Jakob Brand's Register of Dutchtown, Utah's Lost German Mining Colongy

Dutchtown miners in Tintic Mining District ca. 1898, including Gottlieb Brandt, third from right, top row;Dolph Ames, fifth from right, top row; and Michael J. Tischner, far right, second row. All photographs courtesy of author.

Jakob Brand's Register of Dutchtown, Utah's Lost German Mining Colony

BY WILMA B N TILBY

TODAY ONE REMAINING "GHOST HOUSE" BELONGING to the original village of "Dutchtown" can be seen through the skeletal gallows headframe of John Beck's famous Bullion-Beck Mine. Only thirty feet from U.S. Highway 6, Dutchtown (a corrupted pronunciation of Deutschtown) grew in Eureka Gulch, just forty-five miles southwest of Provo, Utah, within the Tintic Mining District.

Looking through the open front and back doors of that deserted home, today's visitor can still see remnants of mine waste dumps stretching over jumbled rock foundations and thresholds once belonging to the homes of that community. Jakob Brand's Register Book, 1895-1899, holds the lists of names that become the threads rewoven into the town's tapestry.1 These German immigrants were converted by Mormon missionaries John Beck, Peter Lautensock, Franz Brems, and others who helped arrange their immigration to the territory of Utah.

From its beginning, the mining colony of Dutchtown contained all the elements of a traditional Mormon immigrant pioneer colony— like dozens scattered all over Utah and other western states from Canada to Mexico But on the Tintic Mining District outskirts, Dutchtown had a distinctive purpose. It was built around John Beck's mine, the famous Bullion-Beck, and developed as a colony within the community of Eureka, the first precinct of the Tintic Mining District

Johannes (John) Beck, was born in Aichelberg, Schorndorf, Wurtemberg, Germany, March 19, 1843, the first son of Johannes Beck and Christine Caroline Holl After the death of his father, at age fourteen, he helped his mother move the family to St. Imer, Switzerland. He became interested in the gospel of the LDS church while living there and was baptized on April 27, 1861, by Karl G Maeser A year later he was sent on a church proselytizing mission back to Baden, Germany. On May 12, 1864, the Beck family and a large group of converts left their homes in Germany and began the long journey of emigration, arriving in Salt Lake City on October 26, 1864.2

The Beck family was welcomed by John Conrad Naegle who had been one of John's mission companions. He graciously housed them temporarily in Lehi where he and several other German families congregated George Beck, John's younger brother, went to work for John Naegle in January 1865. He later wrote, "The people were very kind to one another as they all had hardships of the poor country and they assisted one another."3

From Naegle, John purchased a farm west of Lehi on the shore of Utah Lake. He became a successful fruit farmer, manufactured charcoal, and raised sheep during the next few years When he heard rumors in the spring of 1870 that gold and other precious metals had been discovered near the Juab-Tintic mountains, he ventured there to seek his fortune

Working faithfully alongside him in the Eureka Gulch were his brother George, his cousin Gottlieb Beck, and friends David Evans, John Harne, Thomas Biessenger, and Paul Schettler. Other miners ridiculed Beck because of the location he chose Most of the discoveries had been on the slopes of the mountains. Instead, he prospected the floor of the canyon, temporarily earning him the nickname "Beck, the crazy Dutchman." Stubbornly he persisted until he successfully located a gold vein at the two-hundred-foot level.4 He posted the usual required notice, filed his claim on June 10, 1870, and began developing the property nearby, initially called Mudtown.

Thus began the celebrated Bullion-Beck Mine John Beck was president, general manager, and the principal owner of the company that was organized to operate the mine. He preferred hiring his own countrymen, many of whom were former friends and converts still living in Ludwigshafen and Mannheim, Bavaria, or his home area, Baden. The Franz Brems family was one such early example, arriving in 1878 Brems stated that he "yearned to come to America so his sons would not have to live and fight in an area of constant waring [sic]."5 Beck sponsored more than two hundred Swiss-German converts through the years 1880-95, mostly heads of families to whom he promised work in the developing mines. The Beck home in Lehi served as a place for the German converts to rest from the long journey as they made arrangements for permanent homes and jobs. Most eventually worked in the mines in Tintic, but some chose farming in Providence, Cache County This pattern continued through the early settlement period as immigrants sponsored others in turn, according to family traditions and examples recorded in Jakob Brand's Register Book.

Dutchtown, within Eureka, developed with a steady flow of dedicated German convert immigrants with specific skills. Among them was a blacksmith (Tischner), brick masons (Keil and Gessel), two finish carpenters (Lautensock and Krauss), two midwife-nurses (Brand and Schmitt), a weaver (Keil), a shoemaker-freighter (Beck), a teacher (Von Baur), an assayer (Brohm), an engineer (Schmidt), a watchmaker-factory manager (Brand), and a religious leader-manager-organizer (Beck), all necessary for the colony's success.

The Bullion-Beck boarding house, which John Beck built near the mine for his first miners and freighters, was Dutchtown's first decent large building. It most likely was shared with the earliest arriving immigrants beginning about 1876. It was cleaned up and cleared out for regular church meetings and occasional social gatherings.

During the same years, 1872-76, thatJohn Beck and Dutchtown were developing in Utah, Mormon missionaries J. Theurer, Franz Brems, T Brandeli, J A Krauth, Peter Lautensock, Henry Eyring, John K. Schiess, Thomas Biessinger, and others were converting Germans in such regions as Baden, Pfalz, and Bavaria. Referred to in early church records as the Swiss-German Mission area, the Mannheim Branch Mission was organized by Henry Eyring on February 8, 1875, according to the diary of Peter Lautensock who was made branch president. Lautensock would one day be the first bishop of the LDS ward in Dutchtown.

Letters written by Peter to his sister Christina and her husband Franz Brems encouraged them to also immigrate as they had all joined the church together in Mannheim. These letters—referred to in his diary—to his convert friends and members of his old German branch no doubt told of the opportunities of the new land and the need for good members to build up the church. Such communication gave the encouragement necessary for immigration.

Arriving in America, Peter Lautensock lived in both Salt Lake City and Cottonwood the first year. Then in 1876 he decided to move to Lehi when he became personally acquainted with John Beck. Beck encouraged the move and even let the little family live in his home.

Peter had been a qualified master carpenter in Germany and with him came his treasure chest of tools. He was in great demand and found immediate work building wardrobes of all sizes. Shortly after, he made his way to Dutchtown where he designed and built interior decorative woodwork in many fine homes in the Tintic District.7 More important, he was needed to direct the timbering in the mines His "square set timbering" used in the Bullion-Beck Mine is still pointed to as an example of the influence of foreign methods on Utah mining.

Jakob Brand's widowed aunt, Charlotte Catherine Allebrand Krauss, a seamstress, and her sons Heinrich Karl, age twenty, a musician and master carpenter, and Julius, age eighteen, a musician and carpenter, joined the Mormon church in 1878 They were the first in the family to immigrate and graciously included their widowed mother-grandmother, Elisabeth Allebrand Brand, when settling in Providence. Elisabeth held her own place in the community, gleaning "more than 30 bushels of wheat for their winter flour" with her granddaughter, six-year-old Katherine (Gessel), that first harvest, 1880.8

Following the arrival of Jakob's family in Dutchtown, Krauss family members often struggled to make the 200-mile two-day trip from Cache County to visit and trade with the Brand family, thankful "at last they had finally joined them in Zion." Eventually grandmother Elisabeth moved to Dutchtown to be with her daughter Elisabeth Brand Schmidtt, remaining there until her death in 1906.9

According to Lavern Rippley in Of German Ways, the German immigrants were very successful in their Americanization process because of all the ethnic groups "they specifically chose their immigration destination to suit their former geographical surroundings in addition to their occupational skills."10 The Rhine River divided the two cities in western Germany, where these people were coming from, with Mannheim on the eastern side serving as the industrial and business center, and Ludwigshafen on the western side, where agricultural lands and minor services and marketplaces were located.

It was only natural that these immigrants chose that part of Zion that most closely resembled their former lifestyles and occupations. Their former missionaries, Fredriech Theuer, living in Providence, and Franz Brems, living in Lehi, continually encouraged and ultimately influenced their choices. Brems's three grown sons, John, Peter, and Fred, all lived in Dutchtown and worked for the BullionBeck Mine where their uncle Peter Lautensock helped secure work for them

Jakob Brand's in-laws—Allebrand, Krauss, and Gessel—followed Theuer to Providence, ninety-five miles north of Salt Lake City Providence was an agricultural area much like the area they had left in Germany. Brand, Franz Brom, and Marzelus Schmidtt followed Brems first to Lehi and then his sons to Eureka Jakob immediately went to work as "shift boss" at the Bullion-Beck after his arrival and shortly afterward was appointed mine foreman

The lives of these German immigrants continued to weave in and out in colorful and muted threads as they gathered for holidays such as Pioneer Day on July 24, weddings, and funerals Children from Eureka sometimes went to work on their relatives' farms in Providence during the summers. The families traded and exchanged farm produce, molasses, shoe repairs, crocheting, woven linens, horseshoes, wagon repairs, and household metal products such as tin cups and washtubs.

When Jakob Brand departed for America he left behind his wife Elisabetha, four-year-old son Emile, two-year-old daughter Anna, and newborn Katherina. He took with him his three oldest sons—Jakob, ten;Julius, eight; and Gottlieb, seven. They stopped in Lehi for a visit with Lautensock and Brems before continuing to Eureka, probably with Brems himself or a son or even possibly with George Beck, who drove huge freight wagons back and forth to the mines hauling supplies to Tintic and ore back to the Salt Lake Valley smelters.11

Jakob was greeted by old friends from Mannheim, including John Beck, newly called branch president. He and his sons may have boarded in Dutchtown at the Bullion-Beck boarding house, Lautensocks, or one of the Brems brothers' homes while getting established. He made arrangements to build a home—having carried sufficient funds with him, in anticipation of his wife's arrival in May 1885 The Brand home was built on the hill above the new Bullion-Beck Mine building. Jakob was hoping the view across the gulch with its breathtaking seasonal glow would outweigh the problem of not having the floor boards installed in time for her arrival He worked with the boys to clear a large garden space in front of the house for flowers and vegetables, including cabbage which would be layered into sauerkraut in 50-gallon wooden barrels.

In front of the home Jakob carefully planted an apple tree to give desirable shade but not obstruct the view. The ground was rough and rocky. He and his sons hauled many little wagons and buckets of soil to ensure a successful planting. Their efforts were well rewarded. The stump of that apple tree is still there today

This humble home in a rough mining town must have been a shock to Elisabetha We have no records of her disappointment, but years later she is remembered describing her disbelief at that dirt floor. Also, for many years water had to be carried to the home in barrels.12 Harsh complaints were not noted among the German convert records researched nor were there many expressions of delight or joy, a reflection of the normally reserved demeanor of the German people in general.

The Brand family eventually included five more children born in Dutchtown. Their original German names are recorded in Jakob's Register in his own hand and translated "Jakob and Elisabetha ... we had the following children born to us " The names gradually changed as the children became more Americanized Jakob became Jake, Julius became Jules, Emile was anglicized to Emil, Anna turned to Annie, Katherina to Kate, Mathilde to Tillie, and so on. Jake and the other sons eventually changed the spelling of their surname from Brand to Brandt to better reflect the American-German phonetic pronunciation.

Elisabetha managed her family in a calm and dignified manner coming from a refined French background "She was a real lady," her sons said of her Emil particularly remembered her lovely singing voice as she moved lightly about the four-room house doing her chores. Just five feet and petite, Elisabetha kept her girlish figure even after having been delivered of eleven children, as can be seen in a family picture dated May 1901. That alone speaks of her personal stamina and family spirit She organized food preparation among the girls: Kate inherited the skill for beef marrow ball dumpling soup, Tillie worked diligently on her lovely jams and marmalades, Annie created memorable occasions with her unforgettable cider and root beer, and Martha's specialty was always coffee (kaffee) kuchen called "kua" by the family.13

Elisabetha also taught Kate how and where to find mushrooms in the hills and barns near their home. The family menus were generously seasoned according to the French style that she had learned in her own home as a child. Cottontail rabbits were plentiful and regularly found their way into the family stew pot. "When the staple— sauerkraut and pork roast—arrived, it was always served surrounded in a bowl-shaped mound of potatoes," recalls Helen Scott, who also remembers a pot constantly simmering on the wood-burning stove, often the beginning of a delicious meal. The daily table settings were crisp white linen cloths or the lacy crocheted cloths for Sundays and company Elizabeth served cocoa to Jakob in his silver mustache cup and drank hers in exquisite china from their Prussian past. Other memorable Dutchtown cooking includes Rosalia Tischner's liver dumplings, which "were always requested when church or family visters [sic] came from SLC," as reported in Tischner family papers.

The girls made most of their own clothes. Kate Brand was especially talented in crocheting and as a child learned to make lace and articles to beautify their clothing and brighten their home. Years later her crocheted tablecloths won prizes at the Utah State Fair, and her delicate lace collars made over sixty years ago still adorn dresses worn by her family members today in recurring fashion trends.14

Family recollections mention that Jakob looked forward to the American style of education for his children because "it was not so strict or stifling" as his schooling had been in Germany. Brand children went to the public schoolhouse John Beck built in Dutchtown in 1881 for all the children in the Tintic District. Americanization of children began to show when parents spoke to them in German and they replied in English. Their uncle Franz Brohm (married to Jakob's younger sister, Margaretha Brand) told his family "We are in America now. For a new start, we must try to do everything the new American "15 way

Charly, the youngest Brand son, beat braided rugs, helped with other household duties, and chased roaming dogs and rooting pigs away from his mother's splendid garden and fruit trees. A few years later, after building a regular front fence, Jakob protectively enclosed the garden by adding a second picket fence The family's spring tulips and summer geraniums flashed and signaled to all who passed by on their way to the Bullion-Beck Mine and later the mill smelter.

Dr. Albert Comes, a Tischner grandchild and friend who also grew up in Dutchtown, remembered playing with Ute Indian children in the hills in his early childhood years of the 1890s One day he was accidentally hit above the eye with a flint-tipped arrow. The Indian's salve and bandages stopped the bleeding and thewound healed with no problems. His recollections also tell how his mother, Therisa Tischner, joined the Dutchtowners as a servant girl She worked for a total of four years, some in Salt Lake, before finally earning enough money to send for her father, Johann Tischner. He brought with him his much-in-demand skills atblacksmithing andmetal working; andin just one more year, working together, they were able to send for the remaining family in Germany.16

These Mormons did not always have an easy time gathering for their meetings Early on, meetings were held in the open air at different locations in the Tintic Valley and adjoining canyons. They moved around to minimize harassment. When meetings were held in private homes, horsemen rode by whooping, hollering, and shooting. A meetinghouse was finally built in 1890 with land and materials furnished by John Beck, who was still the president of the branch, and that ended further molestation. Members furnished the labor. It was located in Dutchtown, between the Bullion-Beck Mine and the mill. In June 1893 Peter Lautensock was called to be bishop, as there were now enough people for a real ward.17

Thursday nights, adults and those young men and women not in grammar school went to the church for English lessons. Rudolph Von Baur, who taught school during the day, conducted these classes. Many used their Stern in German for a companion guide with the English Millennial Star. They often practiced their hymns in English and later organized a choir to sing favorite songs from home. 1 8

Julius Krauss, a Brand cousin from Providence, is remembered wending his way to Dutchtown through the years, entertaining relatives, neighbors, and guests with his singing and violin and flute playing, especially outside on their porch in the summertime. He finally moved to Dutchtown and is listed in Jakob's Book

Over time the Bullion-Beck became entangled in bitter legal disputes, suffered from a lack of adequate working capital, foundered under poor management, exhausted rich ore bodies, and ran into water problems on the lower levels. One of the most serious problems was a bitter strike in 1893. In that year the managers cited a decline in the price of lead and silver in announcing a cut in miners' wages from $3.00 to $2.50 a day The cut was to be temporary, only until the price of silver climbed back to the normal level. The Mormon workers at the Bullion-Beck accepted the lower wages but the miners' union would not and called for a strike Accusations flew on both sides

John Duggan, the Irish Catholic secretary of the miners' union, sent a letter to Wilford Woodruff, Mormon church president, demanding he stop "church meddling" in labor problems. Moses A. Thatcher, president of Bullion-Beck Champion Company, and George Q Cannon, a board member, were both Mormon church officials at this time Other board members included John Beck, C S Burton, and Philo T. Farnsworth. The Deseret News, representing the Mormon point of view, categorically denied charges of meddling Accusations soon turned into violence. In June a terrific explosion shook the town as strikers blew up two houses and damaged several others in the area of the Bullion-Beck Mine hoist. Fortunately, the houses were empty at the time and no one was killed. A few days later strikers and workers engaged in a rock-throwing skirmish.19

A grand jury investigation followed and eventually a group of predominately Irish men and women were indicted for rioting. The strike failed and the union left town.20

Because of the mine expansion and the creeping dumps, in 1899 the Dutchtown Mormons moved their meetinghouse to a plot of ground on Main Street When Jakob Brand died unexpectedly in August 1901,at age forty-eight, his funeral was one of the last held in the old Beck church. A new Gothic style meetinghouse was built in 1902 and still stands today. It is used as a community center in Eureka.

Elisabetha struggled to stay in her home after Jakob's death. Resourceful and independent, she continued as a midwife even after Dr John Hensel moved to Dutchtown in 1899 from Baden, Germany. Tradition has it that when he was occupied with a patient and a baby was due, he would say "go for Elisabetta Brand, she will deliver the baby." She even took in washing and ironing. Children Martha, Tillie, and Charly helped her pour hundreds of tubs of soaking, washing, and rinsing water into the garden through the years They had to fetch the clean water from a pipe several blocks away. Charly and Tillie picked up and delivered the laundry

In the early 1900s several Dutchtown homes close to the dumps were moved across the main road Many first-generation Dutchtown children, including Kate and Annie Brand, lived in those homes or built new ones there when they married. In the meantime John Beck moved to Salt Lake City where he lived after reluctantly relinquishing his position as manager of the Bullion-Beck. Beloved friend to all the Dutchtowners, he passed away April 2, 1913, from blood poisoning in his foot.21

Later, during the 1918 flu epidemic, the Brand family suffered three tragic deaths Jules Brandt, his wife Martha, and Tillie's husband William of eighteen months all died at the same time. Relatives remember Jules's children walking alone behind the wagon carrying their parents' coffins as it passed by on the road below Elisabetha's home on the way to the cemetery. Everyone had been warned by the Public Health Department not to gather for fear of more contagion, so no one else in the family participated They had to stay at home. 22

Tillie, inconsolable, never recovered from her loss and returned home to live with her mother. Eventually they moved off the hill so others in the family could help and visit them more readily. Remorsefully, Elisabetha sold her beloved piano at the time of their move because she needed a cow. There would be plenty of room for her cow across the highway, Dutchtown's second phase. They relocated there among many friends and relatives. Excitement awaited them in 1922 when the Bell stope of the Bullion-Beck Mine caved in at about the 200-foot level, practically next door. Mr. Garbett, owner of the home, got up in the night to check around because he had heard strange noises out back He went out the front door, walked cautiously around the side of his house, and discovered his back porch had vanished into a gaping hole. He hurried to save his family and together they watched in horror and disbelief as some of their furniture and other possessions slid out the back of the house down into the black hole.

When morning light came, teenagers Marinus Tilby and Babe Ames and the rest of the town also watched for hours as parts of the house continued to break up and slide down into the bottomless pit. Undaunted by this strange situation, the Brands, Ameses, Tilbys, and others gave no serious thought to moving Where could they go anyway? The whole town of Eureka was built over a maze of mine tunnels, shafts, and stopes. Until recently, when the hole was finally filled in because it was edging toward Highway 6, few passersby could resist the urge to stop and throw a rock or two over the edge and try to outguess each other as to the hidden depths.23

At the time of her move Elisabetha refused to relinquish her baroque gilt mirror, piano music, few remaining pieces of precious china, or her husband's silver mustache cup She cared devotedly for Tillie some six years and was still sturdy enough to ride in one last parade the summer before she died in 1924. Tillie then entered the Provo Sanitarium and lived one more year

Through the 1930s Dutchtown continued to change and dwindle. German predominance faded. Recent recollections note the changing surnames of the residents: Ames, Brandt, Brown, Brohm, Franks, Tilby, Orr, Webb, Beckstead, Steiner, Drussel, Duffin, King, Peart, Frisby, Riser, Schmidt, Towers, Hahn, Meiers, Franke, Baurer, Mueller, Hensel, Dachstader, Kyte, Swartz, Gray, Pommell, Sudweeks, and Eastwood, to name a few.

None of Jakob's eight adult children married others of pure German heritage Jake, Jules, Gottlieb, and Emil Brandt assimilated when they all married English or Scandinavian wives who preferred to settle uptown away from the mines where it was "quieter, cleaner, healthier, and closer to the school and church."

Many young men in Dutchtown died of chronic illnesses just as the Brandt boys did—as a result of their early entry into the mines Charly, at age twenty-one, died suddenly one night after spending a normal evening playing with nieces LaVern and Katherine Ames. Other miners in the family felt his death was caused by the effects of arsenic-lead poisoning, due to the mill's poor air systems Jake received a medical discharge from the Spanish-American War, suffering from poor health and eventually dying of "miner's con"—silicosis. Too ill to work, he rocked away many years on his porch. His wife Nell Anderson received a tiny government pension for years after he died, according to relatives.

Emil and Gottlieb became friends with Dolph Ames from Salem and urged him to board in their home after he got a job as a miner He later married their sister Kate and settled permanently in Dutchtown. Dolph's death of tuberculosis/miner's con at age forty-three in 1925 continued the Brand family pattern as Kate began working in a laundry to support her sons and filled orders for her beautiful crocheted pieces. Emil also became mentor and friend to Marinus Tilby who married his sister Kate's daughter, Katherine (Babe). Then, following his four brothers, Emil died in his forties of a mining-related illness.

Jakob's son Gottlieb lived the longest—fifty-five years. He had spent half his mining years as a top man, running the cage at the Bullion-Beck Mine. Daughters Annie B. Miller, Kate B. Ames, and Marth B. Gray lived many long wonderful years "gallivanting" from Eureka to Salt Lake City or from Reno to Los Angeles or Oakland and back at the slightest provocation or national holiday Kate promised to take her first grandson, Maurice Tilby, born in 1924, to visit her homeland, Ludwigshafen-Mannheim, Germany, some day.24 She never did. Ironically, Maurice was killed when his B-17 was shot down on a bombing raid deep in Germany, March 22, 1945. On that same day Robert J. "Bobby" Brandt, son of Gottlieb and grandson of Jakob, was also killed in Germany while serving in the U.S Army.

Dutchtown's story did not end with the exhaustion of the ore and the closing of the mines With each generation the ethnic uniqueness of Dutchtown became more diluted as residents married within other ethnic groups and non-Germans moved in. Nevertheless, the first generation's determination, stability, fierce love and loyalty to family, church, and their new country, along with their appreciation for nature's beauty and musical talent, were passed on to each succeeding generation Eventually, German Dutchtown disappeared altogether. Today it can only be located by the Bullion-Beck skeletal gallows frame while walking in the lonesome winds of lower Eureka.

NOTES

Mrs Tilby is a member of the Utah Statehood Centennial Commission and a freelance historian living in Salt Lake City.

1 Jakob Brand Register Book, 1895-1899, listing fifty-fiveGerman immigrant surnames, is in the possession of the author. It was given her in 1984 by LaVern Ames Hayward, granddaughter of Jakob Brand, and translated by Jost Madrian of Salt Lake City This charming little record book opened the research window for the story that follows It fills much of the void within regional archives that annotate Dutchtown references with such frustrating entries as "lost . , burned . , missing ...."

2 Swiss-German Mission Registry, Book B, p 105, April 27, 1861, LDS Church Archives, Salt Lake City.

3 George Beck (Johann George Beck), unpublished autobiography in possession of Sherwin Allred and Faye Peck, Lehi, Utah. Several other people also have copies of the Beck autobiography, including Jill Tuft of Salt Lake City who provided one to the author.

4 Philip F. Notarianni, Faith, Hope and Prosperity: The Tintic Mining District (Eureka, Ut.: Tintic Historical Society, 1982), p 18; Alice P McCune, History ofJuab County, 1847-1947 (n.p.: Juab County Company of the Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1947), p. 190-91.

5 Franz Brems Family History, unpublished manuscript in possession of Robert Brems, Salt Lake City.

6 Peter Lautensock Diary in possession of Margaret Stone, St George, Utah.

7 Interview with Albert Loutensock, Jr., Magna, Utah, September, 1991.

8 Providence History Committee, Providence and Her People: A History of Providence, Utah, 1857-1974 (Providence, Ut.: Providence History Committee, 1974), p 413.

9 Brand family records in possession of the author.

10 New York: Harper and Row, 1970, p. 13.

11 George Beck unpublished autobiography.

12 Interviews with Helen Gray Scott, granddaughter of Elisabetha, Oakland, Calif., September 1987; interviews with Doreen Clement Ames, daughter-in-law of Kate Brand Ames, Eureka, Ut., 1965-93.

13 Interview with Frances Brandt Schaerrer, daughter of Emil and granddaughter of Elisabetha, Salt Lake City, September 1991, interviews with Don Miller, grandson of Annie Brand Miller, Salt Lake City, September 1991.

14 Interviews with LaVern Ames Hayward, daughter of Kate, Salt Lake City, 1965-90.

15 Interview with V. R. Brohm, daughter-in-law of Franz, Salt Lake City, September 1991.

16 Albert Comes unpublished papers in possession of Kathel Tischner, Payson, Ut. Tischner family history, unpublished biographies in possession of Kathel Tischner, Payson, Ut.

17 Andrew Jenson, comp., Journal History, CR MH 2710-2718, LDS Church Archives; McCune, History of .Juab County, p 197

18 Beth K Harris, The Towns of Tintic (Denver: Sage Books, 1961), p 14.

19 Notarianni, Faith, Hope, and Prosperity, p 39 Deseret News, June 5, 1893.

20 Salt Lake Tribune, June 9, 1893.

21 Deseret News, April 13, 1913.

22 Interview with Winona B. Box, Bountiful, Ut., September 1991. Schaerrer interview.

23 Scott interview; Ames interview; Harris, The Towns of Tintic, p. 22.

24 Vincent M Tilby, "My Grandmother [Kate Brand Ames] Is Quite Independent," unpublished paper in author's possession, based on personal interview in 1954.