Notes from the Global Virtual North The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
Dymaxion Map, Buckminster Fuller, 1943. Modified with geopoliAcal l factors of Data Center 1 locaAons
In 2025 it is expected that there will be approximately 26 ‘Smart CiAes’ worldwide. For most, this designaAon requires 5 of the 8 systems below: Smart Governance & EducaAon / Smart Healthcare / Smart Building / Smart Mobility / Smart Infrastructure / Smart Technology / Smart Energy / Smart CiAzen
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
Lakeside Technology Center Built: 1912-‐29, architect, Howard Shaw RR Donnelly PrinAng Company 1999 retrofit, architect, PDA Associates Digital Realty Trust ~70 tenants 1,133,390 sq’ // 210, 000 servers // 1.5 PUE // 80,000 gallons of diesel fuel // 8.5 million gallon brine tank cooling // Nuclear – Wind – Coal energy sources* 2
Smart Governance & EducaAon / Smart Healthcare / Smart Building / Smart Mobility / Smart Infrastructure / Smart Technology / Smart Energy / Smart CiAzen
Smart Card, 2008
Smart Personal Environment I Phone, 2007
Smart Home Environment Smart City Environment Nest Learning Thermostat, 2011
Array of Things, Chicago, 2013
1. System IntegraAon – cloud compuAng protocols (virtualizaAon of file storage and programs) 2. ConsolidaAon of Resources – Users (social), Infrastructure (technical), Energy 3. Scalability – Economic Growth 3 2012 CLOG, “DataCenter”, The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
Smart Governance & EducaAon / Smart Healthcare / Smart Building / Smart Mobility / Smart Infrastructure / Smart Technology / Smart Energy / Smart CiAzen
Smart Personal Environment
CV Dazzle, 2011
Coop Himmel)b)lau, Jammer Coat, 2012
Smart City Environment
Mark Shepard, CCD-‐Me-‐No-‐Umbrella Sen9ent City Survival Kit, 2010
Diller, Scofidio, Renfro, Blur Building, 2002
1. System IntegraAon – cloud compuAng protocols (virtualizaAon of file storage and programs) 2. ConsolidaAon of Resources – Users (social), Infrastructure (technical), Energy 3. Scalability – Economic Growth 4 2012 CLOG, “DataCenter”, The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
Smart Governance & EducaAon / Smart Healthcare / Smart Building / Smart Mobility / Smart Infrastructure / Smart Technology / Smart Energy / Smart CiAzen
Council Bluffs, Iowa
The Dalles, Oregon The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
Council Bluffs, Iowa
The Dalles, Oregon
5 website source: Google
Grain Elevator in Canada, photo: Walter Gropius
Douglas County Georgia, Google Data Center
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
6
The Dalles, Oregon
Council Bluffs, Iowa The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
Mayes County, Oklahoma
Douglas Country, Georgia hjp://www.google.com/about/datacenters/ 7
NORTH
Facebook, Prineville Oregon April 2011 // Sheehan Partners // ALFAT Tech // $188 m // 15 months 332,390 sq’ // carbon footprint 162 K MT // 1.06 – 1.08 PUE // .28 WUE (traveling 6 months) // 20 sealed VRLA bajeries // 224 M kWH total energy // GHG emissions of 332 cars // 211 homes // ½ of average coal plant energy producAon (572) // or 1/20 of a nuclear power plant (62)
E TAT
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Oregon Mi lita
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CROOKED RIVER 1.5 MILES
Irrigation Ditch 1.5 MILES
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The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014 1
CO H .5 M
PREVAILING WINDS
O RP
44˚17’45”N 120˚53’13”W
HO
RT
WY
iles
8
BUILT: APRIL 2011/ SHEEHAN PARTNERS / ALFA TECH / COST: $188M SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION / OWNER: FACEBOOK / DURATION:15 MONTHS
CAR ENTRANCE
GENERATORS
CABLES
COOLING UNITS WATER TOWER
SECURITY PERIMETER
LOADING DOCKS
STORAGE
SOLAR PANELS
S NIT G U ER LIN COO ER TOWRS O WAT ERAT GEN
PARKING: 28 SPACES
COOLING UNITS WATER TOWER
CAR ENTRANCE
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
332, 390 SF TOTAL / TOTAL CARBON FOOTPRINT: 162K MT / 1.06-1.08. PUE / 0.28 WUE (TRAILING 12 MONTHS) 20 SEALED VRLA BATTERIES / TOTAL ENERGY USE: 224M kWh / GHG EMISSIONS OF 332 CARS/ ELECTRICITY USE OF 211 HOMES
ENTRANCE
PARKING: 196 SPACES
ENTRANCE CAR ENTRANCE
9
ILING PREVA S WIND
Urban Data Retrofit RO
12
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Microsoo Data Center, Quincy Oregon 2006 //Callison Architects // Bethlehem ConstrucAon 520,000 sq’ // 120,00sq’ for servers // 1.15-‐1.2 PUE // 13.5 megawajs of hydro power (1st phase) // 1.5 tons of bajeries // 600 miles of electrical wires // 300 miles of electrical conduit // 3 miles of chiller pipe /
AN
D
NORTH
Data center typology to Typologies of Site: Urban Data Retrofit, Urban Parasite, Big Box Data, Server Farm, Sovereign Data, Data Havens
DA M
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The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
10
BUILT: 2006 / CALLISON ARCHITECTURE BETHLEHEM CONSTRUCTION / OWNER: MICROSOFT QUINCY WEST POWER SUB STATION RETENTION PONDS
GENERATORS COOLING UNITS WATER TOWER
GENERATORS COOLING UNITS
PARKING: 59 SPACES
CAR ENTRANCE
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
520,000 SF TOTAL / 120,000 SF JUST FOR SERVERS / 1.15 - 1.2 PUE / 13.5 MEGAWATTS OF HYDRO POWER (1ST PHASE) / 1.5 TONS OF BATTERIES 600 MILES OF ELECTRICAL WIRES / 300 MILES OF ELECTRICAL CONDUIT / 3 MILES OF CHILLER PIPE
WATER TOWER
LOADING DOCKS ENTRANCE PARKING: 66 SPACES
GENERATION 4 DATA CENTER
SECURITY PERIMETER
BNSF RAIL LINE
11
CAR ENTRANCE
ENTRANCE
LOADING DOCKS ENTRANCE
PARKING: 100 SPACES
PARKING: 66 SPACES
GENERATION 4 DATA CENTER
SECURITY PERIMETER
BNSF RAIL LINE
Microsoo Center, Chicago
Lakeside Technology Center, Chicago
Microsoo Center, Quincy Oregon
700,000 SF TOTAL / HOLDS UP TO 300,000 SERVERS / 11 DIESEL GENERATORS, EACH SUPPLY 2.8 MEGAWAQTTS OF POWER/11 ELECTRICAL SUBSTATIONS AND POWER ROOMS/12 CHILLERS, EACH WITH A CAPACITY OF 1,260 TONS / 1.15 - 1.2 PUE
PARKING: 59 SPACES
520,000 SF TOTAL / 120,000 SF JUST FOR SERVERS / 1.15 - 1.2 PUE / 13.5 MEGAWATTS OF HYDRO POWER (1ST PHASE) / 1.5 TONS OF BATTERIES 600 MILES OF ELECTRICAL WIRES / 300 MILES OF ELECTRICAL CONDUIT / 3 MILES OF CHILLER PIPE
CAR ENTRANCE
LINE
LOADING DOCKS
WATER TOWER
COOLING UNITS
COOLING UNITS WATER TOWER
COOLING UNITS
LOADING DOCKS
PARKING: 100 SPACES
GENERATORS
YEAR BUILT : START 1912 END 1929 RETROFITTED IN 1999/ BY WHOM ARCHITECT: HOWARD VAN DOREN SHAW / DEVELOPER : R.R DONNELLEY PRINTING COMPANY / COPORATE OWNER : DIGITAL REALTY TRUST/
SQUARE FEET: 8 STORIES, 1,133,391() (sq.ft.)/ PRICE FOR CONSTRUCTION: 4 MILLION/ COMPUTING CAPACITY : 210000/ PUE NUMBER: 1.51
GENERATORS
RETENTION PONDS
GENERATORS COOLING UNITS WATER TOWER
8.5 MILLION GALLON TANK OF A REFRIGERATED BRINELIKE LIQUID
GENERATORS
ENTRANCE
GENERATION 3 DATA CENTER
QUINCY WEST POWER SUB STATION
CAR ENTRANCE
PARKING: SURFACE PARKING AREA 175 SPACES
BUILT: 2006 / CALLISON ARCHITECTURE BETHLEHEM CONSTRUCTION / OWNER: MICROSOFT
BUILT: 2007-2009 / OWNER: MICROSOFT
RAIL
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
12
LakesideTechnology Center
Facebook Data Center
Microsoft Quincy Center
Digital Realty Center
Chicago, IL
Chicago, IL
Prineville, OR
Quincy, WA
Ashburn, VA
Panorama
Front
Side
Back
Interior
Entrance
Roof
Parking
Pedastrian
Microsoft Data Center
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
13
Cold Storage, Dataveillance The EEuropean uropean UUniversity niversity aat t Saint Saint PPetersburg etersburg // // 221 2 NNovember ovember 22014 014 The
14
Data Hotel
Urban Data Retrofit
60 Hudson Street, NYC 700,00 sq’ c. 1931 / r. 1973 / r. 1995
32 Ave of Americas, NYC 1,150,00 c. 1932 / r. 2002
Data Bunker
AT&T Long Lines Bldg. at 33 Thomas Street, NYC 943,000sq’ c. 1974
375 Pearl Street, Verizon Bldg., NYC 1,000,000 sq’ c. 1975
One Wilshire Blvd, LA
Cold Storage
Facebook, Prineville, Oregon 332,390 sq’ c. 2011
Stockholm, Sweden for wikileaks 1,413,000 sq
Switzerland, by Secure Infostor AG 1,000,000 sq’
Bahnhof Pionen, White Mountains of Stockholm Sweden; SmartBunker, Lincolnshire, UK; US Secure HosAng Center, Iowa; Iron Mountain, outside Pijsburgh; Westlin Bunker, Montgomery, Texas; Mountain Complex, Branson, Missouri; SpringNet Underground, Springfield Missouri; The Bunker, Newbury and Kent, UK; Info Bunker, Iowa; Cavern Technologies, outside of Kansas City; BasAonHost, Nova ScoAa; PrarieBunkers, 184 World War II ammuniAon bunkers in Nebraska. 15 The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
Data Big Box
Data Stock Exchange high frequency trades, 1/100 of a second faster,
private Cloud Hibernia fiber opAc network Within 36 mile radius of trading center
NYC, NASDAQ + NYSE Chicago, Philadelphia, PHLX Mahwah, NJ 400,000sq’ c. 2011 2,000 gigabytes per day
Ashburn, Virginia – Netplex (By Digital Realty Trust)
Server farm
Data Container
Chicago, Microsoo Center, 700,000 sq’ c. 2011
Quincy, Washington
2006-‐2008 ajracted 14 large corporaAons to build mega data centers, a total of 2.3 million square feet: (Yahoo with 180,000 square feet; Microsoo with 800,000 square feet; Inuit with 240,000 square feet; Sabey with 520,000 square feet; Vantage with 133,000 and recent addiAon of 235,000 square feet; Dell with 325,000 square feet)
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
Modular Data Center (Google – patent 2003/(US7278273) Complies with all ISO container standards
16
Sovereign Data
Server Sky Keith Lofstom , 2009. For addiAonal reference refer to “Server Sky: ComputaAon in Orbit” (Sept 26th, 2009).
Data Haven
Sealand (purchased by Pirate Bay)
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
Water-‐based data center (Google – patent 2008/0209234) Ashley Vane, “Google’s Search Goes Out to Sea”, New York Times (September 7th, 2008). Google, Water-‐Based Data Center, (August 28th, 2008)
Hidden Service – Tor’s Onion Space Centralized – Haven Co. Decentralized -‐ Freenet
Dataveillance
Intelligence Community Comprehensive NaAonal Cybersecurity IniAaAve Data Center, NSA Data Center, 2013 1.5 millions sq’, 2 billion dollars, 12 exabytes Bluffdale, Utah
17
First US Census Day was August 2, 1790
Benjamin Franklin, “Art of Virtue” 13 virtues, 13 charts, Age 26 – 76 Temperance, Silence, Order, ResoluAon, Frugality, Industry, Sincerity, JusAce, ModeraAon, Cleanliness, Tranquility, ChasAty, Humility J. Bentham, Panop9con, 1791 The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
3.9 million counted 13 states and 4 territories 6 units of informaAon ,
The Commissioners’ Plan of 1811 (detail), John Randel, Jr. Courtesy of the New York City Municipal Archives 18
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
19 2012 CLOG, “DataCenter”,
“Each subscriber needs to pay only for the capacity he actually uses, but he has access to all programming languages characterisAc of a very large system. Certain subscribers might offer service to other subscribers. The computer uAlity could become the basis of a new and important industry.” “The new applicaAons that Ame-‐sharing will permit will Eric be Schmidt, of as 2004 much addiAonal benefit to Google – CEO computer in the first place.” science and to management […] as the introducAon of the stored Economic Realist
John McCarthy, “Management and the Computers of the Future,“ MIT Centennial Speech, 1961
[Leo to right] John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky (ArAficial Intelligence Lab) Robert Fano (Project MAC system), Joseph C.R. Licklider (Project Mac system), Fernando Corbato (CompaAble Time-‐Sharing Systems), Jerome Saltzer (CTSS Time-‐Sharing System), MarAn Greenberger (ComputaAon Center) The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
20
users
(!me)
-‐-‐to-‐-‐
technological criterion: controlled flow
(scale)
-‐-‐to-‐-‐
scalability: architecture of Moore’s Law
(mobility & connec!vity)
-‐-‐to-‐-‐ centralizaGon: poliGcs of site
(risk)
-‐-‐to-‐-‐
self being o n demand, service
elasAcity
network access & resource pooling
service measured Ins9tute of Standards the The Na9onal of Technology, governmental regulatory agency responsible for its oversight, defines the Cloud as having the following “5 essenAal characterisAcs:” On-‐demand self-‐service (construct of Ame), Broad network access (construct of place & c onnecAvity), and R esource pooling distance Rapid elasAcity (construct of scale),
data centers
The regulaGon of flow of power, air, data, bodies, through their conversion to measured virtual units. ((Gme becomes manageable & controllable inputs/outputs))
Every design component is measured by its flexibility and ability to be changed for increased efficiency over an 24-‐36 month technological cycle. ((scale becomes scalable architecture))
ConcentraGon of abundant power, air, fiber opGc networks, tax incenGves, market, and distance from human factors ObfuscaGon of materiality. ((mobility becomes centralized & secret site))
security & redundancy: system standardizaGon Security systems, physical and digital. All systems have redundancy Tiers 1-‐4 standardize systems ((risk becomes measured systems of technological certainty))
Measured service (construct of risk and standardizaAon) (aestheGc & ideological) The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
21
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
22
Foresster Research, “sizing the Cloud”, 2011
Scalability as a funcAon of constant technological change & economic pressure
Cloud CompuAng Smart City Technologies Smart Governance & EducaAon / Smart Healthcare / 2008 – $6 billion Smart Building / Smart Mobility / Smart Infrastructure / 2011 – $40 billion Smart Technology / Smart Energy / Smart CiAzen 2020 – $160 billion 2020 -‐ 1.5 trillion
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
TelecommunicaAons Industry AssociaAon. TIA manual 942
23
Fiber opAc network / Abundance of energy / Tax incenAves / Cool & catastrophe free Zone / Market / Distance from human factors
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
24
Microsoo – Dublin ($500 million) Google – Dublin ($101 million) Facebook – Sweden / Google -‐ Finland
IBM – Langfang, China Google -‐ Hong Kong Google – Taiwan Sabey / Microsoo / Dell -‐ Washington
Facebook – North Carolina ($450 million)
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
Google -‐ Singapore
25
“[…](1) technologies of producAon, which permit us to produce, transform, or manipulate things; (2) technologies of sign systems, which permit us to use signs, meanings, symbols, or significaAon; (3) technologies of power, which determine the conduct of individuals and submit them to certain ends or dominaAon, an objecAvizing of the subject; (4) technologies of the self, which permit individuals to effect by their own means or with the help of others a certain number of operaAons on their bodies and souls, thoughts, conduct, and way of being so as to transform themselves in order to ajain a certain state of happiness, purity, Foucault, “Technologies of the Self”, A Seminar With Michel Foucault. wisdom, perfecAon, or immortality.” M. ed. Luther MarAn, Huck Gutman, Patrick Hujon, University of Massachusejs Press, 1998.
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
26
Global-‐Virtual-‐North is the site of automated producAon of data commodiAes, for the extracAon of capital from users through the technologies of virtualizaAon. The virtualizaAon of both social and technical systems in the northern hemisphere is reliant on the resources from the Global South. It relies on stable abundance of power, fiber opAc network, cool & catastrophe zone, tax incenAves, and safe distance from human factors. It is responsible for further exacerbaAng the Global ‘Digital Divide’.
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
27 19XX Dymaxion Map, Buckminster Fuller,
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014 University of Wisconsin – Madison / 10.20.14
28
The European U niversity at Saint P etersburg // 22 N ovember 2014
Team Global/Local (Emily & Tessa) University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, November 2014
29
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
Team Global/Local (Emily & Tessa) University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, November 2014
30
End
The European University at Saint Petersburg // 22 November 2014
31
University of Wisconsin – Madison / 10.20.14
32
rooms
Telecommunica9ons Ins9tute Associa9on: [TIA-‐942], Topology Diagram of Rooms
areas
9-‐Square Diagram Telecommunica9ons Ins9tute Associa9on: An architecture disciplinary exercise [TIA-‐942], Topology Diagram of Areas to polemically oscillate relaAonships between structure and space within an autonomous figure, developed by the Texas Rangers. For addiAonal informaAon refer to Alexander Caragonne’s The Texas Rangers: Notes from the Architectural Underground, (MIT Press, 1995).
33
Blackboxing, ”[…] the way scienAfic and technical work is made invisible by its own success. When a machine runs efficiently, when a majer of fact is sejled, one need focus only on its inputs and outputs and not on its internal complexity. Thus, paradoxically, the more science and technology succeed, the more opaque and obscure they become.” Bruno Latour, Pandora's hope: essays on the reality of science studies. 1999. p. 340.
34
iCloud debut [June 6th, 2011] We are planning on demoting your PC & Mac to just be a device, and move the center of your digital life in the cloud. They
can all talk to the cloud whenever they want. They are pushed down to my devices without me having to think about it.
Some people think the cloud is just a hard disk in the sky, we think its way more than that, and we call it iCloud. It just works [applause] ... If you don’t think we’re serious about this, you’re wrong. This is our 3rd data center that we just
completed, it’s in Maiden. It’s as eco-friendly as you can make a data center with modern technology, and we’re pretty proud of it. Just to give you a feel for its size, these are two people right there, and it’s filled with stuff.
We’re excited about our customers to start using the iCloud and can’t wait to get it in their hands.
35 hjp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXTXmq5z2tM