Book Reviews

In Another Time: Sketches of Utah History First Published in the Salt Lake Tribune.

By Harold Schindler. (Logan: Utah State University Press, 1998. xii + 199 pp. Cloth, $34.95; paper, $19.95.)

In Another Time collects forty short sketches and twelve longer pieces that originally appeared as feature articles in the Salt Lake Tribune from 1993 to 1997 as part of its commemoration of Utah's statehood centennial. The late Harold Schindler, a veteran Tribune journalist and historian, has produced a useful and very entertaining volume for the general public

The book is divided into three parts, with the twelve lengthier articles titled "chapters" and the sketches following the chapters, resulting in a roughly chronological framework As these are discrete pieces, they do not (nor were they meant to) make up a coherent narrative, but a reader with a good working knowledge of Utah history can easily follow along and will find much of interest

The collection begins with a description of the peoples who used Danger Cave for some 11,000 years. The bulk of the book is predictably weighted toward people and events of the nineteenrfi century, particularly the western emigration and the early Mormon settlement of Utah (areas of Schindler's special interest and expertise) A handful of sketches toward the end address early twentieth-century subjects. Familiar characters from Utah's history abound: John Doyle Lee, Mark Twain, Joe Hill, John Baptiste, and, of course, Brigham Young Male subjects appear far more frequently than do females The author's journalistic strengths are notably evident in the sketches, where he can tell a single, clear story in detail The pieces about the lynching of Sam Joe Harvey, R. B. Marcy's emigrant handbook, and the early history of prostitution stand out as colorful and well-told.

Some of the longer chapters work less well, as they tend toward a brief recitation of disconnected events. "Territory in Transition," for instance, covers the closing of Fort Crittenden, the Pony Express, Governor John Dawson's short and troubled term, the territory's non-participation in the Civil War, the Morrisite schism, the founding of Camp Douglas, and the Bear River Massacre in eight crowded pages. This tendency is reflected in the sometimes awkward, headline-style chapter titles.

As these pieces had their genesis as newspaper articles, they are designed for a general audience and do not specifically cite sources, although some references are given Schindler includes a page of "suggested additional reading," and he seems to have relied extensively on the works of Dale L. Morgan. A skilled and experienced researcher himself, Schindler includes a wealth of detail to buttress his blunt, direct, and often humorous interpretations. At the same time, he iswell aware of the limitations of his evidence, particularly in his careful description of the Mountain Meadows Massacre, where he generally follows Juanita Brooks. Among the most satisfactory aspects of the book are its look and ease of use Schindler and the Utah State University Press have produced a handsome volume with more than 100 drawings, photographs, and maps and an excellent index. In Another Time should find an eager audience among general readers with an interest in popular, well-written western and Utah history

JEFFREY NICHOLS Westminster College

"As a Thief in the Night": The Mormon Quest for Millennial Deliverance.

By DAN ERICKSON (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1998. vi + 278 pp. $34.95.)

"Anyone who wants to understand the early Mormon mind and how their [sic] cosmology influenced Mormongentile interactions," Dan Erickson asserts in his book "As a Thief in the Night," must examine the early Mormon belief in an imminent millennium, and Erickson's book does just that. While Robert N. Hullinger argues that the crux of Mormonism is its answer to skepticism and its defense of faith in Jesus (Mormon Answer to Skepticism, [St Louis: Clayton Publishing House Inc., I960]), Marvin S Hill found at the core of Latter-day Saint history a quest for refuge and a flight from American pluralism (Quest for Refuge, [Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1989]). Kenneth H. Winn believes that Mormonism emerged as "a potent movement decrying the religious anarchy created by the 'priestcraft' of the major denominations and, implicitly, the growing inegalitarianism ofJacksonian Society" (Exiles in a Land of Liberty, [Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1989]). Erickson, in contrast, argues that the best way to understand the Latter-day Saints is to study Mormon history within the framework of its millennial aspirations The Mormons were, he asserts, "a people commissioned to build a literal kingdom of God on the American continent to prepare for the imminent return of the promised Messiah. Thus, the history of the Mormons can best be seen as "a millennial passage, ambiguous, evolving, always waiting, anticipating, and eventually capitulating to the dominant American society."

Well-documented (it appears that Erickson has mined every smidgen of ore from the Mormon millennial mine) and well-written, the book romps through American millennialism, the doctrinal roots of Mormon millennial expectations, and early Mormon millennialism It even finds millennialism at the very core of the Mormon experience in Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois Latter-day Saint involvement in such historical events as the Utah War, the anti-polygamy campaign, the gathering, and even the Civil War, Erickson argues, is best understood when viewed through glasses tinted by millennialism. He does not believe that early Mormonism was more concerned with preparing a place to which Christ could come than with the time of his advent Nor does he accept the view that Latter-day Saints shifted their millennial expectations and focused, instead, on building temples and redeeming the dead. In fact, Erickson finds millennial fever reaching new highs as church members approached the twentieth century, only to decline as new leaders were chosen and the new century dawned Realizing that Christ would not return and deliver them from their enemies, these men molded Mormonism into a religion of accommodation

Erickson's conclusions come from a mountain of evidence, and his footnotes reveal that no stone has been left unturned in his search for facts to support his thesis When Mormonism began the Saints believed that the second coming was nigh, but as their eyes turned to the twentieth century, "the Saints' deliverance remained on the horizon, further from sight than ever before." Thus, their quest for deliverance was filled with frustration, disappointment, and failed hopes, he concludes

Though this book represents fine scholarship in many respects, it does have some deficiencies. Erickson seems to believe, or implies at least, that all nineteenth-century Mormons held the same opinions with respect to the coming of the Lord My own study of Latter-day Saint history has led me to conclude that some Mormons were less enthusiastic about millennialism than were others, and for many it had little, if any, appeal Many anchored their faith, instead, in doctrines such as faith, repentance, baptism, the gift of the Holy Ghost, eternal marriage, priesthood authority, and missionary work and in making the desert blossom as the rose, building a Zion society, and doing temple work

Not all church leaders believed that Christ's return was imminent; instead, some held the view that the gospel must be preached to every nation, kindred, tongue, and people before the Messiah would return. The Jewish people, Mormon scriptures clearly taught, would have to gather to Jerusalem, the Lamanites needed to be converted, and temples must dot the earth before the second advent would take place Serious students of Mormon scripture learned that there was much work left to be done before the King of Kings and Lord of Lords came to reign for a thousand years. In spite of the book's impressive bibliography, the complexity of Mormon millennialism is not fully probed and explained.

Erickson, too, at times, cuts too wide a swath as he leads readers through the Mormon past Some historians would question his characterization of the Book of Mormon as being an antiMasonic text (57), while others would seriously doubt that Mormon millenarianism "must be identified as a major souce of animosity felt toward the Saints," (58), or that apocalypticism was the predominant early Mormon cosmology (66) Millennialism was not the principal cause of "the new outbreak of anti-Mormonism in Hancock County, Illinois in 1845" (145); nor is it accurate to write that in the West the saints "would patiently await Christ's call to usher in his millennial reign" (147) Missionaries, hardly waiting patiently in Utah, were sent to preach to the nations of the earth, and in those early territorial years these emissaries of Mormonism traveling east passed wagon trains of Saints headed west. Brigham Young and other Saints were convinced that Zion's future lay in the tops of the mountains where Mormons could become an ensign to the world Latter-day Saints constructed solid homes and planted oak and other trees Only a few believers thought this kingdom building to be a waste of time because the new Jerusalem was soon to be erected in Jackson County, Missouri.

There are a few minor mistakes, too, that tend to mislead readers For example, Thomas B H Stenhouse was not the church's Eastern States Mission president when he wrote The Rocky Mountain Saints, as Erickson implies Instead, at the time he wrote, he had been excommunicated from the church (163). Charles W. Penrose was not an apostle in 1879 (188). Moses Thatcher, in a letter to John Taylor, denied that he had said some of the things attributed to him in his talk in Lewiston, Utah, in 1886; Erickson seems either to be unaware of his denial or to disbelieve Thatcher (197).

In spite of these few flaws, "As a Thief in the Night" reveals much about early Mormon millennialism and, together with Grant Underwood's The Millenarian World of Early Mormonism (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), provides a solid base for understanding this aspect of Mormon history Readers can only hope that Erickson will write a second volume detailing millennialism as it existed among Mormons in the twentieth century, because I believe that many Latter-day Saints, during the last hundred years, have clung to their faith that the time of His coming is nigh, even at the door

KENNETH W GODFREY Logan, Utah

The Utah State Constitution: A Reference Guide.

By JEAN BICKMORE WHITE (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1998 xxvi + 231 pp $75.00.)

"Utah's constitutional history can only be understood by recognizing the unique circumstances of the state's founding and its turbulent, divisive territorial history," writes Jean Bickmore White Few other people could make this statement with such authority and none with more White has written extensively on Utah's constitution; as author of a recent (1996) work, Charter for Statehood: The Story of Utah's State Constitution, and several other related articles, White brings a wealth of knowledge to the writing of the present book

The Utah State Constitution: A Reference Guide, is the thirteenth volume in a series, Reference Guides to the State Constitutions of the United States The book begins with a brief but insightful history of the Utah Constitution. It then provides a complete text of Utah's current constitution with an article-byarticle, section-by-section commentary on the changes that have been made to the constitution since ratification In addition, there are an annotated bibliography on Utah historical sources, a table of cases, and an index. The book is an important and very informative analysis of the state constitution. In this and in her previous book, Charter For Statehood, White has definitely con- tributed mightily to the history of the state of Utah.

As informative as the book is, the history buff or casual historian is better off reading CharterFor Statehood rather than this work But for the serious historian or one interested in a particular article or section of the constitution, this is the place to go The commentary on each article and particularly on each section is excellent. The commentary is a short paragraph or lengthy essay, depending on the amount of changes made to the article or the number of court cases that have dealt with the article For example, Article I Section 6 deals with the right to bear arms. The original section simply stated, "The people have the right to bear arms for their security and defense, but the legislature may regulate the exercise of this right by law." White points out that "Utah has a strong anti-gun-control movement that opposes most restrictions on the right to own firearms" and that Utahns approved an amendment reflecting this concern in 1984 by inserting the right of individuals to bear arms The amendment now states, "The individual right of the people to keep and bear arms for security and defense . . . shall not be infringed. ..."

A second example is Article I Section 9, dealing with excessive bail and fines—cruel punishments This section has not been changed since ratification, but White spends almost two pages discussing court cases that have addressed the issues of this section. She points out that in 1986, in State v. Bishop, the Utah Supreme Court ruled that "the minimum mandatory sentence for sodomy on a child did not violate this section or the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution." She also shows that, in State v. Gardner in 1989, "the Utah Supreme Court held that the death penalty under Utah law meets the requirements of the state and federal constitutions."

The book was published before several constitutional amendments were approved by Utah voters in the November 1998 election, but Professor White does mention these propositions and indicates that they will be on the ballot

Serious readers of Utah history and those interested in the significant changes to the constitution over the years will find this work an enlightening and delightful book. Professor White has done a fine job, and I compliment her for her work. I enjoyed reading it and am confident that many others will, too

MICHAEL E CHRISTENSEN Utah Foundation

The Dispossessed: Cultural Genocide of the Mixed-Blood Utes, an Advocate's Chronicle.

By PARKER M NIELSON (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998 x + 338 pp $34.95.)

In this disturbing and provocative study, Salt Lake City attorney Parker M Nielson chronicles the termination of the mixed-blood Utes from the Northern Ute Indian Tribe. He outlines how the termination process, initiated by Utah Senator Arthur V Watkins, was visited on the Utes in a singular action by the U.S Congress and the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the only partial termination of any tribe in the nation. Termination for the mixedbloods meant loss of both tribal membership and any further claims upon the Bureau of Indian Affairs, similar to the impact of the termination policy upon other tribes in the 1950s But for the mixed-blood terminees the losses went much further than being cut off from government assistance.

Nielson, with first-hand information gained as legal representative for the terminated Utes, details how the separation of the terminees from tribal membership proved devastating as they were misrepresented, lied to, tricked, and cheated out of their cultural and financial heritage His condemnation of everyone involved—including the U.S Congress, the BIA, the Ute Tribal Business Committee, the Ute Tribe as a whole, First Security Bank and its officers, the Federal Securities Commission, fellow attorneys, residents of the Uintah Basin, federal judges, the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals, even the United States Supreme Court, makes for an interesting, if one-sided, read Perhaps those tarred the blackest in this myopic view are the Mormon church and its members. Nielson launches a diatribe against Mormons at every possible turn, even when it takes a leap of logic to see the church's remote involvement This study focuses so narrowly on what happened to the mixed-blood Utes that it becomes a victimization story with the Mormon church as the scapegoat, leaving many of his meritorious points shadowed under clouds of animosity and bias

The author's writing is contrived and often awkward. He uses metaphors that have little to do with his point, and throughout the work jumps from idea to idea with little or no transition. He frequenuy jumbles chronology in a way that will confuse readers unacquainted with the sequence of events Repeatedly, he adds first-person information in the form of thoughts and hopes of the terminees that he was not privy to He overlooks, until the epilogue, the fact that one-third of the Northern Ute Tribe is still full-blood Uintah Utes who maintained tribal membership.

Nielson offers a good outline of the Eisenhower-era termination laws aimed at forced assimilation of Native Americans However, without a prior understanding of U.S. reservation policy, the Spanish Fork Treaty, the Dawes Act, the Indian Reorganization Act, the Termination Act, and the 27%-63% split of non-dividable assets between the terminated mixed-bloods and the rest of the Ute Tribe, many readers will be lost and confused This book, though valuable for its specific detail and its personalization of this reprehensible chapter in Native American history, is not likely to be the final word on the subject As a moving case study with specific detail of how congressional action affected individuals in an arbitrary and heartless way, it is recommended to anyone interested in Ute history and Native American history of the twentieth century. However, when Nielson is finished, only the mixedbloods and he alone stand untarnished in this shameful misdeed.

JOHN D BARTON Utah StateUniversity Uintah Basin Branch Campus

American Indians and National Parks.

By ROBERT H. KELLER and MICHAEL F. TUREK. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998 xxii + 319 pp $40.00.)

For eighty-three years, the National Park Service (NPS) has tried to balance its mission to "preserve and protect" with the often-conflicting mandate to provide for park use by the general public NPS managers struggle with the conflicting demands of tourists who want more roads and campgrounds and environmentalist groups who object to such developments; "wise use" advocates who oppose "locking up" park resources and wilderness advocates wanting to preserve more; recreationists demanding natural quiet and solitude and others lobbying for snowmobiling and off-road driving; and entrepreneurs boosting park tourism and residents worrying about the resulting impacts on their community While listening to the loud, politically amplified voices of the "greater" public, the NPS has historically overlooked or ignored those of Indian peoples.

Keller and Turek's research shows just how intricately park and tribal histories and interests are intertwined. It is a sad surprise, for instance, to learn that most of the country's "crown jewel" parks were carved largely out of Indian reservation lands over the objections—and to the detriment—of the tribes who lived there. Treaty rights were revoked, homes demolished, families disrupted, and prime real estate exchanged for marginal lands In one case, a tribe was even forced to give up reservation land wanted for a park in exchangefor land it already owned. That little-known history casts a cold shadow over an agency that generally basks in warm, popular regard.

This volume traces Indian/park relations for numerous NPS units, including Olympic, Glacier, and Everglades, and the Southwest's Pipe Spring, Grand Canyon, and Mesa Verde As with most histories of U.S./tribal relations, these are largely stories of conflicts, misunderstandings, good intentions, broken promises, dispossession, and paternalism. The presentation is not entirely negative, though: wherever possible, the authors set this thorny crown with gem-stories of genuine cooperation, friendship, and mutual respect between park and Indian people Although the authors clearly have a point of view, their work is well-researched, objective, and nonjudgmental. They do not make the National Park Service a whipping boy, nor do they present tribes as stereotypical victims or environmental Eagle Scouts Rather, the NPS is shown as a bureaucracy with conflicting missions, disparate management styles, inadequate funding, and uncoordinated policies; tribes are shown as communities of individuals with different opinions, internal political battles, and very real economic needs.

Of particular interest to this readership will be Chapter 5, "Paiutes, Mormons, and Water." Here, Keller and Turek recount the complicated, convoluted history of Pipe Spring and the Kaibab Paiute Tribe. Mormons are rightfully proud of Brigham Young's policy of dealing humanely with Indian people, of feeding the hungry and clothing the naked Paiutes, on the other hand, tell of bounties offered for Indian scalps and other brutalities On this foundation—and on Kaibab land—the NPS established a national monument that would be torn by conflicting water claims, church involvement, and tribal interests. This chapter certainly exemplifies the difficulty of sorting out what is fair and right in park management

American Indians and National Parks will likely be an eye-opener notjust for the general reader but for park managers at all levels. The book's final chapter is a particularly thoughtful synthesis of park/Indian relations, changing policy, and new attitudes Any thoughtful reader of Keller's and Turek's history will be compelled to cast off any image of "Indians as artifacts and scenery" and see them as complex people with legitimate interests in our national parks.

LEE ANN KREUTZER Capitol Reef National Park Torrey, Utah

Voyages of Discovery: Essays on the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Edited with introduction and afterword by JAMES P. RONDA (Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 1998 xiv + 351 pp Cloth, $45; paper, $19.95.)

In only a few years Americans will be celebrating the bicentennial of the Lewis and Clark expedition. Although the explorers in their quest did not enter the confines of the Great Basin, the story of their two-year continental journey profoundly affected the settlement of the entire West Voyages of Discovery embodies the voices and visions of those who made the journey, observed its passing, or have studied it in depth and therefore are qualified to bear witness to its significance.

Under the able editorship of James Ronda, eighteen monographs or documents that have appeared during the last fifty years addressing the subject of the Lewis and Clark expedition have now been republished in this single volume Contained between its covers are articles by such Lewis and Clark luminaries asJohn Logan Allen, Bernard DeVoto, Donald Jackson, Gary E Moulton, and Ronda himself, augmented with the contributions of other scholars in the fields of ethnography, science/technology, and literature. Composed as it is of individual essays and documents, this book can be picked up, read, and set down at random without sacrificing comprehension

Ronda's work is appropriately captioned and presented in six logical parts: Genesis, The Corps of Discovery, The Journey, Mutual Discovery, Homecoming, and Looking Back. Part One examines the extent to which faulty concepts of North American geography contributed to Thomas Jefferson's mistaken belief that the fabled Passage to India would be discovered during the course of the expedition Part Two probes the question of how the Corps of Discovery transformed itself from a factious rough frontier infantry company into a cohesive nomadic community. Part Three addresses the questions ranging from how the explorers determined which river among converging channels was the true Missouri to how scientific measurement of the land was conducted Part Four is devoted to reminding the reader that the encounters between the Corps of Discovery and the native inhabitants of the West were times of mutual discovery. Part Five has for its focus the aftermath of thejourney-the mixed results and the question of how the achievements and failures of the expedition should be presented to the public Part Six is a selection of essays that trace the history of Lewis and Clark scholarship Concluding the volume is a sympathetically written afterword by Ronda that addresses the larger meaning of the epic enterprise.

By making available this collection of essays and documents to a larger audience, Ronda has made a worthwhile contribution to Lewis and Clark scholarship. Moreover, his skill in selecting the premier essays and documents makes his contribution even more valuable Mute testimony that would seem to bear out this statement can be found in the most recent and, perhaps, most popular single-volume narrative history of the Lewis and Clark Expedition published to date, Undaunted Courage . . . , for in it Stephen Ambrose cites six of the eight authors and eight of the eighteen essays/documents selected by Ronda for republication in Voyages of Discovery.

Complete with maps, illustrations, and a helpful index not available in the original form, this book merits a place in the libraries of Lewis and Clark enthusiasts as well as those of scholars of the American West The Montana Historical Society Press is to be commended for making this publication available in both hardbound and paperback at a price the public can afford. Perhaps a sequel would be in order.

TODD I BERENS Santa Ana, California

Glass Plates and Wagon Ruts: Images of the Southwest by Lisle Updike and William Pennington.

By H.Jackson Clark. (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1998. xvi + 200 pp. $29.95.)

Most traveling photographers operated like lone wolves. It is rare to find two who could pair their ideals of art and business so as to operate in tandem Bucking that tradition, William Pennington and Lisle Updike were a magnetic pair They met in Texas and established themselves in Durango near the turn of the century. Their partnership, known as the Pen-Dike Studio, operated with the family man, Pennington, in the studio and darkroom while the wanderlust-driven Updike roamed the land in search of family, business, and ranch images That division of duties seems to have been the basis of their success

This is an intimate history Rather man having to reconstitute the life of a dead photographer from newspaper accounts and diaries, the author, the late H.Jackson Clark, knew these men like family. In fact, his grandfather built their special-order photographer's wagon. As historian Duane A. Smith points out in the foreword, "This gives the book a personal flavor that cannot be achieved in any other way."

They both knew and loved photography from a young age; each owned his first camera by the age of ten. Lisle Updike was an "ambitious and impatient youth" who set out to make a living with his camera at the age of twelve. He was operating his own studio at age sixteen! He was a selfdeclared photo-historian "who recorded the images of time." William Pennington, fifteen years Updike's senior, grew up working in darkrooms of photography's dry plate era.

The book's narrative is assembled in thirteen chapters, which are tightlywoven vignettes of their life and times. The eighty-seven photographs span the first third of this century, from 1904 to 1934 They are arranged in two segments, the first showing the photographers' early years and the second showing their work with Native Americans of the Southwest.

The book documents an interesting era in the history of photography. After the introduction of the Kodak in 1888, photography became a common hobby. In his own journal, Charles Savage noted that instead of taking photographs, "business is changing to developing and finishing views for amateurs." To survive, photographers had to offer different services. While their images indicate that these two remained creative as traveling photographers, the book does not explore this change, nor does it explore the business or the technical aspects of their photography. I do feel that some of the compositions suffer from the invention of the Kodak in that they have a snapshot feel to them In particular, a series of images of a trip in the San Juan Mountains are more personal or experimental than they are exceptional lens work.

The images in the second "gallery," however, are the most fascinating The portraits of the Zuni, Acoma, Jicarilla Apache, Ute, Yuma, Navajo, and Cocopa people are without question the mark of achievement for these photographers. Interestingly, in this section these two photographers seemed to have reversed their roles. Pennington, the studio man, took portraits that carry a Curtis-esque romanticism and are sometimes rigidly posed Yet Pennington showed an ability for stunning landscapes Of special note is his moody image of Mesa Verde's Cliff Palace, which captures the logic and symmetry of the construction within the hold of the cliff and canyon. Another, "Relating an Experience," shows Pennington's ability to integrate people and landscape This image blends a distant mountain into the story you imagine to be told by the two men in the foreground

On the other hand, Updike's portraits have a documentary style that shows that the photographer got to know his subject and tried to convey something about the person. The portraits show people at ease with the man behind the camera Updike's documentary talent is apparent in the series on the Zuni where he photographed them drilling turquoise, grinding cornmeal, cutting buckskin, carving Kachina dolls, and carrying water.

This biography reveals a unique photography operation in an unlikely era, but its emphasis lies in the echo— it treats these two photographers with an intimacy similar to that which they strove for in their images And that's as rare a match as the two photographers were.

DREW ROSS Salt Lake City, Utah