Utah Statewide Archaeological Society Newsletter, Volume 6, Number 3, September 1960 by Utah Historical Society

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i L: f'II:)'(OIZICAL'SOC1 F)1( Newsletter EAST SOUTH TEMPLE SALT LAKE CIJ~Y", !JIAb:! " , ::,

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Vo;t.i·,6J" 'No. 3

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September, 1960

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NINE MILE CANYON, UTAH

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UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY is published quarterly by the UTAH STATEWIDE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Subscription is included in membership. Membership in the 's ociety is available from the secretary-treasurer at $2.00 per year. Correspondence concerning tihe activities of the -society should be directed to the president. All manuscripts and news items should be sent to the editor: Lloyd Pierson, Arches Na.tional Monument, Moab, Utah.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY .UTAH STATE1VIDE . President: . M6rrU.l Peterson, 651 Canyon Road, Logan, Utah Vice President: John L. Cross, 860 South 10th East, Orem, Utah Secre~ary-Treasurer : Marian Pierson, Box 98, Moab, Utah Advisor: Dr. Charles E. Dibble, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

EDITORS NOTES The FesuJ_t..s of the recent inquiry of the mell}bers as, :t p their wishes concerning annual or biennial meetings was overwhelmingly in fa.vor of having an ·.nnual meeting. Likewise the desire for more field trips was made evident. Plans are being made now for a society wide meeting sometime next springn 11embcrs will be notified in plenty of time to prepare papers and. arrange to be where ever the meeting is to be held. With the good st ~.rt ~le made last Hay in Salt Lake City the forthcoming meeting s'hould be a "tonderful .' affair for all those in attendance o

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Your USAS Prestdcnt, al ong with Dave Pendergast and the Francis Has sel's of Ogden are ~ making a survey of a campsite on the Bear River Sept, ~ 17, 1960,·. with hopes that it will be available to members of the USAS for excavation this fall. As I understand it t his will be a s.alv~.ge cxc ava'i iio.n fo r t he area is to be inundated. l>1ember s l1ho ars i nterested tn ,participat ing will be notified but it migh·t cinch '(,he deal t o get i n to uch with anyone of the above. I 8.Dl cc:ct.a i n i t will pr ove in~erest ing; informative and be a v~orth while ccnt:' ib utio n ··: ~o b~.th your knowledge and the general knowle dge of Utah 2.rch.:1cologY., The Moo.b group, Points and P.e bbles, also has an excavation project, perhaps two, in the offing. Plans haven't completely jelled as yet but it appears that two caves in a proposed reservoir site near Moab are in need ,of about two Heelcends of work. Your editor will a.tt.empt to run -li,he excavation, l~i th members of the Moab Cha.pter provtdin~~ t he ,Yl1cmpower, and we hope to run it as a field school so that those. vIllo are interested in learning archaeological field technique s will benefit. Needless to say any members of USAS a:-,,'e welcome to join us .. just drop me a line and I will let you know the date s we plan to run the dig. Attenc.ing th3 Pecos Conference of Sou,thwestern Archaeologists in Flagstaf~: Juhis y ei r \>I'ere USAs members Dave Pendergast, Dee Ann Suhm, now of Fto ~7orth, Texas, John Price, and my wife and I~ Next year the Pecos Conference will most probably be held in Chihuc.hua City, l1extco, about 250 miles south of E1 Paso, Tex. on a good pavod r08.do If you have the yen to visit Mexico tlis ':'s a m3.rvelous opportui'1ity and Chihuahua City is far enough s out.h to get t~~ fln-lor of the real Nexicoo PCl.ge 2 0

If you haven't been able to find a Folsom point or a Sandia ,point and still have to have one) you can now satisfy your yearning The Denver Museum of Natural ' lIlsto1'Y'.1 : City Pail<, Denver 6, COlorc;.do,7 is offer.ifig: plas'tiC r~produd· :! ,cnl3 of ;j pal'eoj,.rtdian projectile wointl§ "Ett: $2~60 each. , O'eherBn. color of' f the":i:>:rigin,'E!ls he-.ve been ' matched' and a:vag,~ble are ·F olsom, Clovis, V," : S~'dia Type': I and Type II, Fluted S8:ndta:' Po'ihts , ;·ancf the CQ~c;lY'; knif'e. ,Th:i:s' is : 'c'h 'eapei'" thal'l. you can huht them ada.' .tney. will' :l make a wonderful show piece. ., :., .. 0

The fo3:16Wiflg l 'i's; ~'a. list"ing ;'of publications availabl:e:' i:r.'oin . ';. ' archaeblogic,a l '· sot'i.:et:ies and museUms in st.s.tes ·!adjacentf ; t0 , ' . ' '' ;-' Utah~ :> In ,t hesef publications Utirh rb0!7lbers "of USAS" will' find ·,, ·n material ~hich~ Telat8 '1 to ' Utaffi and':'';'~hich uL1I' heI!.p them tbH~- ' '. understand better th8 archaeblcgy " of ,t heir p'a:r tl"6ular corlt'er .: i of the great state of Utah. r-1er.foerships c:.nd/or subscriptions to these' pubiieations and, societies vlil_ help further arch<:l;eolog ical. knowledg e by lcnd!ing greater support, t.o the ir endea'Vors. ,;:) . I' Moreover;, you "till further your OW"-l j,nterests and:: gain s:oroe ve# interesting arnchair readingo ",:' El Pa.la.cio .A bimonthly journal free to members ' of· the Nevi' Mexleo '-Archaeqlogical Society. Dues ~~5 .00 per year~ Write the ':Museum -': of--New MexiCO, Santa Fe, Ne~ Mexico '~ ' '. .. • "l;.

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The l(iva.~'·'A · quaT'teY·ly. ' jOl,1r~hl · fr~e to. me;ber~ I of the ' Arizona "~'. ! • Arcl'la'Ei6Io'j?ical ClJid~ H;i..stor-icai soctet~l; ·· At iz ori,a state Nuseum, ".': :~ucson.; .':]{iizoI'la; ' " Due~'~ $:3 .00"·per;jea:r c'r ~ subscripGiol1" $1.00 '.' ):: per year •. ",';' ,;''1': ' . ". , .... . . I ' :' :: . ' :' .. .I Plateau ·Ql1art6J.'l Y!}ournal of'.i' the Hl..1.se1.i.m of N()rthertJ.:'- Ar'izon~, . !' FlagMtaffj :;' Ariz6rta~'L" Free to ;memberj ofthn Hluseuiil who pay '" $5000 or mOl~O pe:c year membership duesri Tho muse'Lmr 'also issues spo~adic bulletins for sale. Anthropological P.apers Issued occas:::by.}?lly' by the :Nevade, state" Musewn;Garson City, Neva.da, 'rvm pap'8"'.J · issue0 to d a t s o ' Teb:Lwa Idaho'; ;1

PubliG;~::.: ion of the Idaho State College Atso publishes Occa~ional P.ap8!~. 0 . ."i!

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The Wy-dming Archaeologi:St Ne-t-tsletter of ·the Wyomin{Archaeol6gical Society. Don Grey, Editor; '413 S. Linden, Sheridan, l'lyoming:•.J:·" Southwestern L,dre Qua~terly .. j 'o urnal of the Colorado Archaeological Society . iVlem1:>ersl1ip ' $1 ~;90· ·yearly r\obtC': fnabJ~e · fr'om!~J oe Ben Whe<¥tj: University of Colorado, Boulder, Coloradoo Page I "

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ARCHA~OLOGY

or ARCHEOLOGY - how do you spell it? Either way is correct but the Society for American Archaeology spells it the old fashioned way with the ae, mostly for sentiments sake, and because it is the old lvay. Your editor was brought up in the ae:' school solurtwittingly oh~anged the title of UTAH ARCHEOLOGY to UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY "~ but I haven't had any nastly letters on it yet so I will :~eave it a.t that. Agatha Christie, the rnlfstery story writer, is married to an archaeologist. She said she failed to find any especial benefits from being married to one. As time went on though, she began to realize her good fortlJ:"~ 8 for the older she became the more interested her husband became in her. The 1.ead art icl r? t hi:?" month is by Dr., J ~s se D. ,J,enn fugs • It -is the aadr,e ss he ma.de .a\ t.he USAS ~ray meeiiing luncheon held in the StMient trp~,ol1 ,B,~Uding .;It;',the Uni,ve:r,s':l,.ty of U~ah. These ',' words ' may lvell se~:ii,' as a gU:i~ing I ignt . for , the societies endeavors and I hop~ they \~ill 'be reread upon ccca's ion in years. to come. " Dr. , Jenni.~gs is ' ~t prese~t teaching at Northwestern. University 'for "this and the s econd quarter. The thirdquarterw~l see him at th~ University of Minnesota, and then back to the University of Utah for the SUInl"1er again. Dr. Jennings'recently completed ci" term of office as the President of the Society for American Archaeology after having seryeo, previously as editor of their, ," , journal . He also 'was the recipient, in 1~58, of the Viking Medal in Archaeologyj one of. the pro'f essions ' highest honors. The second artiCle ii':i by USAS Pres,iderit, Merrill. Peterson • The material was re:;:>ort,ed upon at the. US AS annual meeting where it was accompanied by ,some fin.e slide,s . "

The third article i$ the one by Francis K Hassel of Ogqen, Utah. Mr. and Mrs. Hassel bave both been a:ctive ;in organizing the Ogden Chapter of USAS and. furthering the archaeologl.cal information on the country in and around Ogden. 0

This 'issues pe'trog1yph is from N'ine Mile C'anyon and originally appeared in a 1933 report by Ai bert B. , Reagan in the Kansas Academy of Science Transactions. , Nine Mile Canyon is in the country north and east 0;(' Price, Utah. ' Our membership list continues to grow. He hope that you are making kno1'JI'l to your friends the existence of USAS.

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/ THE VALUE AND, FUNCTION OF THE LOCAL

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by Jesse D. Jennings The first function ' of the localarQli~o~ogical societies ' is to bring together people of differing oGcupai~Qnal interests who share a common interest in archeologicai':material. Their motivations or the depth and extent· of their interest in archeology will'no doubt vary just about as much as their other interests. 'Why ·then do they voluntarily band themselves together in an ;. • i a.rcheologi'q~l society? .

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This question is answered in this case in the aims of the Utah Society. These aiIT'.;3 are set forth in the constitution quite Simply a!ld clearly as be.i ng: .. ,(1. j..n interest in the P!9servation of ari:r1J.eological sites az;1dm~t,e.ri8.1s and; 2. The ~rease and ·the ais's·i:iIl1ihation of knowledge about Utah pre-hi;s'to'rY.· . These high-r.llinded objectives focus on others. In shori", "they indicate that the framers of. tl).e constitution .were concerned with contributing to the larger sphere .of human knowledge and preservation of objects of interest to .all. '" .~.' .' '. [! What can the . i-ndi vidual expect to gain from :such "a society·, dedicated to such aims? I would say; in' line wi'th ' the s.o ciety aims. that the individual first cf,ln g?in the "petsbn~'.;:~gatisfaction whic.l! comes from cbntr~puting to th{{ pleasur"e of o'theitf people; all of us enjoy serving. /il·t hers. "lI>lore (spec~f-(cal;l.·y~ howev-er, e "'ery individual in t tH.s: n:ewly-bor~ soc ~e~y " can gain personally , through the opportunity of growing into field of' science. ; . Scientific method perm~:tS serious students to t..gain· greatc:r: insight into the collec.t:l.-ng., a~alysis, and finally the inter.pretation of archeological data. , $~c~ ~~terpretati6n leads a seriotls student, wh~t:her be b~ profElssl.9nal or non.- professional, into larger and 'more general and :.1no)::e meaningful interpretation as ;~". ' local archeQlogical material is :seen to have a relationship with, or a bearing · up0n the significance of, collections" from increasinglJy more dist.ant placEjs ·:.'i)'n .,s~9rt 'W~t1i a ~l.mpl,e beginning of an interest in the archeology of a ' drairiage syste~, 9r · even .one's own back pasture, one can move into an understanding and an awareness of th~ Yfhpl..~ !'i,e;td ·of Nor~l}. l)~~~ical?-. ~r~-~~;~~ory. . Such an awareness loS ~ ~ w~.§sport to gr.~·a.~e.J; . ~ppre·c.l~b.on ?11d to loncreased enjoyment. . ~oth~r ,.gain ~,or ' ~h~. JJ'ldi vidual i:S ' 1* a sharpening .. of his aPULty tS'. us~ . ~vi.~enc.~o{ ,that is to say, to. evaluate and be critic5li of b.:~!3_ ~"WPi·j'~t~ .as~ i~;ll as :that of others-. A lot of this ' will come ~:PfPugh..:~l'm q~B9tt~p.i~:r: of, he.~!..~~ profess.a.onal students of archeology speak at meetIngs' and: 'd"etnbhstrate :how the professional eValuates his own efforts and what -ihterpr~~t ions , ., ' he·, draws from·:this ·e"1l-idenQe •...~b.e. novice non-professional, from ..~.,.. 'an interest 'il1 ;objects., 'p? p.Qssib1y an aest,het£c intetest, or mere curiosi;ty about . th~: variety of archaeological mater1als and

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how they may be studied, thus moves into scholarship. By , subj'i:itting' his ' own: ,views to the icrittciSni of , others, hel' strengthens his own appreciation of what he has and how to describe it and talk about it on one':hand. - Onthe" c5~her hand, by listening critically to the presentations of others, both professional and non-professional, he moves into the arena of scientific consideration ~) , ofl eyidenC'6 ' and learns that cr:LtiC'tsrn · :Lsr.ai:"ely :pe r'sonhl. ! !~md destruc", i', tive'.,. "t Thrbugh criticism, con's tbictivelY:0ffered and' inte1.1igently rec,er1ved, . one sharpens intellectual toel,s ' and eons'iderably r",; ;;~; broaden-shis outlook. Another :gl?eaf,:;- g,a:tn for the' ,noI'l-prbfessional ,"~I " ,is , the increas ing awarenes s tha:t':it 'he.r obJ ects " of ;:ar'cheolo~·r. are merely : documents; that they p6s'sesEF1-elatively'little scientific value in themselves, but yield up information abqut the c'U 1ture where they occur. In short, one becomes concerned with th~ ·;,:totalcultural picture revealed ' in fragmentary form through archeGllogical specimens and their: facts of finding, The non"~ ,: 'professional will learn to move : from a concern with objects to a concern with, inferences, a'ssociations and total interpretation. ,j , '

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I have been asked to make specific reference to things 'whitih local chapters in thest'a tewide society might undertake as worthwhile activity. Most 'successful local state societies have taken as their first basic job the complete survey of the state wherein they were organized. Such a survey is done, little by little, in each area, by local chapter 'members. A survey of cbu~~.e : means simply the location of" and' -the making of records abcilit ;-:a11 sites which ~ can be located. This I tvould ; recoriimend ':as ,the first and a continuing project for any local chapteb "The're are in this state scores of unknown areas; the region around st. George has never been systematically studied, although the existence of hundreds of sites is known. Or again, the San Rafael Swell is known to contain considerable material; it has never been surveyed either by professionals or non-professionals. The s'cattered dune sites of the western desert are not well known; a quick survey of the region was made a few years ago but this was a spot check, hit-or-miss,kind of thing. So I would suggest as a primary job for all local chapters the initiation, on a systematic basis, of a survey of the region where the chapter is organized. "' f

In some areas it is possible to select a problem in 'the local archeological picture and concentrate upon ,that; the best ' example which comes to mind is the work of ;;Alice Hunt, neai" Moab, with the Folsom complex A comparabl e ': stll~Y: m ign:t: 1:fe carried on in the St. Geor.ge area 'with regards to ' theafstFibut" ' . ion, on'sutface sites, of ,§\:l.ch pottery types as Middt.eto'n ': . ,:, - Black';;on"'Re:~h ' ' : ' j i., ' c:"r: ::)" , , '. ' :_:rl ;~"

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:'t;· t.nother such probl:em ' study"ibas "just · !b een" maae'Jby Lthe ' Logan Chapter. ,',,:;"In. this caSe i 1;.- was a; '.frtu:dy lrdf the · I ridian hi:.·~-to'~Y -·and pre-history , of, Bear' Lake . ,~ t 'Dhis wa'S..· don~ " :at the l requ-e'stt ;, 0f ' t~e'J Department of br,;~ Anthropology,! :acting. ,'a:S ! a'i rent;' for ' th'e:fSt :&'te Park!: and Recreation Commission. The Park Commission wished some general information on which to base further thinking, planning about and action toward acquiring some state_ park land in the vicinity of Bear Lake. ' ," ; i Page 6.

Another continuing activity for all chapters, and the society us well, would lie in its support of conservation ,activities, both on the national and state level, now that we have a state park system. I can speak from experience and say that the state park people are conscientious and competent, eaGer to learn and will give serious consideration to suggestions from any source. Or the society, as a whole) ' can undertake sU,c h projects as the . sP'9W3o~s~iR, .. of" ~q?p~.~~tiv; 9i gs where a centrally ~o~ated site, I ~~+ ~.c,~ ~~d .'<?~ "}~~)J~fs:l:~f of l.\~ CI;~l?arent value and abl.l~ty to :; c,~:rtI'i?~t.~ · 'Fo !~p'~w~e~ge, co~<;l .?e excavated. , Society members over weekep~ "Co,u:lo., · under ins truction, learn scientific excava,tipA..p·r o.Ge.Pures .and siroil taneously contribute information in~ 'areas where. spient1fic .inf9rmation is lacking. !'.

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I would also hope that the society members, or chapters as gT-~~PS.L :'c~uld visit any ,.~~~.s 't?,~ing conducted by professionals oveJ;' ; th~ ~ Ej·t .a te. ' : ,';' : . " .;. 7, ' "" ... .•

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Th~ 'holding of annual meet:Lngs" where'; !m&mbers report their own activities, (3U9h as .t ne ~ay )~'; ~ r 960meeting,; are of extreme

importfI?c~A~ . I,~o~iety ·Il~4j e~~'~ . .k '. ::' '.: ; ~

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The society ought also to develop somewhere a central repositor,y fo:r !, ~~l'} informati~~ . i t acquires. The newsletter, of course, affQFqs · an exceJ,l~tit place to publish the work of individual member s and chap~ers. However, the b~sic data, sueh as site survey forms, notE?s of excavations, and so'on, ought eventually to Game to rest in a central repository. Conceivable the files of the statewide archeolog,ical , survey 1'8 "the place for this material finally ~9,come to , safe ke~ping. This is not absolutely essential but I b1el 'ieve it is desirable. I,nother very important way in;·w-h:ich the society could encourage archeology wq~4 ,,?e the establishment and ' support of a modest tuit-ion sch6Lal"sl1ip for any Jtiliior~ or senior student in anthropology at the University. Thl J woU!r'd immediately identify the society as interested in scholarship and scholarly development of individuals. It ,would be a distinct honor in ,t he record of any student if he, in open competition, won a scho~:J..,arship on the basis of the judgment of the 'i d6iety or a committee of the society. .. ' . .. , . Regardles's of the action taken by the society on any of the ideas herin, it seems to .m~ a highly important step in Utah scholarship that the s,oc ~~~* has become an actuality" that it has organized an~ that a ;s lgnificant , even though yet small" Gore qf serious students 'of non-professional status have banded tl}err:~ y~S together. ~:;~ ~C?h of you will gain tremend6usl-y i'r9m th~ :. opportunities : ~ff<? :r.9-ed by such an association 'and yoU: will personally get sati${acti,on 'from it. . . ·r .. . . ,prs

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I w9uld clos.e on a note of :caution, I?uggesting that membership not be "thrown, openlt to all who think they wish to .a:(,filiatei I would suppqse that omy members that some. recognition' of " the world of .scholarship and the advance of knowledge shoUld' be" .' ,', encouraged to' join. A small group of competent; scientifically ·', minded students can do great, gooq fQr the state .0£ Utah"botl1 'in ' the area of public Emt'ertainmel1t ai;ld. ~ducation a~ · w:ell 'as the", advance of professional scholarship', ' -1I~I:iid members tl can ' kill,' )' off :tp~ . soc iett ·. .' .. . '" ,

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I 1,)'ould urge too tha.t all 'of y~u rereac( Clarence " ~J~~~ f, ~' ex'd'e:il'el1t arti,o le, r,epublished in th,e society Newsletter in Volume 3; . : 1(; :, Numb.er .:i;;:.., This' aiticle ' wasoriginally 'published in ' t,merican ' ....... Antiquity 'and has'been 'reprinted ip ' almost every: state soci¢ty publication since its original appe~rance. I",would urg.!3:· ,~.h~t:" ' " '." youirer:E;lad , t .h is upon occassion arid that you continue the idea of annual. m~eHri.gsi; field trips an,d,-.'visits to' important Utali sites. ' . , '. '. .

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MY' .c ongratul'ations"to those wJ'1o' att~Hdea the f.ir:st meeting; .If .personally. enj'oyed. it greatly and I ·Q.ope that ·all of yo'\.1. '.':'..: . gained as ' muc'h ,as I did., " .,' .' ,' . '"' .. -,' , : • ' .' -. j . . .. . "; -rrlH~.·

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A PERCUSSION INDUSTRY

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OF THIr

}vyClMING, DESERT"

by Merrill ,Peterson

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, 'Thi~: r!3PQxt 'co.vers·" cireas? of lrJes~ Centr~l. 'Wy?ming, inc~\ldi!ig" 'the .LLi,:ttle Colcirado'-Des'Srt al,1dthe western portion :,of the '; RElQ. ,Desert,. " ' ~ "" . ' . -" :~; ",

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We '; l'l.av~,hu~~ed antelope apd, :r;oam~d t~is area over tn~ .p'ast thirty years 'and have ' continuously watched for archeological material. Evidence of three separate "industries seems to be appar~t ~nd they are characterized by: 1. Larger, a,rtif~:cts 0-:f; )~ingle·. a,q.d· bf'fa:'c!ed na;:t;uFe, very. crude, and of percussion ,'. Slaking qf~~Il: .. r '&t'aU':liirig·'-a' large po.r tion of the origin~ fac!3 '. ; 0£, '!ihe ~o6~ ' ('could:'be te~lIJed a pebQie industry); ,.2i · :Thin , ': bIad.e ? anf~09fs ,more . fin~J,y", fin{~h~d but ' still c~uqe ' arld;:" ':efry·. Press'u;re fThhlieCl' tool,S, !!19re i;irie1y finis,med than "the above '.J; '·a nd, ,foup.d ' i;{ mO,re ' 'localiz'.Eld~ ·ayj~a-s~. esp~rd-i'alJ.y. .Jtr:punl campsites rather thah b'eing mor~ wi~ely d~~ri.~. l'-.se.~~ rEdElX:. ·:r~" f:~. ?ott-s Bluff, and Folsom proJectlle, pou).t~· are occ asiol;la;.ly ~ound in the area but in very limited numbers~' ,, ' The percussion flake material is mostly of quart,z-;ite and is found over the higher areas. Along the Green>Rfyer, they'are found on the two upper of the four or five rive~:terraces and over the higher areas elsewhere. They are not found on the lower river terraces. Barbecue pits and hearths have been fouhd ' along Slate Creek and on the Green River that have yielded nothing but the large flakes of this industry. ' Page

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Many of , these t90ls are ver,y crude and resemble the early Paleolitnic tools of Europe, Africa, and other parts of the old 1-1orid. The . crudity with, which they are made resembles) to a consideraole degree, materials found on the shoras 6f extinct Pleistocene lakes in Nevada and California and the materials taken from the river terraces 0f the Columbia River. In 1955, we accompanied the Archeological Salvage 'Association ot California on a trip t6 the shores of extinct Lake Laconte by the Salton Sea~ There we found the same crude percussion flaked tools on the old beach levels • They were heavily coated with de~~'!'t varnish : or patina and ih that area, they were ciassed as~, the Malpai$ J:ndustry • .; r .. . . ··~·.f ' ; ) :::j ' "<1":;

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We :?ave J from t ¥n~ ~~", t~~ " :p ~cked ~p ~h~ ·s,a.m e '. ,9:~~d€ :.imple~en~s along the shor:a. l..l.ne "o.n ·;.t );-le old Lake Bonneville level and. l.t l.S our 'op.i.~iQ~ t~at "~l:l~" ': s:ame ' basic lith i 9, i?~~st~ )~~~~,ed '~~er the entire western ,.part of ~he country~ '. r" " - O! · . ~:! No Carbon 14 dates ' have been ob.t~in!3d; hQ~ever, ' ;rehave taken fire hearth material to submi~ to Dr. K e~edy 6 ~ the University of Califor nia for his thermo-luininescencetest that will probably give us a date on the burned material. The surface eampsites which we attribute to 't}:le in<;lu~trY'1re earmarked with fire ' ~ragmented . rocks and an a'bs¢nc~ , of.' ch~r coal material. ~

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The above material has Ilow captured the interest and attention of the Departm~pt of .(\nthropology of the, University of Utah and will . pr9b~bly" be taken l,l:p . as· a ,pro j ect j'ut the near future. "" D~,,?,e F end~~giist o~ .~p~ J~epartme:r,lt!,.. PZ; ." J .M ~ Cruxent, Director qt,·;the MLJ..s ~pm:, ~f ~ c ;!.'~ n.c.e a~,?:.Q.ar~,c~3:s,, · ' Venezuel ~.~ , South America, and the writer j 1;?i$ ;t,., r.~t.ur-ned' (in ·;t:1ay) .f rom a seyeral days r~connaissance/f,rip o( t h e : area where much mat~ri.,<?l. was ·:t~en f dr', t}1l:'ther "f,esea~cti . '",. " .. ":' ;,, : ,: 1r ,~I I. I

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months leave of ab.~~nce,) and . is doing work on European, P;f.r~9 a:'p, . and ";' ,.: /illl~ri9~n;l;;i thiy.) . ~duSttry : materials. .:1. ' . . ':. ~' .~' .

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Haftiri - :Qe'men~ " ,'rpepa\icity of horn and hoof" mat,erial at camp. ~,i .~!.~ .. ~an<;l !" r-ave.s ,~'as . often been noted exc~p~ where the material has been used f .o r articles of adornment or for other uses. ,..... .

The reason for this was noted several years ago~ While hunting antelope in Wyoming" We were si.tting ~round the campfire shooting .:' ,the usuallbull when 'o,pe of. t he g~o )lp_ 'picke,d 'up an old sheep horn ~~:~n~~J.~rw· i:.t i~. th~::~9-7:e. , It b1,l!'ned slol~l~, and a .~hick dark . \~J~9rn\::Ylet~~~s, , ~aterl.~+.)' m~l.{ed arid 'r an , out. ~, vJhen ..i t ;,hard.e ned -w:~.{J'o~;n..<t; l,F, s*cgp~ly re \3thl. ent . a,l!-d. awfully.: tough:-r ..;j;)!: : The old story about hafting with pine gum no longer holds wat,er ,as far as we are c.pncerned .... i . !. '

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE 'NORTHEASTERN MARGIN OF GREAT SALT LAKE .j ,

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. . byF.K. Hassel

The" territory covered by this article is a three to five mile . wide strip of the lake shore bounded on the north by the mouth of '-the Bear River and on the south by the Weber-Davis county line. Most 6f this area is only slightly above the present water line. The terrain : grades from level mud flats at the water's edge, to low lying sand and clay hill,ocks at var7ing dist1;lnces from the lake. Meandering channels, some containing permanent water courses but most only intermittantly wet, are frequently e~countered. During the dry season much of the lower ground is' covered by an ,alkali Ilbloom'I,; There are few trees in the area and none in those sites most favored by the Indians. In summer, clouds of gnats, mosquitoes, . deer flies, and horse flies are present. In winter, the flat landscape offers little protection from the frigid winds and the ground, ~hen not 'frozen, is a '.quagmire of sticky gumbo. The prospects of livi ng in this environment are hardly appealing, yet the attractions of a permanent water supply, edible plant seeds and roots, rabbits, and waterfowl beyond number, must have far outweighed the disadvantages to both the Shoshoni and the earlier Puebloid (Sevier-Fremont) Indians. Shpl3honi bands wint,ered in this region into the late 1800 I s while evidence of the . p"i.:t house type dwelling suggests the Puebloid were yearroti~9,, ~inhabitants. " , ': • ,

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'?uthor has located between 50 and 100 ,sites in the area durJng a year's search. , Mostwer'e eas:ily identified by the _'. presence of quart~d't"e , •conglomerate and granitic rock brought , in from the Hasatch' Range to the east; : by the Indians. The only naturally occurring rock in the entire region under d;i,scussion, is confined to the vicinity of "Little }iountainll , i5 m:$,l es west of Ogden; 'but it is not ~ of the same material usually ' found in the camp site·s. . . Th~

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.. Op th,e , basis of character istics listed by Rudy (1953) repre-

', ' s~f1J.:?lt:i,ye sherds . of at" least three general potte.ry· types have "b~:e~ id~ntified." First, ana most prevalent, 1:8 ,-Shoshbn ' ware differing only in' vessel form from t hose described by Rudy. , No indicatio l1 of "flower potH, pointed bottom or bowl shapes ...... , .... (

")~lf~ i~'; )~p~ s.~~b~r· to determine if some camps -'a.re i:" ,; ;,,:s .~~~f ;o.r ._Ferely sub-areas of a l ·arge camp.

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have been noted. The common , f9.rm; as ded)iced'from couhtless observed fragments, is a round bottomed p'pt with mildly constricted neck apd::silightly, flaring wide inouth~. An additional decorative techniqV;e" s.e~n on rim she,rds , frbm tow different vessels, is an impres.s,e d ,circ"Wnfere..p.:!1ial 'gtoove in the" edge of the lip{'encircling the .mout-q. of. ·th;e ?{essel:·~. .,', . .• , .1

. rtth~ isecdrid and next 'most a~;~~ant. ~~herd~' ·. ar·e.' 'the ;~uebloid

"desert grayrt wares.in;cll.J.d,i ng Gr~at fSa;tt'Lake Gray, Oreat Salt Lake Bla::ok 'on Gray" . nd possibly 'Krio~,ls G~~y,: Ebi:in 'ware is, as ~$ttal:;, ,mostc6mr.~9!il' while bl~6k (;ul ". gr9-Y; 'incised, '~:md ltcoffee beanll appliqued sher;9s ':'? re much r~~s ' in evidence.

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is, Promontory :ware" first d,~~c7ibed by Julian H; Steward (1937). The most notable ;featur:e~ 'o f, t 'h is pottery in this area is its extreme r.a,r;i.ty. The.' ,sole' examples found by the author are from ,a> low 'mou~d ne?',r, "t;he.. nor-thern' fedge of the region. '" " "', . '! '-, i

sites, so far located, hav~ apparently been known to various local collectors for years and' as a l;'.esult, ' artifacts: of; any description are beco~', ing increasingly' scatee. :, About 'the only itemsnow to 'be found is an oc.c;:asional IIbirdpoint". For smaller artifacts; such as these, obs\9.-i,an was tl:!,~ ..T0l?,~ ; freq~ently used material Hith cher;t, flint, andrel;ated f 'o rws ' next in popularity and granular or "sugar 11. quartz r~1]ri~ng ~ :p~~r.· third·. In larger forms, such as knife blades 4 quar tz ' arid ' chert are most common with obsidian rare. . , .

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' The 'most amazinf; aspect o.r the region is the, . \fast quantities of artifacts redbY-ered from ~.lW surface of s(:)rite sites. One local enthusiast· states that ' over the past 25 years he has collected over 1500 oomplete projectile points from one campsite and over 1000 from another. This is almost unbel·i evable until the size or; :t he collection is actdail;y' seen.: r;. , j! . .

,:'Another peculiarity worthy of comment is the s6~rcity fof 'projectile point types associated with the pre-pottery or ·· '.!.:'IJDesert ll culture .. envisioned by J ~nnings (1957). Most point ' ~;types il'l ustrateo, j,m' this vo.Jt'l:IDle, ~ El COIl"Jnol} , ?~face finds 'from the Promontory Range westw~rd " at ~pprox~m~tely "the same elevation as the "territory here ir;t described / Outsiae of three or 1fo.ur possihble '1D);'Ql~ en +r;~gp1ents ; , (me . 1:1¢i~i~lj . specimen . at~r.tp.uted · to this p.er:i od h,a s beel},} oW?P-,. a;J,.oriit"the · eastern lake margin by the;· ;au.~l:J.or (Fig.: ;1.-.1,110 .....' ,;' '~ '.:

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;. partial list of. impl~lTlE?}lts or fragJ?l~,n.'t.~ ..9b.~·~rved·:py the author in campsites,;' c.QB:t;.;aining only Sf,:oshoni ' .pot:t~rY ' Jnclude: . r-: }'.,

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Side notched triangular project:ile points· (Fig. la through 1, v) Un-notched triangular blanks 0

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c. End and side scrapers and. scraper planes (Fig. 2g). d. and , two handed 'manos.· " , e. Shallow basin slab metates •.', f. ' Hammer stones. ; i· g. Shaped stone l1awlsll(?) (Fig.; 2c and 1{) • h. Quartz and flint blades (Fig. 2j). L <' Perforated vericite;disc .bead • . . ',:; -j ,:, U~~erfora"ted, obsidian discs',. ;3/8 ~o , 5/~ inche~ ~ .i n di ameter with edges: grounq. . ." ' , . ". ' . 'k. Corner notched projectile. points:" (rare) ( ~ig. 'it '~nd u). 1. Expanded base drills (Fig. 2f). ", ' .. ',! m. Irregular flakes used. as scrapers or knives. ',"''' .', . n. Flaked problematical forms (Fig. 2a, b, and d). o. Shale'rock with inscribed line~. · p. Un-notched quartz spear or qart.points (lack of any sembland'e :"of a'cuttingedge, argues for this classification) -.: :' (Fig.:: 2i),j" " '" .:, .' ' , .... ·r q. Grooved 's haft straighteners. r· ...:·· ~Flake .. "graving" -points (Fig. 2e) s. Lumps bf red ochre);,

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A partial list of items found in sites containing only Puebloid pottery ' . types.. , . ihcl udes: "

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a. ',:Cprner notched. IIJbirdpointsl' . { F.ig. 1m through p). Side . notched "birdpointsll, (F.ig. lq and r). Perforated shell beads. Perforated slate or'shale beads. Two handed manos. f~ "Utah" 'type metates. · ' .g. S fde notched' large drill (?') (Fig. 2h). h. Unperforated shale pendants, edges ground, one with s?allow si-ele notches,,:, one plain.

b• c. d. e. "

Additibh al art'ifacts from this region,.aJ'e .listed below. affiTiat ions of some, are dubi.p.u s sJince t hey ' tiere 'collected by other persons or found by the author in sites having either no characterist1c features or a mixture of ~ypes.•

,qu1;·£u.tai'

:.a~' ,- Baked b. c. d.

e. f. g. h. i. j. k.

and unbaked anthropomorp~:4c figurines (Puebloid). Corner and back hafted "tang knives ll (Shoshoni?). .Straight stone pipes,. Large corner notc hed bl unt,pro~ ec.tile'iPoihts. Corner and siJde not c.\1ed, . serr~t t?.d : e.dgC? point s. Corner and s ide not ched spear points (Shoshoni?). Bone tubes and awls (Puebloid). Pestles and !!roller'" pestles. Horn fleshing tools (Puebloid). Grooved shaft straighteners (Puebloid), Perforated shale pendants (Puebloid). , •

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'Figure 1. Na.tUl'.al. Size

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Figure 2. NatUral Size Page

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Jennings, J.D. Danger Cave. Memoirs of the Society for Amer1957 ican Archaeology Number 14, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah. Rudy, J. R.

1953

;' rcheological Survey of l-Jestern Utah. University of Utah Anthropological Papers Number 12, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

steward, J.H. 1937 Ancient Caves of the Great Salt Lake Region. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 116, Government Printing Office, 1~lashington.

HAVE YOU GOTTEN A NEW MEMBER FOR THE UTAH STATE'VTIDE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY? I

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. Utah State Historical 603 t South T e alt Lak Oity 2. tah