An Economic Kaleidoscope: The Stephen Hales Family of Bountiful

Stephen Hales. Photographs courtesy of author.

An Economic Kaleidoscope: The Stephen Hales Family of Bountiful

BY JANICE P DAWSON

LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY BOUNTIFUL WAS A typical Mormon-dominated Utah community Still agriculturally oriented, but gradually developing commercially, it provided some economic opportunities for enterprising individuals In that setting this study of the Stephen Hales family examines their struggles, often fraught with frustration and disappointment, to remain economically viable through a period of depression an d change Despite his ingenuity and perseverance, an d perhaps because of the stigma of his excommunication, Hales eventually left Utah to pursue his career elsewhere.

Stephen Hales was an artist. Since there was n o opportunity to support his family with this talent h e turned to other means of subsistence, often utilizing his artistic abilities in the process. In his early years Hales held a number of common jobs. Later, he became Bountiful's first official postmaster and its first photographer H e also undertook several business ventures, the most successful of which was an entertainment center known as Hales Hall. The 1893 financial panic challenged his ingenuity as he attempted various ways to remain economically stable.

Hales's wife and children were also vital to the family's financial success. In addition to raising the children, Jane Alice Crosby Hales kept the house, helped with the orchard and garden, and boarded working men in h r home She worked alongside her husband both as postmistress and in their entertainment business. In later years she took over the management of Hales Hall. As the children matured they became actively engaged in different family enterprises.

Both Stephen and Jane Alice came from Mormon pioneer families. He was born in 1849 at Garden Grove, Iowa, to Stephen an d Eveline Lydia Carter Hales. Two years later the Hales family moved to the Salt Lake Valley where the father was employed as a stone carver on the Salt Lake Temple. In 1868 they settled in South Bountiful. Jane's parents, Joh n Knowles and Mary Jane Johnson Crosby, also emigrated to Salt Lake in 1851 an d the following year made their home in Bountiful where Jan e Alice was born in 1853.1

Stephen an d Jan e were married in the Salt Lake Endowment House on December 18, 1871, by Joseph F. Smith. They lived with the Crosby family in Bountiful in 1876 while building their own home at 530 South Second West. This home, and the entertainment hall later added onto it, was center stage for the Hales family endeavors for most of their married life. There they reared their children and conducted their business enterprises.2

With one exception the birth of the seven Hales children followed a regular two-year pattern. Stephen Anthony arrived September 1872 and John Knowles in November of 1874. Mary Jane was born November 1876, the same year the family moved into their new home on Second West. Irvin Orlando was born September 1878 but lived only nineteen months.3

Hales was an ambitious man. In his earliest working experience he assisted his father on the Salt Lake Temple by hauling rock and learning the rudiments of stone carving and carpentry He also worked as a farmhand, a laborer, and a freighter hauling goods from Salt Lake City to Black Rock Canyon, Eagle Rock, and later to Idaho Falls.4

On their five Bountiful acres the Hales family kept a cow and planted a large vegetable garden. Along with many other Bountiful settlers they also raised a variety of fruit, much of which was dried and used for barter It was sometimes taken to Teasdel's dry goods store in Salt Lake and exchanged for clothing or other needs For many years Jane also provided board and room for some of the men employed at a nearby brickyard.5

In 1882, at age thirty-three, Stephen was appointed as Bountiful's postmaster. Previously located in Woods Cross, the post office was moved almost a mile east to the Hales home, a more convenient site for Bountiful customers The office was set up in the kitchen at the front of the house Postal officials designated this location as the official Bountiful Post Office in 1883and closed the Woods Cross office.6 Hales also started another business in his home about this time. During the "early eighties" he took up photography which became his profession and his most enduring source of income. He took portraits in his home studio with the aid of "flashlight" powder and then developed them in Jane's kitchen. Later he mobilized his operation, taking pictures in patrons' homes and at different sites around the town.7

With all this activity in her kitchen, Jane naturally became involved Although it is not known if she assisted Stephen with his photography, she helped regularly with the postal work. When they took over this assignment in June 1882 Jane was six months pregnant. Their fifth child, Lydia Eveline, was born the following September Jane now had four youngsters to care for. Two more children arrived on schedule, Loanda Janette in 1884, and two years later, Walter, who died the same day. Balancing birth and death, household, farm, photography, and post office duties, along with civic, church, family, and financial obligations was a continuing challenge for this couple.8

But there was yet another complication. Stephen and Jane were both raised in the Mormon church Jane served as secretary of the Young Ladies Mutual Improvement Association before her marriage and as MIA counselor about seven years later when she was pregnant with their fourth child However, Stephen did not keep pace In the intervening years something changed his attitude toward the gospel. In January 1885, thirteen years after their Endowment House marriage, Stephen was excommunicated. He was never antagonistic toward the church and even thought it was "probably the best church to be found." Nor did he object to supporting the church financially on occasion. When he and Jane went to Salt Lake City they were known to have stopped first to fulfill their obligation at the tithing yard before they went shopping But Hales could not accept certain key doctrines, including Joseph Smith's prophetic calling, so he was cut off.9

During the federal polygamy raids in Bountiful about this time, Hales was called a "tattler" and falsely accused of aiding the marshals who knew of his position and took advantage of it As suspected offenders were lined up, Hales was asked to identify those who had more than one wife. One account states, "He went down the line and shook his head." Later, "he said he knew alright[sic], but [he] never gave them away." He had no arguments with his neighbors about their lifestyle, but some of them still considered him a traitor.10

As a nonconformist Hales walked a tightrope in this close-knit Mormon community. His excommunication automatically meant he was also socially suspect. Some members referred to him as "the apostate" and spoke against him and his dance hall. Others accepted him for what he was Bishop Chester Call said "he had 'no feelings against' Stephen Hales, and respected him for his candor and morality." Although Hales remained prominent in business and community affairs for some time, he and his family still bore a social stigma.11

During this same period, 1884-85, Hales conceived of one of his more successful undertakings, a recreation center. Although entertainment was available in Salt Lake, it was inconvenient for Bountiful residents Recognizing this need, Hales built an extension onto the north side of his home that became known as Hales Hall.12

At first the hall was only a small room with a stage and portable benches; however, Hales later enlarged it to accommodate dancing and roller skating He built and painted his own scenery as well as a large oil painting that served as the stage curtain As curtain time arrived, Jane rang a school bell calling the audience to order and then rolled up the painted canvas curtain on such plays as The Mistletoe Bough, Rip Van Winkle, East Lynne, and Uncle Tom's Cabin. Audiences also enjoyed operettas, vaudeville, ventriloquists, and minstrel shows presented by local ward talent as well as traveling groups. In the spring of 1892 "a musical comedy which [had] toured the east" was featured with a "free dance after the show." The Hales home was utilized for dressing rooms, and sometimes, when it was too late for the actors to travel on, they also spent the night there. This often entailed sleeping crosswise on the beds to make room for everyone. 13

Hales Hall became the central focus of this family's life. All who were old enough participated in its care and upkeep The janitorial work, described by a daughter as "strenuous," kept them busy The coal oil lamps around the room, including two large central chandeliers with eight lamps each, had to be cleaned and filled regularly. This was a formidable assignment for the children, especially when the windows, opened by overheated dancers, caused the lamps to smoke. Hales took "great pride" in his dance floor. During performances a layer of sawdust protected it against scraping benches. To prepare for a dance, the sawdust was bagged for reuse and a "secret preparation" was applied to the floor. Then candle shavings were sprinkled over the floor and the dancer's feet polished it to a brilliant shine. Both parents and children shared in the work and the joy of entertaining others.14

Dancing was the entertainment highlight at Hales Hall. On the beautiful dance floor square dances, the two step, polka, Virginia reel, grand quadrille, and even an occasional waltz were all enjoyed. A local orchestra usually supplied the music. One such ensemble consisted of a bass viol, two or three violins, and a drum. Later on Salt Lake orchestras also played there. Hales provided a separate room where small children stayed with a babysitter while their parents danced into the night. Afternoon dances for children were also held at times Benefit dances for departing missionaries were another special event, and at least one young man courted his future wife at a Hales Hall dance while her missionary was off preaching.15

Masquerade balls offered an exciting variation. Hales usually led the grand opening march, giving everyone a chance to review the costumes. Later in the evening, after prizes were awarded for the best characters, the unmasking took place The Hales children often participated in the festivities Lydia and Loa, twelve and eight years old respectively, led an opening march masquerading as Tom Thumb and his wife. Admission was usually fifty cents for dancers and twenty-five cents for spectators. So that no one would miss the fun, the Hales family supplied costume rentals for such events.16

With her hair crimped and wearing a "changeable silk dress," Jane Alice presided over the refreshments for different occasions. She often prepared a midnight lunch for the musicians. One evening, for example, she offered a "beautiful plate of fresh fruit . . . mince pie, fruit cake and coffee, [and]many other delicious foods." She also served fashionable oyster suppers to her guests.17

In addition to theater and dancing, Hales Hall was utilized for numerous occasions over the years. Twice weekly the hall was opened for roller skating, which became a popular pastime, with skates renting for twenty-five cents. The Hales children often joined in, for they each had skates of their own. Later on, basketball games were also played there. Different groups rented the hall for private balls, recitals, family reunions, weddings and receptions, elections, and a variety of meetings—including political conventions, phrenology lectures, and other events.18

In 1892, the same year Bountiful became a city, the steam engine affectionately known as the "dummy" reached Bountiful. This was an advantage for Hales as the track ran immediately east of his hall In anticipation of increased business from Salt Lake customers he made major renovations to his property that year. He moved the side walls of the hall out to expand the building, partitioned off several rooms, and "decorated" all with plaster. He added a ladies dressing room, a checking room for the men, and a ticket office, along with upstairs rooms for private gatherings such as family reunions. To finish it off, Hales purchased a beautiful Cornish piano, supposedly the first upright in Bountiful, and installed a shiny nickel soda fountain from which Jane dispensed refreshing drinks and candy During the summer a well was also driven on the Hales property.19

Another addition, Hales Gardens, was also developed in 1892 With provision for outdoor dancing, races, croquet, and a "big swing," it drew many summertime crowds such as a group of 150from an LDS ward in Salt Lake who spent July 24th at the gardens that year. 20

Earlier that spring the post office was moved from the Hales kitchen to the front of their entertainment hall, facing Fifth South. Besides a more businesslike atmosphere, these new accommodations provided other improvements. The installation of 238 glass-front rental boxes simplified the Hales's work and eliminated waiting in line for the customers Money orders also became available for the first time in 1892 The Clipper commented that "these little steps in advance proves that our town is growing" and urged everyone "to support our public improvements." Sons Stephen Anthony and John assisted their parents with postal duties, including mail pickup and delivery to the Woods Cross railroad depot.21

In addition to the extensive hall and post office renovations, Hales was involved with other speculations that year. In March 1892 an open meeting was held at the Bountiful Tabernacle to consider the organization of a lumber and planing mill A committee, set up to determine the cost of machinery and lumber, discovered a new building for sale. They judged the $4,300 price a good buy, and the project was considered a "sure go" after Hales offered to buy the building "if the rest of the Company will house it and stock up." However, the following month, with only $3,200 worth of stock subscribed, the board of directors disbanded. Apparently Hales and several others were overly optimistic about their financial resources. Within a short time two new lumber yards were organized, but Hales was not involved with them.22

Several weeks later Hales, along with William Putman, leased a brickyard from Jane's brother, John K Crosby, Jr This probably seemed like a safe undertaking, for brickmaking was Bountiful's largest industry. At one time the town was reputed to have manufactured more than half the brick produced in the territory. The outcome of the Hales/Putman investment, however, is lost in the past.23

Along with his business ventures, Hales was also active in community affairs. He was a member of an executive committee formed to bring new manufacturing into Bountiful and was also called to jury duty. A firm Republican, he worked hard at the 1896 Davis County convention to "lighten the burden on the farmer by lowering salaries He told of gardners [sic] who worked twenty hours a day during the summer season and then did not make half as much money as some of our officers who work only eight hours a day." He also served on the committee on platform and resolution that year. 24

Consistent with many small towns of the late 1800s,Bountiful supported a debate club. Its meets were so popular that one evening a debate judge had to sit on the floor for lack of seating. Hales participated in many such events, defending the affirmative on such subjects as the "railroads have done more for the civilization and advancement of Utah than her schools" and arguing the negative on the proposition that "alcohol has caused more misery than gold" and that "prohibition would do more to relieve the financial distress of the United States than any other legislation."25

During 1893 Hales continued to explore new areas of investment, but it was not a favorable time for him or for many others That year "the American economy went into a slump that lasted until the turn of the century, both nationally and in Utah. . . . the total economy of Utah and the Mormon Church itself reeled under the impact of the depression of the 1890's. Production declined, businesses and mines failed, cash became scarce, and unemployment soared."26 Hales's new pursuits following that year were probably born of necessity. A number of setbacks plagued him until, seven years later, he left Bountiful to try his luck in Idaho. Hard times produced a domino effect. As business slowed some companies curtailed credit, and this in turn affected other businesses and individuals By the fall of 1893 the depression was hurting Hales.

One of the rooms in his hall, leased to Richard Solomon for a shoe repair shop, was vacated Due to the depressed economy the Bountiful Co-op discontinued credit and began a more aggressive collection of debts. The Co-op brought suit against Stephen Hales and Richard Duerden on their promissory note of $279.When neither of them appeared in court, the marshal levied their holdings at several Salt Lake City banks. Upon appeal the levy was dropped, but it was February 1896 before the courts settled the suit with the judgment again favoring the Co-op. The following August a new note was signed, amounting to $346 plus costs.27

During 1894-95 the effects of the depression became evident even at social events. For example, a charity ball at Hales Hall raised money for the poor of the three Bountiful LDS wards, and at several "hard times" masquerade balls dancers were encouraged to "wear your old duds "28 The hardest blow for Hales was the loss of his position as postmaster in 1894. Perhaps it was not a surprise, though, for a year earlier two different petitions had circulated in Bountiful, "one to have and the other not to have our post office removed." Later the Clipper management complained about the delivery of their paper It had been taken to the post office, but Hales, "through an oversight failed to get it out in the first mail." In May the post office was moved uptown to the Opera House building at the direction of the "new Democratic postmaster," Charles H. Rampton. The change to Democratic control of the White House the year before most likely led to Hales's release.The Clippereditor, who had extolled Hales's post office improvements in 1892, now commented, "from now on it is hoped that we shall have good post office accommodations."29

The same year a new pleasure garden known as Eden Park opened in Bountiful. Located along Barton Creek and providing "the only shade in a Utah Park," it offered picnic facilities, refreshments, a ball diamond, and dancing. It also provided summertime competition for Hales Gardens.30 The financial strain on the Hales family was probably relieved somewhat when the two oldest children left the home in 1894: Stephen Anthony to make a career in California and MaryJane to be married two daysbefore Christmas.31

In the meantime, Hales came up with several new schemes to supplement his income. He became a sales agent for a new force pump used in fighting fires. At a Bountiful fire he demonstrated three of them to prove their usefulness.32 Then in December 1894 Hales announced that he had "discovered a linament [sic] which will cure all kinds of aches and pains." An agent was promoting both the liniment and the Clipper throughout Davis County, "one to killpains, the other to comfort hearts," as the Clipper editor expressed it. The following month Hales reported that his liniment was "giving such good satisfaction that the demand for it keeps him rustling." Perhaps this enhanced his reputation, for several years later his name appeared on a list of local debaters as Dr Stephen Hales. Or maybe he just felt the need of a title, for among his fellow debaters were listed a preacher, an attorney, and an ex-judge.33

After the liniment project was launched Hales announced penmanship classes to begin in January 1896. From his years as postmaster he realized that many Bountiful citizens wrote poorly or not at all. The Clipper commented, "His ability as a penman is widely known and his beautiful art productions have been seen by hundreds who have visited his dancing hall. It is a pity that our schools are not so graded that Mr. Hales could teach writing in them." Undaunted, he organized twice weekly evening sessions in three different Bountiful locations charging one dollar for twelve lessons.34

The results of these entrepreneurial detours remain unclear. Whether he sold any fire pumps or liniment, or whether the proffered penmanship classes were actually held, Hales was still unable to cope financially. With the loss of his post office appointment and the depression, meeting his obligations proved difficult.

It appears that Hales was so involved in his numerous projects by now that he left the matter of running the hall to his family John collected the rentals, including a two-dollar charge for the city election Because they had not paid their license fees, Jane Alice had to negotiate with the city council just to keep the hall open. She pleaded that closing it "would work a hardship on her," but if it remained open she would be able to pay all arrears more quickly. The city agreed, but "the marshal was instructed to collect each evening's license as it became due."35

In 1897 Hales offered to rent the hall for $50 annually to the local national guard for use asan armory. The offer was not accepted then, but later an addition was made to the southwest corner of the hall for the use of the militia.36

Hales began to concentrate more on his art and photography. He had received recognition earlier when one of his pen-and-ink drawings represented Utah at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893 In 1897he sold lithographed copies of an intricate family register he had drawn He also did crayon portraits and some cartoon work for the Clipper. That same year he and Alma Hardy, another local artist/photographer, painted the Great Salt Lake and its islands on twenty-two foot streamers for Bountiful's entry in the July 24th Jubilee parade. Covered with vegetables, the float touted Bountiful as "the garden spot of Utah."37

Hales also took advantage of the current popularity of stereopticon pictures After several busy months of picture taking he offered an assortment for sale in January 1898. He specialized in local subjects, including Lagoon's ice harvest, Woods Cross Cannery employees, Samoan relics of W. O. Lee, and several Ogden scenes. He also took pictures of local events such as the old folks dinner. These views for the stereoscope sold for twenty-five cents each.38

With the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in 1898, Hales and his oldest son, Stephen Anthony, who was then a photographer in San Francisco, kept busy photographing the troops. When the Bountiful volunteers left in May "amidst parades and great fanfare" Hales was there to record the event. Upon their arrival in San Francisco, son Stephen repeated the process. He reported a brisk business in taking pictures of the soldiers in California, "as the boys are crazy after photos and promise us large returns." Hales most likely did as well on the Utah end, and he continued to exploit this theme when he constructed a snow sculpture in Bountiful's tithing yard square that winter and titled it "A Living Monument, Dedicated to the American Heroes." With a group of local ladies arranged around it, he recorded it for posterity with his camera. 39

Although the arrival of the interurban railroad in 1892 had heralded a period of prosperity for Hales Hall, ironically it was also one of the reasons for its decline. Simon Bamberger's first goal for his new line was Beck's Hot Springs, a popular resort four miles north of Salt Lake City. The line was then extended to Bountiful and included a stop at Hales Hall. Later, it continued on to Farmington where in 1896 a new resort known as Lagoon was opened. Lagoon's popularity soon outstripped most other attractions in Davis County This, along with the earlier opening of the even more popular Saltair in 1893, triggered the decline of many smaller places like Hales Hall.40

Saltair was established by a group of Mormon officials "to provide a wholesome place of recreation under church control for ... families and young people." There was a similar movement in Bountiful with intermittent but ongoing dialogue from Mormon priesthood leaders against private dancing parties, masquerade balls, and in particular, round dancing, which they felt was "injurious to [the] young and led to evil." Some of this talk was aimed directly at the "apostate" Stephen Hales whom they felt did not operate his hall "according to standards." Both Bountiful wards sponsored dances at Hales Hall "for the purpose of controlling [them]." The more acceptable Bountiful Opera House competed with Hales Hall for many years by also offering a variety of entertainment. About 1900 the management of the opera house offered Jane Alice $80 a year to close Hales Hall.41

Hales's participation in Bountiful affairs seemed to decline after 1898, for, compared to earlier times, very few of his activities were reported in the Clipper. With pressure on him to close the hall, the presence of a second photographer in Bountiful, and perhaps for personal reasons, Hales moved to Idaho sometime in 1900 where he became Rexburg's first photographer With their three younger daughters ,Jane Alice remained in Bountiful where she died February 17, 1901, following a lengthy illness. After her death, Stephen Anthony opened a photography studio in the Hales Hall building. He left Bountiful to join his father in Rexburg in late 1901but remained only a short time, returning in May 1902 to reopen his Bountiful shop. The elder Hales later left Idaho, moving to Ohio, Florida, and finally Georgia where he remarried and continued his photographic work. He died in Cordele, Georgia, July 4, 1915. In the meantime, Hales Hall was sold to Richard Purcell and later to a Mr.Deveraux. It continued in use as an entertainment hall into the 1920s.42

The economic activities of the Stephen Hales family of Bountiful were a mixture of the typical and the atypical. Part of their basic subsistence was gleaned from farming, but their main business was entertainment. This provided positive work and social experiences for both parents and children.

While Hales fulfilled his post office assignment, he also became a professional photographer He was sustained in this by his wife and children, and his oldest son followed in his footsteps. Hales was an entrepreneurial explorer, but his heart was always with his art. Although fettered by economic reality, he continued to use his artistic talents in a variety of ways. Thus, the family's future was determined by a creative but restless husband and father who was independent in thought and action.

While the Hales family remained part of the Mormon community, they did not feel at ease because of Stephen's excommunication; and the reverberations from this affected his business. Hales's explorations into new channels often proved to be financial dead ends; however, his more successful endeavors, photography and entertainment, sustained his family and also provided Bountiful with services unique at the time. In his failures he was not unlike others caught in the depression, except that his attempted solutions were singular. Nevertheless, Hales's adaptability and diversity could not overcome the triple force of a depressed economy, ecclesiastical distrust, and increased competition. For almost thirty years Stephen and Jane Alice Hales worked to befriend, serve, and entertain others while raising their family. Although their success was varied, their contribution to the social and economic condition of Bountiful was significant for their time.

NOTES

Mrs Dawson, a descendant of Stephen Hales, lives in Layton, Utah Aversion of this paper was presented at the 1990 Annual Meeting of the Utah State Historical Society.

1 Genealogical Records of Cleo Hales Page in possession of aufhor. Also see 1870 census and emigrant list, LDS Church Archives, Salt Lake City; "Stephen Hales," brief typescript by daughter Loanda Hales Burningham; Davis County Clipper, August 26, 1898.

2 Page genealogical records; Burningham, "Stephen Hales."

3 Page genealogical records.

4 "History of Stephen Hales," brief typescript by granddaughter Veta May Atkinson Brown; 1870 census.

5 Second District Court, Davis County, Orders and Decrees 1896-1907, Utah State Archives, Salt Lake City; Davis County Clipper, October 3,1902; Brown, "History of Stephen Hales."

6 Open House-Bountiful City Post Office, commemorative booklet dated August 29, 1954, n.p., in possession of author. Several dates here differ from other sources. See also Bountiful Area Historic Sites, Bicentennial Edition (Bountiful, Ut., 1977), p 15; Davis County Clipper, April 29, November 24, 1892.

7 Annie C Carr, "Davis County," in Heart Throbs of the West, ed. Kate B. Carter, 12 vols. (Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1939-51), 9:135.

8 Page genealogical records.

9 Kim Burningham, Bountiful, has collected a variety of material on Stephen Hales. See also Deseret News, January 26, 1885; Page genealogical records; East Bountiful Ward Records, LDS Church Archives; Brown, "History of Stephen Hales."

10 Thomas Briggs Journal, LDS Church Archives, microfilm, March 12, 1887; Burningham, "Stephen Hales."

11 BriggsJournal, December 18, 1877; Burningham collection.

12 "Hales Hall," brief typescript by daughter Mary Jane Hales Hulse; Burningham, "Stephen Hales."

13 Burningham, "Stephen Hales"; Brown, "History of Stephen Hales"; Hulse, "Hales Hall"; Davis County Clipper, May 20, 1892.

14 Burningham, "Stephen Hales"; Hulse, "Hales Hall."

15 Ibid.; Davis County Clipper, February 24, 1899; interview with Alvin Moss, Bountiful, August 2, 1983; interview withJ. Rulon Hales, Salt Lake City, September 1, 1983.

16 Brown, "History of Stephen Hales"; Hulse, "Hales Hall"; Burningham, "Stephen Hales."

17 Hulse, "Hales Hall"; Brown, "History of Stephen Hales"; Moss interview.

18 Hulse, "Hales Hall"; Burningham, "Stephen Hales."

19 Ira L Swett, Interurbans of Utah, 2d ed rev (Cerritos, Calif., 1974), p 9; Hulse, "Hales Hall"; Burningham, "Stephen Hales"; Davis County Clipper, June 24, August 24, 1892.

20 Davis County Clipper, July 20, 1892.

21 Davis County Clipper, April 29, November 24, 1892; Open House—Bountiful City Post Office.

22 The Little Clipper, March 4, 11, 19, 25, April 23, 1892.

23 Davis County Clipper, May 6, 1892; Bountiful Historic Sites, p 24.

24 Davis County Clipper, March 2, 1893; September 25, 1896; February 5,June 11, 1897.

25 Davis County Clipper, January 12, February 2, 1893;February 12, 1897; March 4, 1898.

26 Dean L May in Utah's History, ed Richard D Poll (Provo, Ut: Brigham Young University Press, 1978), p. 237.

27 Davis County Clipper, September 28, November 16, 1893; Third District Court, Salt Lake County, Minute Book 1896, February 3, 1896;Judgement Docket, January 20, 1896 -June 16, 1898, p. 7; Case #12742, "Stephen Hales, et al.," December 22, 1893, Utah State Archives Jane Hales inherited 25 shares of Bountiful Co-op stock from her father Upon her death she had 22 shares.

28 Davis County Clipper, January 25, 1894; February 1, 1895.

29 Davis County Clipper, April 19, May 10,June 14, 1894; April 29, 1892.

30 Leslie T Foy, The City Bountiful (Bountiful, Ut.: Horizon Publishers, 1975), p 192.

31 Page genealogical records.

32 Davis County Clipper, August 16, 1894.

33 Davis County Clipper, December 27, 1894;January 10, 1895; February 12, 1897.

34 Davis County Clipper, December 27, 1895;January 10, 1896.

35 Davis County Clipper, November 29, 1895;April 10, 17, 1896.

36 Charles Rendell Mabey Diary, October 22, 1897, in possession of Ralph Mabey, Bountiful; Davis County Clipper, January 20, 1899; October 11, 1901;Hulse, "Hales Hall."

37 Davis County Clipper, March 9, 1893; February 12, March 12, April 9, July 23, 1897; June 3, 1898; Brown, "History of Stephen Hales"; Hulse, "Hales Hall"; photographic copy of the family register in possession of author.

38 Davis County Clipper, January 7, February 11, 1898.

39 Davis County Clipper, June 10,June 17, 1898; February 24, 1899.

40 Swett, Interurbans of Utah, p 9; Nancy D and John S McCormick, Saltair (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1985), p. 32.

41 McCormick, Saltair, p 23; East Bountiful Ward Records, Sacrament Meeting Minutes, 1884-1903, January 30, 1896, LDS Church Archives; Charles R Mabey, Our Father's House: Joseph Thomas Mabey Family History (Salt Lake City, 1947), pp 220-21; Briggs Journal, December 18, 1887; Hulse, "Hales Hall."

42 Post Register (Idaho Falls), December 27, 1966; Davis County Clipper, February 22, April 5, 19, 1901; May 23, 1902;June 11, 1909;January 26, 1917 Also see R L Polk & Co.'s Utah Gazetteer, 1903-04, pp 96, 764; Page genealogical records; Burningham, "Stephen Hales"; Hulse, "Hales Hall."