North Logan: A Town without a Plan

North Logan: A Town without a Plan

By JESSIE EMBRY

When Governor Michael Leavitt asked state residents in 1998 to "Envision Utah," 1 the state's communities already looked much different than the Plat of Zion Brigham Young had imposed on settlements in the Great Basin. Few residents lived in villages laid out on a grid with uniform blocks, a central town square, and farms just outside of town. Instead, most lived in subdivisions "with curved streets and cul de sacs.

What brought about these changes? While there are many factors, some came because no one "envisioned" Utah's growth in rural areas during the 1960s and 1970s. At first there were no rules, and when there were, very often they were not followed. Inexperienced planning and zoning commissions, new regulations that city officials did not always enforce and that contractors often ignored, the desire to be good neighbors, and disagreements and jealousies undermined attempts at controlled growth. Understanding how one community, North Logan, stumbled into development may help in future planning. While North Logan never did conform to the Plat of Zion, its development during the 1960s and 1970s matched that of other areas of the state. 2

The rocky area between Logan and Hyde Park, the site of North Logan, did not immediately attract settlers, because there was no water available and the land was less desirable. As more people arrived in the Cache Valley, however, farmers moved to the marginal lands, anticipating the completion of the Logan, Hyde Park, and Smithfield Canal, which was started in 1881 but, due to financial difficulties, not completed until 1889.

North Logan's initial settlers were Logan resident Ralph Smith, his son Thomas, and two friends, Hyrum Maughan and Julius Johnson, who all filed for homesteads along the east bench in 1878. At first they continued to live in Logan while they worked their homesteads. In 1884 Smith and his family moved into a rock house on the bench, the first building in -what is now North Logan. Maughan and Johnson joined him that year, and by 1890 ten families had moved onto their homesteads. 3 In 1891 Andrew Jenson, an employee of the LDS Historian's Office, described the settlement: "The North Logan Ward consists of the saints residing on their farms in a somewhat scattered condition between Logan and Hyde Park." According to historian Dean May, Jenson disapproved of towns that did not adapt to the Mormon village plan, and his reference to a town as "scattered" was an insult. 4

North Logan remained a rural community until after World War II. Nearly everyone farmed and had a few cows and chickens. The 1934—35 Polk City Directory listed 104 heads of households. During the 1930s there were only seventy-five houses in town, according to Vern Krebs, who grew up in town during that decade. 5

But post-World War II developments affected North Logan as they did the rest of the United States. Returning service personnel used the GI bill to attend college; as enrollment increased at Utah State University, the college hired more teachers, some of whom chose to live in North Logan. According to North Logan native Farres Nyman, "Logan City was crowded. So North Logan became the bedroom for the university, and houses started popping up everywhere." The 1955 Polk City Directory listed 121 heads of households; by 1971 there were 304, and only fourteen listed some aspect of farming as an occupation. The largest single employer was Utah State University, with seventy-five heads of households working at the university; fifty-one of these were professors. Residents also included public school teachers, doctors, lawyers, dentists, store owners and managers, federal and state employees, contractors, and blue-collar "workers. 6

This growth required a lot of new home construction. At first, the newcomers lived on or near existing roads. Many bought property to build on and then sold off portions to others. Bertis L. and Anna E. Coulson Embry for example, moved to North Logan in 1947. Embry, a 1941 engineering graduate of USU, came to North Logan intending to do contract farming, but with the influx of students at USU he was hired to teach drafting and farm machinery. At the time that the Embrys were looking for land, Sarah H. (Sadie) Nyman, a widow, was planning to move to Salt Lake City. Embry bought ten acres from Nyman; then, in turn, he sold five of those acres in two parcels to Carroll I. Draper in February 1949 and to James L. Shupe in December 1950. Eventually, Draper, also a professor at USU, built a home on his lot. Shupe sold his.

In October 1952 Embry purchased ten acres on 1200 East from Lawrence Batt at a time when Batt needed money. Embry figured that if he was going to teach farm machinery he needed to keep up with the latest technology, and the best way to do that was by actually farming. But land did not buy equipment, and he sold lots from that piece to Roice Anderson, a professor at USU, and John Stocking, an employee of Cache Valley Breeding Association. The Stockings had been renting an apartment from developer Don Loosle. Eileen Stocking remembered, "There were not too many lots available then. I'm surprised that [Embry] sold us this. We found out later it was because it had so many rocks on it." 7

Dean Haslem moved to Logan to become assistant manager of the USU bookstore. At first, the Haslems lived in Logan, but they did not like living so close to ditches full of water. In 1951 they purchased a lot in North Logan from local farmer George Maughan and had contractor Joe Jacobsen build a home for them. Haslem recalled, "The old timers here hesitated [about the town's growth]. They didn't "want people to move in, but they didn't hesitate to sell the land to build on." 8

One of the most active builders in North Logan during the 1950s and 1960s was contractor Don Loosle. Loosle, who grew up in Logan, enjoyed hunting in the North Logan area and knew many of the old-timers. He also enjoyed building; as a teenager he worked with a family friend to construct a home for his parents in Logan. Later, he trained as a carpenter in Ogden and obtained a contractor's license. In the 1950s, when his father purchased land in North Logan from George Maughan, just above Dean Haslem's land, Loosle built a home for his parents and a basement home for himself and his new bride. He later added a second floor to his home.

Like others, Loosle purchased land that North Logan residents "wanted to sell, but he planned to build homes for those who wanted to move to the area. He bought property between 1700 and 1900 North and 1200 and 1600 East from Louis L. Madsen, then president of Utah State University. One of the oldest homes in town sat in the middle of the property on a lane. Loosle remodeled it and lived there for several years. But his dream was to build a new home on the brim of a hill, a site with a lovely view of Cache Valley. 9

Loosle eventually sold the remodeled home to Lorna Nyman Dewey, a native of North Logan, and her husband Wade Dewey, a professor at USU. In the early 1960s the Deweys decided they "wanted a new home, and they asked Loosle to construct one down the lane closer to 1200 East. Wade Dewey remembered, "Now when everybody builds a house, they get their plans and their blueprints all made up. Don asked me what I wanted in a house, and so I sat down with a 8 1/2 by 11 piece of graph paper.... Don built the house from that one sheet of graph paper.... I thought a lot of Don as a builder." 10

As more residents moved into town, the custom of simply building houses on farms or along existing streets led to chaos. Other U.S. communities had already faced the problem and established zoning ordinances— which involved a balancing act between property owners' rights to do what they wanted with their property and a municipality's need to preserve order and value by regulating land use. Hartford, Connecticut, established the first regulations controlling the use of property in 1907; New York City and Berkeley, California, followed in 1916. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of a community's right to manage growth in Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. in 1926. Although towns and cities controlled central zoning regulations, they could do so only after state governments granted them the authority to do so. For example, Salt Lake City organized a Civic Planning and Art Commission in 1913 and considered its first zoning pattern in 1917, but it could not pass zoning ordinances until after the Utah State Legislature authorized city zoning regulations in 1925. 11

During the depression of the 1930s and World War II, home construction slowed throughout the country, and zoning became less important. However, after the "war Americans again had the resources to build new homes. Logan City considered its first zoning laws in 1950, and adapted its ordinance from the state's model ordinance. By 1955 Logan and River Heights were the only communities in Cache County -with zoning ordinances. That year the Logan newspaper, the Herald Journal, commented that Logan should plan for double its population and that smaller communities in the area should also prepare for growth. In a Cache Valley survey of mayors in 1956, Smithfield's Mayor M.T. Van Orden complained that the town needed zoning, but he added, with no explanation, that there were "too many farmers" in town, and it would not be possible to pass a land use ordinance. The county passed its first zoning ordinance in 1958, but this covered only unincorporated areas. 12

North Logan followed the trend two years later. On January 25, 1960, the town board appointed one of its members, engineer and university professor Bertis L. Embry, to chair and select a committee to start developing an ordinance. A month later, the town minutes listed the zoning committee members: Utah State employee DuWayne Goodwin, farmer Dewain Berger, chicken business owner Farres Nyman, and county extension agent Ray Burtenshaw. In June the town board named Embry zoning administrator. The North Logan Zoning Ordinance, adopted in 1960, followed a state model and was similar to Logan City's 1950 ordinance. 13

Several factors led to the decision to start regulating growth. One was a water shortage. In 1934 North Logan had filed on springs in Green Canyon, east of town. These initially provided adequate water, but as the town grew there was an occasional shortage, especially during dry years. Peter Larsen, who read the water and power meters for years, wrote, "For the 135 families in 1959 there seems to be an adequate -water supply. We remember well that during the summer months the stream in Water Canyon [east of Green Canyon] often disappeared into the ground. That's why one fearful person., .said,'There ain't enuff water in Green Canyon to wet the inside of the pipe! " 14

Throughout the 1960s North Logan would nave a chronic water shortage, and often the city would have to restrict outdoor use. Lack of water did act to control growth, although at first the city granted building permits despite the shortage. When DonYounker, a native son, returned from California to North Logan in 1960, the town board told him, "We're in a drought right now, and we don't know whether we can supply you water or not. But if you buy a building permit, we'll give you water." Younker "bought North Logan's number-one-on-the-list building permit.... It cost me five dollars." 15 The board continued to approve building permits in 1960 and 1961. However, after granting six permits in March 1961, it decided to stop issuing them until the town resolved its water shortage. In April the town dug test wells and, based on the results, began selling building permits again. However, it warned new permit holders that water hookups "were no longer guaranteed. 16

Zoning was a new concept that was not always remembered. So by August 21, 1964, the zoning commission was no longer functioning, and the town board asked Embry, -who had been on a foreign assignment from 1960 to 1962 and had been reappointed to the board upon his return, to fill the vacancies. On February 11, 1965, the board was reorganized with farmer Dewain Berger as chair, university professor Carroll Draper as vice chair, Mary Lynn Peterson as secretary, and Dorothy Bills and Logan High School math teacher Richard Bradford as committee members. 17

The zoning committee did not keep minutes or records, but the town minutes occasionally record zoning-related actions. The first decision by the revised zoning commission was to allow longtime resident and USU bookstore employee Larry Batt a variance to build a garage closer to an existing building than the ordinance allowed. Batt explained that he had originally built a single garage. By the time he decided to add a double garage, his parents had built next door, and there would be only eighteen feet between the new garage and his parents' home; the law required twenty. Variances were not always granted, however. Wade Dewey, "who briefly served on the town board, "was one who helped enforce zoning regulations. He measured "side yards and back yards on building permits" and required compliance from people who did not want to meet the requirements. 18

Until the late 1950s homes were located on or near existing roads. Eventually developers wanted to build homes on new streets that would cut through farms. In 1957 Earl Anderson and Willis Tingey asked permission to build the town's first subdivision, between 1900 and 2100 North and at about 1000 East, just west of a four-year-old Mormon chapel. The two men planned fifty-seven houses on the nineteen acres, to be built at the rate of five houses per year, each costing at least $12,000. The town board made no decision at the time.

Two years later, Anderson and Tingey came back with approximately the same plan. At first the board complained about the number of houses, but twenty days later it conditionally approved the subdivision map so that Shardon Morrill, who had purchased a lot in the proposed subdivision, could build his home. The Morrills were newcomers with no connection to the community; Shardon and his wife, Iris, had graduated from Utah State University, and he had accepted a position teaching math at Logan Junior High School. Floyd Krebs, one of the developers, was a longtime North Logan resident, though, and might have had some pull "with the town board. More likely the board recognized that Morrill had bought the land and needed a place to live and so were willing to grant his request. 19

North Logan did not have a subdivision ordinance, so the Montague Park developers had no standards to follow. They initially installed a two inch water line. When Floyd Krebs met with the town board protesting a water hookup fee to the Morrill home, the board responded that not only would there be a charge but there would also be no further hookups until the subdividers put in a four-inch pipe. After some discussion the board compromised, requiring that when there were ten houses the subdividers must put in the larger pipe. As late as 1968, however, the subdivision was still operating on a two-inch water line. According to then-town board member Vern Krebs (Floyd Krebs's brother), "Fire protection was out of the question." 20 The developers never were held to the requirement, and the town itself eventually installed a larger water line.

The lack of a subdivision ordinance also led to inferior roads. The Montague Park developers and homeowners worked out an arrangement in which each owner was required to pave halfway across the road in front of his or her home. An owner could pay the subdividers to do this or do the work himself. Since many residents were first-time homebuyers on tight budgets, most elected to do the paving themselves. According to Vern Krebs, this created "a checkerboard effect." Town board president Farres Nyman agreed, "We got some pretty lousy roads...because one guy would pour a curb and gutter and build a road and his neighbor wouldn't. It was a mess. 21

In February 1968 the town board said it would not issue any more building permits in the Montague Park subdivision until it had received and approved road and gutter plans. Town attorney Brent Hoggan suggested "that to preserve tranquility the town [should] notify the owners of the unsold lots" that no building permits would be issued. Still, there were people who wanted to build homes, and the town board wanted to meet their needs. Despite the attorney's suggestions, building permits were issued in July for two lots. In October 1969 Floyd Krebs came up with his plan: the road would be competed in twenty-five years, with twenty feet being paved every five years.The town board demanded a better plan. 22

Eventually, the city itself completed the road, but no sidewalks were ever built. In 1999 there were fifty-five houses on the nineteen-acre property. Most of the homes are the ranch style popular in the 1960s, but more recent "Victorian" styles have been added, and some lots are vacant.

The town faced the same types of problems with the second subdivision, built west of 1600 East. Don Loosle built Highland Drive, a cul de sac between 1700 North and 1900 North, in 1959. He developed the subdivision because he was building a road to his new home on the brim of the hill; he decided to sell lots along the road. The subdivision was not recorded in the county offices, however. Loosle simply sold lots and then required the owners to deed a right-of-way back to him for a road. 23

Because there were no specific regulations at the time it went in, Loosle's road did not meet later requirements, and the town considered it a private lane. But the new homeowners—college professors and businessmen— were not aware of these problems when they bought; they had merely been impressed by the house styles and the new cul de sac concept. They argued that the town had accepted Loosle's proposal to build houses and that therefore the board was responsible for road maintenance and repair. According to town councilman Vern Krebs, the board "had to face the music with no money to do it with. It was a tough situation." 24

After a great deal of discussion, the town board agreed in 1968 to accept Highland Drive as an approved road but refused to accept the incomplete sidewalk and inferior curbs and gutters, despite Loosle's claims that the gutters matched those installed at the time the subdivision was completed. Highland Drive residents had complained that they were discriminated against; other roads were being accepted without prerequisites, and they felt they should not be penalized for the developer's mistakes. After the residents' presentation, the town agreed to accept Highland Drive but told the residents that if they wanted new curbs and sidewalks the request would be considered "extraordinary". 25

These two subdivisions taught the North Logan board some lessons. Utah had passed legislation allowing local governments to regulate subdivisions in 1953, but it was not until ten years later that North Logan adopted a subdivision ordinance. The 1963 ordinance required sidewalks, roads, and water lines that met town requirements. There was also a forward-looking provision which ordered that no less than 5 percent of the subdivision be deeded to the town for future school and recreational development. (Unfortunately, this provision was later repealed, and the land was returned to the developers.) During the next few years, developers continued to submit subdivision plats. The town checked these against the ordinance and required revisions if the standards were not met. 26

A subdivision ordinance, however, did not eliminate all the problems. Don Loosle built Country Estates, a subdivision just east of 1200 East near the service station on 2100 North. On November 16, 1965, the town board noted that Loosle had started work on the subdivision before gaining final approval. Wade Dewey a town board member, agreed to check with Loosle. Even after approval was granted, the roads were not completed as required, and in July 1968 the town board amended the subdivision ordinance to require completion bonds. Board members told Loosle that no new building permits would be issued until the road was finished. Planners working with North Logan urged more care, saying, "It is unfortunate that this subdivision has proceeded to near completion -without proper design and construction of surface improvements. We recommend that immediate steps be taken to adopt and enforce standards which will ensure orderly, attractive, and functional subdivision development in your community. The natural beauty of your area certainly merits every consideration for orderly growth." 27

Although the town had a zoning law and a subdivision ordinance, variances were common. North Logan was still a small town, and board members wanted to cooperate with their neighbors. In March 1969 Don Loosle requested building permits for three more houses in the Country Estates subdivision, arguing that he needed to start work on the houses immediately and promising that the road work would be done in three months. The town board issued the permits but denied water hookups until the road was completed. 28

While the town board had tried to anticipate all the building possibilities, it "was not ready for requests for multiple housing units. In 1969 Don Loosle proposed to build the town's first apartments. He had purchased the service station and surrounding land at 2000 North on 1200 East and had built a small country grocery store there, but he got little business. Since the rest of the area -was zoned commercial and Loosle could build any structure allowed in an R-2 zone, including two-, three-, and four-family dwellings, he looked to fourplex apartments to recoup his investment. 29

Because his request for apartments did meet the zoning ordinance, the town board issued building permits, conditional upon adequate sewage arrangements—a serious consideration because North Logan residents used septic tanks and did not have a sewer system until after 1976. Loosle also asked for and received a variance to make the front yards only thirty feet deep, ten feet less than required by ordinance. The planning board justified granting a variance because some front yards in town -were only thirtythree feet deep. When some residents complained about Loosle's plans, the board told them that he had met all the requirements of the law and that nothing could stop the construction. John Stocking, who -was "in charge of enforcing what few zoning laws we had at the time," told Loosle, "I will oppose you on this [apartment] project, but in my position I have to support all the law allows." Loosle built his apartments, but when Larry Batt replaced Nyman as board president in 1970, the board conducted a survey and found that the community did not want apartments allowed even in homes. New ordinances banned apartments. 30

When Larry Batt became board president in 1970, Farres Nyman told him, "The first thing you need to do is to develop a master plan for North Logan." Actually, North Logan had already started work on a plan. In 1967 the Cache County commissioners asked the communities to cooperate on a countywide master plan. LeRoy France, from the North Logan Planning Committee, went to a Cache County meeting in which the county suggested that North Logan and Hyde Park work together and pointed out that federal funds would pay for two-thirds of the cost of planning. After some discussion about the costs, North Logan agreed to participate and work with Planning Research Associates. 31

The plan recommended a residential growth area from Providence to North Logan. Because of North Logan's close location to Utah State University, the community was seen as "an ideal place for steady growth in population." The concept at that time was self-contained neighborhoods, so Planning Research Associates suggested four neighborhoods, each with an elementary school. Collector streets would separate the areas, so there would be little traffic in the immediate neighborhoods. After several public meetings, the town rejected the master plan as written, pointing out that small elementary schools of 250 students were not economically feasible and that animals could not be eliminated in the rural community. The plan was modified to allow for 500-student schools and horses in residential areas. After additional meetings, the town adopted the master plan in June 1970. However, almost no one thought that the town would ever grow to meet the plan's projected 7,000 residents. 32

The master plan made a difference. For example, prior to adoption of the plan Keith Hoffman had received a permit to build a home on a lane just off 1700 North. But the new plan called for homes to be in subdivisions or on existing roads. So when Carroll Draper asked permission to sell lots on Hoffman's lane, the town first asked him to wait until the master plan was finished and then told him no. Farres Nyman said that Draper accepted the decision, although he may have been upset since there were so many variances granted for other nonconforming properties. In fact, Vern Krebs resigned from the zoning committee because "I couldn't live with some of the [variances]." For example, once when subdividers failed to provide access, the committee put a moratorium on building in the subdivision, but the town board overrode the committee's decision. 33

North Logan continued its haphazard growth even after it had a zoning ordinance and a master plan. The zoning (or, later, the zoning and planning) commissioners were not trained and did not always understand the regulations. Nor could they devote a great deal of time to planning. The commission included farmers and professionals who donated their time and had other occupations and church and family obligations.

There were also disagreements about how North Logan should develop. After twenty-eight years on the town board, fifteen as president, Orvin Nyman retired. Lyle Israelsen, who won the election in 1962, ran on a platform that encouraged growth. He argued that the previous president, Orvin Nyman, had set building permit and -water hookup fees too high. 34

Once North Logan started to grow, residents disagreed on how subdivisions should be laid out. Vance Waite, the town clerk, argued with town council members who insisted that all roads should be at right angles, pointing out that he had studied the new trends in city planning and supported subdivisions -with no through streets. In 1966 Gael Lindstrom, a professor of art at Utah State and a member of the planning commission, also recommended against a grid pattern, "which only bows to the automobile, and [he] said all resident streets should be a dead-end or a cul de sac. 35

The 1970s taught North Logan and many communities like it the need for more careful planning, but in the late 1990s the town still struggled to know how to deal with newcomers and how to balance property rights "with the needs of the community. The agenda of the March 2000 joint meeting of the North Logan city council and planning commission included zoning issues debated in the 1970s, such as the use of private lanes. With a population of approximately 6,000 in 1999, the community -was still small, and the city council chose to assist its citizens whenever possible by allowing numerous variances. In 1965 Merlin and Elna King had subdivided their farm at 1000 East and 1900 North into two-acre lots. This arrangement -was included in a master plan. However, in 1998 Elna King asked for a variance. Her two acres were more than she could care for, and she had grandchildren who wanted building lots. Her neighbors rallied in her support. The overwhelming view at the city council meeting was that the Kings had given the neighbors a great deal by allowing them to build in the area, and the Kings should be given anything they wanted. She was granted the variance. 36

The present Envision Utah program asks Utahns to examine how they want their state to look in the future, but it does not resolve the fundamental questions that residents of North Logan and similar communities continue to face. How much control should local governments have over private property? How much development is "progress"? How do citizen planning boards balance zoning regulations, the need for open space and increased revenue, and neighbors' wants, needs, and concerns? North Logan City officials continue to stumble as they try to resolve these questions— because there is not a single answer that will please all residents.

NOTES

Jessie Embry is the assistant director of the Charles Red d Center for Western Studies, Brigham Young University She is the author of North Logan Town, 1934—1970.

1 The work of the nonprofit group "Envision Utah" has been well covered by the media from 1997 to the present. Selected articles are Desert News, February 2, May 13, October 17, November 4, 1998, and January 4, June 6, 1999.

2 While many other communities in Utah grew in much the same way that North Logan did, the issues have not been extensively studied from a historical point of view In the 1970s a group of planning students at the University of Utah wrote "Why Summit County: A Survey of Land Subdivision Impact" (August 1972) and arrived at conclusions similar to those in this article

3 Joel E Ricks, "Expansion of Settlement," History of the Valley, Joel E Ricks, ed (Logan, Utah: Cache Valley Centennial Commission, 1956), 81; Lydia Thurston Nyman andVenetta King Gilgen, Miscellaneous Papers on the History of North Logan, Utah, 1885-1959 (North Logan, Utah: North Logan Friends of the Library, 1998 edition), 2, 110-18, 224, 226, 228

4 North Logan Manuscript History, LDS Church Archives, Historical Department, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah; Dean May, "Ward as Community," Sunstone Symposium Lecture, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1995, audiotape copy at the Learning Resource Center, Harold B Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah

5 1934-35 Cache County Polk City Directory, Archives and Special Collections, Milton R Merrill Library, Utah State University, Logan (hereafter referred to as USUSC);Vern Krebs Oral History, interviewed by Jessie L Embry, 1998, 2, North Logan Oral History Project, Charles Redd Center for Western Studies, Special Collections and Manuscripts, Harold B Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah (All oral histories come from this collection.)

6 Ferris Nyman Oral History, interviewed by Jessie L Embry, 1998, 8; 1955 and 1971 Logan Polk City Directories, USUSC

7 Bertis L Embry, Personal Papers, copies in possession of author; Eileen and John Stocking Oral History, interviewed by Jessie L Embry, 1998, 10

8 Dean and Evelyn Haslem Oral History, interviewed by Jessie L. Embry, 1998, 2.

9 Don Loosle Oral History, interviewed by Jessie L Embry, 2000, interview in process

10 Lorna Nyman Dewey and Wade Dewey Oral History, interviewed by Jessie L. Embry, 1998, 13—14.

" Thomas G.Alexander, "Sylvester Q. Cannon and the Revival of Environmental Consciousness in the Mormon Community," Environmental History 3 (October 1998): 494—98; Peter L Abeles, "Planning and Zoning," in Zoning and theAmerican Dream: Promises Still to Keep, Charles M Haar and Jerold S Kayden, eds (Chicago: Planners Press, 1989), 128-37; Thomas G.Alexander and James B.Allen, Mormons and Gentiles:A History of Salt Lake City (Boulder, Colorado: Pruett Publishing Co., 1984), 171

12 F. Ross Peterson, A History of Cache County (Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society and Cache County Commission, 1997), 316-17; HeraldJournal, June 5, 1950, May 15, 1951, October 30, 1955, July 24, 1958

3 North Logan Town MinutesJanuary 24, 1960, February 22, 1960June 27, 1960; North Logan City Ordinance 20, North Logan City Offices, North Logan, Utah; "Survey of Cache Valley Municipalities," 1956, USUSC.The "Survey of CacheValley Municipalities" includes a copy of a Logan City's 1950 zoning ordinance

14 Nyman and Gilgen, Miscellaneous Papers, 61

15 DonYounker Oral History, interviewed by Jessie L Embry, 1998, 11

16 North Logan Town Minutes, October 24, 1960, February 27, 1961, March 7, 1961, April 3, 1961, May 1,1961

17 Ibid.,August 21, 1964, February 11,1965.

18 North Logan Town Minutes, January 14, 1965; Larry Batt Oral History, interviewed by Jessie L. Embry, 1998, 6; Dewey Oral History, 18

19North Logan Town Minutes July 10, 1957June 2, 1959; telephone conversation with Iris Morrill, March 2000

20 North Logan Town Minutes, June 2, 1959June 22, 1959, September 28,1960; Krebs Oral History, 15

21 Krebs Oral History, 15; Nyman Oral History, 11-12

22 North Logan Town Minutes, February 28, 1968, October 1, 1969, October 29, 1969, November 5, 1969

23 Loosle Oral History; Lot 2, Block 19, Plot G, Logan Farm Survey, 1958-1965, Cache County Recorder's Office, Logan, Utah

24 North Logan Town Minutes, September 1, 1959; Glen and Lou Anna Fifield Oral History, interviewed by Jessie L Embry, 1998 ; Krebs Oral History, 15-16

25 North Logan Town Minutes, August 23, 1963, September 20, October 23, December 12, 1967, February 7, April 25, May 15, May 21, 1968

26 "Summary of Utah Law: Land Use, Zoning and Eminent Domain," Brigham Young UniversityJournal of Legal Studies (Provo, Utah: J Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University), 32; North Logan Town MinutesJanuary 4January 25, February 22, May 30,June 28July 19, September 27, 1963

27 North Logan Town Minutes, November 16, 1965July 31, October 22, 1968.

28 Ibid., March 25, 1969

29 Loosle Oral History; North Logan Ordinance 20.

30 North Logan Town Minutes, March 25, November 5, November 19, November 29, 1969; Stocking Oral History, 13-14; Larry and Helen Batt Oral History, interviewed by Jessie L. Embry, 1998, 7-8.

31 Batt Oral History, 7; North Logan Minutes,April 4, 1967, March 13, 1968.

32 North Logan Minutes, October 15,1969, March 12,March 18June 4, 1970

33 Nyman Oral History, 12; Krebs Oral History, 18

34 Lyle and Nancy Israelsen Oral History, interviewed by Jessie L. Embry, 1999, 13.

35 North Logan Town MinutesJanuary 31, 1966;Vance Waite Oral History, interviewed by Jessie L Embry, 1999, 5

36 North Logan Town MinutesJune 10, 1965; Elna King Oral History, interviewed by Jessie Embry, 1998,6