By Foot, by Horse, by Crummy: Louise Van Ee, School Nurse in Bingham Canyon, 1921-39

By Foot, by Horse, by Crummy: Louise Van Ee, School Nurse in Bingham Canyon, 1921-39

By KATHLEEN KAUFMAN and DIANNE KNORR

In a canyon twenty-eight miles west and south of Salt Lake City is an enormous open-pit copper mine. Even visible from space, it is the largest manmade excavation on earth. Sixty million years ago, a gigantic upheaval broke up large sedimentary deposits of sand, silt, and limestone. Magma from within the earth pushed up into the fissures. This molten rock became the source of the minerals that have been mined in the Oquirrh Mountains almost continuously since the 1860s. 1

In 1848 Thomas and Sanford Bingham, two brothers, herded cattle in the canyon that was later named for them. They discovered some gold nuggets there but were advised by Brigham Young against mining; he considered the production of food for the settlers and those who were coming to Utah more important. In 1863 Colonel Patrick Connor sent soldiers from the Third California Infantry stationed at Fort Douglas to prospect through the Oquirrh Mountains. His soldiers, many of whom were former gold prospectors, are credited with discovering the mineral wealth of Bingham Canyon. At first, copper mining was hindered by lack of transportation for the ore and by lack of smelting facilities. Mining progressed as railroads were built to carry the ore to new smelters built in Murray and Midvale. More railroads were built when the refinery in Garfield was constructed, allowing finished copper to be produced locally. 2

The population of Bingham Canyon increased rapidly as mining operations grew. News of the canyon's mineral wealth reached the world in 1873, and a mining boom began that beckoned thousands of immigrants, including Italians, Greeks, Slavs, and Norwegians. In 1914 nearly 20,000 people lived in the canyon in the Bingham City, Copperfield (also known as Upper Bingham), and Highland Boy mining camps. 3

Early medical care for workers and their families in Bingham Canyon was very limited. For many years, only one medical doctor was nearby; seriously ill or injured people had to be treated in Salt Lake City. In 1872 the six-bed St. Mark's Hospital, founded by the Episcopal church and largely funded through miners' subscriptions, became the first formal hospital in Utah. The establishment of other hospitals in Salt Lake City followed. 4 Despite these advancements, Utah did not address several public health issues until well into the twentieth century. Thomas Alexander notes a "glacial slowness" in Utah's response to such ongoing public health concerns as contaminated water and air. 5

But progress occurred. The State Department of Health was established near the end of the nineteenth century. Citizens also formed the Utah Health League, which lobbied for the establishment of a state dairy and food commissioner. However, efforts by the Health League and the health commissioner, Theodore Beatty, to mandate smallpox vaccinations in 1900 met with strong opposition in the legislature despite recurrent smallpox epidemics throughout Utah. Several decades would pass before concern for public health would outweigh the emphasis on personal liberty and smallpox vaccinations for all school children would be required. Some public health legislation was more readily accepted, however. In 1907 the legislature mandated the teaching of sanitation and the prevention of disease in public schools. By 1911, physical examinations of school children had been authorized, with health problems being reported to parents. 6

Within the general climate of health care in Utah, Bingham Canyon was a unique community. Citizens there were particularly subject to accidents, natural disasters, and environmental pollution; besides this, the diverse ethnic makeup of the citizenry created special challenges for public health workers. According to Marion Dunn, Bingham Canyon was a community with a personality all its own. It was "a movie set come to life." 7 One familiar face in this drama was a public health nurse, Louise Van Ee, who began work in the canyon in 1921. Fortunately, Van Ee preserved memories of her involvement with the town in a manuscript she wrote after her retirement in 1959. Excerpted here, it gives a good sense of the community's health issues during the 1920s and '30s. It also shows how health professionals, schoolteachers, and community members dealt with these challenges.

Louise Van Jager was born Louise Van Ee in Bussum, Holland, on October 13, 1893. She came to the United States as a teenager to care for the children of a Mr. and Mrs. Eardly in Salt Lake City, then trained as a nurse at LDS Hospital. Three years after completing her training, she was hired as the second nurse to serve as a health inspector for the Jordan School District. Actually, Dr. Robert J. Alexander, the Salt Lake County Health Officer, wanted to hire public health nurses for the schools in the Jordan District, but he had no budget for nurses. So he creatively hired two nurses as "health inspectors" for the schools. Initially, Van Ee's primary area of responsibility was the four schools in the Bingham Canyon area of the Jordan District. These included grade schools in Bingham, Copperfield, and Highland Boy and the high school, which shared a building with the Bingham grade school. As the years went by, she added the schools in Lark and Herriman to her workload. 8

The first nurse hired as an inspector for Jordan School District in 1917 worked alone as the health supervisor to educate the principals and teachers on the importance of gen­eral hygiene in the school settings. To this end, the inspector focused on "cleanliness, proper lighting, ventilation, and care of lavatories." Total enrollment in the district was on the left in the second row. 4,260 students at the time, so the nurse had relatively infrequent contact with each school. However, her diligence led to a health program that spread rapidly and included an emphasis on "proper school sanitation, supervision over contagious diseases and some community work in preventive illness." 9

During her work in the canyon, Louise would usually walk from Bingham to the upper schools, which were about a mile and a half above Bingham—one in each of the two major forks of the canyon. "The roads were not paved, nor were the sidewalks, so in the winter it was quite a trek to reach these schools or to make visits to the homes on the hillsides."

The population of the canyon was mainly of foreign extraction, which required her to establish rapport if the health programs were to be successful. "My being European by birth helped me to understand some of the worries and insecurities of these mothers who spoke little English and who understood less of what was being said," she wrote in her memoir. Much of Louise's work could be said to be that of helping to socialize the immigrant population into American culture. In one school, which had an enrollment of 200 students, there were twenty-seven different languages and dialects spoken. The children were mostly of Greek, Italian, Yugoslavian, Hungarian, Austrian, Bulgarian, Japanese, Chinese, Mexican, and Spanish backgrounds. 10 The lack of a common language required both creativity and perseverance as Van Ee tried to teach general health care.

Van Ee wrote of her efforts and also of the efforts of the immigrants to learn:

As we inspected the schools...we often played games to teach the children how to wash hands and faces and how to brush teeth. One class at a time went outside to practice, and it never failed that we had an audience on the street to watch the performance. Even parents came to observe. These demonstrations were well received. At this time a company sold toothbrushes at five cents each. Sometimes the children brought their nickels, but whether they did or not, every child had a toothbrush.

The main emphasis was on sanitation at school and at home. The children loved to take part in learning "to take care of themselves to keep from getting sick." The teachers were most cooperative but sometimes they did not understand the conditions at the home. For example one teacher was working hard to encourage cleanliness and how to be neatly dressed. She called one youngster to the front to point out that his shirt was badly wrinkled. The boy's eyes filled with tears and the children were laughing as I then entered the classroom. I put my arm around the boy and asked him how he came to have such a clean shirt this morning. I knew he came from a large and very poor family. He snuggled up for comfort and then told how he had washed his shirt in the sink after the supper dishes had been done and then hung it on the line to dry. He wanted to be like the other children and get a gold star for being clean for a whole week. I led the applause he received from the other children. He got his gold star. Later the teacher and I made a call to the boy's home. It taught her not to be too critical.

In those days it was still the habit of the foreign mothers to wrap their babies in swaddling clothes. I tried to explain to the mothers that the babies needed to exercise arms and legs, but with a seven- or eight-yearold doing the translating it was difficult to get the message across. So we started a baby care class for the high school tenth-grade girls. The mothers became interested until on several occasions one of the girls brought a real baby to class, accompanied by its mother.

To finish the class with a flourish, each girl made a baby outfit. Members of the Bingham's women's organizations judged the contest for the most complete well-sewed outfit. This demonstration was of benefit to both mothers and daughters. It was a little more difficult to break the habit of sewing the youngsters into their winter underwear!

But the immigrant was eager to learn and to do the best he could for his children. We found that 'show and do' helped to overcome the language barrier. Nor should we underemphasize the importance of home contacts and visits. It was only through the careful cultivation of friendships that many of these, to them, Bingham High School. really revolutionary projects could be undertaken, including school lunches, vaccinations and pre-school clinics, etc. 11

An important part of the school nurse's job was to do a "general inspection of the children (for contagious diseases), report any contagion and then to make house calls to determine the cause of a student's absence." This continues to be an important part of the nurse's job, especially in those schools that are considered high-risk. These home visits revealed that the community as a whole needed some preventive medicine—a need partly met through an integrated classroom effort in the schools as well as community classes directed primarily toward adults. The curriculum in the schools was as follows: 7th grade—personal health 8th grade—Little Mother classes (care & growth of the baby) 9th and 10th grades—principles of anatomy and physiology; home care of the sick 11th and 12th grades—follow-up; a person's responsibility to the community. During the 1920s the Jordan District school nurses gave more than 2,000 community and classroom talks to improve the general health and hygiene of the people of Bingham Canyon. Louise's narrative continues:

In the early days, the approach to health was pragmatic. One taught the things that needed teaching. Today parents would possibly resent the emphasis on cleanliness and mutual concern, but in those days first graders were taught how to wash their hands before meals, clean their nails, and brush their teeth. They were encouraged to eat what was cooked at home and to get enough hours of sleep. Coughing should be done in a paper towel or into a handkerchief. For a while head lice were a problem in some areas until instruction in proper hair shampoo cleared up the situation.

Older school children were constantly encouraged to help out at home, picking up debris in their yards, teaching younger children health rules, and looking after their welfare, sharing with parents knowledge of better nutrition.

Principles of anatomy began early enough so that girls had some awareness of their own sexual development, but such instruction was always a part of the larger picture of social relations, proper dress, good posture, and particularly fairness in dealing with others and concern for community good. Students visited the hospital and learned the principles of first aid. There was a remarkable spirit of inter-relatedness that strengthened and inspired. 13

Nurses also worked personally with families; follow-up for school absences, contagious diseases, and basic preventive healthcare required many home visits over the years. By 1930, "nearly 2,000 home visits [had been made]...many of them memorable for humor or pathos." The nurse became involved in the lives of the people in a variety of unexpected ways, as the following examples illustrate.

Once when I started my walking trip to Highland Boy, a little mother called to me from her front yard. The following dialogue took place: "Hey, you nurse?" "Yes; I am nurse." "You go Highland Boy?" "Yes, I'm going to Highland Boy." "You take dem two cows up road. Nothing to eat here.You trow rock, dey climb up hill."

So I threw a rock at one of the two cows and together we were on our way. Some small fry followed me, or the cows, part of the way, and some of the men who passed on the road asked if I had started a dairy. To my surprise, the cows were waiting when I finished my work at the school and together we went back down the road. I delivered them safely to their barn.... Upper Bingham had a lesser language problem but climbing up and down the mountainside was more difficult. One rainy cold afternoon I had to ask a father to permit my taking three of his children to an eye specialist. It was an impossibility to convince him that this was necessary. I left in a pouring rain. As I started down the steep and muddy trail, suddenly I slipped, lost my nurse's bag and rushed on down to the bottom. There were no bushes to stop me, even on the turn. I bumped into a telephone pole where I clung to catch my breath. Luckily I was just a few steps from the road. Tired and discouraged, I reached my room, bewailing the fact that this visit had been a waste of time.

But not so, on my next visit the father did give his consent. He even let me take the children to stay at my home in Salt Lake City the night before we had to appear at the doctor's office. A daughter had an operation to correct her crossed eyes, and the two boys received glasses. Whenever I see the daughter, now a school teacher with a family of her own, she tells me that it was that visit which really saved her eyes....

Another episode involving transportation occurred when the District established a one-room school for a dozen or so children near the top of the mountain where the New England mine was located. It was at least a two mile trip from Upper Bingham and very difficult to navigate during the winter months. I wrote to the school board explaining that getting there and back was almost impossible. Facetiously I commented that only a horse could make this trip and survive. To my great surprise I was notified that a horse would be supplied on a once a week basis.

I really did not know what I was getting into, but the canyons above Upper Bingham were beautiful, the horse could not run at that altitude or did not choose to, so I enjoyed this trip every week. A lovely group of children, an excellent teacher, and a free lunch at the company mess hall always made this a delightful day. The home calls, however, were rather tiring as it was difficult to get off and on the horse if there was not someplace or a person to give a boost.

Once when it was snowing it was particularly difficult to get down to Bingham. I should not have worried about the horse slipping but I concentrated on the road rather than on the landmarks. Suddenly there was a chorus of guffaws. I looked up. My horse had stopped dead still in front of the local brothel. The only thing I could do was to join in the fun. I was told that the man who usually used this horse always stopped at this place on his way back from work.

After this episode I had permission to ride the Bingham Mine Company train, called the "crummy," which left at seven in the morning to take the men to the top level of the mine. At five in the afternoon I came back down with the same train. This way of travel was much easier, and I learned a great deal about the workings of the open pit mine area and about the problems of the miners. 14

While Louise was responsible for the health of children, a physician was usually hired by the mining companies to care for the health of the miners. Dr. Paul Richards worked in this capacity during the 1920s and '30s. Through observation and experimentation, he made many innovations in industrial health and safety practices that benefited the miners. Among these was the addition of hot showers at the mine and a change of clothes for miners before they walked home at the end of their shifts. Richards also developed and tested safety goggles and the helmets that became the hard hats of today. 15 Van Ee worked with local doctors in promoting and giving vaccinations in the community. The first vaccination program was begun during a 1924 typhoid epidemic in Bingham. "It was mandatory that the men in Upper Bingham and Highland Boy mines also be vaccinated, "Van Ee wrote. "Four thousand persons were protected. We had 95% protection in the schools as well. For three years there was a follow-up program of booster shots." Evidently, the efforts of the nurses and physicians in Bingham Canyon were far more successful than those in Salt Lake City, where only slightly less than 2,000 citizens were inoculated against typhoid during that same year. 16

Other programs soon followed. "The first active immunity in the Bingham area schools was vaccination against smallpox in 1925, involving 827 students. A year later there was a general inoculation against diphtheria. At that time, toxin-antitoxin was all that was yet available which was much more painful than what students get today. Programs such as this required popularizing among the parents. Happily our private physicians (including Dr. Fred Straup and Dr. Richards) assisted [in] explaining the need of protection for the children. We nurses met with parent-teacher associations, Relief Societies, and similar church and public meetings to outline and explain the immunization programs." 17

Success in reaching a significant number of the population is reflected in the increase in diphtheria protection from 55 percent of school children in 1928 to 80 percent protection in 1939. Likewise, the number protected against smallpox also rose steadily from 58 percent to 79 percent over those same years. Jordan District consistently led Salt Lake City, Granite, and Murray school districts in the percent of children vaccinated against these two diseases. 18

A similar goal to examine members of the community in order to identify those with tuberculosis was much more difficult to achieve. The State Health Department sponsored a TB clinic in the Highland Boy area in 1925. This undertaking required many home visits in order to encourage parents to bring their children to be examined.

So many mothers were frightened by this prospect that promises to come were almost nil. I then went to the leaders of the different men's organizations to urge their cooperation to explain to their members the need of having the examination. This really brought excellent results. Some of the mothers still did not come. If I missed their presence at the clinic I sent a child of the family home to tell her they must come. This too made the clinic a great success.

Other clinics met with more rapid success. [In the mid-1920s] State Board of Health statistics indicated that only one out of every four children at that time was physically sound. We began to hold clinics to examine new students who were to start school as well as infants and first graders. The object was to bring to the attention of the parents any physical defects that would seriously interfere with the educational advancement of the child.19

The sustained slump in demand for copper after World War I was only briefly relieved in 1929, just before the Great Depression began. This prolonged economic situation caused widespread poverty in the area, and schoolchildren were often significantly malnourished. 20 Again, health professionals assisted families.

"In 1933, the Jordan Health Council was organized which all the physicians in the district joined. Later the dentists also became members. These doctors and dentists gave generously of their time and skills" throughout the depression of the 1930s. During this time the County Health Officer and Supervisor of Public Health Nurses was Dr. Robert Alexander, who had the hospital furnish cod liver oil (to provide vitamin D) to the students of the Bingham District.

The teachers at the school served this cod liver oil to the children from grade 1 through 6. Each child brought his own spoon....We had to watch them very closely because the children would often go back in line again to get a second serving.

The nurse made periodical inspections of all the children, looking for any health problem which might need the attention of a physician— vision, hearing, dental care, sores or contagious diseases were closely watched. 21

Doctors and nurses also donated their services for mass surgeries.

After the Jordan Health Council was formed, several clinics were set up to meet special needs in Bingham Canyon. On different occasions tonsillectomy clinics were set up. Each day at least 30 children were operated on free of charge. The Salt Lake County Hospital provided the ether and linens for the doctors' use. The (Methodist church) Community Center in Highland Boy provided the amusement hall as a recovery room. Cots and kids were provided by the community. The local ladies organizations, the doctors' office nurses and public health nurses were the assisting team.22

Each child would be prepared for surgery by a nurse while Dr. Richards would take tonsils out of another child. Then the nurse would take the second child in and move the first child to the recovery room. The children would stay in the community center for a day or two after surgery. Twenty or thirty children made for a hard day's work. 23

Similar large-scale clinics were held in Highland Boy and in West Jordan to treat any children needing dental care—and statistics for 1938-39 show that a large number did need treatment. In these years, a dental survey indicated that even in the schools with the best-cared-for teeth—this happened to be in Bingham—only 48 percent of the children had no cavities. Only 17 percent of the children in Highland Boy had no cavities, which was better than the children of Sandy, where only 8 percent were without cavities. Free dental clinics were held at Highland Boy and at West Jordan, and many extractions were done. 24

Beyond routine health care, doctors and nurses assisted with the disasters that were inherent to mining communities.

Tightly shut in between the hills, Bingham Canyon knew a cohesion not experienced by those spread out in the valley. Though in many ways different in background and skills, they all shared the risks of the mine and the mining company. Those who knew the area felt something intense and explosive in the very air. There was a kind of precarious tension... as though violence were just under the surface as indeed it was. Health and security for the mine families was hard won. So one cannot tell the story of early days in Bingham Canyon without noting the eruptions in the environment. The town seemed to be beset by catastrophe. 25

As Marion Dunn summarizes the situation, "The big fears that haunted the Bingham residents were fear of fire, fear of snowslides, fear of floods, and fear of disaster in the mines." 26 The majority of these catastrophies occurred in the Highland Boy area. The worst loss of lives also occurred in this section of the canyon during the Highland Boy avalanche on February 17, 1926. Louise Van Ee recalled the rescue:

It was just before noon. It had been snowing heavily for two days and the roads were almost impassable. On my way to make my weekly visit to the school the driver of the company wagon offered me a ride. He told me there had been a snowslide. His horses had all they could do to make headway.

We arrived at the flat where the Highland Boy Mine office had been turned into a hospital. Dr. F E. Straup and Dr. G.Jamison were in the operating room along with two nurses from their office. I stayed in the main room to aid the volunteers who had had some experience in first aid. Patients were either unconscious or in shock. The orders were to put hot towels on the injured parts or frozen areas. Our hot water supply was limited so some boys were sent around the neighborhood to borrow hot plates and more towels. The help was far from perfect but it was fantastic considering the magnitude of the catastrophe.

Dr. Paul Richards was out on the hill to give first aid to those who were rescued and to diagnose their condition and the severity of their injuries. We did not have time to weep over the fatalities. These were taken to the morgue (by sled) or to the admissions room if there seemed a chance that they might live.

At one time Dr. Richards brought in a little five year old girl, apparently dead. He took over the treatment of hot-packing the entire body. I just handed him what he needed. The doctor's lips were moving but no sound was heard. After a time the child moved her head slightly, the little slate-colored hands became pale, then there was a sigh. She opened her eyes slowly, smiled a little and whispered, "Hi doc, I'm cold." Tears blinded my eyes. Orders were left for her care as the doctor quickly left the room again.

Officials from the state and county departments of health as well as members of the Red Cross Department arrived later in the afternoon. The snowplows had cleared a path and mountains of snow had been hauled away. The injured could then be taken to the Bingham hospital or transported to the various hospitals in the valley. Thirty-nine people had died. 27

Most snowslides were associated with some degree of fire, since the wooden buildings burned when the stoves were swept over. Other serious fires broke out and threatened to annihilate the lower Bingham town in 1924,1925, and 1927. Louise recalled the 1924 fire in Bingham:

When the fires had been quenched, I made a final inspection of the ruins to be sure that everybody had left the area. I found one lady in the back of her cellar storeroom which had been dug into the face of the mountain back of the home. She stood leaning against the back wall weeping quietly. I knew she must be injured, but where? Slowly we walked through the debris. When we came to the street I took my hand from her shoulder. She then removed her arms from her apron. On each arm she had a blister from elbow to wrist. On the way to the doctor's office we met another poor soul wandering back and forth across the street in obvious shock. I took her hand and led both to the doctor's office to receive medical attention.28

In September 1932, "a big fire started in Highland Boy across the street from the school. Suddenly the wind blew the flames across the street causing great damage to the school." The fire destroyed the residential and business heart of Highland Boy—injuring thirty-five persons and leaving 300 people homeless. During and after these disasters, the residents of Bingham Canyon all worked together to rescue the trapped, aid the injured, and rebuild homes and businesses. "Because of the mutual difficulty the many ethnic groups grew closer together," Louise noted. 29

Van Ee worked in Bingham Canyon until 1939. She married Arjen W Jager on December 19, 1941, in Salt Lake City, and with the marriage gained a family of five stepsons, three stepdaughters, and several grandchildren. She never had children of her own. A family memory of Grandma Louise includes her drawing iodine bunnies on the arms of the children before she gave them shots. 30 According to a history of Midvale, "Louise Van Ee (Jager) was a district nurse who administered iodine tablets, cod liver oil, love and encouraged good dental health...she was warm-hearted and nearly always carried a sack of flour and potatoes in her car trunk for needy families." 31 She continued to work in public health nursing in the Salt Lake Valley until her retirement in 1959; she died twenty years later in a nursing home in Bountiful, Utah, on September 23, 1979. As a final note, when burial arrangements were being made, it was discovered that Louise had given away all the cemetery lots that were near to those of her parents. The lots had been used to bury people she knew who had no family or money. 32

Ironically, while catastrophe could not destroy the town of Bingham, the success of the mining operation did. As the mine expanded, the town was gradually engulfed as Kennecott Copper bought property from everyone willing to sell. Marion Dunn notes, "On November 22, 1971, the town of Bingham City officially ceased to exist—in truth it had actually stopped living some years before." 33 Almost doomed from its beginning, the town of Bingham City never became "old" as towns are measured. Incorporated in 1904, it was only sixty-seven years old at its dissolution in 1971. Today, driving up the access road to the Kennecott Visitor's Center high in the canyon, one might wonder if (or perhaps not even consider that) there ever really was a town here. As Violet Boyce, a child who grew up in the canyon, remembers:

There used to be a town there, With trestles, trains, and play; We climbed up to our homes there, 'Til giants moved it away. 34

Years after the deaths of both Louise Van Ee and Bingham Canyon, public health nurses continue to serve the Jordan School District. Today, six nurses are responsible for monitoring the health of nearly 73,000 school children. 35

NOTES

Kathleen Kaufman, RN , MS, is an associate professor (clinical) at the University of Utah College of Nursing, where she teaches medical-surgical nursing and nursing history

Dianne Nilsen Knorr, RN , BSN, is a staff nurse in the Maternal Newborn Unit at LDS Hospital in Salt Lake City

1 Leonard J. Arrington and Gary B. Hansen, The Richest Hole on Earth (Logan: Utah State University Press, October 1993), 7, 83

2 Ibid., 11, 12; Kennecott Utah Copper, Copper Mining Communities and Their People (Magna, UT: Kennecott Utah Copper, 1999) For more on Bingham Canyon, see Violet Boyce and Mabel Harmer, Upstairs to a Mine (Logan: Utah State University Press, 1976).

3 Arrington and Hansen, The Richest Hole on Earth, 3-7, 11-12; Kennecott Utah Copper, Copper Mining Communities andTheir People; Gottorm Nilsen to "Dagney," 1912, in possession of Gary Nilsen

4 See William H Behle, Biography of August C. Behle with an Account of the Early History of St. Marks Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah (Ann Arbor: Edwards Brothers, Inc., 1948), 26-27, 30, and Ward B. Studt, Jerold G Sorensen, and Beverly Burge, Medicine in the Intermountain West (Salt Lake City: Olympus Publishing Co., 1976), 43-44

5 Thomas G.Alexander, Utah:The Right Place (Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith, 1995), 213

6 See Melvin M Owens and Suzanne Dandoy, "Utah's Public Health," in Henry P Plenk, ed., Medicine in the Beehive State: 1940-90 (Salt Lake City: University Press, 1992), 547; Alexander, Utah:The Right Place, 213, 256-57, 292; and Studt, Sorensen, and Burge, Medicine in the Intermountain West, 32-34.

7 Marion Dunn, Bingham Canyon (Salt Lake City: Publishers Press, 1973), 4

8 Carol Ann Jager, "Louise Van Ee Jager," unpublished eulogy, 1979, copy in Utah State Historical Society archive, Salt Lake City (USHS); Mildred Quinn, interview with authors, Salt Lake City, 1999, notes in possession of authors; Louise Van Jager, "From Employment to Retirement (1921-1958)," unpublished manuscript, 1971 Van Jager's manuscript is seventeen pages long She also wrote a ten-page manuscript, "Snowslide." Copies of both are at USHS

9 Van Jager, "From Employment to Retirement," 1.

10 Ibid., 1-2

11 Ibid., 2-3

12 Ibid., 7

13 Ibid., 7-8

14 Ibid., 3-5

15 Paul S. Richards, The Memoirs of Dr. Paul (Salt Lake City: privately published), copy in Special Collections, Marriott Library, University of Utah

16 Van Jager, "From Employment to Retirement," 9; Richards, "The Memoirs of Dr Paul," 199

17 Van Jager, "From Employment to Retirement," 9-10

18 Christian N Jensen, "Percent of Protection in Schools of District, Grades 1-6 (From Fall 1928-Fall 1939)," Jordan School District Report, 1939; Christian N Jensen, "Tabulations of Percent of Protection against Diphtheria and Smallpox in Salt Lake City and County, February 1940," Jordan School District Report, copy at USHS

19 Van Jager, "From Employment to Retirement," 10

20 Studt, Sorensen, and Burge, Medicine in the Intermountain West, 64

21 Van Jager, "From Employment to Retirement," 11

22 Van Jager, "From Employment to Retirement," 10-12

23 Studt, Sorensen, and Burge, "Medicine in the Intermountain West," 64; Richards, Memoirs, 47

24 Jordan School District, Report of Dental Examinations (1938-1939), 1939

25 Van Jager, "From Employment to Retirement," 12

26 Dunn, Bingham Canyon, 117

27 Van Jager, "From Employment to Retirement," 12-14

28 Ibid., 14.

29 Ibid., 14-15; Dunn, Bingham Canyon, 119.

30 Jager, "Louise Van Ee Jager."

31 Maurine Jensen, ed., The Midvale History: 1851—1979 (Midvale, UT: Midvale Historical Society, 1979)

32 Jager, "Louise Van Ee Jager."

33 Dunn, Bingham Canyon, foreword

34 Boyce and Harmer, Upstairs to a Mine, 189

33 Pauline Sherwin, Jordan School District Public Information Office, personal communication with authors, 2000.