered in the larger more urban communities with the Salt Lake City and Ogden Populists having the strongest organizations in the territory and state.

In the early 1890's Utah was experiencing deep religious, economic, and political change. The social philosophy of Mormon leaders was changing from a cooperative paternalism to a "rugged individualism" that stressed capitalist enterprise. 3 The few early trade unions had been led by church leaders, but with the transcontinental railroad and the development of mining the growth of independent unions was hastened.

These unions however were badly hurt by the panic of 1893. The Populists, organizing a territorial party in the fall of 1893 in Salt Lake City, responded to the economic distress by creating pro-labor pressure groups.

Hampered by the competition of the Mormon church, the Populist efforts 2 Inter-Mountain Advocate (Salt Lake City), December 18, 1896: "There is no place in the U.S. where the hard times are felt so little as in Utah. The people here nearly all own their homes, most of which are free from mortgage. They can live almost without money." See also Leonard J. Arrington, "The Provo Woolen Mills: Utah's First Large Manufacturing Establishment," Utah Historical Quarterly, XXI (April, 1953), 97-116; Leonard J. Arrington, "Objectives of Mormon Economic Policy," Western Humanities Review, X (1956), 180-85; Lauren H. Dimter, "Populism in Utah" (Master's thesis, Brigham Young University, 1964), 14.

3 Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900 (Cambridge, 1958), 358-79; Richard D. Poll, "A State is Born," U.H.Q., 32 (Winter, 1964), 10-12; Richard D. Poll, "The Political Reconstruction of Utah Territory, 18661890," Pacific Historical Review, XXVI (May, 1958), 124; Stanley S. Ivins, "A Constitution for Utah," U.H.Q., XXV (April, 1957), 95-100; Dimter, "Populism in Utah," 29-33.

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to further the cause of organized labor and the unemployed, continued throughout the 1890's.

From 1893 to 1895 the Salt Lake City Populists organized a Board of Labor, with a free lending library and free employment office, and worker clubs which pressured the city government for new municipal work projects and better payment procedures. 4 It is necessary, a Utah Populist wrote, for "the workman [to] elect men from his own ranks to govern him." 5 The party issued a statement in September of 1895 on the plight of the worker in which social Darwinism was rejected and a positive concept of government advocated: With all our boasted civilization, improved machinery and scientific advancement, we still find things sadly out of joint. By some means these great achievements have not inured to the benefit of the great masses of the people. . . . T h e many sow, but the few reap. . . . If governments are not maintained for the purpose of protecting the weak against the strong, we must say that we are hopelessly ignorant as to what they are for. . . .

Hence we are suffering in a land of plenty [sic]. Hunger and even starvation, almost in sight of groaning bins of grain, and poor laborers freezing almost at the door of the coal mines. 6

In the November election of 1894, the Populist candidate for Congress, H. L. Gaut, finished a weak third, with the bulk of his votes coming from Salt Lake and Ogden. In the winter of 1894-95, the Populists organized clubs on the precinct level in Salt Lake and in the spring issued a call for assistance in "rescuing the country from the power of the money and other monopolies that control both of the old parties." 7 James Hogan of Ogden, a national organizer of the American Railway Union and friend of Eugene Debs, was the lead speaker at the Salt Lake County Populist convention in September 1895 and later received their nomination for Congress. Henry W. Lawrence, their nominee for governor, spoke out strongly for the eight-hour day reasoning that the "invention of machinery and the modern appliances" should lessen manual labor and create leisure "for the improvement of the mental faculties of men and women." 8 4 J. Kenneth Davis, "Utah Labor Before Statehood," U.H.Q., 34 (Summer, 1966), 211-15; Dee Scorup, "A History of Organized Labor in Utah" (Master's thesis, University of Utah, 1935), 3, 12; Dimter, "Populism in Utah," 41-44, 56; Leonard J. Arrington, "Utah and the Depression of the 1890's," U.H.Q., X X I X (January, 1961), 3-18.

5 Inter-Mountain Advocate, April 5, 1895.

6 Ibid., September 27, 1895.

7 Ibid., May 17, 1895.

8 Ibid., October 28, 1895. Henry W. Lawrence was born in Ontario in 1835. His Mormon parents joined the church community in Nauvoo, Illinois, in the 1840's. In 1852 Lawrence settled in Salt Lake where he became a prosperous businessman and civic leader. In 1868 he was elected to the Salt Lake City Council and was active in Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution. In

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Populism

Throughout 1895 and 1896 the money question held an important place in party ideology and campaign strategy. In Utah, which produced approximately thirteen per cent of the nation's total silver,9 the advocacy of free silver cut across party lines. But the Utah Populists insisted that the Populist party was the only national party unequivocally committed to free silver, and as fiat money advocates they criticized the old parties for being silent on "the issuing of legal tender paper by the Government to relieve the people's necessities. . . ." They also argued that the old party men were inconsistent in advocating free silver in their state platforms when they knew it would "not be granted by their national parties, the enemies of silver and the cause of its restricted use as

Henry W. Lawrence (1835-1924)

"10

money.

Handicapped by lack of funds, the Populists still ran a spirited campaign in the territorial election of 1895. Warren Foster, editor of the Inter-Mountain Advocate, insisted that "only the political office-seeker and professional political bum" refused to recognize the justness of the Populists' cause. 11 The party received at least a token vote in twenty-four of Utah's twenty-seven counties and the late 1860's he was excommunicated from the church (with W. S. Godbe and E. Harrison, proprietors of the Utah Magazine, predecessor of the Salt Lake Tribune) for his role in the Godbeite movement that challenged the political power of Brigham Young. In 1870 Lawrence helped form the Liberal party and was their first candidate for mayor of Salt Lake City. He was elected to the territorial legislature in the early 1880's and in the early 1890's was the receiver of church property escheated under the Edmunds-Tucker Act. Hubert H. Bancroft, History of Utah, 1540-1886 (San Francisco, 1889), 649-52; Dimter, "Populism in Utah," 39-40.

9 U.S., Bureau of the Census, Eleventh Census of the United States: 1890. Report on Mineral Industries, 57.

10 Inter-Mountain Advocate, September 27, 1895.

11 Warren Foster, probably the most articulate of far western Populist editors, was born in Kentucky in 1854. He grew up in Kansas, became active in the Farmer's Alliance in Hutchinson where he edited a reform paper. He came to Utah in 1894. His paper was widely quoted in the reform papers of the 1890's. J. A. Wayland, editor of the widely circulated and influential Appeal to Reason (Gerard, Kansas) wrote that Foster "slings a natty pen. His punctures of existing fads, prejudices and superstitions are not pin holes but great gaping lesions from a dynamite gun."

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elected a mayor of Sandy, Utah, but Lawrence and Hogan ran far behind their rivals. 12 In Utah, as throughout the Far West, the question of free silver and fusion of party tickets continued as the major issue and challenge in the presidential campaign of 1896. Norman B. Dresser, a veteran Utah Populist and single-tax advocate, urged a "union of all the reform forces" around the silver issue and to attain that end was ready . . . to put my own hobby in the background — not give up a conviction — not sacrifice a principle — but secure a victory for one right principle that it may be an entering wedge for others. Union, union, union should be the cry everywhere. 13

This strategy, pushed by several national Populist leaders, 14 was viewed with apprehension by Warren Foster who warned of the danger of trimming the Populist platform down to a free silver plank and insisted on the need for nominating a "thorough populist. . . . A single plank, free silver man M U S T N O T be nominated — that would not bring the Populist party into power." 15 Foster was not opposed to unity with free silver men if the Populists defined the terms of the relationship. But Foster, like other middle-of-the-road far western Populists, argued that it was the whole money question and not free silver alone that must be focused upon.

W h a t we want is an increase in the circulating medium. Free silver cannot give it with the banks and creditor classes in control. Restore to the general government the function of issuing the money and the free coinage of silver will help all alike, or nearly so. 16

The discussion of free silver and fusion continued throughout the spring of 1896. T h e Populists in their state convention in Ogden in June called attention to other reforms that they considered basic. O n the land question they urged the protection of "each family in the possession 12

The Populists claimed they were counted out by both Republicans and Democrats, Inter-Mountain Advocate, November 8, 1895; Dimter, "Populism in Utah," 53-57.

13 Inter-Mountain Advocate, March 20, 1896. Norman B. Dresser, born in Wisconsin, spent seven years in Wyoming in the 1880's editing a newspaper. He was associated with Foster for six months in editing the Inter-Mountain Advocate and after this put out his own paper The Mercur Miner in Tooele County. In 1895 he was the Populist candidate for councilman for the Fifth Precinct in Salt Lake, in 1896 he was nominated and elected to the lower house from Tooele County. He was "a Henry George man on the land question" and a critic of the role of the Mormon church in Utah politics. Inter-Mountain Advocate, November 1, 1895 and September 25, 1896. '' ' 14 See Weaver to Bryan, May 29, 1896, William Jennings Bryan MSS, Box 3 (Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.) ; Richard Durden, The Climax of Populism (Lexington, Kentucky, 1964); Norman Pollack, The Populist Response to Industrial America (New Haven 1962)' ; 103-43. ' 15 Inter-Mountain Advocate, April 10, 1896.

16 Ibid., March 8, 1895.

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of a home to the value of $1,500, free from execution and taxation." 17 They also recommended adoption of Jacob Coxey's non-interest bearing bonds and good roads measures. 18 Their statement that labor, the creator of wealth, had become degraded under modern capitalism resembled the classic critique of Karl Marx. 1 9 They stated that: . . . as labor is the creator of all accumulated wealth it should not be degraded by its own production, as it is now under the social and industrial conditions forced upon the people by the old political parties.

O n the fundamental Populist demand for direct government by the people â&#x20AC;&#x201D; participatory democracy â&#x20AC;&#x201D; they urged that the President and U.S. senators be elected by "popular vote" and advocated the initiative, referendum, recall, and "proportionate representation."

O n the church-state issue, of crucial significance in Utah politics, the Populist position was that: . . . all churches derive their protection and privileges from the state, and as the citizens owe their first allegiance to the government, they should be free from the dictation of priests or politicians in their political actions. 20

T h e discussion of fusion among Utah Populists took a new turn in early July after the Democrats nominated the free silverite, William Jennings Bryan. Warren Foster expressed the new attitude in his statement that "with the adoption of the Chicago [Democratic] platform and the nomination of Mr. Bryan we believe that the proper thing to do is to vote for Mr. Bryan." 21 When the Populists at their national convention endorsed Bryan for president, R. A. Hasbrouck, state chairman, and other Utah party leaders resigned in protest. Warren Foster, however, expressed the majority sentiment in stating that the Populist convention "did the best thing it could under the circumstances" and fusion arrangements were worked out with the Populists taking one presidential elector (H. W. Lawrence), four elective offices, and one appointive office.2 2 17

Ibid., June 26, 1896. This plank revealed the influence of John R. Rogers, Populist leader in Washington State. See J. R. Rogers, Homes for the Homeless, or An Argument in Favor of a Non-Taxable Homestead (pamphlet, Northwest Division Collections, University of Washington Library, Seattle).

18 The Inter-Mountain Advocate was strongly pro-Coxey. For that movement see D. L. McMurry, Coxey's Army (Seattle, 1968).

19 Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, trans., T. B. Bottomore (London, 1963). Marx is never mentioned in Foster's paper although there are quotes from Lasalle and Proudhon, the German and French Socialists.

20 Inter-Mountain Advocate, June 26, 1896.

21 Ibid., July 31, 1896; Salt Lake Herald, July 11, 1896.

22 Inter-Mountain Advocate, July 23, 1896; Dimter, "Populism in Utah," 74-78.

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The peak of Populist strength in Utah was reached in the presidential election of 1896 with the massive victory won by Bryan and the fusion ticket. 23 Warren Foster was defeated in his bid for Congress, but a Populist county attorney and county surveyor were elected in Uintah County and four Populists were elected to the state legislature.

With the opening of the state legislature the politics of the churchstate issue erupted. The Populist legislators were pledged to a Populist senatorial candidate but their second choice was Moses Thatcher, an apostle deposed by the Mormon church because of his assertion of the right of political independence. The Populists switched to Thatcher on the eighth ballot, with Dresser declaring, "I cast my vote for that apostle of civil and religious liberty [Thatcher]." 2 4 In the Inter-Mountain Advocate Foster argued that the chief opposition to Thatcher was "confined to a few, but a most potent few, heads of the church" and urged his election to "silence the threatening storms" between the church and state in Utah. Thatcher's defeat, he continued, would mean that the "church is in the saddle" with its leaders still holding sway over its members. 25 Thatcher, however, was defeated along with the majority of the bills the Populists introduced in the legislature. In the Senate, B. A. Harbour's bill to give tax exempt status to the property of householders up to a $1,500 assessment,26 a bill for a miners' hospital, and a bill calling for the initiative and referendum were all defeated. Harbour was successful, however, in a measure creating a mechanics' lien law and one providing for a state board of public works that would hire day labor.

In the lower chamber Populist bills were either defeated or weakened by amendments. House Bill Number 119 enabling city residents to vote on the granting of franchises by municipal governments was defeated as well as an employee safety measure, an act making taxes payable biannually, and bills to protect workers from steam boiler explosions and 23 On Bryan's support within Utah see Telegram, R. Macintosh et al. to Bryan, May 10, 1895; Letter, F. B. Stephens to Bryan, July 24, 1895; Letter, W. L. R. Jones to Bryan, November 3, 1896; Telegram, Frank J. Cannon to Bryan, November 5, 1896; Letter, H. Rosengweig to Bryan, November 5, 1896, in Bryan MSS, Box 3.

24 Inter-Mountain Advocate, January 15, 22, and 29, 1897. Norman Dresser wrote in his Mercur Miner that the election of Thatcher would prove that the church had lost the power if not the inclination "to control in politics" and that the election of Thatcher would "strengthen the spirit of independence in young Mormons." Quoted in the Inter-Mountain Advocate December 25, 1896.

25 Inter-Mountain Advocate, January 1, 1897.

28 Harbour's bill was modeled on the ideas of J. R. Rogers, a Populist governor of the State of Washington. See B. A. Harbour to J. R. Rogers, February 10, 1897, J. R. Rogers MSS (Washington State Archives, Olympia).

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elevator accidents. A bill providing for direct legislation in municipal government was passed but without its enabling clause. 27 T h e Populists also worked for legislation eliminating the poll tax, providing for an income tax, and outlawing capital punishment. Far western Populists differed on capital punishment but Warren Foster, Norman Dresser, and other Utah Populists were strongly opposed to a practice Foster characterized as inhuman, unnecessary, and degrading. 28 As the above account demonstrates, the Utah Populist legislators were primarily concerned with labor and political reform issues, not with farmer or agricultural needs. This fact reflects the predominantly urban composition of Utah Populism and the conviction among Populists that Utah agriculture was basically healthy. 29 In the fall of 1897, Utah's Populists were actively organizing for municipal elections in Salt Lake and other cities. O n October 16 Salt Lake City Populists nominated H. W. Lawrence as mayor and head of their ticket and adopted a platform that revealed the single-tax ideas of Foster, Dresser, and others in its proposal to increase the taxation of vacant property held for speculative purposes. T h e Populists also took libertarian and humanitarian positions on questions of due process and civil liberties, in denouncing use of police courts over trial by jury, and in condemning the "barbarous and inhuman" treatment of unemployed vagrants by the police and courts.

This attitude was forceably expressed in Foster's newspaper; 30 on other social issues Foster's ideas, not mirrored in party platforms, revealed a humanist equalitarianism. He opposed a double standard for sexual morality, thought a punitive approach to prostitution was hypocritical, argued that "prison should be a reformatory rather than a place of punishment" and that prisoners should be given productive work at fair wages, and opposed the anti-Chinese sentiment that was widespread in Populist and labor circles in the Far West. 31 27

Inter-Mountain

Advocate, January and March, 1897.

Davis H. Waite, Populist governor of Colorado (1892-94), was a strong °PP°f a t h penalty whereas J. R. Rogers, Populist governor of Washington (18961900), was equally convinced of its value. See Davis H. Waite MSS (Colorado State Archives, ei V R ers MSS nr \ Jr£i , °S - A l s ° , the Inter-Mountain Advocate, April 7, 1896; December 18 and 25, 1896; January 15, 1897; February 12, 1897.

29 Living Issues (the new name for the Inter-Mountain Advocate), October 22, 1897.

30 Ibid., October 15, 22, 29, 1897. iooo 3 1 A 7 6 - ^ ' L ^ a r c h 8 ' 1 8 9 5 ; J a n u a r y 8> 1 8 9 7 ; A P r i l 2, 1897; February 18, 1898; March 11, 1898. Anti-Chinese nativism was especially strong among Montana Populists, see e.g. the Butte Bystander during 1892-97. Occasional anti-Jewish statements, usually negative political use of Rothschild and Shylock images, appeared in far western Populist materials. The Inter-Mountain Advocate-Living Issues was generally free of this, although on three occasions printed political cartoons with anti-Semitic implications (April 24, May 29, June 12, 1896) 28 For example n t of t h e de

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In his concept of religion and society, Foster was a skeptical rationalist who thought the Christian church was the enemy of progress and a source of superstitution and bigotry. He and other Salt Lake City Populists organized a freethinker Peoples church that was to further "rational religion, ethical culture and social progress." He criticized the Mormons for interference in politics but thought that the Mormon people were more kind and liberal than the "swarthy, dyspeptic bigots" of the Protestant churches. He praised the "practical sense" of Brigham Young's teachings that had made the Utah people the most prosperous and happy in the nation. 32 When the municipal election returns came in, the Salt Lake PopuWarren Foster lists were disappointed with the poor (1854-1909) showing of Lawrence who polled only about a thousand votes out of a total of over twelve thousand. But in the Ogden mayoralty contest, J. A. Boyle, the fusionist candidate, defeated his Republican rival by some eighteen votes, and the fusionists won nearly all the other seats in Ogden if only by close margins. In Vernal, Uintah County, a Populist candidate for city commissioner was elected, but generally the Populists who ran without the formal support of the Democrats were defeated and thus the controversy over fusion emerged 33

again Henry W. Lawrence, along with Foster the leading party ideologue, dominated the September 1898 state convention at Salt Lake City. In an address, which was endorsed by the party, Lawrence attacked the old parties for allowing the wealth of the nation to become concentrated in the hands of "less than five percent of the people." Lawrence declared "labor and the necessities of life are controlled by monopolies; money 32 Ibid., February 19; October 8 and 29; November 12 and 19; December 10 17 and 24 1897; April 8; May 6, 1898. ' ' ' 33 Dimter, "Populism in Utah," 56, 91-92.

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and property â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the product of man â&#x20AC;&#x201D; is made to degrade and enslave humanity." Lawrence argued that fiat money was a required remedy for this situation. All money is a creation of law and "the only redemption that money needs, is in the payment of debts, taxes and the products of labor." Other necessary reforms were the initiative and referendum and a guarantee that the homes of people would be exempt from taxation and foreclosure.34 Throughout 1898 the party was rent by controversy over the fusion problem. Leading Ogden Populists favored fusion with free silver Republicans and accused Foster of being inconsistent in opposing fusion in 1898 when he had favored it in 1896. Foster replied that unless the Populists put up a straight ticket for at least one of the state offices they would disappear as a distinct organization. "We populists," Foster wrote, "aim to learn a little as we get older," and one thing that we have learned is that W. J. Bryan is the "very cheapest kind of a cheap politician." If it had been "fornication to fuse with the democrats," Foster continued, it would be "harlotry to fuse with the Silver Republicans." 35 Foster and the anti-fusionists gained their own way and fusion on the state offices was not worked out. The Populists ran on a platform emphasizing direct legislation and municipal ownership. They downgraded the free silver issue and stressed direct legislation and the single tax. The platform demanded a "state textbook school law" to supply free books to students and expressed concern over the political role of the church in Utah politics. The Utah Populists demanded that "personal liberty and the freedom and exercise of individual judgment in all political matters" be upheld. 36 Some far western Populists, who were worried about the political influence of the Roman Catholic Church, had become involved in the anti-Catholic American Protective Association. Foster and the Utah Populists also opposed any type of church influence in politics whether Catholic, Protestant, or Morman, but Foster denounced the A.P.A. as an un-American institution "whose foundation stone is religious bigotry." 37 34

Living Issues, September 16, 1898.

Ibid., August 12 a n d 2 6 ; September 9, 1898.

36 Ibid., September 16, 1898. T h e emphasis on direct legislation a n d the single tax a n d the dismissal of the silver issue as fundamental can be followed in the issues of M a r c h 4, April 1 a n d 15, J u n e 24, July 22, 1898. T h e plank on free text books probably revealed the influence of J. R. Rogers w h o authored the "barefoot school boy" law of Washington. See Post-Intelligencer (Seattle, W a s h i n g t o n ) , February 10, 1898; State of Washington, House Journal, 1895, 73, 275-76.

37 Living Issues, November 8 a n d 22, 1895, J a n u a r y 24, 1896, M a y 26, 1896.

35

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But the question of religious bigotry became an important issue in the 1898 campaign for U.S. Congress. Warren Foster, while declaring that he was not anti-Mormon, launched a spirited attack upon B. H. Roberts, his Democratic rival for the U.S. Congress, for living in polygamy and therefore breaking the law. Foster's attacks upon Roberts led to tension within the Populist ranks when Thomas Jessop, chairman of the Populist party in Cache County and a polygamist and close friend of Foster, wrote to the Salt Lake Herald that he would vote for Roberts in protest against the self-righteousness of the Populist candidate. 38 But other Populists insisted that Foster had to be supported because he was the only candidate "who objects to church domination." 39 Foster won about five hundred more votes than he had in 1896 but was again defeated. Throughout the state the Populist vote declined, and only one candidate, S. S. Smith of Weber County, was elected to the state legislature. 40 Nationally in 1898, the Populists were hopelessly split and losing all political power. Lawrence and a few party faithfuls struggled to keep their organization intact through the election of 1900, but the rapid decline of Populism in Utah was evident. Foster, calling the 1898 election a farce, left the party writing that "the show is over . . .

The next attraction will be Socialism. . . . We welcome Socialism as the fruition of our hopes." Populism, he said, "was born; it fused; it died; but its soul has gone to the better land of Socialism." Other Populists thought that the Democratic party was the "better land" but the curtain had now come down on the colorful Populist crusade in Utah. 4 1 The Utah Populists called attention to needed reforms in the areas of labor legislation, municipal government, and the political process.

They were consistent advocates of extended economic and political democracy. They recognized that the basic problem of the era, not solved sixty years later, was to find 38

Ibid., September 23 a n d 30, 1898, O c t o b e r 14, 1898.

Mercur Miner quoted in Living Issues, September 30, 1898.

40 Dimter, "Populism in U t a h , " 9 5 - 1 0 0 .

41 Living Issues, November 11 a n d 25, 1 8 9 8 ; December 2 and 9, 1 8 9 8 ; M a r c h 9 1900 1-or the national party see J o h n D . Hicks, The Populist Revolt (Lincoln, 1 9 3 1 ) , 3 9 8 - 4 0 0 . ' Foster's shift toward Socialism was g r a d u a l and related to the political fortune of the Fopulist party. I n 1894-95 he denied t h a t Populism was socialistic except in respect to its advocacy of public ownership of utilities a n d transportation. Early in 1897 he praised Socialism S Ut inn°o U ?.

Populism contained all the reform ideas t h a t the people were then ready for.

By 1902 he was the Socialist candidate for justice of the State Supreme Court. O t h e r Populists joined the Socialist L a b o r party in 1897. R. A. Hasbrouck, who represented the Populists at the inauguration ceremonies for U t a h ' s statehood, r a n for mayor of Salt Lake on the Socialist ticket in 1897. Defections to the Socialists arose after the Populists endorsed Bryan in 1896. T h e later p a r t y affiliation of H . W. Lawrence is somewhat vague b u t he remained active in public affairs a n d at the age of seventy-six became a Salt Lake City Commissioner.

39

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. . . some plan whereby the good results of the machine may be felt and enjoyed by all the people instead of a few as is now the case. The fault is not with the machine but with the system that enables one man or a few men to monopolize the machine. 42

The pervasive theme in Utah Populist thought was the paradox of poverty in the midst of material abundance. They saw homeless people surrounded by vacant land and hills full of coal while people in the cities were cold. The remedy they proposed was simple: in theory the government belonged to the people, the people must then take it into their hands and run it for their own benefit.

42 Living Issues, March 11, 1898. See also the editorial "The Machinery Age" in the issue of October 1, 1897.

Don't suppose for a moment that the platform of the reconstructed democracy, all of which is Populistic, would permanently save the country. It will help no doubt; but nothing short of the restoration of the earth to the people will ever remove the causes that afflict us. Man is born with a natural right to an opportunity to make for himself a living. It has been taken away from him. Free silver, abolition of national banks, greenbacks, or income tax cannot give this right back to him. Give us these, however, until we get the rest. {InterMountain Advocate [Salt Lake City], July 17, 1896.)

Zion National Park With Some Reminiscences Fifty Years Later

BY A. KARL LARSON

The Three Patriarchs stand near the entrance to Zion Canyon.

Photograph by Zion Picture Shop, Cedar City.

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19 OF THIS YEAR marks Zion National Park's fiftieth anniversary. The contemplation brings many memories of fabulous days when the park was dedicated and when it was honored by a visit from President Warren G. Harding. I will try to share those memories, but first a few words about the park's past for a backdrop.

In a day long past when I was tempted, with little success, to try my hand at painting, I asked my wise and gifted teacher, Professor Bent F. Larsen, if he had ever painted Zion. This was in a day when the canyon was just beginning to receive widespread national attention, and being from southern Utah, I felt a keen pride of "ownership" in the magnificent scenery which "outsiders" were telling us we had.

The professor looked at me with something akin to pity. No, he said, he had not ventured to paint it; it was too big, too vivid, too awesome to record on canvas; in fact he felt it little short of presumption to think of it. Others less fearful than he have since tried. But still it awaits the master artist to interpret its mystic majesty. Perhaps this will never happen. And it may be just as well; for one must see the canyon to believe it. Words on paper and color on canvas can never do it justice.

What the pueblo dweller in the ancient predawn of historic time felt about it we do not know. We can only imagine his thoughts and reflections as he gazed upon the beauties of Mukuntuweap and Parunuweap, those two tremendous gulches carved out over millions of years by the little Virgin River, truly virginal in mild weather but a raging hussy in flood. He cultivated the small patches of ground in the narrow valleys and grew his corn and beans to store in the high cliffs where he made his dwelling. Doubtless he felt the same wonder and reverence that affected the later inhabitants of these gorgeous works of nature.

We read that the better known yet more unlettered I-oo-gune-intz, who lived in the more open country near the mouths of the two great canyons, would not remain in the narrow valleys with the towering walls and cliffs after the sun sank behind the West Temple. In primitive innocence they believed the gods dwelt there, and that it was not safe or proper to encroach upon divine privacy. Not numerous, the I-oo-guneintz farmed by irrigation the little plots between Rockville and the vicinity of old Shunesburg on Parunuweap (the East Fork of the Virgin) OVEMBER

M r . Larson, a u t h o r of books on southern U t a h a n d past contributor to the Quarterly, retired in 1965 as director of the Division of Social Sciences at Dixie J u n i o r College in St. George.

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and as far into Mukuntuweap (North Fork) as the present location of the Grotto Campground. 1 The Mormons moved into "Utah's Dixie" in 1852 at Fort Harmony on Ash Creek (tributary to the Virgin). Soon missionaries began their activities among the Paiute clans on the Santa Clara (1854) ; and in 1858, at the mouth of North Creek, Virgin City was established. In quick succession the occupation of the upper Virgin River area followed: Grafton in 1859, Adventure (Rockville) in 1860; and Springdale, Shunesburg (about three and a half miles up Parunuweap), and Northop (at the junction of Mukuntuweap and Parunuweap) in 1862.

Under Brigham Young's orders Nephi Johnson, seeking possible sites for future settlement, was probably the first Mormon to see Zion Canyon.

In late 1861 or early 1862 young Joseph Black went into the canyon hoping, perhaps, to find a place suitable for settlement. Black himself decided it was too difficult of access, but his enthusiastic description of the area led Isaac Behunin of Springdale to begin farming and the construction of a cabin near the spot where the Zion Lodge now stands.

Others followed, cultivating the small acreage above and below the Behunin holding, but the scarcity of tillable land limited Zion's population to a mere handful. Farming, however meager, was carried on by Springdale men right to the day of the park's creation. Behunin is thought to have named the canyon and village "Zion," a place of refuge for God's people. When Brigham Young came there, he is reputed to have said, "This is not Zion," so for a time it bore the appellation "Not Zion." It was also called "Little Zion," but the passage of time has decreed the simple title, "Zion."

And what of Joseph Black? He probably felt somewhat as John Colter when he described the wonders of Yellowstone to his acquaintances on the Missouri frontier; with derision and some head-tapping, they disposed of the incredible tale with two words: "Colter's Hell."

Some of the Mormons of the area were only a little less kind. They cynically referred to the little-known canyon as "Joseph's Glory." In both cases the scoffers were discredited; seeing, they remained to pray. 2 It was not long after Mormon colonization that government explorersâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;geologists, topographers, and cartographersâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;came to make "William R. Palmer, "Pahute Indian Homelands," Utah Historical Quarterly VI (Tulv 1930), 88-102. .

2 Angus M. Woodbury, "A History of Southern Utah and Its National Parks" UHQ XII (July, October, 1944), 150-61 passim.

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their first surveys. Famous John Wesley Powell with two companions came through the deep Parunuweap gorge in 1872 and spent a day exploring Zion Canyon. In 1873 Jack Hillers, Powell's photographer, took pictures of the canyon which were widely used by publications of a later day. It remained for Clarence E. Dutton, of the United States Geological Survey, to forget for the moment he was a scientist and become a poet to put into words the deep emotional feelings the sight of Zion stirred in him. His party was approaching Zion Canyon from Short Creek. They were captivated with the great mass called Smithsonian Butte, which they decided to sketch. But sketching was forgotten when over a notch or saddle formed by a low isthumus which connected the butte with the principal mesa there sailed slowly and majestically into view . . . a wonderful object . . . . In an hour's time we reached the crest of the isthumus, and in an instant there flashed before us a scene never to be forgotten. In coming time it will, I believe, take rank with a very small number of spectacles each of which will, in its own way, be regarded as the most exquisite of its kind which the world discloses. The scene before us was T H E T E M P L E S AND T O W E R S O F T H E VIRGIN.

H e then launches into a word picture of almost dithyrambic ecstacy, describing majestic peaks, that "mighty throng of structures" with a display of colors "truly amazing." Colors, colors, colors!

Chocolate, maroon, purple, lavender, magenta, with broad bands of toned white, are laid in horizontal belts, strongly contrasting with each other, and the ever-varying slope of the surface cuts across them capriciously, so that the sharply defined belts wind about like the contours of a map. 3

He observed the Parunuweap as it united with Mukuntuweap and noted the great wall of the former as it became the east battlement of Zion: As it sweeps down the Parunuweap it breaks into great pediments, covered all over with the richest carving. The effect is much like that which the architect of the Milan Cathedral appears to have designed, though here it is vividly suggested rather than fully realizedâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;as an artist painting in the "broad style" suggests many things without actually drawing them.

The sumptuous, bewildering, mazy effect is all there, but when we attempt to analyze it in detail it eludes us.

There is more, much more, if we but had the space to record it. In leaving the subject Dutton says: 3

Clarence E. Dutton in U.S., Geological Survey, Second Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1880-81 (Washington, D . C , 1882), 88. Italics supplied by the author.

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Nothing can exceed the wondrous beauty of Little Zion Valley which separates the two temples and their respective groups of towers. Nor are these the only sublime structures which look down into its depths, for similar ones are seen on either hand along its receding vista until a turn in the course carries the valley out of sight. In its proportions it is about equal to Yosemite, but in the nobility and beauty of the sculptures there is no comparison. It is Hyperion to a satyr. No wonder the fierce Mormon zealot who named it, was reminded of the Great Zion, on which his fervid thoughts were bentâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;"of houses not built with hands, eternal in the heavens." 4

Leo A. Snow, United States deputy surveyor of St. George, Utah, was detailed to survey that part of the area which cut across Zion gorge, his party using triangulation to make the survey from the east to west.

When Snow submitted the report and a map of that part of the canyon, he described it as unsurveyable. In the report he said, "In my opinion this canyon should be set apart by the government as a national park."

Just a month from the time Surveyor Snow's account was dispatched to Washington, President Taft signed a proclamation designating the Zion Canyon area as Mukuntuweap National Monument (July 31, 1909 ). 5 Interest grew as the canyon's wonders were disseminated. Local, state, and national enthusiasts took up the call for better roads that would bring the world to view the marvels of Zion; for marvels they were, people were becoming aware of that. There were trips into this isolated spot by nature lovers and pleasure seekers unafraid of the long miles of rough roads leading to Zion's fastnesses. Entrepreneurs anxious to capitalize on the wonders that have since become southern Utah's greatest source of income made their appearance. Leaders in the little towns along the Virgin River, both church and civic, threw themselves into the campaign to obtain roads that would accommodate automobiles, envisioning new and lucrative sources of revenue to rejuvenate these ingrown villages on the very fringe of civilization. As early as 1911 Wesley King of the Salt Lake Commercial Club with his wife hired a team and buggy at the railroad terminus at Marysvale and explored Zion. He was deeply impressed: "I do not believe there is anything on the globe like the canyon of the Rio Virgin, or to compare with the Vermilion Cliffs," he declared in the Salt Lake Tribune for November 12, 1911. Speaking of the possibilities of Washington and Iron counties, he continued, "[They] have great natural resources and wonderful possibilities which will blossom 4

Ibid., 89, 91.

"Woodbury, "History of Southern Utah and Its National Parks," U.H.Q., XII, 187-88.

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Zion Canyon is a narrow, curving gorge, almost nine miles long, cut by the Virgin River. It has been estimated that each year the Virgin carries three million tons of sediment from the park. Thus the river continues to cut the canyon deeper through the strata of stone as it has done for centuries. Photograph from the PID Collection, Utah State Historical Society.

into reality only when the transportation problem has been solved . . . .

It is a state problem and must be worked out by our state officials," Governor William Spry visited Utah's Dixie in October 1913. O n this occasion the people along the Virgin took a holiday and followed

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the governor to the base of Cable Mountain where they enjoyed a picnic.

The governor's day was complete when the cable hoist lifted a man to the top of the great cliff and back within a few short suspenseful minutes.

The governor traveled by horseback into the Narrows and came away duly impressed by the experience and convinced that the national government should take steps to develop the monument. He thereafter worked hard for its realization. 6 Washington, Kane, Iron, and Beaver counties joined with Arizona's Coconino County to form the Grand Canyon Highway Association with David Hirschi as president (1914). The idea of the organization was to tie highway access to Zion with that of Grand Canyon. Cedar City, Hurricane, Toquerville, and LaVerkin pledged $4,200 to improve the road up the Hurricane Fault and eastward toward Kanab. Meantime Governor Spry had become convinced that Utah should build a road south to the borders of Mukuntuweap. 7 In 1916, under the prodding of Senator Reed Smoot, $15,000 in federal funds were appropriated "to construct an interstate wagon road or highway through the Mukuntuweap National Monument, Utah, approximately fifteen miles for the fiscal year 1917." 8 An expedition, sponsored by the Salt Lake Tribune and led by W. D. Rishel, headed for the southern wonderlands in 1916. The party first visited Kanab and continued on to the North Rim of Grand Canyon.

From here they traveled back to Hurricane and then to Zion. As they were returning from the Grand Canyon, the party met a delegation at Pipe Spring from the Oregon Short Line and Union Pacific railroads and other travel agencies. This group was on the way to Bright Angel Point in Grand Canyon to scout possibilities of railroad traffic to the new scenic beauties. The expedition then returned to Kanab, Hurricane, and Rockville, where they held an evening meeting on August 16. Many of the people of the nearby communities declared a holiday and went to the canyon with the traveling dignitaries. Then the party proceeded to St. George to enjoy a feast of Dixie fruit. The party had induced Governor Spry and Road Commissioner Henry W. Lunt to accompany them for consultation on road development. The governor offered all possible support if the railroads decided to undertake the development of tourist traffic by bus to the new scenic areas. 9 Out of this beginning eventually ''Ibid., 195-96.

7 Ibid., 196.

8 Ibid.

9 Ibid., 197-98.

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Zion Lodge was constructed in 1925 on the site of the first tourist camp by the Utah Parks Company, a subsidiary of the Union Pacific Railroad. Union Pacific acquired rights to transportation facilities at Zion Park in 1927 and also operates all accommodations in the park.

Photograph furnished by Union Pacific Railroad.

grew the Zion Lodge and Camp (1925) and the regular passenger bus traffic from Cedar City.

T h e route from Los Angeles to Salt Lake City was designated in 1916, with the road leading through Las Vegas, St. George, and Cedar City on the Arrowhead Trail, as it was called. In 1917 Charles H. Bigelow of Los Angeles promoted the organization of the Arrowhead Trail Association, with J. W. Manderfield of Salt Lake City as president and Joseph S. Snow of St. George as vice-president. Its primary purpose was to promote good roads. Bigelow was an enthusiast who saw the huge potential of future automobile traffic and worked untiringly for its development. 10 About this time Dr. Frederick Vining Fisher, Methodist minister of Ogden, and a friend named Bingham took a trip through Zion, piloted

by Claudius Hirschi, David Hirschi's son. It was young Hirschi who spoke of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as he viewed three prominent peaks close together, so the party called them the "Three Patriarchs." On the way back from the Narrows, Hirschi, struck with wonder by the great 10

Ibid., 198,

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white monolith shining in the afternoon sun, said, "Oh, Doctor, look quick, what is that?" Overwhelmed, Fisher replied, "Never have I seen such a sight before. It is by all odds America's masterpiece. Boys, I have looked for this mountain all my life, but I never expected to find it in this world. This mountain is the Great White Throne." 11 Horace M. Albright, assistant director of the National Park Service, visited Zion in the summer of 1917. At once he was convinced that the canyon was indeed worthy to become a national park and so informed his superior, Stephen T. Mather. But first he was instrumental in getting the monument's name changed to Zion Canyon. On March 18, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson made it official together with enlarging the area to 120 square miles. Albright meanwhile had convinced Director Mather to press for the creation of a national park, and November 19, 11 Quoted from a letter of Frederick Vining Fisher to Dr. Angus M. Woodbury September 22, 1933, in ibid., 198-99.

The Great White Throne, rising 2,400 feet above the canyon floor, named by Frederick Vining Fisher one of Zion's first enthusiasts.

Photograph

by Utah Photo Materials Company.

was

Zion National

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1919, President Wilson signed the bill creating Zion National Park. Shortly thereafter Mather had an opportunity to visit the new playground, and seeing it, was completely captivated and henceforth devoted his energy to its development. 12 T h e park was dedicated September 15, 1920, and Walter Ruesch, life-long resident of Springdale, became its acting superintendent until May 5, 1925. 13 Ruesch loved the park as if it were his own. H e continued as chief ranger after Superintendent E. T. Scoyen came to take over. Exasperated on one occasion at the carelessness of campers, Ruesch put up a sign which read, "This is God's Country. Don't make it look like Hell." 14 During his incumbency Zion Lodge and its cabins were built by the Utah Parks Company (a subsidiary of the Union Pacific Railroad) , from lumber lowered by cable over the 2,700-foot ledges of Cable Mountain. T h e main roads and trails of the canyons were built, including the trail into the Narrows.

Perhaps a word should be inserted concerning that greatest improvement of all, the Zion-Mt. Carmel Highway, which was dedicated by Utah Governor George H. Dern in 1930. Said the governor of those who conceived and directed its construction: . . . I take off my h a t to the men who conceived this almost impossible project and carried through to a successful conclusion [J. B. Finch, district engineer with the U . S. Bureau of Public Roads and Howard C. Means, chief engineer of the U t a h State Road Commission] . . . . . . . Too often we enjoy the picture without thinking of the artist; too often we admire a beautiful structure without remembering the architect whose creative brain and cunning hand conceived and designed it. 15

T h e large crowd at the dedication included National Park Service Director Horace M . Albright, fifteen governors, several lieutenant12

Ibid., 201-2. " R i c h a r d T. Evans was acting superintendent most of the time from May 16, 1925, to November 30, 1926. E. T. Scoyen became the first superintendent, serving from April 11, 1927, to January 15, 1931. Scoyen was followed by Thomas J. Allen's brief tenure of one year. Preston P. Patraw took office January 16, 1932, and held it to the close of 1939. Paul R. Franke began the first of three separate incumbencies January 1, 1939, to August 31, 1940. Then C. Marshall Finnan filled in for less than a year to June 22, 1940, when John M. Davis became acting superintendent for about six weeks. Franke took his second stint, lasting nearly three years, August 16, 1940, to June 30, 1943. Charles J. Smith held the post for the longest single term of nearly nine years, July 1, 1943, to April 30, 1952. Paul R. Franke was appointed a third time June 6, 1952, to December 31, 1959. Frank R. Oberhansley occupied the position about five and a half years, January 1, 1960, to August of 1965. Warren T. Hamilton succeeded him from August 29, 1966, until his retirement in June 1968. Karl T. Gilbert served from June 1968 to May 1969. The present superintendent is Oscar T. Dick.

14 Superintendent Charles J. Smith, "Memorandum for the Regional Director, Region Three," December 10, 1947 (Zion National Park Library).

15 George H. Dern, "Dedicatory Address," July 4, 1930 (mimeograph copy, Zion National Park Library).

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governors and ex-governors, top state and national highway personnel, the Utah Supreme Court justices, elected and appointed Utah State officials, officers of the Utah National Guard and Highway Patrol, a dozen Union Pacific Railroad officials, representatives of state and national newspapers including the International News Service, and President Heber J. Grant of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with his first counselor, Dixie's Anthony W. Ivins. 16 j L \ | ow I wish to reminisce a little on my own early experiences in Zion Canyon. They will recall, to a good many people at least, the events of nostalgic years past.

My first acquaintance with the park goes back more than fifty years.

A hard land in which to make ends meet, Dixie had no industry to absorb its young men and women nearing maturity. If employment were found, it was in the mines or on the range caring for cattle, sheep, and goats. In the spring of 1918 I received an offer of a job to herd sheep in the wilds of Orderville Gulch among the breaks of the east watershed of Zion Canyon. My Uncle Joseph (Jode) Covington telephoned me at the store in Washington that he would meet me in Zion Canyon at the foot of Cable Mountain at 2:00 p.m. on a day late in May. My brother Eldon accompanied me on the journey to bring my horse home. We stayed at Hurricane the first night with Uncle Jode's wife, Aunt Bergetta, and early in the morning struck out for Zion, arriving there a few minutes before the appointed hour. There were still evidences of recent farming on the flat where the lodge now stands; dried cornstalks in irrigation rows gave mute proof of not long-distant cultivation. The Wylie Way Camp had just been established, but there seemed little evidence of activity that I can remember. 17 We ate the sandwiches Aunt Bergetta had thoughtfully provided, and as we finished we heard Uncle Jode's "hallo" up on the trail. He was walking; he had left the horses at the sawmill at the brink of Cable Mountain because it was safer for a novice to travel that trail on foot.

I said good-bye to Eldon and began the long, hard climb to the sawmill. The sun was low when we reached the summit. We made it to a 16 U.S., Department of the Interior, National Park Service, File No. ZP-101.01 (Zion National Park Library). " I n 1917 under national park permit to the National Park Transportation and Camping Company, W. W. Wylie, who formerly operated in Yellowstone Park, set up a tent camp in Zion Canyon and North Rim in cooperation with Gronway and Chauncey Parry, who had undertaken to provide transportation for visitors. In 1923 the Utah Park Company acquired part, and in 1927, all of the Parry and Wylie interests.

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Zion Canyon was settled in the early 1860's by Mormons who established farms and ranches such as the one shown in this photograph.

From the A. L. Inglesby Collection, Utah State Historical Society.

ranch at dark, where we spent the night. Bright and early the next day we continued through very rough country to the sheep camp deep in Orderville Gulch, where we arrived in time for breakfast.

Fate apparently did not intend me for a sheepherder. My own cooking, after nearly a month, was more than my outraged stomach could bear. On top of this I had an attack of dysentery that I thought would finish me. The boss could not leave the sheep, so he asked if I could find my way to the sawmill, while he rode to Orderville, after corraling the animals, to seek a herder. I was more than willing to try. At Jolley's Ranch I obtained some good homemade bread and fresh milk from a sympathetic housewife, who offered to let me stay for a day or two to regain my strength. The new food seemed to settle my upset digestion, so after about an hour's rest I proceeded on my way, reaching the sawmill about 4 o'clock in the afternoon. No one was there, so I began the long walk down the trail, rocky and sandy by turns. The constant travel downhill was wearing on my already tired feet and legs, and by the time I reached the bottom I was worn out.

A cold bath in the Virgin restored my flagging strength and drooping spirits, and I decided I could make it to Springdale. The canyon was beautiful with a deep soft haze that had settled over its brilliantly color-

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ed cliffs and side canyons, but these were not calculated to excite my better nature. I was wondering where I could spend the night. At that moment my appreciation for the marvels of Zion was akin to that of my father, who two years earlier had gone to Zion for a load of lumber brought to the canyon floor by the fabulous cable. Mother remarked that she had heard that the canyon was beautiful; how about it? My father replied with understatement characteristic of him: just a lot of big cliffs and rocks; nothing to get excited about.

At the cable's framework I paused briefly to view that marvel of man's ingenuity in the face of seemingly insurmountable odds. It was years later that I learned of David A. Flanigan's attempts to construct with baling wire a device for lowering lumber cut from the forested area back of the sawmill at the top of the great cliff. Faced with defeat after several fruitless trials, he went back into the vast solitude of the canyon to think, to try to learn what mistakes had brought him only failure.

Cable Mountain lumber delivery yard. Note the supplies ready to be hoisted to the top of the mountain. In 1901 David and William Flanigan constructed the cable which stretched some 3,300 feet and dropped 2,700 feet to the canyon floor below. By 1907 over 200,000 board feet of sawed lumber had been lowered over the cable, as well as an assortment of animals, vegetables, dairy products, grain, and other items. For twentyfour years the operation served the nearby communities with lumber from the top of the mountain. Photograph taken by Mabel Jarvis, Utah Writers' Project. m:Mmm:mgmPm.>:,

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Zion National Park

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I was now thankful for every condition which had combined to bring me into this mighty thought-inspiring solitude, this place called "Zion," where the stars shine by day and brighter by night . . . . Where earthly achievements and thoughtless, indefinite desires appear as things not worth while, if they are to be charged to our eternal account; where simple, silent thought comes to be regarded as the highest and most perfect expression of prayer; where man learns to fear God, to pray to God; to rely on God; to question and discount the judgment of men; to be slow to accept the opinions of his fellow-men and slow to accept his own hasty and thoughtless conclusions. Where man learns to stand without the support of his fellow men when he feels that he is right; where hope and faith in the universal scheme of things is inspired; where man is made to feel that if he is anything, he is the humble servant of God. And finally, where a careful review, if an attempt to explain something about Zion is followed by a feeling of regret, for here one may look, listen, see, hear, feel, and think, and live a thousand years in a day. And why should one expect, or be expected to explain?

Flanigan here received the inspiration to try once more. He was successful, and millions of feet of lumber were brought to the canyon floor where the freighter's wagon took it to all parts of Dixie. 18 It was dusk by the time I had covered the weary miles to Springdale. I bought some cheese and crackers at the store, then located a small half-finished haystack on which I hoped to stretch my aching limbs for the night. But my better judgment led me to ask the householder for permission, and he, kind soul, offered me a bed which I gratefully accepted. Next day, footsore and weary, I hiked to Hurricane, where I called the store in Washingtonâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;it had the only telephone in townâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and asked the proprietor to have my folks send Eldon with a horse to bring me the rest of the way home.

Such were the circumstances of my first acquaintance with Zion Canyon. Two years and three months later I was there again under far more pleasant circumstances, on September 15, 1920, to witness the dedication of the new park by National Park Service Director Stephen T. Mather. I was there by virtue of membership in Earl J. Bleak's Dixie College Band, otherwise I could not have been present. The place was crowded with dignitaries on a national, state, and local level, not to mention the authorities of the Mormon church. Then, of course, there were many of the inhabitants of the nearby towns of Washington, Iron, and Kane counties. Nearly a thousand people collected for the event. It was a crowded Model T. Ford I rode in. No baggage was allowed except one 18

David A. Flanigan, "Story of Zion Cable," Washington County News (St. George), June 28, 1923.

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quilt each and our instruments. We wore our band uniforms consisting of navy blue coats and caps trimmed in fancy white braid and brass buttons, which were well covered with dust from the trip that lasted about four hours from St. George to Zion. There were the inevitable delays to pour water into the steaming radiator and to clean fouled spark plugs. We arrived late in the afternoon, dusted ourselves off, tuned our instruments, and got in a few marches before the Cedar City Band made its appearance. It was a matter of pride with us that we be the first band to play against that magnificent backdrop of canyon walls. It was a small group, only fourteen in number and lacked the best balance in the world. School had not yet started, and it was a group brought together to play at the Fruit Festival and Rodeo which preceded stake quarterly conference prior to school's opening. What we lacked in number and finesse we made up in enthusiasm.

President Heber J. Grant of the First Presidency was there representing Governor Simon Bamberger. Stake President Edward H. Snow and his counselors, Thomas P. Cottam and George F. Whitehead, together with an assortment of high councilmen, bishops, mayors, county commissioners, and lesser lights made up the rank and file of the crowd.

I ran into jolly Uncle John Covington from Orderville, who had brought his troop of boy scouts down the Cable Mountain Trail to be at the dedication. It was perhaps the biggest day in Utah's Dixie since the dedication of the St. George Temple over forty-three years earlier.

Director Stephen T. Mather was present and with him Reed Smoot, Utah's perennial United States Senator, flanked by Mayor C Clarence Neslen of Salt Lake City and a large number of the city's Chamber of Commerce, with Union Pacific Railroad bigwigs and camera men from Paramount, National, and Pathe motion pictures to make newsreels of the great event. Altogether it was a gathering of official brassâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;religious, civic, and businessâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the like of which had never been assembled in Washington County.

That evening after we had eaten in the Wylie Way's dining room, there was an impromptu program with the two bands each trying to outdo the other. The Ariel Quartette from Salt Lake City captivated the large crowd with its rendition of "Oh, by Jingo," and other popular songs, while a member of the Salt Lake group moved everybody to convulsions with his humorous readings, especially when he essayed the role of the Sanpete Swede. A dance followed in the Wylie dining room with the

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Cedar City Band furnishing the music. It was so crowded—the room was not large—that dancing was no great exhiliration.

It was now late and we had to think of a place to sleep. My brother Eldon and I shared two quilts—one under and one over—on a bed of oak leaves. Before long the canyon breeze had us shivering; the ground sloped, and we spent much of the night inching back uphill to stay on the quilt. The night was miserable. Daylight revealed other forms lying nearby; I saw Sheridan Ballard shivering in his quilt with feet braced against two oak saplings to keep him from sliding downhill. Everyone agreed it had been a rough night out, but a good breakfast from the Wylie kitchen dispelled our gloom, after which we tuned our instruments and waited for the dedication.

At 11:30 the program got underway, with Director Mather presiding. Richard R. Lyman offered the invocation. Thereafter followed ten speakers, most of them stressing the theme of good roads. They included Senator Smoot, Mayor Neslen, former Governor William Spry, President Grant, D. S. Spencer, W. S. Bassenger, and a Mr. Comstock— these latter three were railroad representatives—Dr. C G. Plummer, W. G. Wylie, and Joseph S. Snow. The talks were interlarded with musical numbers from the two bands and the Ariel Quartette. Director Mather then dedicated the park in these words: T h i s day w e shall long r e m e m b e r . T o d a y is t h e christening day of a most w o n d r o u s child b o r n of G o d a n d N a t u r e — a child of such ethereal b e a u t y t h a t m a n stands enthralled in her presence. Born b u t yesterday—the yest e r d a y of N a t u r e w h e n m a n was not, it yet remains for m a n this day to b e t h y godfather, to keep a n d cherish thee forever as one of t h e b e a u t e o u s things of t h e earth a n d to christen t h e e — Z i o n N a t i o n a l Park.

Then with the bands leading, the crowd sang the "Star Spangled Banner" and the event was history.19 I may have gone to Zion sometime during the next two years, but if so, memory does not record it. But I was there again in June 1923 when the President of the United States, Warren G. Harding, honored the newly created park with a visit. In spite of dirt roads, Zion had quite a few tourists, whose enthusiasm soon made the Dixie people feel that in Zion they had a resource that eventually would yield rich dividends.

Schools in Washington County had been out for some time, and to get a band together posed a problem. Earl J. Bleak hustled around to secure a semblance of an organization. I had just completed my first 19 Full details of the dedication program appear in the Washington County News, September 16, 1920.

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year of teaching at Hurricane and was waiting for summer school on Mt. Timpanogos to begin, so Mr. Bleak invited me to join his skeleton group with my slide trombone. We were to go to Zion the day before the President arrived in order that no slip or accident would mar our getting there. Even so we almost failed to make the grand celebration.

For transportation of the band members and their instruments Mr. Bleak had secured the services of Mr. Chauncey Macfarlane and his Ford ton truck. He had just had it overhauled, and it was as tight as a Dixie pioneer musician after serenading town on the Twenty-Fourth of July. We planned to leave early in order to arrive at the park well before sundown. Alas! Macfarlane's Freight did not get away from St. George until noon, and the hour it consumed in covering the five miles to Washington, where it picked up my brother Eldon and me at one o'clock boded ill for a speedy arrival at Zion. The Ford heated up to steaming point almost immediately following the replenishment of radiator water, and at every townâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Harrisburg (almost a ghost), Leeds, Anderson's Junction, Toquerville, Virgin, Rockville and Springdaleâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;we poured water into this thirsty iron monster; and on the long stretches between villages we fed it sparingly from canteen and water bag.

Much of the way was uphill, and on the more pronounced grades like the Washington Black Ridge, Cotton Wood Hill at Harrisburg, and the notorious LaVerkin Hill we literally "put our shoulders to the wheel."

I swear we pushed that piece of reluctance up every hill between St. George and Zion. Night overtook us somewhere before we reached Virgin, and we continued pushing in the bright moonlight. It was one o'clock in the morning when, completely exhausted, we reached the neighborhood of Wylie's Camp. Hungry and footsore, we spread our one quilt on the flat and fell into the troubled sleep of exhaustion, too tired to complain of the cold fresh breeze that swept down from the Narrows.

Morning brought a change in our spirits. We ate our food, then piled into the Ford, seemingly no worse from its gruelling experience of yesterday, and back we went to the park entrance to await the President's caravan. We made the cliffs reverberate while we waited; as soon as we finished a march, the four members of the Springdale-Rockville Martial Band immediately took over. Three of them, John Dennett and Oliver and Freeborn Gifford were the remnants of Edward P. Duzette's Martial Band of pioneer days. They played as men inspired, rolling their rhythms with an enthusiasm beyond description. Finally someone shouted, "They're coming!" and we fell to with all the spirit we could muster.

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The car in which the President and Mrs. Harding were riding stopped just as we finished. He leaned out, waved to us, and said pleasantly, "That's fine! I used to play in the band myself." The martial band then began its stirring routine, and when they finished, Mr. Harding said with deep sincerity, "I've never heard better drumming in my life!" He spoke a few words of appreciation to Duzette's veterans, then the caravan moved on its way to the Wylie Camp. While he rested and had lunch inside, the bands played and a chorus from St. George and Dixie College, led by Professor Joseph W. McAllister, sang "Build Thee More Stately Mansions," " O Ye Mountains High," "Utah, We Love Thee," "Pilgrims' Chorus," and the "Star Spangled Banner." When finally the President came out, a handsome figure of a man, he graciously stood for some time shaking hands with several hundred people who waited in line to greet him. Afterward he was whisked away for a horseback ride to the Narrows, and riding with some trepidation he disappeared with a group of horsemen from our sight. For the ride he discarded coat, collar, and tie and placed a large blue bandana around his neck.20 The news of his death shortly afterward, followed by the scandals involving his administration and his own personal life, saddened me greatly, as I am sure it did all those who saw and met him in Zion National Park that bright day in June. The President had been most grateful and friendly to the people of Washington County; he had made them feel that he cared about them, especially at Toquerville where he addressed a large crowd including a number of pioneers, among whom was Elizabeth Steele Stapley, the first white child born in Utah (August 9, 1847).

It takes courage . . . to leave peaceful homes and lead out into the wilderness . . . . It is a great pleasure . . . to meet you people of the south, to see your great county and what you have done. It must be a great satisfaction to you pioneers to have made the wilderness blossom . . . and this must be your reward. Surely God had a purpose when he prompted these pioneers, and I have reverent regard for them . . . no place in America can offer a finer company of Americans than I see before me now. 21

I have been to Zion many times since those memorable days of its dedication and the President's visit. I never go there without recalling with satisfaction my participation in those thrilling events, and without thinking that no pilgrimage to Zion can ever compare with those two days of unforgettable memory.

20 21

Washington County News, June 28, 1923.

Ibid.

The President's Report for the Fiscal Year 1968-1969

BY MILTON

C. ABRAMS

for territorial railroading, John Wesley Powell, A and Park City, 1969 has also been a year of major mileposts for the Utah CENTENNIAL YEAR

State Historical Society. Change and development and new emphasis have marked the Society's course. With the reorganization of its status in state government, changing of directors, death of its president, loss of the Archives section, and launching of new programs, the Society emerges from the year with a changed countenance but with its fundamental roles and basic strengths much the same.

During the year the administrative reorganization of state government came full circle for the Division of History. State Senate Bill 127 redefined relationships within the Department of Development Services of which State History has been a part since 1967. The new law integrates the Division more thoroughly into the administrative structure of Development Services with the director of the Division now answering in administrative and budgetary affairs to the executive director of the Department. The Board of State History continues to be appointed by the governor for four-year terms with staggered groups of five designated each biennium. More important, the law leaves with the Board the power to appoint the director of the Division and of establishing policy.

Five members of the Board of State History were reappointed to an additional four-year term on July 1, 1969. These reappointments were of Dr. D. R. Brimhall, Mrs. Juanita Brooks, Mr. Jack Goodman, Mrs. Elizabeth Skanchy, and myself. The loyalty and efforts of the entire board has contributed in an important way to the well being of the Society.

Pleasure at these reappointments was cut short by the death of J. Grant Iverson on July 11, 1969. Long-time member of the Board and its president since 1961, Mr. Iverson understood, as do few, the essential working dynamics of board relationships. He was unstinting in his support and in his time, and, although his health had been failing for some months, he remained active to the end. Short days before his death he enthusiastically laid plans for the Society to play a new role in the teaching of Utah history in the public schools, His loss to state government and to the Society will be keenly felt.

Mr. Iverson's passing vacated the presidency and left a position open on the Board. Governor Calvin L. Rampton appointed Dr. Dello G. Dayton to fill the unexpired portion of Mr. Iverson's term. Dr. Dayton Dr. Abrams, Utah State University librarian, has been an Historical Society board member since 1965 and vice-president since 1967. With the death of President J. Grant Iverson, Dr. Abrams was elected president on August 27, 1969.

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comes to the Board with wide experience and strong qualifications, A professor of history at Weber State College, he has also filled various administrative roles including head of the Division of Social Sciences and is now dean of the College of Arts, Letters, and Sciences. During recent years he has played an active role in the Utah Conference on Higher Education and is the past president of that organization. He also made key contributions to the development of a master plan for higher education in Utah. By no means the least of his achievements is a previous term on the Board of State History, 1961-65.

In regular action, which was rendered less routine by the death of its president, the Board reorganized on August 27. A new president was designated, and Dr. Dello G. Dayton was elected vice-president.

Dr. Everett L. Cooley, who has been director of the Society since 1961, left on January 1 to take a position as curator of Western Americana at the University of Utah Library. Dr. Cooley's dynamic and devoted administration emphasized the publication program, preservation, and public relations, He left a greatly strengthened Society. In his stead was appointed Dr. Charles S. Peterson whose qualifications include experience as assistant secretary-treasurer of the Organization of American Historians, assistant professor of history at the University of Utah, and dean of instruction at the College of Eastern Utah.

A development of most serious consequence was the loss of the Archives and Records Management sections to the Finance Department on May 13, 1969. Conceived out of the concern of the Historical Society for historic public documents, the Archives has in recent years become one of its most significant programs. Furthermore the concepts and practices of records management were introduced to state government in Utah as a result of the Society's determination that a system be developed by which records of historic significance could be recognized and preserved and that the residue of the state's paperwork be managed, used, and destroyed as its usefulness to legal and public processes dictated.

Growing out of the executive reorganization impulse, the action transferring the Archives was backed by the governor and by the legislative analyst's office where the law originated. Ironically it was advanced on the assumption that administrative effectiveness as well as efficiency in savings, would result from placing Records Management under the strong arm of the Finance Department. At this stroke the Historical Society lost control of the finest collection of public documents

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in the state. This transfer which was carried out largely in the name of consolidating and rationalizing roles further proliferated the function of collecting and preserving historical materials in a state where it was already defused among a half dozen major institutions.

Although the director of the Historical Society retains some influence upon Archives policy as a member of the State Records Committee, direct control over the flow of records toward their ultimate use in "reflecting the past into the future through the lense of the present" has passed from the Society's hands. Hopefully, this arrangement can be modified. Options that presently suggest themselves would include: 1. The return of the entire operations to the Historical Society.

2. The severance of the Records Center from the Archives, leaving management of active records with Finance, and placing archival matters at the disposition of the Historical Society.

3. Or some new arrangement such as placing the territorial papers in the Society Library. Any of these would likely be favorably influenced by reactivating plans to build a complex to house the Historical Society, Archives, State Library, and related services.

Otherwise, the 1969 Legislature was more kind. About $154,000 were designated for the administration of the Society, and $17,400 were earmarked by the Building Board for Mansion repairs, making a total of more than $171,000. The administrative budget, representing a twelve per cent increase, has permitted some modest extension of services. By careful use of funds, one full-time and three part-time employees have been added to the staff.

An outstanding development of the year was the establishment of the Historic Sites Survey. Intended to include archaeological and architectural sites as well as historic, this program is financed by state appropriations and matching federal funds and will extend over two years. Its primary purpose is to locate and list all sites of historic importance. Those sites having national significance will be nominated to the National Register. Once accepted by the National Register, these sites will enjoy some protection from the ravages of unpremeditated destruction and qualify for federal funds to aid in acquisition and restoration. Further prospects of the program include the drafting of a statewide plan of preservation and the listings of sites and buildings of regional importance on a State Register.

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State Historical Society, welcomes participants at the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Society, and Mr. Theron Luke, board member of the Society, presents awards at the Seventeenth Annual Dinner. Dr. Thomas G. Alexander, associate professor of history at Brigham Young University, received the Morris S. Rosenblatt Award for his article "John Wesley Powell, The Irrigation Survey, and the Inauguration of the Second Phase of Irrigation Development in Utah," which was selected as the best article of the year appearing in the Utah Historical Quarterly. Mrs. Karen Hackleman received the J. Grant Iverson Service Award for her devoted and unselfish volunteer work to the Society. Mr. Gilbert Pedersen of West Lake Junior High School, received the Teacher Award for his outstanding work as a history teacher in the public schools of Utah.

Fortunately, it can be reported that steps have already been taken to expedite this important program. Melvin T. Smith, a man of broad training in Utah history and real ability, has been designated state preservation officer. Since August 1, he has laid the ground work for the Survey. Recognizing that preservation depends largely upon private and local interest, he has called for support in locating historic sites from a variety of public and private institutions, and is establishing the kind of relationship that will enable the Society to fulfill its obligations under the Survey. Also of great importance to the program is the fact that on

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September 19, 1969, the governor signed an executive order creating a Utah State Register of Historic and Cultural Sites and Buildings. The executive order further authorized the establishment of the Historic and Cultural Sites Review Committee. This committee is to be composed of experts from the fields of archaeology, architecture, and history. Its purpose will be to advise in the Historic Sites Survey and preservation planning generally and, more specifically, to review sites recommended by the Survey staff and to make nominations to the National and State Registers. The Historic Sites Survey comes as a boon to preservation in Utah and, hopefully, will bring added order and substance to a development that has up to this time been uncoordinated and unregulated.

A catalog of Utah's existing historic preservations and restorations would include the Historical Society's Mansion at 603 East South Temple. While the Mansion is used as a library and place of business, its commons area and a number of the rooms, nevertheless, portray much about the genteel life of its period. Preservation of quite a different sort has been carried on for years now by the Sons of Utah Pioneers, notably by Horace Sorenson. The Pioneer Village with its artifacts, buildings, and relics, portrays the pioneering experience of the territory.

Also most energetic in their preservation efforts have been the Daughters of Utah Pioneers. Carrying on an extensive marking program, they have also preserved meeting houses, cabins, and homes as the gathering places for many of the 1,100 camps of their organization. A fine example of extended use of this sort is the old West Jordan meeting house, or Gardiner meeting house as it is sometimes called, located just off 7800 South. The Utah State Parks Commission is also very much involved in the preservation business and boasts some of the finest restorations, including Brigham Young's winter home at St. George, the Jacob Hamblin home at Santa Clara, and the old Stagecoach Inn at Fairfield.

Preservation that commands our attention as well as that of hundreds of thousands of tourists each year has been carried on by the Latterday Saints Church. Outstanding examples are the Beehive House and the Lion House.

Finally, some mention should be made of private efforts. Characteristic are the Tadje House of Midway and the old Knute Peterson home which is being restored by the Richard Nibleys in Ephraim.

The Historic Sites Survey will do much to publicize and dramatize the preservation efforts already made. It is hoped it will create an awareness of the contributions the physical manifestations of our past can make to the good life and to stable citizenship.

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During the past year, the Historical Society has been much involved in centennial activities. As we are all aware, the past months have seen a great celebration commemorating the joining of the rails. The idea of establishing a national historic site at Promontory and the thought of a Golden Spike Centennial were conceived by former Society director, Dr. A. Russell Mortensen, and by Park Service historian, Robert Utley, about a decade ago. From that point the Society did much to nurture the development of the centennial. Dr. Everett L. Cooley was perhaps the centennial's foremost champion during the early arrangements. Furthermore, he was instrumental in the designation of Nathan H. Mazer as executive director of the Centennial Commission. In the actual functioning of the centennial, the Society took part by displaying two photographic exhibits, one in the Mansion and the other at Weber State College. The Board of the Society was also instrumental in borrowing the original Golden Spike from Stanford University and conveying it to the site of the Golden Spike Celebration at Promontory on May 10.

The John Wesley Powell Centennial was also commemorated by the Historical Society. Having played an important role in the publication of Powell's journals and memoirs, the Society was a natural participant in events at Green River, Wyoming; Vernal, Utah; Sand Wash on the Green River; Green River, Utah; and at Lake Powell.

Perhaps the most important contribution of the Historical Society to the centennial celebrations of these two historic events was in the realm of publications. The definitive accounts of the joining of the rails appeared in the Society's Winter issue of the Quarterly, "The Last Spike is Driven"â&#x20AC;&#x201D;an enlarged special issue which drew on the best authors and used many original historic photographs, A special issue was also devoted to Major John Wesley Powell.

Before leaving the realm of publications, reference ought to be made of the fact that the revolving fund was abolished by legislative action in 1969. Providing flexibility for the editorial development and sales of publications, the revolving fund had been a very useful tool to the editor.

As it now stands editorial costs will be handled as a line item on the budget. Restricted now to activities that can be developed and merchandised during the budget year, the Society's publications program will be severely limited unless some other device providing for the flexibility required can be substituted for the revolving fund.

As it faces the years ahead, the Society has a loyal membershipâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; actually increased by a hundred members to 2,200 this year. It has a rich

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Dr. Everett L. Cooley, former director of the Utah State Historical Society, presents a Service Award to Mrs. Duane Welling for her father, J. Grant Iverson. Mr. Iverson, who died July 11,1969, was president of the Society for eight years and devoted untold hours to the benefit of the Society. Members and friends of the Society listen attentively to Dr. Robert G. Athearn, professor of history at the University of Colorado in Boulder, deliver his address at the Seventeenth Annual Meeting held in Park City, September 20, 1969.

tradition of excellence in the publications program and in its library services, as well as in the activities of its chapters. Within the framework of the law by which it was established to serve the needs of Utah's public, it can well continue to perform these services as well as to place new emphasis upon certain of them.

No adequate program of oral history is being conducted in the state.

Because of the Society's special obligation for the perpetuation of state history, it would seem that an active, well-conceived program in collecting oral history now becomes a must. Such a program could begin with relative modesty. It should be regarded as an ongoing thing and a continuing effort must be made to gather the oral history of minority groups, of urban development, and of our political past as well as our pioneer heritage.

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Another area of legitimate concern to the Society would appear to be Utah history in the public schools, Distracted by other interests, the history departments and public schools should not be depended upon to be the sole guardians of our state tradition. The Historical Society with its more limited objectives can and should involve itself to ascertain that students are given an understanding of their relationship to the past of their immediate area, and that teachers of Utah history are provided with stimulating and authentic materials from which to teach.

With these and other challenging opportunities, the Historical Society looks to the future with pleasure and anticipation.

U t a h Historic and Cultural Sites Review Committee Dr. Milton C. Abrams, Logan, president and board chairman, U t a h Historical Society, has been named chairman of the newly organized U t a h Historic and Cultural Sites Review Committee. . . .

Other U H S board members named to the committee are Theron Luke, Provo Daily Herald news editor; Jack Goodman, Salt Lake advertising executive; Dr. Dello Dayton, Ogden, dean, College of Arts, Letters and Sciences, Weber State College; and Mrs. Naomi Woolley, Salt Lake civic leader.

T h e other five [members of the Review Committee] include Fred Markham, Provo, nationally known architect and member of the U t a h Heritage Foundation; James D. Moyle, chairman, Utah Division of Parks and Recreation; Dr. Jesse D. Jennings, Salt Lake City, professor of anthropology at the University of U t a h and director of the new . . . Museum of Natural History at the university; Dr. Eldon Dorman, Price physician; and Dr. A. Russell Mortensen, professor of history at the University of Utah and president of the American Association for State and Local History. (Salt Lake Tribune, October 7, 1969.)

R E VIE WS AIM ID PUBLICATIONS Bartlett's West: Drawing the Mexican Boundary. By Robert V. Hine. Yale Western Americana Series 19. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968. xv + 155 pp. $12.50) The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo is much in the news these days as minority peoples in the Southwest insist that its terms be fully implemented in the here and now. For the rest of us the treaty may have little meaning apart from the recollection that it concluded the Mexican War and that the boundaries provided therein had to be corrected by the Gadsden Purchase Treaty.

An opportunity to revisit the scene of the boundary commission's activities is vouchsafed for us by this splendid collection of drawings executed in large part by the most interesting if not most capable of the directors of this commission, John R. Bartlett. There were other commissioners such as the unfortunate John B. Weller, later senator and governor of California, and the expansionist, topographical engineer William W. Emory, who concluded the survey and wrote the official report of the commission. Thanks to the historians, Odie Faulk and William H . Goetzmann, the historical record of the boundary commission is pretty complete to this day and has revealed the fact that the commission was a political football wherein rival Whig and Democratic administrations sought advantage, and sectional animosities were kindled when the Whig Commissioner Bartlett supposedly foreclosed the opportunity for a southern

transcontinental railroad with his boundary definition.

Professor Robert V. Hine of the University of California (Riverside) brings the history of the boundary commission vividly to life. His textual introduction makes u p three-fifths of the volume and offers the explanatory framework for a full appreciation of the drawings. One learns from this commentary how complex a personality John R. Bartlett was and gains an appreciation of this erstwhile book shop owner and antiquarian's motives if not his accomplishments. If Bartlett was not the best choice to carry out this mandateâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and Hine suggests John C. Fremont came closer to fitting the qualificationsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;one is left to conclude that problems of politics, logistics, and the dearth of solid geographical knowledge would have frustrated any team of experts. What Bartlett had was an elementary scientific curiosity and the gifted perception of an artist whose word pictures and line drawings catch the reality of time and place. T h e author laments the fact that Bartlett was not to write the official report of the commission or even provide the basic illustrations for the Emory report. Bartlett's unpublished autobiography and his Personal Narrative (1854) have been drawn upon to demonstrate the commissioner's awareness of the two chief political issues that faced the commission: the route for a transcontinental railroad and control over the Apache marauders in the Mesilla Valley.

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It is easy to become ecstatic over these drawings published for the Amon Carter Museum, thirty of the forty-six plates executed in pencil and sepia wash by Bartlett and many of the others in water color by such artists as Henry Pratt and Seth Eastman. They give one informative as well as aesthetically pleasing glimpses of the boundary country and sights as far removed as Acapulco and the New Almaden quicksilver mines near San Jose, California, where the expedition made diversionary "forays" for supplies. Professor Hine is to be congratulated for his eminently scholarly and absorbing historical narrative accompanying these noteworthy hitherto unpublished drawings.

LAWRENCE B. L E E

Professor of History San Jose State College Ghost Town ElDorado. By Lambert Florin. (Seattle: Superior Publishing Company, 1968. 192 pp. $12.95) This is the ninth book on western ghost towns by Mr. Florin—a staggering amount of work when you come to think about it. The author could probably write a lively tenth book on how many cars and cameras and pairs of shoes he has worn out on his rambles through these hundreds of mining towns that used to be; on how many bones he has broken while taking pictures from rotting railway trestles, boardinghouse stairs, and fallen-in dance halls and saloons.

The current Florin volume shows scenes from sixty-three camps scattered in the wilderness of eleven Western States and British Columbia. The photographs are splendid and many are chosen with imagination—a bit of ocotillo framing the Arizona desert, or a weathered broom beside a depot dispatch box in Idaho. The simple maps give the motorist all he needs to know to get to a place.

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The text gives each camp's story briefly, with facts drawn from old-timers with whom the author talked, and from authorities such as Muriel Sibell Wolle and Joseph Henry Jackson. There are amusing yarns, such as that of the birth of Marvelous Flood Tenny. This happened while the bed on which Mrs. Tenny lay was being carried from her Utah home, inconsiderately flooded by the Virgin River.

Mr. Florin does not produce what you would call literature. He flings the king's English around with no inhibitions about polished syntax. A typical sentence: "The ledge of rock had a greenish-rust color but it sure didn't look to Hiram Hughes like there was metal in it." And the book can be pretty sloppy— switched captions on pages 156-57 for instance, and the misspelling of Tucson as Tuscon in the map on page 139.

Never mind. The reader learns a lot about ghost towns just the same.

MARSHALL SPRAGUE

Colorado Springs,

Author Colorado

Train Wrecks: A Pictorial History of Accidents on The Main Line. By Robert C. Reed. (Seattle: Superior Publishing Company, 1968. 183 pp. $12.95) Railroad wrecks hold a strange fascination for many people, including those who never ride the trains. This attitude is shown daily in the large metropolitan areas, when motorists going in one direction discover a gruesome accident which has just occurred in the other lanes, slow down to view the gory details, while still moving, and frequently cause worse accidents. Mr. Reed, whose great-grandfather was killed in 1865 while working for the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad, has made a hobby of collecting wreck pictures, and has assembled a good collection of woodcuts, line drawings, and photographs depict-

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ing train accidents from earliest times to the present day.

The author has divided the pictures into categories including head-on collisions (known as "butting accidents" in the nineteenth century), rear-end collisions, derailments, boiler explosions, and most of the other main causes of railroad accidents. Many of the pictures are not exactly suited to readers with delicate stomachs, and the writer tends to over emphasize the horrible details in some of the captions, instead of mentioning the reason for the accident, a far more interesting detail to most railroad hobbyists. In the days when railroads carried most of the travelers in the United States, they would not have welcomed Mr. Reed's book. As it is, the railroads can point to their splendid safety record for the few passenger trains they run today, for most of the illustrations cover the bygone era, when steam ruled the rails.

The book is a good historical record of some of the major accidents of the early years of railroads and gives a crosssection of recent times in the shape of a few diesel wrecks. It is unfortunate that some of the pictures are either incorrectly identified as to the accident's cause, or else the location of the wreck being unknown to the author, he guessed and missed. On one page the same accident is shown twice, one view slightly closer than the other, and both pictures are out of category, in the section devoted to derailments, whereas the engine's boiler exploded and it flipped upside down. Such duplication is not always the author's fault; the publisher should check such repetition while the book is being set up.

The text is well written, and the book makes a pictorial companion to a more detailed work by Robert Shaw called Down Brakes, which lacked sufficient illustrations to make it interesting to all readers. Mr. Reed's book will be fasci-

nating to anyone, young or old, whether a rail buff or not.

GERALD M.

BEST

Resident Vice-President Pacific Coast Chapter American Railway and Locomotive Historical Society The Enduring Navaho. By Laura Gilpin. (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968. xiii + 263 pp. $17.50) Of the camera chronicles written by Laura Gilpin, her latest book, The Enduring Navaho, has topped them all.

Her association with the Navaho goes back to a trip in the fall of 1930 when she, with her friend Elizabeth Foster, R.N., got lost on the road between Kayenta and Chinle, Arizona. They ended up with an empty gas tank. It was a very important adventure for both women. It led Betsy Foster to a position as field nurse to the Navaho the following year, and it led Laura Gilpin into taking the pictures and writing this book about the Navaho. In her many visits to, and adventures with Betsy, her nurse friend, Miss Gilpin learned to love and admire the Navaho people, impressed by their rugged character and mode of life.

If she had never written a script at all, the superb, sensitive picturesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;two hundred thirty-six of them, mostly full page, including twenty-two colored, and thirteen two-page pictures on heavy white paperâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;tell almost more than words can tell the Navaho way to life.

They were taken over a period of thirty years and pretty well cover the entire 25,000 square miles of reservation. Miss Gilpin is a foremost woman photographer of our time. She was born in Colorado, and was a 1917 graduate of the Clarence H. White School of Photography.

Fifteen years were spent in researching for the book. She has talked with Navaho leaders, weavers, silversmiths, and shepherds; with her friend Betsy

438 she has gone to their ceremonials, eaten and slept in their hogans, and has found them "a people having great pride, dignity and ability who deserve our sincere respect."

The sacred number four permeates Navaho thinking and is used throughout their ceremonials, their four directions, four seasons, four sacred mountains. Miss Gilpin has divided her book into four parts. First, "The Navaho World," with the geography and mythology. Second, "The Way of the People," which shows their way of life and their activities. Third, "The Coming Way" gives their present transition from the old ways to the new. And fourth, "The Enduring Way" tells the Navaho beliefs which bind the people together through their traditional ceremonialism.

Miss Gilpin says, "there is no pretense here of a scientific or ethnologic approach." Her aim is to show how over the last thirty years the traditional mode of living of the Navaho has been changed by the encroaching white man and his ways; how the Navaho has adapted and still sticks to his traditions, the "Enduring Way." She has done a very competent job.

The pictures explain the text, the text explains the pictures. Together they explain the Navaho people as few authors or photographs have done.

In the nostalgic epilogue in which she and Betsy look up many of their old Navaho neighbors and friends they see many, many changes. Miss Gilpin states, "Many who know the Navaho well think that the days of ceremonialism are past. Possibly this is true, but I cannot believe that the old ways will really be lost."

I, who am reviewing her book, have been a missionary to the Navaho for eleven years. In our small mission hospital we have seen many Navaho people, particularly babies who have lost their lives through the ignorance and superstition of the Navaho and their medicine

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men. Their religion has in it the beauty and meaning which have made them what they are today. But with forty thousand Navaho children now in school who are thirsting for knowledge, I cannot help but believe that this knowledge will in a short time change this rugged, dignified people, and draw them into the mainstream of living.

ALICE S. M A S O N

Seventh-Day Adventist Monument Valley Mission and Hospital Mexican Hat, Utah Ordeal in Mexico: Tales of danger and hardship collected from Mormon colonists. Retold by Karl E. Young.

(Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1968. xii -f 256 pp. $4.95) In his book Ordeal in Mexico, Professor Karl E. Young of the Brigham Young University English faculty has given us a glimpse into one of the most interesting episodes in the colonization program of the Mormon church.

It is a timely story, the source material which made it possible consisting largely of personal interviews with men who will soon be gone, but who actually took part in the liquidation of many of the Mormon colonies established in northern Mexico at the close of the last century.

Professor Young has combined a brief review of an historically important exodus of the Mormons from Mexico with an intimate, personal account of the part played by some of the secondgeneration descendants of those zealous Latter-day Saints who fled the United States in order to practice the principle of polygamy. This practice they considered of enough importance to sacrifice their active U. S. citizenship to undertake a new life in an undeveloped foreign country.

The story is set at a time during the revolution which unseated the venerable Porferio Diaz, long-time dictator-presi-

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dent of Mexico, bringing chaos and banditry to the northern parts of the states of Chihuahua and Sonora where the Mormons had established eight thriving colonies. T h e revolution, as history, is not treated except as it touched the lives of a small number of those whose story Professor Young was fortunate enough to obtain. And his method of carrying on his interviews by means of taped recordings of the stories of many of these frontiersmen has given to his narrative a flavor which could hardly have been captured in any other manner. These recordings have furnished the author with a working vocabulary typical of the cowboy and rancher, those men whose lives were intertwined with their cattle, their horses, and their small irrigated farms.

This book will have a very special appeal for those who took part in the exodus of the Mormon colonists and for their descendants who know of life in Mexican Mormon colonies only as it has been related by their parents and grandparents.

T o one who spent his youth in the colonies and traveled with his father the roads described and visited the colonies throughout the Juarez Stake, this book is filled with nostalgic memories of familiar names and places. Professor Young accurately and vividly pictures life in the colonies. This is an unspoiled country where the venturesome pioneer lived by mastery of a stubborn soil and the care of his horses and cattle which roamed the usually unfenced mountains and prairies. Men of ingenuity and courage, they represented a rapidly vanishing breed. And Karl Young has captured that courage and rugged individualism which brings his characters to life as one reads the fascinating stories of adventure which make up the greater part of his book.

T h e subtitle, Tales of danger and hardship collected from Mormon colonists, truly describes the content of this

439 worthwhile volume. Professor Young has caught and preserved for future generations the religious fervor and the inherent courage of the last of the true Mormon pioneers.

H. G R A N T IVINS

American

Fork,

Utah

Treasure Mountain Home: A Centennial History of Park City, Utah. By George A. Thompson and Fraser Buck. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1968. viii 4- 268 pp. $3.95) Park City, Utah, makes up in history what it lacks in size. For years Sunday drivers and snow bunnies have responded to the picturesque setting of this almost deserted mining camp with its cartoon buildings and splintered stairways running up the narrow canyon sides; doubtless, they have puzzled over the dead end Union Pacific Railroad station, the white-washed city hall with dungeons in the basement, ramshackle mining sites, and signs of faded finery.

There is no need to puzzle any longer.

In their book, Treasure Mountain Home, George A. Thompson and Fraser Buck have traced the Park City story from the first soldiers and prospectors scratching at ore outcrops to the gondola tramway of the present multi-million dollar ski and golf resort.

The authors' research has been excellent, not only with the obvious sources of microfilmed newspapers, publications, and court records, but through interviews with old-time residents and a familiarity with the area which allows them to imagine the wooded canyons, rutted wagon roads, and tangled underbrush of pioneer days.

As one of the informed old-timers, Fraser Buck has added his extensive collection of historic photographs to his reminiscences and, because he lived through much of the history, he has been able to personalize the story with anecdotes such as that of the store

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which was built over a spring, whose gurgling under the floorboards confused the customers, and kindly Dr. LeCompte, who jotted records on the walls and "balanced" his books by repapering his office every year.

Park City's classic incidents are all included in the work: the Cornish Pump; the Big Fire; bonanza strikes of the Ontario, Silver King, and other mines.

We read about Blackjack Murphy's lynching, the Silver Queen, and the legend of the lost gold mine.

But one of the biggest stories (and a previously unpublished one) was rather disappointing to me. I n chapters dealing with lawsuits and intrigues of the Silver King and other giants, I felt the authors let us down. While statistics from court records are of interest, the general reader would be more intrigued with tales that have been traded over glasses of beer at T h e Cosy and The Club for years. T h e Kearns, Keiths, Dalys, Chambers, and others of the "Park City bunch" were colorful personalities ; to tell some of the tales about them might step on a few toes, but, it is history and would have enhanced the book.

Perhaps this is my only criticism; as a history, the book is complete and fills a definite gap, but it lacks the color, the whimsy that gives Park City its special appeal.

RAYE CARLES ON PRICE

Author Salt Lake City, Utah They Made Mormon History. By Robert B. Day. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1968. xiii 4- 364 pp. $4.95) The Big Two of Mormon biography claim one-fourth of the space in this newest book on Mormons and what they did in history. However well treated Joseph Smith and Brigham Young appear in this volume, one is led, by the

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"they" of the title to expect the appearance of many equally notable and influential men. But the author veers from men to events. H e follows the Trail to Zion, Indian Relations, Gentiles, and Events in the Twentieth Century. We would like to find, among the "they" : Joel Hills Johnson, Peter Maughan, James Brown, Emily Lowder, Bethiah Lindsay, Anson Call, John Rowberry, James Ferguson, and Dimick Huntington to give just a trial list. Here are they of common clay, who walked through fire and became the salt of the earth. T H E Y made Mormon history.

T h e author quotes from contemporaries of the first two presidents of the church. However, we cannot agree that Brigham Young was "no opportunist and no demagogue." The western frontier was not founded and held by the indecisive and the fragile.

T h e chapter on "Friends and Notables" comes nearer to fulfilling the title.

Vital Mormon history was made by Gentile friends, "outsiders" who braved mobs (Doniphan), risked life via the Isthmus ( K a n e ) , and chanced public scorn (Fremont) to sustain their Mormon friends. In "Pioneers to Outlying Settlements," we realize that the thousands who were "called" to settle elsewhere than in the Great Salt Lake Valley became notable colonists in their own right. This is a formula for greatness which needs further study. Triumph over flood, famine, and isolation can be followed in the lives of men bearing the names of Jones, Gardner, Walker, Savage, Haskel, and Tenney.

T h e chapter on Mormon-Indian affairs is interesting, but needs supplemental research. The subject of the U t a h War merits a book by itself. The Mormons in the twentieth century appear too self-congratulatory, too conciliatory. Perhaps a later evaluation should be made to determine any contributions to this modern age.

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History must be accurate: We correct the name of William Wines Phelps (p. 22), "Americans" to "Americats" (p. 154). The famous Mormon couplet (p. 305) must be revised from the too brief rendering. In the Bibliography, page 348, let us credit the editing of Carvalho's westering to Bertrum W. Korn.

We compliment the author on making us acquainted with quite a personality, Mrs. Thomas L. Kane, whose observations of twelve Mormon homes reveal much source material.

The Mormon frontier produced major men. Our author introduces us to one of the unique peoples of earth, and that in a most exciting manner.

Our trail through Mormon history, if not yet begun, may start with this book, and who knows how far the horizon?

I L E N E H.

KINGSBURY

Salt Lake City, Utah

Land of Many Frontiers: A History of the American Southwest. By Odie B. Faulk. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968. x + 358 pp. $7.50) Land of Many Frontiers is a genuine regional history of that vast area of the U.S. known as the Southwest whose roots lie in the expansion of the northern frontier of colonial New Spain, and which has so much in common in geography, ecology, and political and cultural development. The drama of more than four hundred years of history comes alive, particularly with the excellent factual account of events since World War I. Designed primarily for general information and obviously aimed at the student reader, the account is simple, interesting, and well written, although the "lessons of history," particularly in such matters as the validity of Texas claims to the region east of the Rio Grande, are over-taught to the point of advocacy. There are no footnotes to interrupt

441 the flow of the narrative, but unfortunately there is also no way to determine the source of statements and the documentation for many of the controversial interpretations, although an excellent Bibliography is included.

Texas, Arizona, and California, in that order, fare well in coverage. Southern Utah, Nevada, and Colorado receive relatively little attention, partly because the author has drawn an arbitrary line through those states, which procedure, although historically correct, illustrates the difficulty of separating one area from the context of any state's total history. New Mexico, the oldest settled part of the area, receives short shrift, both in interpretation and in plain verifiable fact.

The Spanish land grant policy in New Mexico, closely related to Pueblo Indian administration, is ignored. Early seventeenth century settlements were along the tributaries of the Rio Grande, not in mountain fastnesses. The hoary Josiah Gregg-inspired canard that all Mexican officials were guilty of extortion and cupidity is revived. Manuel Armijo was not a customs official, nor was he governor continuously from 1839 to 1846. Although he imported goods from the United States and once sent 4,500 sheep to Chihuahua, he was not a mule trader. Antonio Armijo, no relation, was. The revolutions of 1837 against Perez and that of 1847 against Charles Bent are confused. Citizens of the Santa Cruz area, alarmed at centralization and taxes, not Pueblo Indians, led that of 1837. The victims of the 1847 Taos tragedy are well known and do not include an "army captain." Donaciano Vigil, not Juan Bautista Vigil, became civil governor after the death of Bent. Legislative concern with public education began in the 1820's and the statement that "New Mexico simply disregarded the problem of public education until the beginning of the twentieth century" is typical of many generaliza-

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tions not borne out in fact. The list of similar errors could be multiplied through the territorial period.

With the exception of the Pueblo Indians, the author has attempted to recognize the contributions of various ethnic groups. In this day of cultural sensitivity, however, it is a little startling to read that in the Southwest, "There are Mexican, French, English and distinctly American elements as well." Are not these "distinctly American elements," and especially is not Spanish American to be included within that semantic fold?

MYRA E L L E N J E N K I N S

Deputy for Archives State of New Mexico Records Center The Call to California. By Richard F. Pourade. Photography by Harry Crosby. Paintings by Lloyd Harting.

(San Diego: Union-Tribune Publishing Company, 1968. xiv + 1 9 4 pp. $9.50) Under the influence of Visitor General Jose de Galvez, exactly two hundred years ago Spain determined to take the bold step of occupying Upper California, that is, the area of what is today the State of California. As staging bases for this move the former Jesuit missions of Lower California, only recently transferred to Franciscan operation as a result of the Jesuit expulsion from Spanish domains in 1767, played a significant role. A full-scale operation plan was worked out in detail and this colonizing expedition would be entrusted to the temporal, military leadership of Captain Gaspar de Portola. with spiritual guidance vested in Fray Junipero Serra. As plans developed it turned out that three vessels from the newly created Spanish Naval Department of San Bias would support the operation, with two overland detachments of soldiers proceeding northward breaking a trail. The master plan comprehended occupation

Quarterly

of pre-selected sites at San Diego, Monterey, and Drake's Bay. The first materialized in 1769, though not without some difficulty. Monterey, a port highly recommended by reports of the ancient explorations of Vizcaino (1602), proved elusive as a result of having been overpraised, but was occupied in 1770. Fate willed that Spain would never achieve occupation of the third point as exploration revealed an intervening obstacle, San Francisco Bay, which would become for all practical purposes the northward restraining line of Spanish advance.

The Call to California, which details this occupation is copiously and colorfully illustrated, and produced in an eight and one-half by eleven inch format. The book consists of a series of photographs with accompanying explanations, along the initial trail to California, and these photographs are a delight to view. Clear, frequently in vivid color, and always of places which have not been spoiled by today's intensive occupation, this portion is both expert and satisfying.

Even more pleasantly surprising is the great improvement in style and content of the author's writing. In treating the same period in The Explorers and including some of the material involved in The Call to California, author Pourade, former editor of the San Diego Union, left something to be desired. The present work far exceeds what seemed to have been only modest efforts at research and interpretation in the past.

T h e timeliness of this book will also contribute to its success, since it appears opportunely for the bicentennial of the founding of Spanish California and is a distinct contribution thereto. It is a welcome addition to the bookshelf of Californiana.

DONALD C. CUTTER

Professor of History University of New Mexico

Reviews and Publications A Catalogue of The Everett D. Graff Collection of Western Americana.

Comp. by Colton Storm. (Chicago: Published for the Newberry Library by the University of Chicago Press, 1968. xxv + 854 pp. $37.50) Both in regard to the collection of books and the catalog compiled by Dr. Colton Storm, this is a most impressive work. Although the compiler stresses that it is a catalog of a specific library and not a bibliography, it is evident that the catalog is one of the most welcome additions to the bibliographic literature of the American West.

According to the Preface, the collection was amassed over a twenty-fiveyear period of active collecting by Mr. Graff, who was not only a collector, but was also a competent scholar of Western Americana, as is evident by the many notations that have been included in the catalog. They are astute and show that the collector had a good grasp of the movements in which he did his primary collecting. The collection is rich in the areas of exploration; fur trade; the Mormon trek; the gold rushes to California, Colorado, Montana, Idaho, and Alaska; overland travel; surveys; and the history of transportation. To successfully collect in these diverse, yet related areas involves the following: 1. Ample working capital.

2. Excellent relationships with antiquarian book dealers and a working knowledge of book auctions.

3. A keen understanding of the subject matter by Mr. Graff or someone working with him to insure competent selection.

It is difficult to fully evaluate the collection itself for several reasons. In the first place only half of it appears in the catalog, though both from personal observation and the Preface, it seems to be the most significant part of the collection. In the second place Mr. Graff did much of his collecting with

443 the idea that he would donate the collection to a library and therefore omitted items which would normally be in the library. In a conversation with Dr. Storm, I was told that much of the collecting was done after the Newberry Library had been selected as the repository so that many items were not added to the collection simply because there was already a copy of the imprint at the Newberry Library. That would explain, for instance, why there is no copy of the first edition of the Book of Mormon, the lack of which would be surprising with the variety of Mormon imprints that are represented.

In the Introduction the compiler states further that the collection is important as a whole, not because of the individual rarity of its items. This statement is slightly redundant as any collection is of more value as a whole.

In the case of the Graff Collection, both seem important. For instance in the case of Mormonism, the period from 183046 is notable for individual items, not for the completeness of the collection, while the books on the Mormon trek are amazingly complete. The items of the Utah period are rare and not particularly complete. But no matter how you decide to evaluate the collection, and further, not considering the omissions due to the Newberry holdings, the collection is substantial. It might be noted that Mr. Graff agreed to the disposal of duplicates from the collection to make it more expeditious for the Library. There is some duplication in the collection, but most of these are association copies.

Dr. Colton Storm can be commended for an excellent job of compiling and editing the catalog. Although personally, I would liked to have seen the whole collection included, with reductions in some of the bibliographic data on individual items rather than the reduction of the scope of the Bibliography as noted in the Introduction. For instance

Utah Historical

444 Pierre Francois Xavier de Charlevoix, Histoire et Description generate de la Nouvelle France (650) is one of the most complex entries I have ever seen.

Another illustration might be the multivolumed works and periodicals which seem unnecessarily complex. Another problem in the catalog is that devices are apparently plain to the compiler that are a little difficult to understand; astericks with no explanation; the word Ref: followed by a blank, used presumably to show that a reference could not be found; then the following entry blank which seems to indicate the same fact. Also slightly confusing is why the cover title a n d / o r m a p should have rare cataloging, yet the title page is entered in capitals, with diacritical marks omitted, capitalization ignored, etc.

Some of the notes show the painful fact that competent bibliographies just do not exist for much of this material.

One has only to examine the list of sources to see how extensively the compiler has attempted to locate a bibliographic entry. For instance the Udney Hal Jacob note (2186) seems to have been taken from Fawn Brodie's No Man Knows My History without verification; the compiler was unaware of the fact that there were two second editions of Thomas L. Kane's The Mormons with and without the Latin quotation.

Finally there are the inevitable errors that creep in a work of this magnitude due to faulty notes or proofreading. For instance the Robert N. Baskin work (203) is listed as having been written to correct errors in Whiting's (should be Whitney's) History of Utah. T h e Utah Bank note of 3.000 (should be 3.00^). These are very minor problems and do not materially detract from the general excellence of the total work.

C H A D J. FLAKE

Special Collections Brigham Young

Librarian University

Quarterly

Young Wayfarers of the Early West. By Olive W. Burt. Illustrated by Jules Gotlieb. (New York: Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1968. 191 pp. $4.95) One of the strange truths about western history is that the American West was "won" largely by young people.

Olive W. Burt brings this sharply into focus with her book Young Wayfarers of the Early West.

Each chapter is a separate story about a famous person in the history of the West whose career was begun as a teenager. With her rich background of historical facts, the author convincingly tells the story of young Jim Bridger signing up to join General William Ashley's group of "Enterprising Young Men" and later becoming one of the great mountain men of that era; of the "runaway apprentice" Christopher Carson joining traders bound for Santa Fe; of fourteen-year-old Billy Cody working for Alexander Majors; of fourteen-yearold Flora Pearson who sailed with Asa Mercer and his "Mercer Girls" and helped colonize the Pacific Northwest; and of other teen-agers who became prominent figures in the development of the West.

Having the ring of historical authenticity, as well as the appeal of fiction, Young Wayfarers of the Early West will be popular with young readers. They will be charmed with the idea that youngsters their own age played such important roles in the drama of the American West.

Excellent illustrations by Jules Gotlieb add much interest and value to the book. These appear chiefly on the title page of each chapter.

I n addition there is a list of suggested books for further reading as well as an excellent Index.

Young Wayfarers of the Early West is a volume that rightfully belongs in collections of books about the West foi young readers, and with its publico

Reviews and

Publications

tion Olive W. Burt has once again served the cause of western history.

PEARL JACOBSON

Teacher Richfield Junior High School Prairie State: Impressions of Illinois, 1673-1967 By Travelers and Other Observers. Compiled and edited by Paul M. Angle. With the assistance of Mary Lynn McCree. (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1968. x v + 624 pp. $12.50) " This book is one of the official historical publications which were produced as part of the 1968 Illinois Sesquicentennial commemoration. High on the list of recommended publications made by the commission charged with celebrating this milestone in the state's history was an anthology of writings to be selected from foreign and American travelers and settlers who visited Illinois and wrote their, impressions. Paul M. Angle, one of the best known figures in Illinois historical writing, was appointed director of publications, for the Sesquicentennial Commission. In addition to this supervisory assignment, he was directed to select and edit this anthology. Prairie State is the result of his survey of this vast field of descriptions and impressions of people who visited Illinois from 1673to the present time.

The fact that Illinois is essentially several divergent entities presented a difficult task. The Chicago urban area with its great financial, industrial, and political power dominates the state.

However, there are other dimensions of Illinois which deserve attention and must not be ignored because of the Windy City's might. These are: the southernmost portion, which was the first section to be settled, commonly known as "Little Egypt" because of its climate and soil; the central and northern prairie districts with their agricultural wealth; and the river valleys of

445 the Wabash, Illinois, and the Mississippi. Editor Angle wisely chose to distribute his selections to all parts of the state. The result is a balanced picture of all Illinois as it grew from wild prairies and navigable river valleys into the present state.

The editor organized his selected material into eight chronological periods, commencing in 1673 with Marquette and Joliet, the first chroniclers of a journey through the Illinois country, to 1967 when the famous biologist, Donald Culross Peattie, wrote his nostalgic identification of himself with Illinois. There are sixty-seven different articles written by sixty-six people spanning the two hundred and ninety-seven years. Among them are Father Hennepin, Morris Birkbeck, William Cullen Bryant, Patrick Shirreff, Sarah Margaret Fuller, Charles Fenno Hofman, Harriet Martineau, Charles Dickens, Josiah Quincy, J. H. Buckingham, Gustaf Unonius, Anthony Trollope (whose reaction to America was very different from his well-known mother), Henry Sienkiewicz, and George W. Steevens.

A worthwhile feature of the book is the, inclusion of nine outline maps, placed chronologically through it. Starting with a simple map showing routes of the early explorers, succeedings maps add the roads, canals, towns, and cities referred to as the state's history ad'-, vanced.

Following somewhat the same pattern used by Mortensen and Mulder in their Among the Mormons, each writer is introduced in a short biographical identification, followed by the author's description or impression of the Illinois country, its people, and its potential.

As one might expect, the reactions of so many people were very different. Two visitors to the same area at approximately the same time often gave antithetical views.

Mr. Angle has performed an excellent service in collecting these fascinat-

Utah Historical

446 ing vignettes of Illinois as seen through the eyes of travelers over a period of nearly three centuries. It is a worthwhile contribution to the literature of the Illinois Sesquicentennial. As the L.D.S. church approaches its sesquicentennial, and as Utah looks forward to its centennial in twenty-seven years, Prairie State could serve as a pattern for a collection of the reactions and impressions of those who wrote concerning Mormonism and Utah.

This reviewer has but two negative reactions to the book. It is unfortunate that Mr. Angle, in extracting material from Josiah Quincy's account of his visit to Nauvoo in 1844, selected the least meaningful portion of the article.

His excerpt ignored Quincy's best statements concerning Joseph Smith and Nauvoo, and gave nothing concerning Quincy's view of Smith's impact on society. Furthermore he was too dogmatic in his footnote on page 232 which states the Nauvoo Temple was still unfinished when it burned in 1848. Continuously accumulating evidence does not vindicate his statement.

T. EDGAR LYON

Historian Nauvoo Restoration, Inc.

ARTICLES OF INTEREST The American West — VI, July 1969: "Conquest of the Colorado: EarthMovers, Dam-Builders, and the End of a Free River," by T. H. W A T K I N S , 4ff.; "The Ghost Dance, Some reflections, with evidence, on a cult of despair among the Indians of North America," by J O H N GREENWAY, 42-47 Brigham Young University Studies: A Voice for the Community of LDS Scholars—IX, Summer 1969: "Mormon Bibliography: 1968," by CHAD J. FLAKE,, 463-68; "Mormon Political Involvement in Ohio," by M A X H. PARKIN, 484-502

Quarterly

The California Historical Society Quarterly — X L V I I I , June 1969: "Satire and the Overland Guide: John B. Hall's Fanciful Advice to Gold Rush Emigrants," by T H O M A S F. A N D R E W S , 99-111 The C olo r a d o Magazine —• XLVI, Spring 1969: "Fort Lewis Military Records," by GREGORY C. T H O M P S O N

and

FLOYD

A.

O'NEIL,

166-68

Desert Magazine—32, June 1969: "When a fortune was a drop in the bucket [reviving of uranium mining in Utah]," by BILL KNYVETT, 23ff.; "Down Utah's San Juan River," by WALTER FORD, 26-30 — July 1969: "High Above Utah's Flaming Gorge,"

by PAT H O L M E S , 9-11; "Where's Bullionville? [places named in Utah]," by GEORGE T H O M P S O N , 18ff.; "San Juan Outpost in Utah's Red Rock Canyon," by WALTER FORD, 20-23 Idaho Yesterdays—13, Summer 1969: "Idaho and the Great Depression,"

by LEONARD J. ARRINGTON, 2-8;

"The

Lake in My Life [Bear Lake]," by EZRA J. POULSEN, 9-13

The Improvement Era—72, June 1969: "Building an Idea [Mormon Battalion Monument in San Diego]," by E D WARD FRAUGHTON, 6-7; "The Mormon Battalion Monument in San Diego," by RICHARD J. MARSHALL, 8-9 Intermountain Industry-—-71, 1969: "Kennecott Revives Mining," 6ff.

June Tintic

The Journal of Arizona History—10, Spring 1969: "Tuba City, Mormon Settlement," by IRA JUDD, 37-42 The Pioneer—16, July-August 1969: "Mormon Landmarks of a Century Ago," 19; "The Deseret Alphabet, A Noble Mormon Experiment That Proved Abortive," by L E S GOATES, 20-21

INDEX Abbey, E d w a r d , The Man Who Walked Through Time, With Photographs Taken En Route by the Author, review by, 353-54 Abbott, Myron, diary of, 376 Abrams, Milton C , " T h e President's R e p o r t for the Fiscal Year 1968-1969," 426-34; p h o t o g r a p h , 4 2 6 ; r e a p p o i n t e d to U t a h State Historical Society Board of T r u s tees, 4 2 7 ; elected president of Historical Society Board of Trustees, 428 Adams, Louis B., m e m b e r of board of directors of Bothwell Irrigation Company, 204 Adams, Samuel, claims of exploring the Colorado River, 244 Albright, H o r a c e M . , assistant director of National Park Service visited Zion, 4 1 6 ; at dedication of Zion-Mt. C a r m e l Highway. 417 Aldridge, Jack, killed on Colorado River, 251 Alexander, T h o m a s G., " J o h n Wesley Powell, the Irrigation Survey, a n d the I n a u guration of the Second Phase of Irrigation Development in U t a h , " 190-206; p h o t o graph, 4 3 0 ; recipient of U t a h State Historical Society Morris S. Rosenblatt Award, 430 Allen, T h o m a s J., superintendent of Zion National Park, 417 fn. 13 Allinson, Francis G., friend of Frederick Jackson T u r n e r , 320, 320 fn. 55 American Album, by Jensen, K e r r , a n d Belsky, reviewed, 367-68 American Protective Association, anti-Catholic organization, 405 Ames, Oliver, official of U n i o n Pacific Railroad, 3 0 ; suspected sabotage in train wreck, 34 Anderson, Nels, brief biography, 379-80; initiated collecting a n d copying project of J u a n i t a Brooks, 379, 3 8 0 - 8 1 ; helped further work of collecting a n d copying diaries u n d e r W P A , 382-83 Angle, Paul M., a n d M a r y L y n n M c C r e e , eds., Prairie State: Impressions of Illinois, 1673-1967 By Travelers and Other Observers, reviewed, 445-46 " A n t e l o p e " ( t r a i n ) , accident, 57, 7 3 ; p h o t o graph, 7 2 ; started to pull special Central Pacific train to Promontory, 72 Anthropology, " J o h n Wesley Powell, A n t h r o pologist," 152-72; became a professional discipline, 1 5 3 ; ideas a n d concepts in eighteenth a n d nineteenth centuries, 154-58; first full-time professional anthropologists, 169 Apperson, Preston, killed on Colorado River, 251, 257 Arkills, Seth, tried to save " J u p i t e r " from being scrapped, 75 The Armies of God, by Bailey, reviewed, 363-65 Armstrong, James C , m e m b e r of board of directors of Bothwell Irrigation Company, 204 Arrington, L e o n a r d J., " T h e Transcontinential Railroad a n d the Development of the West," 3-15

Arrowhead Trail, association, 4 1 5 ; route, 415 Asay, Joseph, greeted first Powell expedition at m o u t h of Virgin River, 247-48 Ashley, William H., boated section of Green River, 173 Aswell, E d w a r d C , editor of Harpers, 2 9 2 ; books a u t h o r e d by T h o m a s Wolfe edited

by, 305 Athearn, Robert G., " C o n t r a c t i n g for the U n i o n Pacific," 16-40 Aztec Creek, C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey crew reached, 281

B Bacon, James H., m e m b e r of board of directors of Bothwell Irrigation Company, 204 Bailey, Paul, The Armies of God, reviewed, 363-65 Baird, Spencer F., secretary of Smithsonian Institution, 165 Baker, , mysterious disappearance on Colorado River, 253 Ballard, Sheridan, a t t e n d e d dedication of Zion National Park, 423 Bannon, T . M., m e m b e r of Irrigation Survey, 195 Bartlett's West: Drawing the Mexican Boundary, by H i n e , reviewed, 435-36 Base Line, explanation of, 262 Baskin, Robert N., Liberal party candidate for mayor of Salt Lake City, 192 Bassenter, W. S., spoke at ceremonies dedicating Zion National Park, 423 Bates, T h o m a s H . , sued U n i o n Pacific, 34 Beadle, J o h n H a n s o n , described Corinne, 104, 1 0 9 ; n o m i n a t e d as candidate for Congress, 120; sent to Washington, D . C , in interests of Gentile population of U t a h , 120 Beaman, E. O., m e m b e r of second Powell expedition, 2 6 3 ; p h o t o g r a p h e r , 263 Bear Lake, description, 332, 332 fn. 96 Bear Lake a n d River W a t e r Works a n d Irrigation C o m p a n y , see Bothwell Irrigation Company Bear River, see Y a m p a River Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, description by F. J. T u r n e r , 326 Beehive Point, n a m e d by first Powell expedition, 177 Behunin, Isaac, first settler in Zion Canyon, 410 Belsky, M u r r a y , Oliver Jensen, a n d J o a n Paterson Kerr, American Album, reviewed, 367-68 Bentley, William O., in charge of F E R A funds in Washington County, 381 Best, G. M., party t h r o u g h C a t a r a c t Canyon, 2 7 5 ; inscription chisled in C a t a r a c t C a n yon, 275, 275 fn. 4 Best, Gerald M . , "Rendezvous at Promontory: T h e 'Jupiter' a n d No. 119," 6 9 - 7 5 ; Train Wrecks: A Pictorial History of Accidents on The Main Line, review by, 436-37 Bigelow, Charles H., p r o m o t e d Arrowhead T r a i l Association, 4 l 5

448 Bigler, H e n r y W., description of journal, 387 Billington, R a y A., "Frederick Jackson T u r n er a n d Logan's 'National S u m m e r School,' 1924," 307-36; Marshall Sprague, a n d Oscar H a n d l i n , eds., The Mountain StatesTime Life Library of America, reviewed, 360-61 Bishop, Francis M., "Francis Bishop's 1871 River M a p s , " 207-13; p h o t o g r a p h , 2 0 7 ; m a p - m a k e r of Powell's second expedition, 208, 2 6 3 ; official copy of m a p lost, 2 0 8 ; papers d o n a t e d to the U t a h State Historical Society, 2 0 8 ; specialized in topographic m a p p i n g , 2 0 8 ; description of maps, 2 0 9 ; copies of portions of maps, 210, 2 1 1 , 212, 2 1 3 ; description by F. S. Dellenbaugh, 222-23, 226-27; joined M o r m o n church, 2 2 6 ; died, 2 3 9 ; topographer, 2 6 3 ; m a d e wooden rods for measuring, 264 Bishop, W. D e L a n c e , donated Francis M a r i o n Bishop's papers to U t a h State Historical Society, 208 Black, Joseph, visited Zion Canyon, 410 Black's Fork, first Powell expedition reached, 176 Bleak, Earl J., Dixie College Band, 4 2 1 ; b a n d played for President H a r d i n g when he visited Zion, 424 Bleak, James G., records of Southern Mission, 3 7 7 ; records of Southern Mission d r o p p e d out of circulation, 3 7 8 ; final disposition of Southern Mission records, 378 fn. 1 Bonneville, surveyed by U n i o n Pacific as possible j u n c t i o n city, 105 Bothwell Irrigation Company, named, 2 0 3 ; started in U t a h , 2 0 3 ; b o a r d of directors, 203-4; monopolization of land feared, 2045 ; operation praised, 205 Boukofsky, N., located claim in Corinne, 105 Bowman, J. N., "Driving the Last Spike at Promonotory, 1869," 76-101 Bowsher, A. L., U n i o n Pacific general forem a n of telegraph, 88-89 Boyle, J. A., won office as mayor of Ogden, 404 Bradley, G e o r g e Y., member of first Powell expedition, 175 Branson, E. C , visiting faculty, m e m b e r at . U t a h Agricultural College, 321 fn. 59, 326 Brimhall, D e a n R., reappointed to U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 427 Brooks, James p . , found H y d e boat on Colorado River, 2 5 7 ; involved in river accident, 258 Brooks, J u a n i t a , history of collecting diaries a n d manuscripts, 3 7 5 - 9 5 ; "Jest a Copyin' â&#x20AC;&#x201D; W o r d f r W o r d , " 3 7 5 - 9 5 ; photograph, 3 7 5 ; first husband, 3 7 6 ; g r a d u a t e d from B.Y.U., 3 7 7 ; t a u g h t at Dixie College, 3 7 7 ; wife, mother, a n d widow, 3 7 7 ; married William Brooks,, 3 7 9 ; teaching years, 3 7 9 ; article accepted by Harper's Magazine, 3 8 0 ; encouraged to write by Nels Anderson, 3 8 0 ; began project of collecting a n d copying diaries with F E R A funds, 3 8 1 ; room d o n a t e d to do copy work in, 3 8 1 ; wrote article on polygamy, 3 8 1 ; followed

Utah Historical

Quarterly

leads to collect diaries a n d journals for W P A project, 3 8 2 ; became acquainted with Dale L. M o r g a n , 3 8 4 ; evaluation of work performed by women collecting and copying diaries, 3 8 4 ; philosophy about copying manuscripts, 384-85; requested permission to see J o h n D . Lee journals from H u n t i n g t o n Library, 3 8 6 ; collected M o r m o n material for H u n t i n g t o n Library, 3 8 7 - 8 8 ; g r a n t to study M o u n t a i n Meadows massacre, 3 8 8 ; co-editor of J o h n D .

Lee Journals, 3 9 0 ; represented murderers at dedication of F a n c h e r T r a i n m o n u m e n t in Arkansas, 3 9 0 ; philosophy on placing p u n c t u a t i o n in manuscripts, 3 9 0 - 9 1 ; philosophy on copying all material a n d omitting none in copying, 391-92; philosophy in correcting obvious errors of an a u t h o r of a manuscript, 3 9 2 ; philosophy on authors' intent on proving their point, 3 9 3 ; acknowledged help from A. R. Mortensen a n d Everett L. Cooley, 3 9 5 ; reappointed to U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 427 Brooks, William, married J u a n i t a Leavitt Pulsipher, 3 7 9 ; sheriff in Washington County, 3 7 9 ; acting postmaster in St. George, 3 8 0 ; photograph, 383 Brown, F r a n k Mason, F. S. Dellenbaugh claimed it was the worst m a n a g e d expedition on Colorado River, 2 3 8 ; drowned on Colorado River, 250, 2 5 5 ; expedition on Colorado River, 2 5 4 ; p h o t o g r a p h of inscription where died, 254 Brown's Hole, see Brown's Park Brown's Park, reached by first Powell expedition, 179; named, 179 fn. 6; p h o t o g r a p h , 180; description, 181 Brush Creek, n a m e d by first Powell expedition, 1 8 5 ; n a m e changed, 185 fn. 12 Bryan, William Jennings, Democratic party nominee for President, 401 Bryce Canyon, description, 298, 2 9 9 ; photog r a p h , 299 Buck, Fraser, a n d George A. Thompson, Treasure Mountain Home: A Centennial History of Park City, Utah, reviewed, 439-40 Bundy, Ivan, killed on Colorado River, 251 "Burg on the Bear," see Corinne Burgess, M . T., located claim in Corinne, 105 Burt, Olive W., Mormon Songs from the Rocky Mountains: A Compilation of Mormon Folksong, review by, 356-57; Young Wayfarers of the Early West, reviewed, 444-45 Burton, Jesse, drowned on Colorado River, 252, 260 Bushnell, Cornelius, m e m b e r of U n i o n Pacific board of directors, 3 0 ; opinion of .expenditures in constructing U n i o n Pacific, 3 5 ; offered J o h n _ Sharp settlement for U n i o n Pacific, 38-39 Butt, N. I., professor at Brigham Young University, 388

Index Cable Mountain, see Flanigan, David A., and Zion National Park Cache Valley, description, 302, 324, 328, 328-29 Caine, John T., member of board of directors of Bothwell Irrigation Company, 204; Salt Lake City recorder, 340 Calder, David O., Salt Lake City councilor, 340 The Call to California, by Pourade, reviewed, 442 Callville, reason for establishing, 246 Camp Douglas, Dom Pedro visited, 350 Cane Canyon, named, 237 Cane Creek, named, 226 Cannon, George Q., delegate to Congress tried to secure assistance for citizens of Anabella in construction of irrigation works, 192 Casement, Daniel, contractor on Union Pacific, 7, 73-74; arrived at Promontory, 73-74 Casement, Jack, contractor on Union Pacific, 7, 73-74; weary of railroad construction, 27; arrived at Promontory, 73-74 Cass, Lewis, attempted to gather data on Indians, 157 Cass, O. D., sent to Washington, D . C , in interests of Gentile portion of Utah, 118, 120 A Catalogue of The Everett D. Graff Collection of Western Americana, comp., Storm, reviewed, 443-44 Cataract Canyon, necessary preparations to make run through, 224; dangerous to ordinary open boats, 249; deaths in, 251, 252, 258, 259; survey of, 269-83; location, 26970; Brown-Stanton mishap in, 270; description 270; description of rapids in, 274, 275, 276, 276 fn. 5, 277, 278, 279; photographs, 277, 280, 281; see also Cataract Canyon Survey Cataract Canyon Survey, photographs, 269, 277, 280-81; joint venture of USGS and Southern California Edison Company, 271; members of party, 271; crew left Green River, Utah, 272; reached Dellenbaugh Butte, 272; reached San Raphael River, 272; reached Double Bowknot, 272; photograph of crew, 272; reached Labyrinth Canyon, 273; reached Stillwater Canyon, 273; reached Land of Standing Rocks, 274; reached junction of Green and Colorado rivers, 274; wrecked boat and footprints found by, 275; reached Water Hole Flat, 276; reached Gypsum Canyon, 277; reached Clearwater Canyon, 278; reached Dark Canyon, 278; reached Island Rapid, 279; reached Mill Crag Bend, 279; reached Dirty Devil River, 279; reached Hite, 279; reached Smith's Fork, 280; reached Hansen Creek, 280; crew disbanded, 280, 283; reached Water Pocket Fold, 281; reached San Juan River, 281; reached Rainbow Bridge, 281,;. reached Aztec Creek, 2 8 l ; reached Glen Canyon, 282; reached Crossing of the Fathers^ 282 <; reached Sen-

449 tinel Rock, 282; reached Lee's Ferry, 282; reached Navajo Creek, 282 Caucasians, eating and drinking habits of railroad laborers, 46 Central Pacific Railroad, portion of trancontinental railroad to construct, 5; poster advertising, 6; Chinese hired to construct, 7; supporters of construction of, 7; miles of track laid, 8; working conditions, 8, 43, 47-49; money expended during construction, 13; "Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific," 4157; advertised for laborers, 42; number of Chinese working on, 42, 4 3 ; recruited Chinese to work on, 42; Chinese first employed by, 4 3 ; conditions in Sierra Mountains in tunneling, 47-49; photographs, 48, 50, 53, 62, 69, 71, 72; description of Chinese labor on, 50-51, 52, 54; description of construction camps, 5 1 ; method of paying Chinese laborers, 51, 54; wages for Chinese laborers, 52; wager with Union Pacific on track laying, 54-55; claim of Union Pacific powder crews blowing up, 55; type of telegraph crossarm and insulators used by, 64; special train to Promontory, 70; trains named, 70; description of special train to Promontory, 71-72; special train arrived at Promontory, 73; description of "Big Fill," 129; description of route to Promontory Summit, 129 Cheney, Thomas E., ed., Mormon Songs from the Rocky Mountains: A Compilation of Mormon Folksong, reviewed, 35657 Chenoweth, William R., member of Cataract Canyon Survey crew, 271; photograph, 273 Chinese, hired to construct Central Pacific, 7, 42; number employed by Central Pacific, 7-8, 42, 4 3 ; "Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific," 41-57; first employed by Central Pacific, 4 3 ; living habits while working on Central Pacific, 44-45; report of work on 44, 45-46; eating and drinking habits while working on Central Pacific, 46; Crocker's Pets, 47; opinion of Leland Stanford of, 47; working conditions, 47-49; opinion of their work, 48-49; wages, 49, 52; photograph, 50; description of labor on Central Pacific, 50-51, 52, 54; method of paying by Central Pacific, 51, 54; Tong war at Camp Victory, 56-57; positions after completion of transcontinental railroad, 57; workers caused accident to "Antelope" (train), 57, 72-73 Christianson, James B., witnessed drownings on Colorado River, 254 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, handled early water disputes, 206; location and description of construction and purpose of girls camp in Logan Canyon, 329 f n. 85; photograph of girls camp in Logan Canyon, 329 Civil War, commenced, 4; secession of South, ;.,5...

Clark, William A., committeeman to carry on work of Irrigation Congress, 203

450 Clearwater Canyon, Cataract Canyon Survey crew reached, 278; named, 278, 278 fn. 6 Cleland, Robert C , started editing John D. Lee diaries, 390; stroke, 390 Clogston, John, member of Cataract Canyon Survey crew, 272; photograph, 273 Coalville, railroad branch line to, 12 Coe, L. W., presented silver sledge to Stanford, 96 Cole, Cornelius, California congressman, 43 Colorado River, J. W. Powell explored, 14748; second Powell expedition, 148-49^ 162; "The Lost Journal of John Colton Sumner," 173-89; Francis M. Bishop map of portion of, 211; "F. S. Dellenbaugh of the Colorado: Some Letters Pertaining to the Powell Voyages and the History of the Colorado River," 214-43; "How Deadly Is Big Red?" 243-60; meaning of Rio Colorado, 243; named, 243; accurate information acquired about, 244; fantasies concerning, 244; freighting on, 246; dangerous canyons, 249; deaths attributed to, 250-52, 259; rapids on, 259; "River Running 1921: The Diary of E. L. Kolb," 269-83; photographs, 256, 269; dam sites sought on, 270-71; Cataract Canyon Survey crew reached junction with Green River, 274; name changed to, 274; account of second Powell expedition of, 16263; winter camp of second Powell expedition established, 163 Colorado Steam Navigation Company, freighers on Colorado River, 246 Colvin, Elizabeth Johnson, witnessed drowning of Navajos on Colorado River, 253 Comstock, , spoke at ceremonies dedicating Zion National Park, 423 Connor City, surveyed by Union Pacific as possible junction city, 105; see also Corinne Connor, Patrick E., sent to Washington, D . C , in interests of Gentile portion of Utah, 120; encouraged mining in Utah, 246 â&#x20AC;˘ Conway, Ray, companion of Thomas Wolfe on western trip, 292 Cooley, Everett L., "In Memoriam: J. Grant Iverson," 287-89; American Album, review by, 367-68; gave Juanita Brooks help and encouragement in her writing, 395; left as director of Utah State Historical Society, 428; photograph, 433 Corinne, "Corinne, The Fair: Gateway to Montana Mines," 102-23; photograph, 102-3, 121; established, 102; reasons for establishing, 103-4; description in 1869, 104; named Connor City, 105; named, 106-7; description of blocks, etc., 107; lots placed on sale, 107; price of lots in, 107; survey completed, 107; description after survey, 108; considered uproarious camp, 108-9; description, 109; business establishments, 109; description by resident of, 110; members of first city government, 110; operation of government in, 110-12; granted a charter by Territory of Utah, 112; held election, 112; received financial help

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from territorial government, 112; swindled by government officials, 112; first elected city officials, 112-13; complaints on morals, wages, rents, prices, 113; official newspaper, 113; ordinance against erecting tent or canvas-roofed houses, 113; business transacted by 1870, 114; Montana freight transfer point, 115; business in 1869, 116; freighting companies operating in, 116; life of freighter in, 116-17; stage lines operating in, 117; description of travel conditions to and from, 117-18; description after 1869, 118; sent delegation to Washington, D . C , in interests of Gentile portion of Utah, 118, 120; opposed control by Mormons, 118-19; photograph of MethodistEpiscopal church, 119; attacks against Mormons, 120; convention held to select a Gentile candidate for Congress, 120; fear Mormon political power, 120; instigated movement to annex northern Utah Territory to Idaho Territory, 120; election in 1870, 121; shipping in 1877, 122; declined freight transfer station, 123; description after demise of, 123; freighting business ended in, 123; Mormon ward organized, 123 Cottam, Thomas P., attended dedication of Zion National Park, 422 Cowles, Henry C , visiting faculty member at Agricultural College, 322 fn. 64, 324 Crabb, Joseph, member of Corinne City Council, 110 Cracroft, Richard H., "Through Utah and the Western Parks: Thomas Wolfe's Farewell to America," 290-306 Craggy Canyon, see Split Mountain Crampton, C Gregory, ed., "F. S. Dellenbaugh of the Colorado: Some Letters Pertaining to the Powell Voyages and the History of the Colorado River," 214-43 Crawford, Arthur L., The Rock That Burns, review by, 359-60 Creighton and Munro, freighting agents for Far West Freight Lines, 116 Crocker, Charles, construction boss of Central Pacific, 7; supported construction of railroad east from California, 7; recruited Chinese to work on Central Pacific, 42; conceived plan of employing Chinese on Central Pacific, 43; photograph, 45; wager with Thomas C Durant, 54-55 Crocker, E. B., Central Pacific legal counselor, 43 "Crocker's Pets," see Chinese Crosby, Jesse W., explored portion of Colorado River, 245-46 Crossing of the Fathers, location, 226, 240; description, 236-37; also known as Ute Crossing, 237; Cataract Canyon Survey crew reached, 282 Currier, J. C , described Golden Spike ceremony, 99 Currier, Mrs. J. C , attended Golden Spike ceremony, 98 Cushing, Frank Hamilton, sent to begin archeological reconnaissance of southwestern New Mexico, 166, 169

451

Index Cutter, D o n a l d C , The review by, 442

Call to

California,

D a r k Canyon, C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey crew reached, 278 D a r r a h , William C , " J o h n Wesley Powell a n d an U n d e r s t a n d i n g of the West," 14651 Davis, A r t h u r Powell, n e p h e w of J o h n Wesley Powell, 220 Davis, J o h n M., acting superintendent of Zion National Park, 417 fn. 13 Davison, Stanley R., Montana Adventure: The Recollections of Frank B. Linderman, review by, 355-56 Day, Robert B., They Made Mormon History, reviewed, 440-41 Dayton, Dello G., a p p o i n t e d to U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 4 2 7 ; brief biography, 4 2 8 ; elected vice-president of U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 428 D e M o e , Ellen Breese T u r n e r , sister of F. J. T u r n e r , 317, 317 fn. 39 D e a n Royce, killed on Colorado River, 2 5 1 , 257 Dellenbaugh Butte, description, 229-30; local n a m e , 2 3 0 ; C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey crew reached, 272 Dellenbaugh, Frederick, m e m b e r of second Powell expedition, 208, 215, 2 6 3 ; described method of taking topography, 2 0 9 ; " F .

S. Dellenbaugh of the C o l o r a d o : Some Letters Pertaining to the Powell Voyages a n d the History of the Colorado River," 214-43; born, 2 1 5 ; died, 2 1 5 ; photographs, 2 1 5 ; brief biography, 215-16; books written by, 216, 2 1 8 ; family, 2 3 4 ; topographer, 263 D e n n e t t , J o h n , played in Duzette's Martial Band, 424 Depression, acts to relieve, 379 D e r n , George H., governor of U t a h dedicated Zion-Mt. Carmel Highway, 417 Desert L a n d Act, 198 Desolation Canyon, length, 227 D i a m o n d R., freighting company, 116 Diamonds in the Salt, by Woodard, reviewed, 357-58 Dibble, Charles E., Survival Arts of the Primitive Paiutes, review by, 355 Dick, Oscar T., superintendent of Zion National Park, 417 fn. 13 Dillon, Sidney, contacted Brigham Young Jr., concerning railroad, 17-18; president of U n i o n Pacific, 74 Dinwoody, Henry, Salt Lake City alderman, 340 Dirty Devil River, second Powell Colorado River expedition traveled to, 162; C a t a ract Canyon Survey crew reached, 279 Dixie, settled, 410 Dixon, H . A., president of Weber College attended U n d r i v i n g the Golden Spike Ceremony, 134 Dodds, Pardyn, hired to help measure base line by second Powell expedition, 265

Dodge, Grenville M., chief engineer of U n i o n Pacific, 5, 7, 23, 73, 1 2 6 ; photograph, 2 1 ; pressure exerted by Brigham Young to have railroad routed to Salt Lake City, 2 3 ; received second gold spike after ceremony, 66, 100; arrived at Promontory, 7 3 ; disagreed with E d g a r Mills over Golden Spike Ceremony, 9 4 ; accepted gold a n d silver spikes on behalf of D u r a n t at Golden Spike Ceremony, 9 6 ; notified Brigham Y o u n g of U n i o n Pacific route through U t a h , 1 2 8 ; route selected for U n i o n Pacific by, 128 D o m Pedro ( E m p e r o r of Brazil), " E m p e r o r D o m Pedro's Visit to Salt Lake City," 337-52; p h o t o g r a p h , 3 3 7 ; arrived in Salt Lake City, 3 3 8 ; arrived in United States, 3 3 8 ; description, 3 3 8 ; reason for touring U n i t e d States, 3 3 8 ; left East, 3 3 9 ; p h o t o g r a p h of touring party, 3 3 9 ; members of touring party, 339-40; western route, 3 4 0 ; sent invitation to visit Salt Lake City, 3404 1 ; accepted invitation to visit S a l t ' L a k e City, 3 4 2 - 4 3 ; artist sketches of, 3 4 2 ; rumors concerning Brigham Young and, 343-44; arrived in O g d e n , 3 4 4 ; impression of Weber Canyon, 3 4 4 ; description of, 3444 5 ; welcomed at Salt Lake T h e a t r e , ' 345 ; enjoyed performance at Salt Lake T h e a t r e , 346-47; visited W a r m Springs, 347-48; visited T e m p l e Block, 348-49; visited Savage's Art Gallery, 3 4 9 ; attended servlves at St. M a r y M a g d a l e n e C h u r c h , 3495 0 ; visited C a m p Douglas, 3 5 0 ; visited Salt Lake F o u r t e e n t h Ward, 3 5 0 ; donation to Catholic Mission in U t a h , 3 5 1 ; left U t a h , 3 5 1 ; visited Great Salt Lake, 3 5 1 ; U t a h n s impression of, 351-52 Double Bowknot, C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey crew reached, 272 Dozier, Carrie Castle, m e m b e r of Agricultural College faculty, 319, 319 fn. 47, 324 Drake, Charley, killed on Colorado River, 250, 256-57 Dresser, N o r m a n B., U t a h Populist a n d single-tax advocate, 4 0 0 ; opposed capital punishment, 403 Driving the Golden Spike, recreation of scene at, 5 9 ; see also Golden Spike Ceremony a n d U n d r i v i n g the Golden Spike Duff, J o h n , official of U n i o n Pacific, 39 D u n n , William H., m e m b e r of first Powell expedition, 175; killed, 208, 248, 248 fn.

8, 2 5 0 ; m o n u m e n t to, 2 2 8 ; cliff in Lodore Canyon n a m e d after, 228 D u r a n t , T h o m a s C , leader of U n i o n Pacific, 5 ; requested Brigham Young assistance in railroad construction, 18; signed contract with U n i o n Pacific, 18; p h o t o g r a p h , 2 1 ; refused to arbitrate with J o h n Sharp on U n i o n Pacific indebtedness, 3 9 ; wager with Charles Crocker on track laying, 545 5 ; vice-president of U n i o n Pacific, 67, 7 3 ; arrived at Promontory, 7 3 ; held for paym e n t of back wages by U n i o n Pacific workers, 8 9 ; placed gold spikes in place for ceremony, 9 5 ; missed spike at first blow, 9 6 ; retired to railroad car with headache, 9 6 ; sent telegram to President Ulysess S.

452 G r a n t , 1 0 0 ; settled a r g u m e n t over Golden Spike Ceremony, 94 D u t t o n , Clarence E., explored Zion C a n yon, 4 1 1 ; description of Zion Canyon, 411-12 Duzette's M a r t i a l Band, E d w a r d P., 424

Earl, Joseph I., diary of, 376 Echo, railroad b r a n c h line to, 12 Echo Rock, see Steamboat Rock Eddy, Clyde, river runner, 233 Edison, boat on C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey, 272 Edith, boat on C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey, 272 Elder, E d w a r d , killed on Colorado River, 251 Ellerbeck, T . W., Brigham Young's chief clerk, 2 5 ; a t t e m p t e d to collect money for Brigham Young from U n i o n Pacific, 31 E m e t t , James, operated Lee's Ferry, 253 Emma Dean, boat on first Powell expedition, 1 7 5 ; boat on second Powell expedition, 248 The Enduring Navaho, by Gilpin, reviewed, 437-38 ; Esmeralda, freighting boat on Colorado River, 246 An Essay Towards an Indian Bibliography.

Being a Catalogue of Books, Relating to the History, Antiquities, Languages, Customs, Religion, Wars, Literature and Origin of the American Indians, in the Library of Thomas W. Field. With Bibliograpical and Historical Notes, and Synopses of the Contents of Some of the Works Least Known, reviewed, 358-59 Evans, R i c h a r d T., acting superintendent of Zion National Park, 417 fn. 13 Evans, West, tie-contractor for Central Pacific, 8 7 ; presented laurel tie for Golden Spike Ceremony, 87

Fall Canyon, p h o t o g r a p h , 243 Fancher, J. K e n n e r , descendant of survivor of M o u n t a i n Meadows massacre, 390 F a r West Freight Lines, 116 Farr, Lorin, mayor of Ogden, 28, 7 4 ; represented Brigham Y o u n g at Golden Spike Ceremony, 74 Faulk, Odie B., Land of Many Frontiers: A History of the American Southwest, reviewed, 441-42 Faust, H . J., M o r m o n bishop in Corinne, 123 Federal Emergency Relief Acts, passed, 379 Federal Writers' Project, started in U t a h , 3 8 3 ; purpose, 383 Ferras, L. P. de Conto, m e m b e r of D o m Pedro's touring party, 339 F i n n a n , C Marshall, superintendent of Zion _ National Park, 417 fn. 13 Fisher, Frederick Vining, Zion Canyon enthusiastist who was instrumental in n a m ing features in Zion, 415-16 Fisher, Vardis, friend a n d former colleague of T h o m a s Wolfe, 2 9 2 ; and O p a l Laurel Holmes, Gold Rushes and Mining Camps

Utah Historical

Quarterly

of the Early American West, reviewed, 366-67 Fishing, description on L o g a n River, 326, 327, 331 Fitzgerald, A. J., Corinne councilman, 112 Flake, C h a d J., A Catalogue of The Everett D. Graff Collection of Western Americana, review by, 443-44 Flaming Gorge, n a m e d by first Powell expedition, 177 Flanigan, David A., description of establishing operation at Cable M o u n t a i n , 420-21 Flavell, , navigated river from Green River, Wyoming, to Y u m a , 238-39 Fleming, T . A., prospected on Colorado River, 257 Fletcher, Colin, The Man Who Walked Through Time, With Photographs Taken En Route by the Author, reviewed, 35354 Florin, L a m b e r t , Ghost Town ElDorado reviewed, 436 Foote, A. D., secretary of memorial committee of Irrigation Congress, 201 Forbes, Jack D., Nevada Indians Speak, reviewed, 361 Fort H a r m o n y , settled, 410 Foster, W a r r e n , editor of Inter-Mountain Advocate, 3 9 9 ; biography 3 9 9 ; w a r n e d of danger of trimming Populist platform, 4 0 0 ; defeated in election for Congress, 402, 4 0 6 ; opposed capital punishment, 4 0 3 ; 'sentiments on religion, society, a n d M o r m o n s , 4 0 4 ; sentiments on sexual morality, prison, a n d Chinese, 4 0 3 ; p h o t o g r a p h , 4 0 4 ; denounced American Protective Association as un-American, 4 0 5 ; opposed fusion with free silver Republicans, 4 0 5 ; attacked B. H . Roberts, 4 0 6 ; candidate for Congress, 4 0 6 ; joined Socialist party, 406, 406 fn. 41 Fowler, C a t h e r i n e S., " J o h n Wesley Powell, Anthropologist," 152-72 Fowler, D o n D., " J o h n Wesley Powell, Anthropologist," 152-72 Fox, Jesse W., gave testimony to Stewart Committee, 200 Francis, Frank, p h o t o g r a p h , 130; master of ceremonies at Undriving the Golden Spike Ceremony, 134 Franke, Paul R., superintendent of Zion N a tional Park, 417, fn. 13 Frazier, Russell G., interested in Colorado River, 2 1 7 ; m a d e river trips, 2 1 7 ; p h o t o g r a p h , 2 1 8 ; letters from Frederick S. Delle n b a u g h , 223-34 Freighting, p h o t o g r a p h , 106; route to M o n t ana, 114-15; companies operating in Corinne, 116; life of freighter, 116-17 F r e m o n t River, see Dirty Devil River

Gage, G. T., returned silver spike to Virginia City, 8 1 ; given sjlver spike after Golden Spike Ceremony, 100 Gallatin, Albert, compiled provisional classification of I n d i a n tribes east of Rocky M o u n t a i n s , along the Northwest Coast, a n d the Eskimo, 157, 157 fn., 16

Index Galloway, N a t , navigated river from Green River, Wyoming, to the Needles, 239 Garrison and Wyatt, freighting company, 116, 117 G a u n t , H . L., Populist candidate for Congress, 398 Geltz, S. V., Wells Fargo stage driver, 91 Gentile, held convention in Corinne to _ select candidate for Congress, 120; instigated movement to annex n o r t h e r n U t a h Territory to I d a h o Territory, 120; a t t e m p t e d to politically capture Box Elder County in 1870, 121 Gerrish, J o h n H., Corinne councilman, 112 Ghost Town ElDorado,

by Florin, reviewed, 436 Gibbs, George, p r e p a r e d I n d i a n vocabulary lists, 158 Gifford, Freeborn, played in Duzette's M a r tial Band, 424 Gifford, Oliver, played in Duzette's Martial Band, 424 Gilbert, G. K., remeasured K a n a b base line, 268 Gilbert, K a r l T., superintendent of Zion National Park, 417 fn. 13 Giles, Grover C , state attorney general attended U n d r i v i n g the Golden Spike Ceremony, 134 Gilmer a n d Salisbury Company, received contract to carry mail a n d express to Montana, mines from Corinne, 117 Gilpin, L a u r a , The Enduring Navaho, reviewed, 437-38 Ginn, J o h n L., account of visiting M o u n t a i n Meadows after massacre, 392 Glen Canyon, Francis M. Bishop m a p of portion of, 212, 2 1 3 ; description of "sandwaves," 223-24; deaths in, 252, 256-57, 2 5 9 ; C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey crew reached, 282 Godbeite M o v e m e n t , schism in M o r m o n church, 120 Gold, on Colorado River, 2 3 9 ; description of type found on Colorado River, 239 Gold Rushes and Mining Camps of the Early American West, by Fisher and Holmes, reviewed, 366-67 Gold Spike, donated by David Hewes, 65, 7 9 ; description, 79-80; disposition, 79; value, 79; p h o t o g r a p h , 80, 144; presented to D u r a n t , 9 5 ; struck ceremonial blows, 9 9 ; taken by Stanford after Golden Spike Ceremony, 100; conclusions concerning, 100-1; see also Gold Spike (Second) a n d Golden Spike Ceremony Gold Spike ( S e c o n d ) , donated by Frank M a r riott, 65, 8 0 ; disposition, 65-66, 8 1 ; description, 8 0 ; value, 8 0 ; presented to Durant, 95-96; given to D o d g e after Golden Spike Ceremony, 100 Golden Spike, proclamation of centennial, 2 Golden Spike Ceremony, items used in, 6 5 ; location of Hewes gold spike, silver spike a n d silver maul, 6 5 ; location, 6 6 ; spike presented by Arizona at, 6 6 ; description of Arizona spike, 6 7 ; description of laurel tie used in, 6 7 - 6 8 ; description of silver plated m a u l used in, 6 8 ; silver plate attached to

453 laurel tie, 6 8 ; "Driving the Last Spike at Promontory, 1869," 7 6 - 1 0 1 ; photographs, 76-77, 82-83, 90, 9 7 ; source m a t erial used, 78-79; rumors of other ispikes at, 8 5 ; wiring for broadcast of, 88-89; date of, 8 9 ; h o u r of the Driving of the Last Spike, 89-90, 9 4 ; n u m b e r in attendance at, 9 0 - 9 1 ; women present at, 9 1 ; decorations, 9 1 ; date of completion of railroad, 91-92; description of the site of, 92-93; description of setting of, 93, 9 5 ; description of the, 9 3 - 1 0 1 ; central activity at, 9 4 ; last grading, 9 4 ; rails for, 94 fn. 1 8 ; ceremonial driving of the last iron spikes, 9 5 ; explanation of wiring for, 9 6 ; engines passed over laurel tie, 9 8 ; last blow to spike, 9 8 ; engines crossed over the joint, 99; Central Pacific a n d U n i o n Pacific officials join together after ceremony, 100; see also Gold Spike, Gold Spike ( S e c o n d ) , Iron-Silver-Gold Spike, I r o n Tie, Laurel Tie, Lemon Spike, Silver Sledge, Silver Spike, and Undriving the Golden Spike Golden Spike National Historic Site, administered by National Park Service, 5 9 ; designated by Congress, 5 9 ; materials used to recreate physical scene, 6 0 ; p h o t o g r a p h of entrance to, 5 9 ; identification of various items which composed the physical scene, 6 0 - 6 1 ; research to recreate physical scene, 6 0 - 6 5 ; items to be reconstructed, 6 1 ; investigation of rails used in construction of transcontinental railroad, 61-62; investigation of crossties used in construction of transcontinental railroad, 6 2 - 6 3 ; types of telegraph poles, crossarms, and insulators used in railroad construction, 63-64; flag used at Promontory, 64-65; ceremonial trappings used at Golden Spike Ceremony 6 5 ; description of ceremonial trappings used in Golden Spike Ceremony, 6 5 - 6 8 ; investigation of ceremonial trappings at Golden Spike Ceremony, 6 5 ; items used at Golden Spike Ceremony, 6 5 ; architect's drawing of Visitor Center at, 67 G o l d m a n , Carol, drowned on Colorado River, 252 G o o d m a n , F r a n k Valentine, member of first Powell expedition, 174, 1 7 5 ; boat wrecked, 181 G o o d m a n , Jack, " M i d - C e n t u r y Crossing By R a i l , " 135-43; reappointed to U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 427 Goodwin, C C committeeman on resolutions of Irrigation Congress, 201 Gordon, T o m m y , location of graves at M o u n tain Meadows massacre site, 394 Gould, Lewis L., Wyoming, A Political History, 1868-1896, reviewed, 365-66 Government in Science: The U.S. Geological Survey, 1867-1894,

by M a n n i n g , reviewed, 354 Grafton, settled, 410 G r a h a m , J. W., Corinne councilman, 112 G r a n d Canyon, named, 2 2 3 ; dangerous to ordinary open boats, 2 4 9 ; traversed by Robert B. Stanton, 2 4 9 ; deaths in, 250, 251, 252, 257, 258, 259, 2 6 0 ; photo-

454

Utah Historical

graphs, 290, 294; Thomas Wolfe and companions arrive at, 295 Grand Canyon Highway Association, formed, 414 Grand River, see Colorado River Grant, Heber J., sensitive on subject of John D. Lee, 389; president of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints attended dedication of Zion-Mt. Carmel Highway, 418; attended dedication of Zion National Park, 422; spoke at ceremonies dedicating Zion National Park, 423 Grant, Ulysses, telegrams sent to from Golden Spike Ceremony, 100 Greeley, Horace, opinion of West, 4 Green River, "The Lost Journal of John Colton Sumner," 173-89; men who boated sections of, 173; Francis M. Bishop map of portions of 210, 211 Greever, William S., Government in Science: The U. S. Geological Survey, 1867-1894, review by, 354 Griffiths, David B., "Far Western Populism: The Case of Utah, 1893-1900," 396-407 Gunnison's Crossing, Powell joined second Colorado River expedition at, 163 Guthrie, J. W., Corinne councilman, 113 Gypsum Canyon, Cataract Canyon Survey crew reached, 277

H Hackleman, Karen, photograph, 430; recipient of Utah State Historical Society J. Grant Iverson Service Award, 430 Hafen, John, brief biographical sketch, 330 fn. 87 Hafen, LeRoy R., advised not to study Mountain Meadows massacre, 389 Haines, J. W., ordered silver spike, 8 1 ; drove last iron spike at Golden Spike Ceremony, 95 Hall, Andrew, member of first Powell expedition, 175; first to navigate river from Wyoming to the sea, 238 Ham, Benjamin, opinion of Union Pacific financial affairs, 35 Hamblin, Jacob, hired as guide and interpreter by J. W. Powell, 160; opinion of J. W. Powell, 162; accompanied J. W. Powell to Hopi Towns, 219; description of character by F. S. Dellenbaugh, 220; said Mountain Meadows massacre would not have happened it he had been home, 222, 242; protected Gentile, 243; explored portion of Colorado River, 245-46; Juanita Brooks wanted to do biography of, 384; brought Indian chiefs to visit Brigham Young, 393 Hamblin, Joe, description of character by F. S. Dellenbaugh, 220 Hamilton, Warren T., superintendent of Zion National Park, 417 fn. 13 Hammond, C G., Union Pacific general superintendent in Omaha, 32; comment on Union Pacific financial affairs in Omaha, 34; sent Brigham Young a locomotive, 36 Hammond, F. A., gave testimony to Stewart Committee, 200

Quarterly

Handlin, Oscar, Marshall Sprague, and Ray Allen Billington, eds., The Mountain States-Time Life Library of America, reviewed, 360-61 Hansbrough, Peter M., drowned on Colorado River, 250, 255-56; photograph where he drowned, 256 Hansen Creek, Cataract Canyon Survey crew reached, 280 Hansen, Gilbert, drowned on Colorado River, 252 Hanson, B. W., Union Pacific official attended Undriving the Golden Spike Ceremony, 134 Harding, Warren G., President visited Zion National Park, 423, 425; addressed crowd at Toquerville, 425 Harkness, W. H., editor of Sacramento Press injured in train accident on way to Promontory, 73; presented Hewes gold spike to Durant, 95 Harris, W. T., manager of Salt Lake Theatre, 341 Harrison, Gladys, friend of Juanita Brooks, 377 Harrison, J. Will, professor at Dixie College, 377 Hart, A. A., Central Pacific photographer, 73 Hasbrouck, R. A., Populist party state chairman resigned, 401; Socialist party candidate for Salt Lake City mayor, 406 fn. 41 Haskins, Charles Homer, friend to Frederick Jackson Turner, 320, 320 fn. 58 Hattan, A. H., member of second Powell expedition, 263 Havasu Canyon, photograph, 232 Hawkins, William Rhodes, member of first Powell expedition, 174 Hayden Survey, four government surveys merged, 165 Head, F. H., favored building railroad to Salt Lake City, 126-27 "Hell on Wheels" construction camp, description, 7 Henning, Karl, member of Dom Pedro's touring party, 339 Henry's Fork, first Powell expedition reached, 176 Hewes, David, donated gold spike, 6 5 ; presented gold spike to Leland Stanford, 79 Higbee, John M., account written after first trial of John D. Lee, 393; date of description of Mountain Meadows massacre events, 394; described attitude of Indians at time of massacre, 394 Hill, George R., member of Agricultural College faculty, 322 fn. 64 Hill, Mrs. George R., wife of dean of School of Agriculture at Agricultural College, 331, 331 fn. 93 Hiller, John K., photographs by, 152, 161, 167; made series of photographs of Indians, 164; sent to begin archaeological reconnaissance of southwestern New Mexico, 166, 169; member of second Powell expedition, 263; photographed Zion Canyon, 411 Hilpert, Lowell S., Diamonds in the Salt, review by, 357-58

455

Index H i n e , R o b e r t V., Bartlett's West: Drawing the Mexican Boundary, reviewed, 435-36 Hinton, R i c h a r d , irrigating engineer of U S G S , 199 Hirschi, Claudius, instrumental in n a m i n g features in Zion, 415-16 Hirschi, David, president of G r a n d Canyon Highway Association, 414 Historic a n d C u l t u r a l Sites Review Committee, establishment authorized, 431 Historic Preservation, efforts throughout state, 431 Historical Records Survey, project of collecting a n d copying diaries and journals exp a n d e d into, 3 8 3 ; questionnaire, 383-84 Historic Sites Survey, established, 4 2 9 ; program, 4 2 9 ; state preservation officer appointed, 430 Hite, Cass, gold from Colorado River, 239 Hite, U t a h , C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey crew reached, 279 Hogan, James, national organizer of American Railway U n i o n , 3 9 8 ; Populist nominee for Congress, 398 Holbrook, Stewart, fellow writer of T h o m a s Wolfe, 292 Holladay Overland Stage Company, Ben, stage line from Salt Lake City to Corinne, 117 Hollister, O . J. sent to Washington, D . C , in interests of Gentile portion of U t a h , 120 Flolmes, O p a l Laurel, a n d Vardis Fisher, Gold Rushes and Mining Camps of the Early American West, reviewed, 366-67 Hook, , party departed on river trip, 2 4 7 ; drowned, 247 Hook, H . M., boated section of Green River, 173 Hooper, William H., delegate to Congress who a t t e m p t e d to secure land grants for those who would help reclaim arid lands, 192 Hoover, K. H., drowned on Colorado River, 252 Hopkins, L. P., division superintendent of Southern Pacific Railroad, 124; photograph, 124; participated in U n d r i v i n g the Golden Spike Ceremony, 134 Hopkins, M a r k , supported construction of railroad east from California, 7; photograph, 44 Horseshoe Canyon, reached by first Powell expedition, 177 House, H i r a m , Corinne councilman, 112 House, J. E., authority to choose junction city of the railroad, 105; land agent for U n i o n Pacific, 1 0 5 ; recorded survey of Corinne, 107 H o w e , Sam, Corinne councilman, 112 H o w l a n d , O r a m e l G., m e m b e r of first Powell expedition, 1 7 5 ; boat wrecked, 1 8 1 ; m a p - m a k e r on first Powell expedition, 2 0 7 ; killed, 208, 248, 248 fn. 8, 2 5 0 ; maps lost, 2 0 8 ; m o n u m e n t to, 2 2 8 ; terrified of river, 234, 241 H o w l a n d , Seneca, m e m b e r of first Powell expedition, 175; boat wrecked, 1 8 1 ; killed, 208, 248, 248 fn. 8, 2 5 0 ; m o n u m e n t to.

2 2 8 ; J. W. Powell a t t e m p t e d to n a m e Navajo M o u n t a i n after, 228 H u g i , Albert, employee of U t a h Agricultural College, 319, 319 fn. 44 H u n t i n g t o n , Collis P., supported construction of railroad east from California, 7; photograph, 44 H u n t i n g t o n Library, H e n r y B., purchased J o h n D . Lee journals, 3 8 6 ; appointed J u a n i t a Brooks "Field Fellow" to collect M o r m o n material for, 387 H u r l b u t , F., Corinne councilman, 112 H y d e , Bessie, killed on Colorado River, 2 5 1 , 257 H y d e , George E., Life of George Bent, Written From His Letters, ed., Lottinville, reviewed, 362-63 Hyde, Glen R., killed on Colorado River, 251, 257 Hyman-Michaels Company, contracting company who dismantled rails over Promontory route, 133

I I m m i g r a n t s , worked off fares, 20 fn. 8; railroad fares charged, 22 fn. 12; railroad aid to, 22 Indians, p h o t o g r a p h of Southern Paiute, 152, 1 6 1 ; ideas concerning in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 154-58; principal subject m a t t e r of American anthropology, 154; "savagism," 155; T h o m a s Jefferson collector of vocabularies of, 155; various expeditions instructed to gather d a t a on, 156; vocabularies compiled, 156, 157, 158; provisional classification of tribes east of Rocky M o u n t a i n s , along Northwest Coast, and the Eskimo, 157, 157 fn. 16; "vanishing sava g e , " 158; J. W. Powell began ethnographic studies of U t e , 159; council with J. W. Powell on second Colorado River expedition, 160-62; J. W. Powell collected d a t a on, 162, 1 6 3 ; J. W. Powell investigated conditions of G r e a t Basin Indians, 163-64; J. W. Powell instructed his survey parties to collect artifacts of, 164; all ethnographic a n d linguistic d a t a transferred from Dep a r t m e n t of the Interior to the Smithsonian, 165-66; effort to compile and sytematize tribal names by Bureau of Ethnology, 167-68; linguistic classification of N o r t h American tribes completed, 1 6 8 ; Synonymy of American I n d i a n tribes published 168; compilation on land cessions completed, 169; killed on Colorado River, 250, 2 5 3 ; visited Brigham Young, 3 9 3 ; missionaries to, 4 1 0 ; see also various tribal names Ipsen, Mary, p h o t o g r a p h , 130; present at Golden Spike Ceremony and at U n d r i v ing the Golden Spike Ceremony, 134 Iron-Silver-Gold Spike, presented by Governor A.K.P. Safford, 8 2 ; description, 828 3 ; disposition, 8 3 ; returned to Safford after Golden Spike Ceremony, 100 I r o n Tie, report concerning, 88 Irrigation, J. W. Powell warned agriculture could not be pursued in arid country

456 without, 149; Powell's ideas concerning, 151; "John Wesley Powell, the Irrigation Survey, and the Inauguration of the Second Phase of Irrigation Development in Utah," 190-206; photographs, 190, 204, 205; delegates to Congress attempted to secure help for those who reclaim arid lands and construct irrigation works, 192; reservoirs needed, 192; systems constructed by first Mormon settlers, 192; description of early systems, 196-97; description of Provo system of, 196; description of Jordan River Valley system, 196-97; description of Valley of Sevier River system, 197; capitalistic enterprises inaugurated in Utah, 203; see also Irrigation Congress, Irrigation Survey, and Water Irrigation Congress, called in Salt Lake City, 200-1; members from Utah, 201; adopted resolution to Congress to grant lands which needed irrigation to the states in trust for their reclamation, 202; Deseret News questioned wisdom of what Utah would do if arid lands ceded to her, 202; members to carry on work of, 203; opposition from East, 203; see also Irrigation, Irrigation Survey, and Stewart Committee Irrigation Survey, congressional appropriation for 150, 151; condemned, 151; congressional appropriations cut, 151, 198; congressional resolution asking for survey to segregate irrigable lands and reservoir and canal sites in arid region, 193; J. W. Powell directed irrigation survey, 193; survey divided into parts (topographic, hydrographic, engineering divisions), 194-95; duties of sections, 194-95; selected reservoir sites, 195-96; completed segregation of reservoir sites, 197; defined possible and impossible in development, 197-98; controversies over, 198; marked transfer of arid lands from local to national level, 198; ordered to investigate Bothwell Irrigation Company, 204; inaugurated activities of federal government in reclamation, 206; see also Irrigation, Irrigation Congress, and Stewart Committee Island Park, named, 186 Island Rapid, Cataract Canyon Survey crew reached, 279 Iverson, J. Grant, "In Memoriam: J. Grant Iverson," 287-89; photograph, 287; born, 288; civic activities, 288; died, 288, 427; education, 288; member Board of Trustees of Utah State Historical Society, 288; member of Archives Committee of Historical Society, 288-89; elected president of Board of Trustees of Historical Society, 289; one of Board of Directors of Utah Heritage Foundation, 289; president of Utah State Historical Society, 427; awarded Historical Society Service Award, 433 Ivins, H. Grant, Ordeal in Mexico: Tales of danger and hardship collected from Mormon colonists, review by, 438-39

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Jacobson, Pearl, The Mountain States-Time Life Library of America, by Sprague, Handlin, and Billington, review by, 36061; Young Wayfarers of the Early West, review by, 444-45 Jarvis, Sr., Brigham, teller of tall tales, 377 Jarvis, Mabel, employment of, 377; friend of Juanita Brooks, 377; talents, 377; photograph, 378; worked with Historical Records Survey, 384; work done by, 384 Jefferson, Thomas, collected Indian vocabularies, 155; believed Indian vocabularies would help find derivation of this part of human race, 156; instructed Lewis and Clark to gather data on Indians of Louisiana Territory, 156 Jenkins, Myra Ellen, Land of Many Frontiers: A History of the American Southwest, review by, 441-42 Jensen, David, drowned on Colorado River, 252 Jensen, Oliver, Joan Paterson Kerr, and Murray Belsky, American Album, reviewed, 367-68 Jessop, Thomas, Cache County Populist party chairman, 406; supported B. H. Roberts in bid for Congress, 406 Johnson, Adolpha, killed on Colorado River, 251, 257 Johnson, Fred, killed on Colorado River, 251, 258 Johnson, Jerry, custodian of cable-boat at Lee's Ferry, 257 Johnson, Nephi, first Mormon to see Zion Canyon, 410 "Joining of the Rails," photograph, 76-77 Jones, Joseph D., gave testimony to Stewart Committee, 200 Jones, S. V., member of second Powell expedition, 163, 263; specialized in topographic mapping, 208; graphic products of second Powell expedition lost, 208-9; topographer, 263 Judah, Theodore, railroad engineer, 7; sold interest in Central Pacific, 7; surveyed railroad eastward, 7 Julien, Denis, boated section of Colorado River, 173; boated section of Green River, 173; inscriptions, 228, 230; probably did not die on Colorado River, 253 "Jupiter" (train), photographs, 3, 69, 71, 7677, 82; attended Promontory celebration, 57; description of, 70; left factory, 70; pulled special train to Promontory, 70; sent to Wadsworth, Nevada, 70; arrived Sacramento, 7 1 ; arrived San Francisco, 7 1 ; arrived at Promontory, 73; disposition after Golden Spike Ceremony, 75; scrapped, 75; crossed over the joint in Golden Spike Ceremony, 98, 99 K

Kaibab Indians, J. W. Powell contacted, 163 Kanab, winter camp of second Powell expedition, 163, 220, 263; monument to Powell expedition, 220; triangulation by Powell expedition, 227; base for transit

Index set u p to determine the meridian, 2 3 7 ; base line determined, 2 6 3 ; T h o m a s Wolfe a n d companions arrived, 296 K a n a b Base Line, p h o t o g r a p h of m o n u m e n t to, 2 6 1 ; began, 2 6 4 ; finished, 2 6 6 ; astronomic pier built, 266-67; p h o t o g r a p h of south end, 2 6 7 ; astronomic pier destroyed, 2 6 8 ; remeasured, 2 6 8 ; m o n u m e n t to astronomic pier, 2 6 8 ; m o n u m e n t to astronomic pier destroyed, 268 K a n e Canyon, see Cane Canyon K a purats, see Powell, J o h n Wesley Kelly, Charles, interested in Colorado River, 2 1 7 ; m a d e river trips, 2 1 7 ; photograph, 2 1 8 ; letters from Frederick S. Dellenbaugh, 235-43 Kelton, U t a h , photographs, 56 K e n n e c o t t C o p p e r Corporation, p h o t o g r a p h of U t a h C o p p e r M i n e , 11 Kenny, J. B., Wells Fargo stage driver, 91 K e n n y , William, marshal of Corinne, 110 Kerr, J o a n Paterson, Oliver Jensen, and M u r r a y Belsky, American Album, reviewed 367-68 Ketterson, Jr., F. A. "Golden Spike National Historic Site: Development of an Historical Reconstruction," 58-68 Kiesel, Fred J., forwarding agent in Corinne, p h o t o g r a p h 122 King, Clarence, director of U S G S , 150; resigned as director of U S G S , 150, 1 7 1 ; survey abolished, 150; J. W. Powell backed as director for U S G S , 165 King Survey, four government surveys merged, 165 King, Wesley, m e m b e r Salt Lake Commercial Club explored Zion, 412-13 King, William H., m e m b e r of committee presenting memorial to Congress from Irrigation Congress, 201 Kingfisher Canyon, reached by first Powell expedition, 177 Kingfisher Creek, n a m e d , 177, 177 fn. 4 Kingsbury, Ilene H., They Made Mormon History, review by, 440-41 Kitty Clyde's Sister, boat on first Powell expedition, 175, 2 4 8 ; side stove in, 182 Knickerbocker, F. H., U n i o n Pacific official a t t e n d e d U n d r i v i n g the Golden Spike Ceremony, 134 Kolb, Ellsworth, found H y d e boat on Colorado River, 2 5 7 ; "River R u n n i n g 1 9 2 1 : T h e Diary of E. L. K o l b , " 2 6 9 - 8 3 ; river runner, 2 7 0 ; m e m b e r of C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey crew, 271, 2 7 2 ; photograph, 273 Kolb, Emery, river runner, 233, 2 7 0 ; navigated river from Wyoming to the sea, 2 3 8 ; found H y d e boat on Colorado River, 2 5 7 ; member of C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey crew, 271, 2 7 2 ; p h o t o g r a p h , 273 K r a u s , George, "Chinese Laborers a n d the Construction of the Central Pacific," 41-57 Kupfer, J o h n , Corinne councilman, 113 L L.A., boat on C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey, 272 L a R u e , E. C , U S G S hydrologist, 2 7 1 ; member of C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey crew, 2 7 1 ;

457 urged survey of C a t a r a c t Canyon, 2 7 1 ; p h o t o g r a p h , 273 Labyrinth Canyon, C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey crew reached, 273 L a n d , Arid, J. W. Powell advocated cooperative labor necessary to redeem, 194; J. W. Powell's Report on Arid Lands cursory a n d incomplete, 194 Land of Many Frontiers: A History of the American Southwest,

by Faulk, reviewed, 441-42 L a n d , Public, J. W. Powell proposed classification of western, 150 L a n d of Standing Rocks, C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey crew reached, 274 Larson, A. K a r l , "Zion National Park W i t h Some Reminiscences Fifty Years L a t e r , " 4 0 8 - 2 5 ; reminiscences of times spent in Zion Canyon, 418-25 Larson, Eldon, a t t e n d e d dedication of Zion National Park, 4 2 3 ; played in band t h a t played for President H a r d i n g ' s visit to Zion National Park, 424 Laurel Tie, description, 8 7 ; disposition, 8 7 ; destroyed, 8 7 ; presented by West Evans, 8 7 ; placed in position, 9 5 ; removed after Golden Spike Ceremony, 100 Lawrence, H e n r y W., biography, 398-99; Populist nominee for governor, 3 9 8 ; photog r a p h , 3 9 9 ; Populist presidential elector, 4 0 1 ; Populist party candidate as mayor of Salt Lake City, 4 0 3 ; sentiments on labor, 4 0 4 - 5 ; Salt L a k e City commissioner, 406 fn. 41 Leavitt, Dudley, J u a n i t a Brooks did biography on, 384-85 Leavitt, Francis H , brother of J u a n i t a Brooks, 379 Leavitt, S a r a h Sturdevant, journal of, 376 LeBrun, Peter Scott, drowned on Colorado River, 252 Lee, J o h n D., J o h n Wesley Powell gave boat to, 2 3 0 ; F. S. Dellenbaugh encounter with, 235-36; accused by Jack Sumner of instigating m u r d e r of three members who deserted the first Powell party, 2 3 6 ; swore he tried to prevent M o u n t a i n Meadows massacre, 2 4 2 ; H e n r y E. H u n t i n g t o n Library purchased journals of, 3 8 6 ; photog r a p h , 389 Lee, L a w r e n c e B., Bartlett's West: Drawing the Mexican Boundary, reviewed by, 435-36 Lee's Ferry, deaths at, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 257, 2 5 9 ; C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey crew reached, 282 Lemon, David, obtained last spike driven, 8 5 ; retrieved one of last iron spikes used at Promontory, 100 L e m o n Spike, description, 8 5 ; disposition, 85, 8 6 ; questions concerning, 85-86 Lewis a n d Clark Expedition, instructed to gather d a t a on Indians of Louisiana Territory, 156 Liberal party, members came into power, 1 9 1 ; reasons for success, 191-92 Life is a Fulfilling . . . The story of a Mormon pioneer woman â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Sarah Diantha Gardner Curtis and her part in the coloni-

458 zation of the San Pedro Valley in Southern Arizona the homeland of the powerful, antagonistic Apache, by Mitchell, reviewed, 361-62 Life of George Bent, Written From His Letters, by Hyde, reviewed, 362-63 Lily Park, photograph, 183 Linderman, Frank B., Montana Adventure: The Recollections of Frank B. Linderman, reviewed, 355-56 Linford, James H., director of Agricultural College National Summer School, 330, 330 fn. 88 Lint, Leigh, member of Cataract Canyon Survey crew, 271; photograph, 273 Little Brown's Hole, description, 179; reached by first Powell expedition, 179 Little, Feramorz, mayor of Salt Lake City, 340 Lodore Canyon, first Powell expedition reached, 181; named, 184, 240; size, 184 fn.

11; photograph, 187; cliff named after William Dunn, 228 Logan Canyon, description of juniper tree, 322, 322 fn. 64; photograph of fishing in, 325; description, 331-32, 332 fn. 94; dangerous driving in, 332, 332 fn. 97 Logan River, fishing in, 331 Long Expedition, instructed to gather data on Indians, 156 Loper, Albert (Bert), drowned on Colorado River, 252, 258; photograph of boat used by, 259; lost boat on Colorado River, 274, 275 fn. 2; boatman for K. W. Trimble party, 281, 281 fn. 12 Lottinville, Savoie, ed., Life of George Bent, Written From His Letters, by Hyde, reviewed, 362-63 Lucin Cutoff, constructed, 125, 130; description, 130; operating expenses, 130-31 Luke, Theron, photograph, 430 Lyman, Richard R., offered invocation at ceremonies dedicating Zion National Park, 423 Lyon, T. Edgar, Prairie State: Impressions of Illinois, 1673-1967 By Travelers and Other Observers, review by, 45-46 Mc McAllister, Joseph W., professor at Dixie College, 425 McCabe, J. A., member of Corinne City Council, 110 McCollum, E. V., visiting faculty member at Agricultural College, 320, 320 fn. 51 McCornick, W. S., vice-president of Irrigation Congress, 201 McCree, Mary Lynn, and Paul M. Angle, eds., Prairie State: Impressions of Illinois, 1673-1967 By Travelers and Other Observers, reviewed, 445-46 McGonigle, P. M., killed on Colorado River, 250, 257 McLain, R. C , visiting faculty member at Agricultural College National Summer School, 330, 330 fn. 88

Utah Historical

Quarterly

McLaughlin, A. C , visiting faculty member for 1926 Agricultural College Summer School, 335 McLaughlin, John, member of Corinne City Council, 110 McLean, Charles, killed on Colorado River, 250, 257 McNutt, J. W., Corinne councilman, 113

M Macedo, Arturo Teixeira de, member of Dom Pedro's touring party, 339 Maclay, E. C , agent for Diamond R. Firm, 116 Madsen, Betty M., "Corinne, The Fair: Gateway to Montana Mines," 102-23 Madsen, Brigham D., "Corinne, The Fair: Gateway to Montana Mines," 102-23 Maid of the Canon, boat on first Powell expedition, 175, 248 Main, Dorothy Turner, daughter of Frederick Jackson Turner, 310 fn. 7, 317 fn. 39, 318 Main, John, Frederick Jackson Turner's son-in-law, 318, 320 fn. 54 Malsh, J., ran for mayor of Corinne, 112 The Man Who Walked Through Time, With Photographs Taken En Route by the Author, by Fletcher, reviewed, 353-54 Manderfield, J. W., president of Arrowhead Trail Association, 415 Manly, William L., boated section of Green River, 173 Mann, David H., "The Undriving of the Golden Spike," 124-34 Manning, Thomas G., Government in Science: The U.S. Geological Survey, 18671894, reviewed, 354 Marble Canyon, dangerous to ordinary open boats, 249; deaths in, 250, 252, 255, 256, 258, 259 Marriott, Frederick, donated second gold spike, 65; presented second gold spike to Leland Stanford, 80 Marston, O. Dock, "The Lost Journal of John Colton Sumner," 173-89 Martin, Philip D., drowned on Colorado River, 252 Mason, Alice S., The Enduring Navaho, review by, 437-38 Mather, Stephen T., director of U.S. National Park Service, 416; directed dedication of Zion National Park, 421; dedicated Zion National Park, 423; presided at ceremonies dedicating Zion National Park, 423 Maughan, Russell L., flew across country (New York to San Francisco) in one day, 330, 330 fn. 89 Maw, Herbert B., photographs, 124, 130; participated in Undriving the Golden Spike Ceremony, 134 Maxwell, George R., nominated as candidate for Congress, 120 Meacham, F., located claim in Corinne, 105 Meade, Elwood, member of resolutions committee of Irrigation Congress, 201; com-

Index m i t t e e m a n to carry on work of Irrigation Congress, 203 Merk, Frederick, professor at H a r v a r d , 3 1 1 ; suggested as successor for second half of session t a u g h t by Frederick Jackson T u r n er at Agricultural College National Summer School, 3 1 1 ; arrived at Agricultural College, 3 3 2 ; courses t a u g h t at Agricultural College S u m m e r School, 332 fn. 9 8 ; opinion of Agricultural College S u m m e r School, 334, 334 fn. 104 M e r r i a m , H . G., ed., Montana Adventure: The Recollections of Frank B. Linderman,

by L i n d e r m a n , reviewed, 355-56 Michaels, Everett, participated in U n d r i v i n g the Golden Spike Ceremony, 134 Mill C r a g Bend, C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey crew reached, 279 Miller, E d w a r d M., companion of T h o m a s Wolfe on western trip, 292 Miller, H e n r y W., explored portion of Colorado River 245-46; description of Boulder Canyon, 246 Mills, Edgar, Central Pacific employee, 9 4 ; disagreed w i t h Dodge over Golden Spike Ceremony, 9 4 ; master of ceremonies at Golden Spike Ceremony, 9 5 ; m a d e remarks at Golden Spike Ceremony, 96 Mitchell, Olive Kimball B., Life is a Fulfilling . . . The story of a Mormon pioneer womanâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Sarah Diantha Gardner Curtis and her part in the colonization of the San Pedro Valley in Southern Arizona the homeland of the powerful, antagonistic Apache, reviewed, 361-62 Monson, E. E., secretary of state attended U n d r i v i n g the Golden Spike Ceremony, 134 Montana Adventure: The Recollections of Frank B. Linderman,

by L i n d e r m a n , reviewed, 355-56 Moore, Boyd, drowned on Colorado River, 252 M o r g a n , Dale L., became acquainted with J u a n i t a Brooks, 3 8 4 ; informed J u a n i t a Brooks t h a t H u n t i n g t o n Library had J o h n D. Lee journals, 3 8 6 ; photograph, 386 Mormon Songs from the Rocky Mountains: A Compilation of Mormon Folksong, by Cheney, reviewed, 356-57 M o r m o n s , work on railroads, 10; railroad b r a n c h lines, 12; early economy, 17; attitude toward railroad, 20-21, 2 9 ; m e t h o d of p a y m e n t for railroad construction, 24, 24 fn. 19; Corinne opposed control by, 118-19; attacked by Corinne newspapers, 120; Corinne fears political power of, 120; J. W. Powell opinion of settlement by, 149; F. S. Dellenbaugh's opinion of, 2 4 2 ; T h o m a s Wolfe's description of towns and people, 297, 300, 3 0 2 ; T h o m a s Wolfe's attitude toward, 298, 300, 3 0 1 ; T h o m a s Wolfe compares Yellowstone with M o r m o n country, 3 0 3 ; Frederick Jackson T u r n e r ' s description of religious services of 3 2 1 ; Frederick Jackson T u r n e r ' s opinion of, 3 3 3 ; D o m Pedro visited Salt Lake F o u r t e e n t h W a r d , 3 5 0 ; widows in society of, 3 7 7 ;

459 W a r r e n Foster's (Populist) sentiments on, 4 0 4 ; settled Dixie, 410 Morrell, Joseph R., general practitioner in Ogden, 323-24 fn. 68 Morrell, R o l a n d , brief description, 323 fn.

68 Mortensen, A. R., helped J u a n i t a Brooks in her writing, 395 Moss, J o h n , claimed to have descended G r a n d Canyon, 221 M o u n t a i n Meadows, m o n u m e n t dedicated, 3 8 5 ; book published, 388, 3 8 9 ; story of writing the book on, 388-89; m o n u m e n t to F a n c h e r train in Arkansas, 3 9 0 ; location of graves of victims of, 394, 394 fn. 10 The Mountain States-Time Life Library of America, by Sprague, H a n d l i n , and Billington, reviewed, 360-61 M u k u n t u w e a p National M o n u m e n t , created, 4 1 2 ; see also Zion National Park M u n r o , W. H , elected mayor of Corinne 112 Music T e m p l e , inscriptions by second Powell expedition, 229, 2 3 0 ; suggested m o n u m e n t , 2 3 1 ; location, 237

N National Park T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d C a m p i n g Company, allowed national park permit, 418 fn. 17 Navajo Creek, C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey crew reached, 282 Navajo M o u n t a i n , J. W. Powell w a n t e d different n a m e , 228 N e e d h a m , James G., visiting faculty m e m b e r for 1926 Agricultural College S u m m e r School, 335 Nelson, H a r o l d , drowned on Colorado River, 252 Neslen, Clarence C , Salt Lake City mayor a t t e n d e d dedication of Zion National Park, 4 2 2 ; spoke at dedication ceremonies, 423 Nevada Indians Speak, by Forbes reviewed, 361 Newell, Frederick Haynes, 199; charge of hydrographic division of Irrigation Survey, 195; stated necessity for greater efforts to deal with U t a h water problems, 200 Newlands Act, passed, 202 Newlands, Francis C , m e m b e r of resolutions committee of Irrigation Congress, 2 0 1 ; c o m m i t t e e m a n to carry on work of Irrigation Congress, 203 Nez, Lewis, killed on Colorado River, 2 5 1 , 257 No. 119 ( t r a i n ) , photographs, 69, 76-77, 8 3 ; arrived at Promontory, 7 3 ; arrived at Council Bluffs, 74; arrived at O m a h a , 7 4 ; description, 7 4 ; reason for selection to pull special train, 7 4 ; disposition after Golden Spike Ceremony, 7 4 ; scrapped, 7 5 ; crossed over the joint in Golden Spike Ceremony, 98, 99 No Name, boat on first Powell expedition wrecked, 174, 1 8 1 ; gear recovered from, 182 N o r t h o p , settled, 410

460 Nottingham, H., drove last iron spike at Golden Spike Ceremony, 95 Nounnan and Company, Joseph F., constructed fifty miles of Union Pacific track in Utah, 19; sued Union Pacific, 19, 34 No well, Elizabeth, Thomas Wolfe's agent, 292 Nyswander, Dorothy, University of Utah professor in charge of women's projects in the Relief Administration of Utah, 381

O'Kelly, James J., member of Dom Pedro's touring party, 339 O'Neil, Floyd A., Nevada Indians Speak, review by, 361 O'Neil, John, located claim in Corinne, 105; Union Pacific construction engineer, 105; member of Corinne City Council, 110 Oberhansley, Frank R., superintendent of Zion National Park, 417 fn. 13 Ogden, first locomotive to enter, 74 Olsen, Jr., Robert W., "The Powell Survey Kanab Base Line," 261-68 Ordeal in Mexico: Tales of danger and hardship collected from Mormon colonists, by Young, reviewed, 438-39 Orr, J. M., sued Union Pacific, 34

Pacific Railroad Act, signed, 5; provisions, 5 Paige, Sidney, member of Cataract Canyon Survey crew, 271; photograph, 273 Painted Desert, named, 223 Paiute Indians, see Indians and Shivwits Paiute Indians Paiva, Rafael, member of Dom Pedro's touring party, 339 Palmer, Vivian Leavitt, 382 Papanikolas, Helen Z., Life is a Fulfilling . . .

The story of a Mormon pioneer womanâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; Sarah Diantha Gardner Curtis and her part in the colonization of the San Pedro Valley in Southern Arizona the homeland of the powerful, antagonistic Apache, reviewed, by, 361-62 Park City, railroad to, 12 Parkinson, Fred B., optometrist in Logan, 330, 330 fn. 90 Parrot, Edward Gray, friend of Frederick Jackson Turner, 319, 319 fn. 45, 324 Parry, Chauncey, acquired national park permit to operate transportation and camping facilities in Zion National Park, 418 fn. 17 Parry, Gronway, acquired national park permit to operate transportation and camping facilities in Zion National Park, 418 fn. 17 Patraw, Preston P., superintendent of Zion National Park, 417 fn. 13 Pedersen, Gilbert, photograph, 430; recipient of Utah State Historical Society Teacher Award, 430 People's party, reasons for defeat in 1890 election, 191-92 Perkins, Maxwell, Charles Scribner's Sons editor and friend of Thomas Wolfe, 291

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Peterson, Charles S., appointed director of Utah State Historical Society, 428; photograph, 430 Peterson, Elmer George, president of Utah Agricultural College, 308; instigated National Summer School, 309; contacted Frederick Jackson Turner to join A . C National Summer School faculty, 309-10; took Frederick Jackson Turner to Mormon religious service, 321; got Frederick Jackson Turner to return for 1925 A.C. National Summer School, 334-35; dream of A.C. National Summer School, 335-36 Peterson, L., drowned on Colorado River, 252 Philadelphia Mining Company, freighters on Colorado River, 246 Pilling, James Constantine, collected extensive American Indian library, 168; employee of Bureau of Ethnology and USGS, 168 Plummer, C G., spoke at ceremonies dedicating Zion National Park, 423 Populist Party, ideas over true nature of movement in America, 396-97; "Far Western Populism: The Case of Utah, 18931900," 396-407; activity and holdings in Utah, 397; nature of Utah Populists, 397; organized in Salt Lake City, 397; strength in Utah, 397; concept of government, 398; organized Board of Labor, 398; organized clubs, 398; free silver question, 399; free silver and fusion of party tickets, 400; mayor of Sandy elected, 400; reforms called to attention in Ogden in 1896, 400-1; church-state issue, 401, 402; demand for direct government, 40 i ; endorsed William Jennings Bryan as candidate for president, 4 0 1 ; fusion issue, 401, 404, 405 stated labor had become degraded, 401 bills introduced in state legislature, 402-3 peak of strength in Utah, 402; concerns of Utah Populist legislators, 403; leaders ideas on capital punishment, 403; results of 1897 election, 404; 1898 platform, 405; declined in Utah, 406; religious problem, 406; theme of, 407 Poulsen, M. Wilford, professor at Brigham Young University, 388 Pourade, Richard F., The Call to California, reviewed, 442 Powell, Bramwell, brother of J. W. Powell, 221; brief story of, 221-22 Powell, Clement, cousin of J. W. Powell, 221 Powell Expedition (First, 1869), "The Lost Journal of John Colton Sumner," 173-89; began, 173; arrived at Uintah Indian Agency, 174, 247; boats on, 174, 175; head boatman, 174; members of, 174, 175; No Name (boat) wrecked, 174; reached first rapid, 176; reached Henry's Fork, 176; reached Black's Fork, 176; named Flaming Gorge, 177; reached Horseshoe Canyon, 177; reached Kingfisher Canyon, 177; named Kingfisher Creek, 177; named Beehive Point, 177; named Red Canyon, 178; reached "Little Brown's Hole," 179; reached Red Fork, 179; reached Brown's Hole,

461

Index 179; reached Lodore Canyon, 1 8 1 ; Kitty Clyde's Sister side stove in, 182; fire, 184; reached Bear River, 184; reached Steamboat Rock, 184; named Lodore Canyon, 184; n a m e d Whirlpool Canyon, 185, 185 fn. 12; n a m e d Brush Creek, 185, 185 fn.

12; n a m e d Island Park, 186; reached U i n t a Valley, 186; reached U i n t a River, 187; reached Split M o u n t a i n , 187, 187 fn.

15; animals a n d birds seen by, 188-89; Jack S u m n e r tried to dissuade men from leaving first Powell expedition, 2 4 1 ; claims of fraudulent survivors, 2 4 7 ; departed Green River, Wyoming, 2 4 7 ; reached m o u t h of Virgin River, 247-48; description of boats used on, 248 Powell Expedition (Second, 1 8 7 1 ) , members of, 162, 163, 2 6 3 ; established base line for topographic triangulation, 1 6 3 ; winter camp for, 163, 220, 2 6 3 ; m o n u m e n t to, 220; p h o t o g r a p h , 2 2 5 ; description of boats used on, 2 4 8 ; K a n a b base line determined, 2 6 3 ; p h o t o g r a p h of K a n a b supply base, 2 6 3 ; location of tent camp, 2 6 4 ; work begun on base line, 2 6 4 ; measuring equipm e n t in m a p p i n g area, 2 6 5 ; men from K a n a b hired to help, 2 6 5 ; base line completed, 2 6 6 ; astronomic pier completed, 266; work begun on triangulation, 2 6 6 ; astronomic pier built, 266-67; disbanded, 2 6 7 ; astronomic pier destroyed, 268 Powell, J o h n Wesley, " J o h n Wesley Powell a n d an U n d e r s t a n d i n g of the West," 1465 1 ; born, 146; biography, 1 4 6 - 5 1 ; youth, 146; service in Civil W a r , 146; photographs, 147, 152, 195; teaching career, 147; explored Colorado River, 147-48, 2 6 2 ; m e t h o d of financing Colorado River exploration, 1 4 8 ; second Colorado expedition, 148-49, 159, 160, 162-63, 2 6 3 ; studied Indians, 148-49; opinion of Morm o n settlement, 149; warned agriculture could not be pursued in usual way in arid country, 149; director of U S G S , 150, 2 6 2 ; initiated Irrigation Survey, 150, 1 9 3 ; proposed classification of western public lands, 150; accomplishments, 1 5 1 ; died, 151, 153, 216, 2 4 9 ; director of Bureau of Ethnology, 151, 2 6 2 ; interests in later life, 1 5 1 ; resigned as director of U S G S , 151, 171, 197; " J o h n Wesley Powell, Anthropologist," 152-72; worked on gathering d a t a on Indians, 158; organized first expedition to explore Rocky Mountains west of Denver, Colorado, 158-59; ethnographic studies of U t e Indians, 159; I n d i a n n a m e given to, 159; received congressional appropriations to continue explorations, 159-60; advised

by Brigham Young, 160; hired Jacob H a m blin as guide a n d interpreter, 160; council with I n d i a n s on second Colorado River expedition, 160-62; collected d a t a on Indians, 162, 1 6 3 ; opinion of Jacob H a m blin, 162; appointed Special Commissioner of I n d i a n Affairs, 1 6 3 ; winter camp of second Colorado River expedition established, 1 6 3 ; investigated conditions of Great Basin Indians, 163-64; collected and published d a t a on Indians, 164, 165; in-

structed his survey parties to collect I n d i a n artifacts, 164; placed in charge of completing a n d p r e p a r i n g for publication Contributions to N o r t h American Ethnology, 165; assignment to Public L a n d Commission, 166; to direct enumeration of Indians for 1880 census, 166; sent p a r t y to begin archeological reconnaissance of southwestern N e w Mexico, 166, 169; stated purpose of Bureau of Ethnology, 166; U . S .

Bureau of Ethnology research p r o g r a m under, 166; encouraged individual field research, 169; impression of staff of, 1 7 1 ; transitional figure in anthropology, 1717 2 ; sent S u m n e r diary to newspaper, 174; advocated cooperative labor necessary to redeem arid lands, 194; Report on Arid Lands cursory and incomplete, 194; " F .

S. Dellenbaugh of the C o l o r a d o : Some Letters Pertaining to the Powell Voyages a n d the History of the Colorado River," 2 1 4 - 4 3 ; accompanied Jacob H a m b l i n to H o p i T o w n s , 2 1 9 ; nephew, 2 2 0 ; brothers, 2 2 1 ; cousin, 2 2 1 ; gave boat to J o h n D .

Lee, 2 3 0 ; memorial in G r a n d Canyon to, 2 3 1 ; letter to F . S. Dellenbaugh, 2 4 9 ; " T h e Powell Survey K a n a b Base Line," 261-68; m a p of country explored by, 2 8 4 ; explored Zion Canyon, 411 Powell, Mrs. J o h n W., at K a n a b supply base on second Powell expedition, 264 Powell, Lake, deaths on, 259-60 Powell Survey, four government surveys merged, 165 Powell, Walter H., m e m b e r of first Powell expedition, 175, 2 2 1 ; brother of J o h n Wesley Powell, 2 2 1 ; m e m b e r of second Powell expedition, 2 6 3 ; photographer, 263 Prairie State: Impressions of Illinois, 16731967 By Travelers and Other Observers, eds., Angle a n d McCree, reviewed, 445-46 Price, Raye Carleson, Treasure Mountain Home: A Centennial History of Park City, Utah, review by, 439-40 Promontory Point, original railroad survey across, 128 Promontory Summit, meeting place of trancontinental railroad, 8, 28, 128, 129; operating expenses of railroads over this route, 129; dismantling of route over, 1 3 1 ; rails salvaged, 1 3 1 ; w h a t railroad m e a n t to Box Elder County residents, 132; photog r a p h of m a r k e r showing joining of rails, 143 Pulsipher, Ernest, first husband of J u a n i t a Brooks, 376 Pulsipher, J o h n , j o u r n a l of, 376 Q Quigley, David, drowned on Colorado River, 252

Railroads, " T h e Transcontinental Railroad and the Development of the West," 3-15; photographs, 3, 6, 9, 13, 14, 16, 27, 33,

462 36-37, 41, 48, 53, 58, 62, 69, 71, 72, 76-77, 82-83, 84, 90, 97, 135; constructed by 1861, 4; contribution to nation, 4; Pacific Railroad Act signed, 5; transcontinentals, 8-9; Mormons work on, 10, 20; Mormon lines, 10, 12; impact on West, 12-15; changed nature of pioneering, l 4 ; "Contracting for the Union Pacific," 16-40; Brigham Young signed contract with Union Pacific, 18; provisions of contract, 18-19; aided immigration to Utah, 22; meeting of, 28, 28 fn. 35; celebration of meeting of, 28-29; celebration of meeting in Salt Lake City, 29; "Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacfic," 41-57; description of construction camps, 5 1 ; Central Pacific and Union Pacific wager on track laying, 54-55; "Golden Spike National Historic Site: Development of an Historical Reconstruction," 58-68; "Rendezvous at Promontory: The 'Jupiter' and No. 119," 69-75; "Driving the Last Spike at Promontory, 1869," 76-101; "The Undriving of the Golden Spike," 124-34; money spent on grading never used in building transcontinental railroad, 125; Brigham Young favored construction of, 126; "Mid-Century Crossing By Rail," 135-43; description of travel in 1928, 136-43; telegram announcing joining of the rails, 144; see also "Antelope," Central Pacific, Golden Spike Ceremony, "Jupiter," No. 119, Union Pacific, Utah Central, and Utah Northern Rainbow Bridge, Cataract Canyon Survey crew reached, 281, 281 fn. 13 Ransohoff, N. S., located claim in Corinne, 105 Rauch, Henry, member of Cataract Canyon Survey crew, 272; photograph, 273 Red Canyon, named by first Powell expedition, 178 Red Fork, reached by first Powell expedition, 179; description, 179 Reed, C O., visiting faculty member at Agricultural College National Summer School, 319, 319 fn. 48, 324 Reed, Robert C , Train Wrecks: A Pictorial History of Accidents on The Main Line, reviewed, 436-37 Reed, Samuel B., signed railroad construction contract with Brigham Young, 18; Union Pacific superintendent of construction, 18, 73; stated Brigham Young was paid fairly for work performed, 35-36; arrived at Promontory, 73; carried laurel tie, 95; drove home last spike at Golden Spike Ceremony, 98 Reese, Reese M., state auditor attended Undriving the Golden Spike Ceremony, 134 Reilly, P. T., "How Deadly Is Big Red?" 243-60 Renshawe, John, member of second Powell expedition, 227 Retiro, Visconde de Bom, member of Dom Pedro's touring party, 339 Reynolds, C. A., located claim in Corinne, 105

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Rhodes, W. H., member of first Powell expedition, 175 Rich, Frank A., drowned on Colorado River, 252 Richards, Charles C , member of board of directors of Bothwell Irrigation Company, 204 Richards, Franklin D., urged to recruit men in Europe for railroad work, 21-22 Richards, Henry C , drowned on Colorado River, 250, 255-56; photograph where he drowned, 256 Ricks, Joel E., head of Utah Agricultural College's History Department, 309; brief biography, 319 fn. 46 Ricks, Kathryn McKay, 326; biographical sketch, 326 fn. 73 Ricks Spring, description, 332, 332 fn. 95 Riggs, Charles, hired to help measure base line by second Powell expedition, 265 Riley, , claimed he was sole survivor of first Powell expedition, 247 Riley, George, prospector on Colorado River, 239 Rio Colorado, see Colorado River Risdon, John A., claimed he was sole survivor of first Powell expedition, 247 Rishel, W. D., led expedition to Zion Canyon, 414 River Running, description, 227-28, 231, 233, 234 Roache, Francis E., member of board of directors of Bothwell Irrigation Company, 204 Roberts, B. H., candidate for Congress, 406 The Rock That Burns, by Savage, reviewed, 359-60 Rockne, Knute, visiting faculty member for 1927 Agricultural College Summer School, 335 Rockville (Adventure), settled, 410 Roemer, Charles, killed on Colorado River, 252 Rollins, George W., Wyoming, A Political History, 1868-1896, review by, 365-66 Roseley, Henry, drowned on Colorado River, 250, 254 Rosenberg, Jay, chairman of Undriving the Golden Spike Ceremony, 134 Rosenberry, Lois C K. M., friend of Frederick Jackson Turner, 319, 319 fn. 43 Ross, E. A., visiting faculty member for 1926 Agricultural College Summer School, 335 Roundy, Lorenzo W., killed on Colorado River, 250 Rozel, Utah (Victory Camp), photographs, 53; ten miles and fifty-six feet of track laid to, 55 Ruesch, Walter, acting superintendent of Zion National Park, 417 Ruhling & Company, E., made silver spike, 81 Rusho, W. L. ed., "Francis Bishop's 1871 River Maps," 207-13; ed., "River Running 1921: The Diary of E. L. Kolb," 269-83 Rusk, Mrs. , committed suicide on Colorado River. 251 Russell, Andrew J., photographer for Union Pacific, 74

Index Russell, Charles, lost boat on Colorado River, 274, 275 fn. 2 Russell, William F., drowned on Colorado River, 250, 257

Safford, A. K. P., territorial governor of Arizona, 66; attended Golden Spike Ceremony, 72; presented iron-silver-gold spike to Stanford, 82, 96; received iron-silvergold spike after Golden Spike Ceremony, 100 Salt Lake City, description, 301; photograph, 303; "Emperor Dom Pedro's Visit to Salt Lake City," 337-52 Salt Lake Tabernacle, description, 301 Salt Lake Temple, description, 301; photograph, 302 Salt Lake Theatre, photograph, 345; Dom Pedro welcomed at, 345 San Juan River, Cataract Canyon Survey crew reached, 281 San Raphael River, Cataract Canyon Survey crew reached, 272 Sanderson, S. W., California chief justice attended Golden Spike Ceremony, 72 Savage, Harry K , The Rock That Burns, reviewed, 359-60 Savage's Art Gallery, Dom Pedro visited, 349; photograph, 349 Scanlan, Lawrence, officiated at services at St. Mary Magdalene Church, 349 Schindler, Harold, The Armies of God, review by, 363-65 Schmidt, E. C , public relations officer of Union Pacific, photograph 124; participated in Undriving the Golden Spike Ceremony, 134 Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, writings on American Indians, 158 Scott, George M., Salt Lake City councilman, 191 Scoyen, E. T., superintendent of Zion National Park, 417, 417 fn. 13 Scribner's Sons, Charles, Thomas Wolfe broke from, 291 Sells, Elijah, Utah territorial secretary, 199 Senate Special Committee on the Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands, see Stewart Committee Sentinel Rock. Cataract Canyon Survey crew reached, 282 Separation Rapid, proposed monument at, 228; difficult rapid, 234; plaque placed at, 240 Sewell, S. G., justice of the peace in Corinne, 112; integrity questioned, 112 Seymour, Silas, arrived at Promontory, 73; Grenville M. Dodge's assistant, 73 Sharp, James, Salt Lake City alderman, 340 Sharp, John, photograph, 20; sub-contractor on railroad, 22; rumor railroad construction workers went on strike, 25; represented Brigham Young at Promontory May 10, 1869. 29, 74; complained about Union Pacific not paying debts, 30; directed by Brigham Young to secure financial settle-

463 ment with Union Pacific, 31, 35, 36, 3840; superintendent Utah Central, 343 Sharp & Young, contracting firm, 23; see also Sharp, John, and Young, Joseph A. Shearer, Elga M., visiting faculty member at Agricultural College Summer School, 319, fn. 49, 324 Sheep Creek, originally named Kingfisher Creek, 177 Shephard, J. C , member of Corinne City Council, 110 Sherman, W., drove last iron spike at Golden Spike Ceremony, 95 Shivwits Paiute Indians, J. W. Powell contacted, 163 Shunesburg, settled, 410 Sigler, H., Central Pacific telegraph operator, 88 Silver Sledge, description, 86-87; disposition, 86; presented to Stanford, 96; taken by Stanford after Golden Spike Ceremony, 100 Silver Spike, location, 66; description, 66, 81, 82; inscription, 8 1 ; ordered by J. W. Haines, 8 1 ; disposition, 81-82; presented to Stanford, 96; given to G. T. Gage after Golden Spike Ceremony, 100; see also Golden Spike Ceremony Simon, Fred, organized Irrigation Congress, 201 Skanchy, Elizabeth, reappointed to Utah State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 427 Skidmore, Charles M., state school superintendent attended Undriving the Golden Spike Ceremony, 134 Skilling, W. N., Union Pacific telegrapher at Golden Spike Ceremony, 96 Slaughter, Gertrude Elizabeth, friend of Frederick Jackson Turner, 320, 320 fn. 56 Smith, Charles E. W., killed on Colorado River, 251, 258, 275 fn. 3; found on Colorado River by Kolb brothers, 275, 275 fn. 3 Smith, Charles J., superintendent of Zion National Park, 417 fn. 13 Smith, Elias A., referee in Union Pacific and Brigham Young dispute, 32; secretary of Utah delegation to Irrigation Congress, 201 Smith, George Albert, attended Undriving the Golden Spike Ceremony, 134 Smith, Jedidiah, F. S.Dellenbaugh commented on route of, 235 Smith, John E., commander of Camp Douglas, 341 Smith, Melvin T., appointed state preservation officer, 430 Smith, S. S., Populist party candidate for legislature, 406 Smith's Fork, Cataract Canyon Survey crew reached, 280 Smithsonian Institution, all ethnographic and linguistic data on Indians transferred to, 165-66 Smoot, Reed, instrumental in securing federal money to construct road through Mukuntuweap National Monument, 414; attended dedication of Zion National Park, 422;

464 spoke at dedication ceremonies of Zion N a tional Park, 423 Smythe, William E., secretary of committee to carry on work of Irrigation Congress, 203 Snow, E d w a r d H , attended dedication of Zion National Park, 422 Snow, Joseph S., vice-president of Arrowhead Trail Association, 4 1 5 ; spoke at ceremonies dedicating Zion National Park, 423 Snow, Leo A., U . S . deputy surveyor of St. George, 412 Snow, William J., c o m m a n d e d not to study M o u n t a i n Meadows massacre, 389 Sockdologer, dangerous rapid on Colorado River, 234 Southern California Edison Company, cosponsor of C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey, 271 Spencer, Charles, mining operation on Colorado River, 257 Spencer, D . S., spoke at ceremonies dedicating Zion National Park, 423 Spicer, Wells, Corinne City attorney, 110 Split M o u n t a i n , reached by first Powell expedition, 187 Sprague, Marshall, Oscar H a n d l i n , a n d R a y Allen Billington, eds., The Mountain States-Time Life Library of America, reviewed, 3 6 0 - 6 1 ; Ghost Town ElDorado, review by, 436 Springdale, settled, 410 Springville, U t a h , description, 3 2 7 ; fine arts movement in, 327 fn. 8 1 , 327-28 fn. 82 Spry, William, visited Zion Canyon, 4 1 3 - 1 4 ; worked to promote Zion Canyon, 4 1 4 ; spoke at ceremonies dedicating Zion National Park, 423 St. M a r y M a g d a l e n e Church, D o m Pedro attended services at, 349-50; p h o t o g r a p h , 349 Stagecoach, p h o t o g r a p h , 115 Stanford, Leland, supported construction of railroad east from California, 7; photog r a p h , 4 5 ; report on Central Pacific Chinese laborers, 45-46; report on labor, 4 6 - 4 7 ; opinion of Chinese, 4 7 ; president of Central Pacific, 6 7 ; left for Promontory, 7 2 ; description of private railroad car, 7 2 ; arrived at Promontory, 8 9 ; settled argum e n t over Golden Spike Ceremony, 9 4 ; accepted spikes, 9 6 ; gave speech, 9 6 ; missed spike at first blow, 9 6 ; placed iron-silver-gold spike in place for Golden Spike Ceremony, 9 6 ; placed silver spike in place for Golden Spike Ceremony, 9 6 ; received silver sledge, 9 6 ; sent telegram to President G r a n t , 100; took silver sledge after Golden Spike Ceremony, 100; took Hewes gold spike after Golden Spike Ceremony, 100 Stanton, Robert B., boat wrecked 2 3 4 ; critical of J. W. Powell, 2 3 8 ; navigated river from Green River, U t a h , to sea, 2 3 8 ; traversed G r a n d Canyon, 2 4 9 ; critical of boats on F r a n k Mason Brown expedition, 254-55 Stapley, Elizabeth Steele, first white child born in U t a h , 425

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Static, boat on C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey, 272 Steamboat Rock, reached by first Powell expedition, 184; p h o t o g r a p h , 185 Stevenson, James, sent to begin archeological reconnaissance of southwestern New Mexico, 166, 169 Stewart Committee, activities, 199; arrived in Salt Lake City, 199; members of, 199; took testimony from U t a h citizens, 199200; m a i n theme secured from testimony, 200; see also Irrigation, Irrigation Congress, a n d Irrigation Survey Stewart, T h o m a s , hired to help measure base line by second Powell expedition, 265 Stewart, William M., c h a i r m a n of Stewart Committee, 198 Stillman, J. D . B., attended Golden Spike Ceremony, 72 Stillwater Canyon, C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey crew reached, 273 Stites, R a y m o n d T., interested in Colorado River, 2 1 7 ; letters from Frederick S. Dellenbaugh to, 219-23 Storm, Colton, comp., A Catalogue of The Everett D. Graff Collection of Western Americana, reviewed, 443-44 Stoudt, Frank, member of C a t a r a c t Canyon Survey crew, 272 Strobridge, J. H., superintendent of Central Pacific construction, 4 2 ; opposed plan of employing Chinese on Central Pacific, 4 3 ; p h o t o g r a p h of construction train, 4 8 ; carried laurel tie in Golden Spike Ceremony, 9 5 ; drove home last spike at Golden Spike Ceremony, 98 Strobridge, Mrs. J. H., gave token blow to silver spike at Golden Spike Ceremony, 98 Strole, George, mysterious disappearance on Colorado River, 253 Sturdevant, Glen E., killed on Colorado River, 2 5 1 , 258 Sumner, J o h n Colton, " T h e Lost J o u r n a l of J o h n Colton Sumner [from Green River, Wyoming, to the U i n t a Basin]," 173-89; p h o t o g r a p h , 1 7 3 ; head b o a t m a n on first Powell expedition, 174; portion of diary published in newspaper, 174; objected to n a m e of Lodore Canyon, 1 8 4 ; described emotional condition of H o w l a n d brothers a n d W. D u n n , 2 3 4 ; asserted J o h n D . Lee instigated m u r d e r of three members of Powell's first expedition, 2 3 6 ; first to navigate river from Wyoming to the sea, 2 3 8 ; tried to dissuade three m e n from leaving first Powell expedition, 2 4 1 ; fraudulent individual claimed he was sole survivor of first Powell expedition, 247 Survival Arts of the Primitive Paiutes, by W h e a t , reviewed, 355 Sykes, Godfrey, prospected on Colorado River, 257

Talbot, Jr., R a l p h , c o m m a n d e r U t a h Q u a r t ermaster Depot a t t e n d e d U n d r i v i n g the Golden Spike Ceremony, 134 Talbot, Jr., M r s . R a l p h , attended U n d r i v i n g the Golden Spike Ceremony, 134

Index Tasker, Harry, member of Cataract Canyon Survey crew, 271; photograph, 273 Taylor, John, tried to secure money from Union Pacific for Brigham Young, 36; spoke at Salt Lake Fourteenth Ward, 350 Taylor, Thomas, bishop of Salt Lake Fourteenth Ward, 350 Teasdale, George, described workers' mood in Utah in 1870's, 38 Temple Block, Dom Pedro visited, 348-49 Thatcher, Moses, deposed by Mormon church 402; defeated in election for state legislature, 402; supported by Populist party, 402 They Made Mormon History, by Day, reviewed, 440-41 Thomas, Arthur L., asked for information

by Irrigation Survey and Stewart Committee, 199; governor of Utah, 199; called interstate irrigation congress in Salt Lake City, 200; chairman of Utah delegation to Irrigation Congress, 201; pointed out easterners poorly informed on needs of westerners in reclamation matters, 201-2; chairman of committee to carry on work of Irrigation Congress, 203 Thompson, Almon Harris, member of second Powell expedition, 162, 263; in charge of Irrigation Survey topographical surveys, 197; photograph, 200; mapped Colorado Plateau, 208; specialized in topographic mapping, 208; astronomer and second in command of second Powell expedition, 263 Thompson, Mrs. Almon Harris, at Kanab supply base on second Powell expedition, 264 Thompson, George A., and Fraser Buck, Treasure Mountain Home: A Centennial History of Park City, Utah, reviewed, 43940 Tibbals, S. L., Corinne councilman, 112 Todd, J., gave invocation at Golden Spike Ceremony, 95 Toohy, Dennis J., appointed Corinne city attorney, 113 Toole, K. Ross, Gold Rushes and Mining Camps of the Early American West, review by, 366-67 Toponce, Alexander, mayor of Corinne, 110 Train Wrecks: A Pictorial History of Accidents on The Main Line, by Reed, reviewed, 436-37 Travel, description of early travel to and from Corinne, 117-18 Treasure Mountain Home: A Centennial History of Park City, Utah, by Thompson and Buck, reviewed, 439-40 Trimble, K. W., surveying party of San Juan River, 281, 281 fn. 12 Tritle, F. A., governor of Nevada, 96; presented silver spike to Stanford, 96 Trueworthy, Thomas, captain on boat freighting on Colorado River, 246 Turner, Caroline Mae Sherwood, wife of Frederick Jackson Turner, 317; letters from F. J. Turner to, 317-33 Turner, Frederick Jackson, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Logan's 'National Summer

465 School,' 1924," 307-36; photograph, 307; contacted to join Utah Agricultural College's National Summer School, 310; financial condition of, 310; rejected offer to teach at A . C , 310, 311; retired from Harvard and Radcliffe colleges, 310; accepted offer to teach at A.C. Summer School, 311; salary, 311, 311 fn. 12; terms of teaching at A . C , 311; courses offered at A. C. National Summer School by, 314-15; left for Utah, 316; letters to his wife Caroline Mae Sherwood Turner, 317-33; description of Cache Valley and A. C , 318-19, 324, 328, 328-29; description of fellow faculty members, 319-20; description of Mormon religious services, 3 2 1 ; entertained by President Peterson, 322, 322 fn. 6 3 ; description of juniper in Logan Canyon, 322, 322 fn. 64; addressed Logan Kiwanis Club, 323, 323 fn. 67; description of fishing on Logan River, 326, 327 331; description of Springville by, 327 asked to return as faculty member at A. G. Summer School, 329, 329 fn. 86 pocket picked, 330; visited Springville 330; gift presented when he left A.C Summer School, 331 fn. 92; left Utah 332; opinion of A.C. Summer School, 333 opinion of Mormons, 333; returned for 1925 A.C. National Summer School, 335 opinion of Utah and her people, 336 Tyler, S. Lyman, An Essay Towards an Indian Bibliography. Being a Catalogue of Books, Relating to the History, Antiquities, Languages, Customs, Religion, Wars, Literature and Origin of the American Indians, in the Library of Thomas W. Field.

With Bibliographical and Historical Notes, and Synopses of the Contents of Some of the Works Least Known, review by, 35859 Tyson, Mrs. William, photograph, 130

u Uinkarets Indians, J. W. Powell contacted, 163 Uinta River, reached by first Powell expedition, 187, 247 Uinta Valley, reached by first Powell expedition, 186; description, 187-88 Undriving the Golden Spike, "The Undriving of the Golden Spike," 124-34; photographs, 124, 127, 130; celebration, 125; demise of railroad where Golden Spike was driven, 125; ceremony scheduled, 131; description of ceremony, 133, 134 Union Pacific Railroad, photographs, 3, 9, 14, 16, 27, 36-37, 58, 69, 138; Brigham Young made a director of, 5; Brigham Young purchased stock in, 5; officers and contractors, 5, 7; portion of transcontinental railroad to construct, 5; sale of shares in, 5; construction "army," 7; diet of construction crews, 7; number of construction crews, 7; pay of construction crews, 7; route, 7; track laid by 1868, 7; working conditions of crews, 7; miles of track laid, 8; money expended during construction,

466 13; current programs of railroad promotion, 15; "Contracting for the Union Pacific," 16-40; terminus in 1867, 17; contract with Brigham Young 18; provisions of contract, 18-19; pay for Mormon construction on, 19; number of Mormons working on, 20; reached Salt Lake Valley, 27; celebration in Ogden, 28; reached Ogden, Utah, 28; financial problems in paying for construction work, 25-27, 30-34, 35-40; furnished materials and equipment to Brigham Young as partial payment of debt, 31 ; use of railroad free from Echo Station to Ogden furnished to Brigham Young as partial payment of debt, 31-32; settled indebtedness to Brigham Young 39-40; claim of Central Pacific powder crews blowing up one another, 55; wager with Central Pacific on track laying, 54-55; type of crossties used in construction, 6263; type of telegraph poles and crossarms used by, 64; photograph of old crossarm of, 66; description of special train to Promontory, 73; special train arrived at Promontory, 73; poster advertising, 84; T. C Durant held for payment of back wages by workers on, 89; freight shipped to Corinne in 1869, 116; took over Utah Northern, 122; Brigham Young expected to build to Salt Lake City, 126; mass meeting in Salt Lake City to get company to build railroad to Salt Lake City, 126-27; reasons for not building through Salt Lake City, 128; route selected through Utah, 128; description of "Big Trestle," 129; description of route to Promontory Summit, 129; schedule, 139 United States Bureau of Ethnology, purpose under Powell, 166; research program under Powell, 166; archeological activities of, 169-71; notable staff members of, 169; publication outlet for data on American Indians, 171 United States Geological Survey, Clarence King director, 150; Clarence King resigned as director, 150, 171; established, 150; J. W. Powell director, 150; program at beginning, 150; J. W. Powell resigned as director, 151, 171; created, 165; cosponsor of Cataract Canyon Survey, 271 Utah, early economy, 17; experienced religious, economic, and political change, 397 Utah Agricultural College, see Utah State University Utah Central Railroad, organized, 10; pay for work on, 10; first rails laid, 10; completed between Salt Lake City and Ogden, 11; celebration of completion of Salt Lake City and Ogden route, 11-12; begun, 38; completed, 38 Utah Eastern Railroad, from Coalville to Echo and Park City, 12 Utah Heritage Foundation, organized, 289 Utah Lake, not feasible to use water for irrigation, 197-98 Utah Northern Railroad, constructed to Logan, Franklin, Idaho, and Garrison, Montana, 12; photograph, 111; constructed to Frankhn, Idaho, 122; taken over

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by Union Pacific, 122; opened terminus at Blackfoot, Idaho, 123 Utah Parks Company, constructed Zion Lodge and cabins, 417; acquired Parry and Wylie interests in Zion National Park, 418 fn. 17 Utah Reporter, official newspaper of Corinne, 113 Utah Southern Railroad, Salt Lake City to Sandy to granite quarries, 12; to Utah Valley, 12; Utah State Historical Society, president died, 288; membership, 289, 432; "The President's Report for the Fiscal Year 19681969," 426-34; appointment to Board of Trustees, 427; Board of Trustees reorganized, 428; director left, 428; new director appointed, 428; lost Archives and Records Management sections, 428; 1969 budget, 429; options to regain some control over state archives, 429; photographs of award winners, 430; involved in centennial observances, 432; publications, 432; areas of concern, 433-34; photograph of annual dinner, 433 Utah State University, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Logan's 'National Summer School,' 1924," 307-36; photographs, 307, 316; National Summer School idea born, 308-9; Summer School faculty, 312; housing for Summer School students, 313; local residents urged to attend National Summer School, 313-14; history courses offered at National Summer School, 31415; enrollment at National Summer School, 315, 315 fn. 33; description by Frederick Jackson Turner, 318-19; registration for National Summer School, 322, 322 fn. 62; Frederick Jackson Turner's opinion of A.C Summer School, 333; National Summer School abandoned, 335 Ute Crossing, see Crossing of the Fathers Utley, Robert M., Life of George Bent, Written From His Letters, review by, 362-63

Vanderberg, F. L., did wiring for broadcast of Golden Spike Ceremony, 88; Union Pacific telegraph operator, 88; raised flag at Promontory, 91 Victory Camp, see Rozel, Utah Virgin City, settled, 410

w Walcott, Charles D., director of USGS, 197 Walker House, Dom Pedro stayed at, 347; location, 347; photograph, 348 Walker, M. H., located claim in Corinne, 105 Walker, S. S., located claim in Corinne, 105 Ward, Edward, secured "last rail" of Promontory route, 134 Warm Creek, Cataract Canyon Survey crew reached, 282 Warm Springs, Dom Pedro visited, 347-48; photograph, 348 Water, shortage in 1888, 1889, and 1890, 190-91; storage facilities watered 3.5 per

Index cent of Utah land 1920, 194; Mormon church settled early disputes over, 206; problems transferred from local to national level, 206; see also Irrigation, Irrigation Congress, Irrigation Survey, and Stewart Committee Water Hole Flat, Cataract Canyon Survey crew reached, 276 Water Pocket Fold, Cataract Canyon Survey crew reached, 281 Welling, Mrs. Duane, photograph, 433; received service award for J. Grant Iverson, 433 Wells, Fargo and Company, stage line from Salt Lake City to Corinne, 117 Wheat, Margaret M., Survival Arts of the Primitive Paiutes, reviewed, 355 Wheeler Survey, four government surveys merged, 165 Whirlpool Canyon, named by first Powell expedition, 185, 185 fn. 12; description, 184-85 White, James, rescued from Colorado River, 246; murder mystery on Colorado River, 253' White, V. E., student at Agricultural College National Summer School, 328, 328 fn. 83 Whitehead, George F., attended dedication of Zion National Park, 422 Wilcken C H., Salt Lake City water master, 191 Wilkes Expedition, instructed to gather data on Indians, 156 Williamson, J. A., located claim in Corinne, 105; named Corinne, 105, 106-7; mayor of Corinne, 110; sent to Washington, DC in interests of Gentile portion of Utah, 118, 120 Winder, John R., Salt Lake City councilor, 340 Wolfe Thomas, "Through Utah and the Western Parks: Thomas Wolfe's Farewell to America," 290-306; books authored by, 291, 305; broke with Charles Scribner's Sons, 291; photograph, 291; companions on western trip, 292; Edward C Aswell editor of Harper's, 292; friend and colleague of Vardis Fisher, 292; literary agent, 292; Stewart Holbrook fellow writer of, 292; description of journal kept on trip, 293; length of western trip, 293; reaction to proposed western automobile trip, 293; description of Yosemite, 295; first days of western trip, 295; name given to Grand Canyon by 295; arrived in Kanab, 296; description of Zion Canyon, 296 297; description of Mormon country and towns, 297, 300, 302; attitude toward Mormons, 298, 300, 301; description of Bryce Canyon, 298, 299; description of Salt Lake City, 301; description of Salt Lake Temple, 301; description of Cache Valley, 302; compared Yellowstone with Mormon country, 303; cost of western trip, 303; ill, 304; last days of western trip, 304; parted with companions on

467 western trip, 304; attitude toward western trip, 305; died, 305; taken to Johns Hopkins Hospital, 305 Wood, David L., "Emperor Dom Pedro's Visit to Salt Lake City," 337-52 Wood, Thomas D., visiting faculty member at Agricultural College National Summer School, 320, 320 fn. 50, 326 Woodard, Bruce A., Diamonds in the Salt, reviewed, 357-58 Woodson, A. E., located claim in Corinne, 105 Works Progress Administration, funds to collect and copy diaries under, 381; relief project to make work for families in need, 381; procedure followed in collecting and copying diaries and journals, 381-82; wages paid to women, 382; see also Historical Records Survey Worley, J. M., located claim in Corinne, 105 Wright, G. M., inscription in Cataract Canyon, 275 Wylie, W. G., spoke at ceremonies dedicating Zion National Park, 423 Wylie, W. W., acquired national park permit to operate transportation and camping facilities in Zion National Park 418 fn. 17 Wylie Way Camp, established in Zion Canyon, 418, 418 fn. 17 Wyoming, A Political History, 1868-1896, by Gould, reviewed, 365-66

Yampa River, reached by first Powell expedition, 184 Yellowstone Park, Thomas Wolfe compared with Mormon country, 303 Yosemite, Thomas Wolfe description, 295 Young, Brigham, address at completion of railroad between Salt Lake City and Ogden, 11-12; requested to assist in railroad construction, 18; photograph, 20; attitude toward railroad, 18, 19, 21, 23; wanted railroad route to come to Salt Lake City, 23, 125, 126; exerted pressure to have railroad routed through Salt Lake City, 23-24; accused of pocketing money for railroad construction, 24; wrote asking Union Pacific for money for work completed, 25; whereabouts during railroad celebration (May 10, 1869), 29; accepted materials and equipment in partial payment of Union Pacific debt, 31; accepted free use of Union Pacific from Echo Station to Ogden as partial payment of debt, 31-32; problem of getting money from Union Pacific, 25-27, 30-34, 35-40; settled debt owed by Union Pacific to, 39-40; notified of Union Pacific route through Utah, 128; advised John Wesley Powell, 160; president of Mormon church, 340; rumors concerning Dom Pedro and, 34344; visited by Indian chiefs, 393 Young, Jr., Brigham, treatment by Union Pacific officials, 17; contacted by Union

468 Pacific officials concerning railroad construction, 1 8 ; sub-contractor on railroad, 22 Young, J o h n W., sub-contractor on railroad, 22 Young, Joseph A., sub-contractor on railroad, 22 Young, K a r l E., Ordeal in Mexico: Tales of danger and hardship collected from Mormon colonists, reviewed, 438-39 Young Wayfarers of the Early West, by Burt, reviewed, 444-45

Zabriskie, E. B., located claim in Corinne, 105 Zion Canyon, description, 296, 297, 4 1 1 - 1 2 ; photographs, 296, 297, 4 1 3 , 416, 4 1 9 ; first M o r m o n to see, 4 1 0 ; first settler, 4 1 0 ; known as "Joseph's Glory," 4 1 0 ; n a m e d , 4 1 0 ; visited by government explorers, 4 1 0 - 1 1 ; public interest aroused in, 4 1 2 ;

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movement to construct roads to a n d through, 4 1 4 ; tourism p r o m o t e d to, 4 1 5 ; n a m i n g of " T h r e e P a t r i a r c h s " a n d " G r e a t White T h r o n e , " 4 1 5 - 1 6 ; see also Zion National Park Zion Lodge, photograph, 4 1 5 ; constructed, 415, 417 Zion-Mt. Carmel Highway, dedicated, 417 Zion National Park, "Zion National Park W i t h Some Reminiscences Fifty Years L a t e r , " 4 0 8 - 2 5 ; p h o t o g r a p h , 408, 4 2 0 ; fiftieth anniversary, 4 0 9 ; Indians who lived in the canyon, 4 0 9 ; M u k u n t u w e a p a n d P a r u n u w e a p canyons, 4 0 9 ; enlarged, 4 1 6 ; n a m e changed, 4 1 6 ; m a d e national park, 4 1 7 ; dedicated, 4 1 7 ; m a i n roads a n d trails built, 4 1 7 ; superintendents, 417, 417 fn. 1 3 ; description of Cable M o u n tain operation, 4 2 0 - 2 1 ; dedicated, 421 eye-witness account of dedication, 421-23 dignataries present at dedication, 422 President H a r d i n g visited, 4 2 3 , 4 2 5 ; see also M u k u n t u w e a p National M o n u m e n t and Zion Canyon

SPECIAL MEMBERSHIPS AND H O N O R E E S O F THE U T A H STATE H I S T O R I C A L SOCIETY

H O N O R A R Y LIFE MEMBERS Bernice Gibbs Anderson Kate B. Carter Harold P. Fabian Charles Kelly Nicholas G. Morgan, Sr. A. R. Mortensen Marguerite Sinclair Reusser Joel E. Ricks Horace A. Sorensen Russel B. Swensen

FELLOWS Leonard J. Arrington Fawn M. Brodie Juanita Brooks Olive W. Burt C. Gregory Crampton Austin E. Fife LeRoy R. Hafen A. Karl Larson Gustive O. Larson David E. Miller Dale L. Morgan Wallace Stegner