Utah Statewide Archaeological Society, Volume 10, Number 4, December 1964 by Utah Historical Society

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. UTAI:i

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INDEXED

a'tchaeolo9~

A Newsletter

VollO, No.4

Pectographs from Howell Valley in Eastern

Elder County, utah

UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY is published quarterly by the UTAH STATEWIDE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Subscription is included in membership. Membership in the society is available from the secretary-treasurer at $2.00 per year. Correspondence concerning the activities of the society should be directed to the president. All manuscripts and news items should be sent to: Utah Statewide Archaeology Society % Dept. of Anthropology, University of Utah.

UTAH STATEWIIE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY PRESIDENT: Francis Hassel 906 Rancho Blvd, Ogden, Utah VICE PRESIIENT: George Tripp 98 W. 2000 South, Bountiful, utah SECRETARY-'1REASURER: Carol Hassel 906 Rancho mvd, Ogden, Utah ADVISOR: Ir. Jesse 1). Jennings, Univ. of utah, Salt Lake City 12, Utah EDI'IDR: W.. D. Pack, 310 South 3rd East, Preston, Idaho

E DI 'lOR'S NO '.rES

The lead article in this issue is on the discovery of the "Clovis Point", by our Vice President, George Tripp and Mrs. J. Wallace Wintch. Many of you may have rea0 about it in the News papers. It is the first such artifact to be found in Utah. If there are any others they have never been reported. It 1s interesting to note that this indicates that man and mammoth both did roam in the deserts of Utah together. The second article by Merrill "Bud" Peterson is of another find of Indian Artifacts in the northern part of Utah. 'The last article is the third and final one on "Cultural Development In The Great Basin" - by James A. Goss. May we express our thanks for such an interesting annalysis of this culture. It is so educational to those of us that are classed as amatures. Happenings of Local Chapters Salt Lake-Davis County Chapter On Saturda-'T the 3rd of October our planned summer field activities were concluded by joining with the Ogden Chapter to lend a helping hand to Mel Aikens in the excavation of a Fremont site on the bank of the Bear River a few miles west of Brigham City. The winter meetings started after the 9th of November. Cache Geological and Archeological chapter On Sept. 17th Dennis Black, a graduate student of utah state University, gave an illustrated lecture IlEvidence of Ancient J'!an in Utah." Oct. 8th. Dr. Gordbn Keller, an Archeologist at U. S. U. Tbld of the work he has done this last summer at "Antelope Cave". Nov. 12th Dr. J. Stewart Williams, Dean of the School of Geology at U. S. U. gave an illustrated lecture of the "Colorado Plateau" and the "Canyon-land Parks lt â&#x20AC;˘ Thc& 11th. Christmas Party. ---- Here are a few suggestions for possible programs for local chapter meetings. - Ray T. Matheney, Dept of Anthropology, Bldg. T 22, B. Y. U. Provo, Utah. - Richard Thompson, College of Southern utah, Cedar City, UtahLee Ray, Wildlife Photographer, check with George Tripp.... Ford Motor Co. has a film called "Pueblo Boy".- Dr. Stewart Williams, U.S. U. Logan, Utah, on Canyon-lands, Geology. The 1965 membership fees are now due. Attached to the news letter is a blank form to facilitate your remittance.

AUTHENTIC CLOVIS POINT FIND REPOR'IED On Friday the 16th of October while looking for arrowheads in a tributa~ of Salina Canyon in north ea stern Sevier County, utah, George Tripp and r~s. J. Wallace Wintch of Manti, both members of the utah Statewide Archaeological Society, found a classic Clovis Point on the shore of an ancient Pleistocene Lake. The artifact was a surface find in apparent disassociation with any other artifacts. Although fluted points have been reported previously from Utah from the Moab and Emery areas, it would appear that this is the first authentic Clovis Point reported so far from our a rea. Since the original identification of these points near the town of Clovis, New Mexioo in the early 1930's, other widely scattered finds have been reports most of which are confined to four states, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado and Arizona. Outside of these states only a meager handful of these points has been reported; although, it is suspected that unreported points might be found in the possession of uninformed collectors. Because Clovis Points are invariably associated with long extinct Pleistocene animals like the mammoth and never with the bones of living or recently extinct animal species, archaeologists feel they are conservative in estimating the age of these unusual artifacts as being in excess of 10,000 years. With the above facts in mind, there would seem to be little mbubt that the lone point is one of the oldest man made objects found thus far in Utah.

Full Size Sketches .f the Salina Canyon Clovis Point

INDIAN CACHE UNCOVERED

by Merrill Peterson This fall, while leveling and plowing his lahd, J. Cash Smith of Benson had the unusual and interesting experience of uncovering a cache of Indian knives or blades, made of a dark close-grained, rather opaque obsidian (volcanic glass), They range in diameter from two to four inches, are eval, bifaced and rathe~ well made. In leveling the ground, ~~. Smith said that approximately eight inches had been removed in the area before plowing, and that the plow was penetrating another five inches or thereabouts when the plow points struck the cache. The artifacts were scattered over several feet by the plow so that an area six feet across was carefully excavated down to the hard undisturbed ground, so as to be sure none were misse d. In all, 62 blades were picked up. They were, in all probability, made for the purpose of bartering with the Indians encountered on their seasonal migrations to Bear Lake and beyond to the desert, where obsidian artifacts are picked up with artifacts of local materials, this indicating that trade was carried on with this material (obsidian), which lends itself idealy to precussion and pressure flaking techniques. The material is dark, and less translucent than that from most areas, suggesting to the writer that it is possibly from the Arbon Valley or American Falls area, rather than Western Utah or the Yellowstone Park area. The immediate site where the artifacts were picked up was carefully searched for evidence of fire hearthe or chips and flakes that might indicate the chipping was done in the area where the cache was found. There was no evidence of either. The area, however, is located on an aluvial terrace, close to the Bear River and is laced with fresh water springs. The area around Mr. Smith's farm and north across the Smithfield Amalga highway and including the property of Lynn Erickson, where his trout farm is now located was once used extensively as a campsite for Indians hunting locally and making their seasonal migrations from the Great Salt Lake Valley, where they wintered, to Cache Valley, Bear Lake, the Vrind River Mountains, and the Little Colorado Desert, where they hunted and fished during the summer months. In the post, much evidence has been found confirming the use of the area as a camp site. Milling stones, chipped artifacts and pottery sherds, fire hearths and bone fragments having been scattered over a considerable area. Mr. Smith states that as a boy, the Indians were still coming to the area in small numbers and family groups to camp and make use of the area for hunting squirrels and other small game. In talking to ~~. Etickson, he also states that about two acres or more of his property, especially around the spring, had been used extensively as a camp area. In the work of building his fish ponds and farming, considerable evidence has been uncovered. l~ny years ago, when the bridge was built over the river just west of the above-mentioned camp site, an Indian burial was unearthed.

STATEI'.1EN'T' BY CASE SMI'IH ll9cember 14, 1964 In the spring of 1964, I leveled a piece of pasture land that, as far as I know, has never been plowed before. In leveling the high part I vvent down about 10 or 12 inches. On November 15, 1964 when I was plowing the field near the ditch that runs along the edge, I was plowing a bout 6 inches deep. It was at night, and I saw the artifacts in the lights of the tractor. I just dumped them in a little pile and went on plowing. '!Wo or three weeks later I talked took a showel and went out to dig in a carefully worked the soil until we got picked up these 60-odd artifacts, plus in all.

with Merrill Peterson about it, and we circle of about 6 feet in diameter. We down to where the plow had gone. We 8 or 10 chips. There were 72 pieces

Over the past 30 years since I have owned this farm, I have picked up, I would say, 25 or 30 milling stones and 5 or 6 platters that they used to grind on. Also there were three gray flint knives, but I have never foune an arrowhead. At the Eas tend 0 f my farm when I was a boy of 6 or 7 years of age, (this was in approximately 1915 or 1912), I can remember the Indians camping at these springs during the winter time. They would put up their teepees with fur robes on the ground, and sometimes woulri stay two or three weeks at this spring. As long as I can remember they were just begging and living cff of the fish they could find around the country. Sometimes they would come in the summer and shoot many ground squirrels for food. Just Viest of my place, the:T vuilt a new read across the river in about 1918. In excavating the mlgway up the side-hill they uncovered an Indian burial. His gun was with him and where be.shead lay on the gun, the hair was still in tact. This skull was in Dr. G. L. Reese's office at Smithfield.

Cash Smith

CULTURAL IEVELOPMENT IN WE GREA T BASIN by James A. Gnsa PART III Major Early Sites of the Great Basin (continued) The Nevada Sites • • • • • Lovelock Cave. • • • Humb,ldt Cave. • • Leonard Rock Shelter • Gypsum Cave . • • • rule sprIilgs • . 1 fornia Sites: • Pinto Basin • • • Lake Mohave. • • •

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•

• 6

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• 4 4 • • 5

• • • 7 · • 7

· 7

A Note on Shoshonean Histodcal Li nguistics •• • • • • • "'7 Conclusions.

...

BIBLIOGRAPHY •

· 8

· 11

The Nevada Sites: Lovelock Cave Lovelock Cave (10ud and Harrington, 1929) is located southeast of Humboldt Lake 22 miles south of the fillage of Lovelock, Nevada. It is a deep, stratified cave with textiles from the very earliest levels. In the cave were over 12 feet of deposits containing evidence of human occupation. In the lower cr "sixth" level were ash lenses, grass, and rushes, probably the remains of fires and bedding. An atlatl forshaft of greasewood, coarse coiled basketry, felxible twined basketry "bags", with paterns in black, rush matting, fra/?}TIents of netting, various pieces of worked WOOc1, "sickles" of mountain sheep hctrn, Ollivella-shell boads, L- shaped awls, a woven rabbit-skin blanket, and lowest .f all some flexible twined basketry decorated with porcupine quills completed the inventory. In the next level "five" there was more flexible twined basketry, two types of coilerl basketry, rush matting, fiber cordage, ollivella shell beads, and not fragments. Level 4 contained atlatl dart forshafts, shell bea:'l s, some fine strings, and snares. Twined basketry s:imilar to that made ethnographically by the Klamath and Modoc were also found and the coarse coiled basketry continued. Wicker

basketry and rush matting and cordage also were found~ Eagle feathers, bits of bird skin and rabbit fur blankets, quids of rush fibers, scraps of leather, a shell disk bead, a worked bit of sla te, a worked bone, a stone ball, a broken knife or dart pOint, and a ball covered with a netting of leather strips completed the assemblage .. Level 3 contained feathered cane arrow shafts, obsidian arrow points, two wooden at1atl dart forshafts, 25 basketry fragments of wh ich most were coiled and only one type was tWined, cordage , fragments of bird skin and fur blanlcets, snares, disc beads of shell strung on a string, parts of duck decoys made by stretching a duck skin over a reed substructure, a slate "fish kn1fe ll , Lshaped awls, and a serrated rib of an un-identified animal. Level 2 was not as rich in artifacts as was level 3. It contained 14 fragmeuts of Callf! arrow, 11 basketry fragments including coarse coiling, twining,. and wicker, cordage, mat,ting, fragments of <!fuek decoys, and bone awls. An irl"~e.l:e 9tjug cache was also found in the form of a rush bag containing, a skin bag of red paint, a small coile d basket, a countain sheep horn, greasewood sticks, a small "gut" bag, green and white paint stones, a c'lire-drill hearth, sagebrush bark tinder and Bome composite arrow foreshafts, Levell, the surface and top 18 inches, contained few artifacts, probably indicating a marked decrease in habitation. !he artifacts were a stick bent in a loop similar to those used ethnographically by the Northern Paiute' to stir their various gruels, quids, several scraps of leather, pieces of fur and bird skin blankets, two pieces of coiled basketry and two pieces of stiff twined basketry, two pieces of rush matting, some cordage, arrow foreshafts, a digging stick, a fire-drill hearth, andthe only sandal in the entire deposit, which was of twined rushes. Later radlo-carbon dates (Grosscup 1958) suggest that the cave was occupied from about 3,1.72 years ago to 1,686 years ago, at minimum. By inference from other sites it might be postulated that the appearance of the bow and arrow in l evel 3 pro bably occured about 2,000 years ago, which marks a nearly central point ip the occupation, Meighan (1959) consi ders Lovelock Cave and the neighboring HUmboldt and Leonard sites as representing a specialized lake dwelling cul ture which were quite dependant upon fish and waterfowl . It has also been argued that these sites were just occupied seasonally for utilization of fish and the seasonal migrations of the waterfowl . It would be quite natural for people on their round of gathering to cache decoys here for the specialized use, probably in the late fall or early winter, when they stopped here to take advantage of the southerly migration of water-fowl. Humboldt Cave Humboldt Cave (Heizer and Krieger 1956) is laca-ted about 12 miles 50uthwest of Lovelock. Tne invento ry is essentially the same, with the notable addiM_on of compos ite fishhooks with attached lines. Heizer and Krieger oonsider the cultural remains here to be &he same as tha t of Lovelock, only 5

beginning later. A radio-carbon date of 1960 years ago probably dates the first occupation of Humboldt Cave. Leonard Rook Shelter Leonard Rock Shelter (Heizer 1951) is located 6 miles northeast of Lovelock Cave. Lying directly on the basal gravels probably deposite d by Lake Lahontan is a layer of bat guano containing artifacts. These include Olivella shell beads, obsidian flakes, atlatl darts, netting, and fragments of atlatl dart foreshafts. A date of 11,199 years (Libby, 1955) was obtained from bat quano lying immediately upon the gravels. Tates from other samples of guano and an atlatl foreshaft in this layer average about 8,000 years ago. Heizer has designated this early level as remains of what he calls the Humboldt Culture. Above this level the deposits are similar to those in Lovelock and Humboldt Caves. He designates these layers as representati~e of the LovelockCuI ture. Gypsum Cave Gypsum Cave (Harrington 1933) is a limestone cavern 16 miles east of Las Vegas, in southern Nevada. It contains the remains of the Desert Culture, along with pottery and evidences of agriculture in the upper levels. Harrington isolates four distinct cultural phases in the cave, Sloth, Basketmaker, Pueblo, and Paiute. In the Sloth layers Harrington reports finding fragmentary atlatl darts, chipped flint, worked wood, hearths, torches, oval scrqper knives and the lozenge or diamond "Gypsum" type point, all imbedded in a bed of dung of the extinct sloth. He says that a type of two-strand cordage may have been in association with these.

The "Basketmaker ll level contained basketry, atlatl darts, side notched points, wooden bunts, wooden clubs, cordage, fur cloth, evinently the typical II ISsert Culture" assemblage. The Pueblo layers, perhaps better called "Puebloid" contained pottery, corn and two species of bean. All that Harrington assigns to the Paiute level are several points found on the surface. Antevs (1952) dates the earliest Gyp~um C~ve occupation, geologically, at between 7,500 and 9,500 years ago. Grosscup (1958) points up a confused association of artifacts and feels that the fill has been subject to much mixing. Later dates from the sloth dung of 8,527 and 10,455 (Libby, 1955) do not necessarily date the artifacts. Tu1_~_~prings

At TUle Springs also near Las Vegas is a site which may prove to be of great antiquity. Burned and splintered bones were found here in possible

association with obsidian artifacts and some fragments of worked bone~ and several ash lenses which may be hearths. Charcoal, thought to be from a hearth was dated at 23,800 years old (Libby 1955). This does not certainly date the artifacts. Stratigraphic associations for TUle Springs are still very confused. The California Sites: Pinto Basin Pinto Basin (campbell and Campbell 1935) is an open site extending along the shoreline of an extinct, slow moving river in Northern Riverside Coun~, California at the extreme southern end of the Great Basin. The assemblage includes the "Pinto" type point, choppers, keeled scrapers, and thin slab metates. Splint bones of extinct oamel and horse are possibly in association and may indicate that "Pinto man" was hunting and feasting on these species. There are no absolute dates for Pinto Basin. Lake Mohave Lake Mohave (Campbell and Campbell 1937) is another open site in the Mohave Desert north of Pinto Basin. The assemblage here resembles that of Pinto Basin, except that metatea and the typical Pinto point are missing. A few fluted points are felt to be part of the ~~ohave assemblage. The Campbells suggest that Lake Mohave is antecedent to Pinto Basin, a deduction from the greater degree of patination on the Mohave artifacts. Absolute dating is also lacking here, but Ernst Antevs oonsiders adjacent extinct Lake Mohave to be at least 15,000 years old. Lake Mohave could possibly correspond to the "Migratory hunter" levels of the more northerly caves, Danger, Paisley, Catlow, and Cougar Mountain.

A Note on Shoshonean Historical Linguistics Since I am a linguist, and am presently working with Shoshonean languages, I cannot resist offering at least a slight spart which linguistics may offer to illumination of the picture of Great Basin cultural development. In a valuable article by Lamb (1958) on the basis of lexico-atatistics, which is held in varying repute by various scholars, a miximum time depth for differentiation of the members of the Shoshonean language group is around 2,000 years. This was only the first stage, the division of "Proto-Shoshonean" into three subgroupings. The further division into the present languages of the basin is postulated as having taken another 1,000 years. The center of gravity for this differentiation was evidently in the extT'0-::1e southern end of the Great Basin in southern California. More specific&::..~.~,. in the neighborhood of Il3ath Valley. 7

'!he conclusions are that we don.t know anything about the languages spoken in the Great Basin before l,OOO years ago. We believe that the Sheshonean speakers began expanding out into the Basin at this time from the extreme southwest corner. The Shoshoneans were carrying the "desert culture" type as they were at contact, and cannot be isolated archaeologicall)". 'n1e rate of expansion is hard to determine. The Shoshoneans may have taken over the entire basin in 100 years or so, or they may have just been entering some parts of it at the t~e of contact. Lamb (1958) concludes with these wordsl "'!his &rea (the Great Basin) may have been occupied by speakers of languages which moved elsewhere, or the languages may have become extinct. Some of the languages which became extinct could, of course, have been utaztekan, but they coul d just as well, or perhaps more likely, have been languages related to Hokan, Zuni, Keres, Algonkian, or even some stock now totally extinct. The people who inhabited this large unaccounted-for area may have moved out, or they may have remained, and adopted the new language."

Concl us ions Probably the most impressive feature of Great Basin cultural development is the high degree of cultural stability. There are no violent breaks in overall Great Basin cul tural traditions for a period of 9,000 years or so. '!he cultures of the basin seem to have been accretional, gathering and integrating new traits that were useful to them as they moved dbwn the stream of time. The groups inhabiting the Great Basin at the time of contact had essentially the same mater1Al C'lu.ture aasemblage as did the "~sert Cultures" of at least 9,000 years ago. It is evident that the same peoples, speaking the same languages did not inhabit the area continually from the first evidences of habitation untU contact times. It is probable that various groups coming into the area developed the "D9sert Cul ture" type as an adaptation to the enviromnent. It is obViOUS, in Steward's study (l938) that human groups could not, at contact, exist in the Great Basin on animal products alone. 'lhese were too scarce. A hunting group wishing to survive in the Basin would have to turn to vegetal resources. If hunting groups were in the Great Basin at a time when game was more plentiful, say at the end of the Pleistocene, they would have to either move or adapt their cu11ure to the "~sert Cul ture" type as the game in the area diminished. Clearly, life would be impossible in the Basin for a non-a.gricultural group i f it did not utilize nearly all of the food potential of the area. Subsistence patterns of the Basin Shoshoneans are in all probability quite similar to those of the "Desert Culture" of 9,000 years ago. ']he early levels of such caves as 1lInger, Paisley No.3, and Cougar Mountain may very well represent an early, big game hunting cul1:ure in the Great Basin at the end or the Pleistocene .. or immediately thereafter. '!his

would probably be 10,000 years ago at very least, and perhaps older. '!his culture, or these cultures, were evidently specialized in hunting and dependent upon the Pleistocene fauna, such as extinct horse and camel. 'Ihe "fesert Culture" mayor may not have developed from this base. The findings of fragmentary milling stones in association with artifacts attributed to this early stage add evidence to the contention that these early sites are indee d an tece den t to the "tesert Cul ture" • By 9,000 years ago the "Iesert Culture" was in the Basin in lrfull bloom",

as is shown in Fort Rock cave and Danger Cave, level 2. Whether it develijped in the Basin from the Big Game Hunting 'ITadi. tion, as an adjustment to change ... ing environment, or whether it came in from outside is debatable. However, at 9,000 years ago the IlDesert Culture" had its diagnostic tools: twined ba.sl<"f""':';.~~r, s[-Indals, m:i.lling stones, the atlatl, and notched points. After thj~ ~8rio d the i~"':.~en'.:;QJ"Y TrtJ,S gradually elaborated.

B.1 6,000 or 7,000 years ago coiled basketry appears (in Level III at Danger Cave). There is some evidence for the contention that coiling is of a southern origin, since it does not reach the sites of southern Oregon until historic t:ilnes, while found at ~nger Cave at least 6,000 years ago and being the dominant type of basketry throug:r.rIl1·~ the Humboldt caves. 'IhOT!,; c),yrpA!?:r"B '~,o be a rherc=::~s(. iLl ·..;:we porn:' c?t:'r:,·l "PL'ebJ OJ.d il intr'J,sj ':m Or,G1:iX';:J"

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The "Puebloid :J.!·;jJ'UA~.Or.'.n i~ Ut, ..~,h ;Y~'!-:i ';325 r:0l"rL N<o~rp'r)A. b;! ?"b~"i'" J.:():X~ 1,200 years ago may j>cpresent em e:l':[lf"1G.i ,n of people into the 2,n=~:\ i':rDI1 th,~ S",·n Juan area., or it may represent poople alrea dy in -Ghe area ·Lald.ng up horticul ture and relate d traits through "st imul us diffus ion. " The argument for independent development is refuted by the continuity from the area of the Great Salt Lake to the "nuclear" Southwest at this time level. By 700 years ago thl3 "Puebloid" cultures hf1.J ceElsAd to :I.JT't"'(,ion. The rCE.'.:3on 1s not known. It may have been due to a change in climate, bocause of pressures of surrounding groups, probably still carrying the "Iesert Culture", or any number of causes. The Puebloid disapperance could have been caused by the Shoshonean expansion from the southwest corner of the Basin, which was evidently occuring at about this time. 'lhe "~omontory Culture", a late variation of the l1i)3sert Culture" theme, evidently entersd the area during or immediately after the Puebloid period. ~is may have been the first stage of the subsequent Shoshonean expansion into the area. At contact the entire Great Basin, except a few spe~ialized areas such as the Klamath Basin, was populated by Shoshone0'3.n spea1.:')rs. These peoples were still carriers 0:(' the "Lesert Culture." 'Pheir culture may actually have been a bit poorer than the Great Basin "D:!sert Culture" at its peak, around 2,000 years ago, and a bit less populous, perhaps reflecting a slight impoverishment of t.he emriroml,ent tr.rough clima>tic change, or perhe.rs from pressurefJ of the coming whiteman.

In cUl~clu:3iorl; I rre~if~llr: ':'Joe r ':' ~ l. pwing si'T ?\.:';{" J .c -..{l.;n' t · ,->1' Great Basin Cul1,ura.l ~veloprr.e'..·t·.• '·· L~.;n e~-.':lr;''.;·~8:.~'T'' nu1..' !.:'; ~ iA.~ ' J:h,;; g'r'::'~ ~lt ~"g:r€'e of s'Gability in 1',l!e area. for ;j, 'L i ca..:'i ·~ 9 ,0')':' :T0<:;.l"~ 't!',e m";. ~-,:~· c.," , ~L::.l·~)c:m~:e of. 'the "Puebloid Intrusior," is t.h':; url.J' cOfmpicn.)llG lJi~l'up'iiio"t of l.hr:: Ii l)~'Sert CW.ture" f'Jr the entirE< period. YW'1.rs B"P.

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Early Big Game Hunters

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Antevs, Ems t 1952 Climatic History and the Antiquity of Man in Cal1tornia. Univerai ty of California Archaeological Survey Report, no. 16, Berkeley. Aschmann, Homer 1958 Great Basin Climates in Relation to HUman Occupance, in Reports of the University of California Archaeological Survey, no. 42, Berkeley. Campbell, E. W. C. and Campbell, illiam H. 1935 The Pinto BaBin Site, Southwest Musetnn Papers, no. 9, Los Angeles. et al. ifile-xTcheology of Pleistocene Lake Mohave, Southwest Museum Papers, no. 11, Los Angeles. Cowles, John 1959 Cougar Mountain Cave in South Central Oregon, published by the Author, Rainier, Orego~ Crane, H. R. 1956 University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates I. Science, Vol. 124, no. 3224, pp. 664-72 J Lancas ter, Pa. Cressman, Luther S. 1942 Archaeological Researches in the Northern Great Bas~ Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, no. 538, Washington. 1937

1956

Klamath Prehistory. Transactions of the American Philosophical SOCiety, New Series, Vol. 46, Part 4, Philadelphia. Cressman, Luther S., Howell Williams and Alex De Krieger 1940 "Early Man in Oregon. Archaeological Studies in the Northern Great Basin." University of Oregon Monographs, Studies in AnthrOM pology, no. 3, Eugene, Oregon. Gros scup, G. L. 1958 Radiocarbon Dltes From Nevada of Archeological Interest. University of California Archeological Survey Report no. 44, Berkeley. Harrington, Mark Raymond 1933 Gypsum Cave, Nevada. Southwest Museum Papers, no. 8, Los Angeles Heizer, Robert F. 1951 Preliminary Report on the Leonard Rockshelter Site, Pershing Co., Nevada. American Antiquity, vol. XVII no. 2, Salt Lake. Heizer, Robert F. and Krieger, Alex De 1956 '!be Archeology of Htnnboldt Cave, Churchill Co., Nevada. University of California Publications in American Archeology and Ethnology, Vol. 47, no. 1, Berkeley. Jennings, Jesse D. 1957 Danger Cave. l~moir~ of the Socip.ty for American Archeology, no. 14, Salt Lake. Jennings, Jesse n. and Norbeck, Edward 1956 Great Basin Prehistory; a Review, American Antiquity, vol.2l" Salt Lake. JUdd, Neil M. 1926 Archeological Observations North of the Rio Colorado. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 92, 'Washington. Kroe ber J A. 1. 1953 Cultural and Natural Areas of Na.tive North America, Univ. of California. Press I 'Ihird Printinfi Berkeley

Lamb. Sydney M. 1958 Linguietic Prehistor,y in the Great Basin. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 24 J no. 2, Waverly Press, Bal timore. Libby, Willard F. 1952a Radiocarbon Dating. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

1952b Chicago Radiocarbon Dates, III. Lancaster, Pa.

Science, Vol. 116, no. 3025,

1955

Radiocarbon Dating. Second Edition, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Loud" L. L. and Harrington, M. R. 1929 Lovelock Cave, University of California Publications in American Archeology and Ethnology, Vol. 25, no. Berkeley. Meighan, Clement w. 1959 Varieties of Prehistoric Cultures in the Great Basin Region. '!he Masterkey, Vol. 33, no. 2, Southwest MUseum Los Angeles. Preston, R. S., E. Person, E. S. Deevey 1955 Yale Natural Radiocarbon measurements, II. Sciences Vol. 122, no. 3177, Lancaster, Pa. Rais?:, Erwin 1957 Landforms of the United states. Sixth revised edttion, Cambridge,Mass .. Sayles, E. B. and Antevs, Ernst 1941 'Ihe Cochise Culture, Medallion Papers, Vo.29, Gila Pueblo, Arizona. Steward, Julian H. 1933 Early Inhabitants of western Utah, Part I-Mounds and House Types, University of Utah Bulletin, Vol. 23, no. 7" Salt Lake.

1936

Pueblo Material Cnlture in ~restern Utah, University of New Mexico Bulletin, no. 28r ,' 0 Anthropological Series Vol. 1, No.3, Albuquerque, New McY.:: eo,.

1937

Ancient Caves of the Great Salt Lake Region, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 116, Washineton.

1938

Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Socio-Pblitical Groups, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 120, washington.

lheory of Culture Change, Ur.~versjt,~T of nlinois Press, Urbana, Illinois. Underhill, Ruth 1953 Red Man's America, '.Jni7Grsity of r.h 1 c3.go Press, Chicago, nlinois. Wauchope, Robert (Editor) 1956 Seminars in Archaeo:_ogy, Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. II;. ,4mericAtJ Antiquity, Vol. XXII, no. 2, Pt, 2 Salt Lake. Wllley, Gordon R. and PhilJ:'i..:;:.:', Phillip 1955 Method and 'lbeor;y :t~ ,~;nerican Archaeology lIs Historical-Levelopomental Interpretu:.i:1_-Âˇn l 'The Americl'l."l Anthropologist, Vol.57, no.4 Menasha. 1955

1958 Method and 'Jheor:v- ;JL ti.'IJlericD.l1 _tl.~~r,h~=ology, Univerliity of Chicago press, Chicago. Wormingto n, H. M. 1957 Ancient Man in N~":'t;h .~!,()8ri(:s! P()ptL~al~ Series No. I., -4tJb llo..,.1.ocu Edi tion, D3nver Museu,. c:f N~ t-u:,;ÂˇCj.l History" ])3nver.

NOTICE TO MEMBERS

1965 membership fees for the utah Statewide Archeological Society are now due.

This will be your only notice.

blank is attached below..

For your convenience, a remittance

Make checks payable to Utah Statewide Archeological

Society. Have you considered giving a USAS membership to a friend or relative who is interested in uta h archeology?

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See below.

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Carol Hassel 906 Rancho Blvd, Ogden, utah Encl cae d is $

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for 1965 membership dues in the Utah statewide

Archeological Society at

~b2.00

each for t.he following members.

(Please

print or t,ype names and addresses). Name

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Address

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Name Address

Name

Address

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