Architecture Thesis | B.arch 2019 | Chandigarh College of Architecture

QUARRY PARK eco mine-tourism plugin

QUARRY PARK eco mine-tourism plugin

Vaibhav Passi_35/14 B.Arch Thesis 2019 Guide : Asst. Professor Priya Gupta

Vaibhav Passi_35/14 B.Arch Thesis 2019

QUARRY PARK AN ECO MINE-TOURISM PLUGIN

THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

By

VAIBHAV PASSI

CHANDIGARH COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE PANJAB UNIVERSITY CHANDIGARH (INDIA)

June 2019

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the thesis entitled

“QUARRY PARK_AN ECO MINE-TOURISM PLUGIN ” in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Bachelors of Architecture, is an authentic record of my own work carried out during the period from January 2019 to June 2019 under the supervision of Asst. Professor Priya Gupta.

The matter embodied in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree.

VAIBHAV PASSI

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of our knowledge.

Asst. Professor Priya Gupta (Thesis Guide)

Prof. Parmeet Singh Bhatt

Dr. Sangeeta Bagga Mehta

(Thesis Co-ordinator)

(Principal)

Dated: May 30, 2019

acknowledgement

This thesis reflects not just my capabilities but the collective efforts and motivation of the individuals who have helped me in this endeavour. I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to these people.

I am greatly indebted to my father who completed every Herculean task to pave the way for my academic journey in this college and this thesis. I dedicate this project to my mother, who has showcased to me the real meaning of hope, courage and strength. I thank my younger sister,who, at a tender age has taught me sacrifice and selflessness.

I am grateful to my thesis guide, Asst. Prof. Priya Gupta for her cooperation, support and guidance during this thesis. Her immense dedication, involvement and discipline in this project have made a huge difference in its outcome. I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Parmeet Singh Bhatt for teaching me the real meaning of patience and the art of taking setbacks and obstacles in one’s stride. Also, I would like to extend my gratitude to our principal, Dr Sangeeta Bagga Mehta for her support, guidance and faith in me.

Next, I would like to thank my hardworking juniors : Rakshit, Fiza, Pulkit and Bhavya. They have showcased immense interest, strong work ethic and zeal while assisting me throughout the past six months.

Akriti, I thank you for being my pillar of strength and a constant source of positivity. My journey in this institution would have been incomplete without you.

I would like to thank my seniors, Jasmine Singh and Pranika Mahajan for their suggestions, motivation and guidance. You have played a key role in lifting up my spirits and providing me with the courage to keep moving forward.

I extend my gratitude to Aman and Chai for endless discussions and memorable times, to Taunk and Gandhi for extending their help, to Ani, GK, Harsh and Arham for helping me stay sane through this rigorous thesis journey.

Vaibhav Passi

8

contentS Description

pg. no.

Description

pg. no.

SYNOPSIS introduction motivation objectives site validity proximity inspiration scope methodology

10 11 13 13 14 15 22 23 24 25

SITE ANALYSIS location lease area lithology site climate

140 141 144 146 148 152

LITERATURE REVIEW anthropocene and architecture quarry reclamation ecotourism

26 27 31 40

PROGRAM

152

PROTOTYPE STUDIES zinc mine museum royal academy for nature conservation the eden project longitude 131

44 46 52 58 64

CONCEPT philosophy analytical speculation iteration and development elements and interventions material palette colour study site plan

158 159 160 161 162 164 165 166

REFERENCES

168

CASE STUDIES aamod resort vaansa eco resort quarry at mallah banjaar tola

70 71 90 109 121

9

SYNOPSIS

synopsis

10

SYNOPSIS

INTRODUCTION A quarry is a large deposit of rock which is mined for industrial use. After the depletion of these quarries or insufficient permissions to mine, these quarries are frequently abandoned, eventually turning them into landfills, unstable landscapes or both.

This thesis is an inquiry into how a limestone quarry can be designed, characterised and accentuated post its industrial phase.

Impact of mining on the environment Emission of dust, suspended particle and gases cause air pollution. It leads to the degradation of soil quality, fertility and makes it toxic. A major consequence is the loss of flora and fauna. After the mining site is exhausted, it is rendered useless hence becoming a brownfield site.

Impact of mining projects on social values The social impacts of large-scale mining projects are controversial and complex. Mineral development can create wealth, but it can also cause considerable disruption. Mining projects may create jobs, roads, schools, and increase the demands of goods and services in remote and impoverished areas, but the benefits and costs may be unevenly shared. If communities feel they are being unfairly treated or inadequately compensated, mining projects can lead to social tension and violent conflict.

Impact to cultural and aesthetic resources Mining activities can cause direct and indirect impacts to cultural resources. Direct impacts can result from construction and other mining activities. Indirect impacts can result from soil erosion and increased accessibility to current or proposed mining sites.

Mining projects can affect sacred landscapes, historical infrastructures, and natural landmarks.

https://www.elaw.org/files/mining-eia-guidebook/ Chapter1.pdf 11

SYNOPSIS

12

SYNOPSIS

MOTIVATION This industry has a major negative impact on the environment. Loss of natural habitats, loss of agricultural land, pollution of air and water are few of the many drawbacks. Even though quarrying is harmful in many aspects, it is undeniable that it is necessary for growth in various industries. Total abolishment of this industry will result into loss of economy, loss of livelihood and infrastructural setback.

According to the Indian Bureau of Mines, there are 82 unclaimed mining sites in the country. This however is not the absolute figure since a lot of them are unknown and many more are claimed by their owners but have ceased their operation. The reclamation process is not always successful due to the volatile conditions of these exploited sites.

Therefore, there is a need to transform the negative impacts of quarrying into positive contributions towards the society and the environment after these industrial sites are abandoned or no longer operational.

OBJECTIVES This scenario raises purpose for my research and architectural thesis – Exploration into programme formulation of quarries post resource exhaustion.

Re use of quarries as an architectural phenomenon.

Replenishing and Rehabilitation of a limestone quarry reaching its deadline.

Quarry park will be an interpretation zone in an old limestone quarry in Himachal Pradesh. It will be an eco-tourism plugin with recreational facilities providing an industrial experience to its users, concurrently acting as an educational platform spreading awareness about the mining industry and the history of the abandoned quarry site.

Quarry as a catalyst for ecotourism.

Architectonics of man-made landscapes.

13

SYNOPSIS

site Limestone quarry of Cement Corporation of India in Sataun village located in Kamrau Tehsil of Sirmaur district in Himachal Pradesh, India.

This quarry has been active since the year 1980 and is soon going to reach its mining deadline in 2023.

The Site lies in Sarah Reserve Forest.

Lease area is 172.30 Ha out which 117.30 Ha has not been diverted for mining.

Mining excavation – 55 Ha area.

District & State: Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh Taluka: Paonta Sahib Village: Kando & Nadi

14

SYNOPSIS

validity Site The site in focus is one of the very few functional limestone quarries in the area as the recent strictness in mining rules and environmental clearances has led to shutting down of a lot of privately owned quarries.

This quarry has undergone industrial use in a scientific method with proper care towards the structural integrity of the mountain.Hence,it is not as volatile as other abandoned mines which might witness collapsing hazards.

The quarry is adjacent to Giri River and provides a panoramic view along with its manufactured landscape.

Popular towns of Sirmaur include Nahan (the capital), Paonta Sahib and Suketi, the latter famous for the Shivalik Fossil Park. Nearby places are, Rajban, Gondpur, Saalwala, Renuka, and Shillai.

Since, tourism is active in surrounding regions, this project can contribute to the economy and to Himachal Tourism. The project aims to create awareness about mining processes for public, industrial experience of an old quarry, providing an alternate source of livelihood to the people of adjoining villages.

Project The after-use of quarries is important because it increases public acceptance of quarrying and shows that former quarry sites are not merely degraded areas, but can give value added to the land and can even act as a catalyst for the development of a region.

Eco-friendly mine tourism a novel idea: PM Modi*

https://tourismbreakingnews.com/eco-friendly-mine-tourism-a-novel-idea-modi/ 15

SYNOPSIS

16

SYNOPSIS

17

SYNOPSIS

PROJECT SITE

W FROM VALLEY

GIRI

18

RI

RI

SYNOPSIS

RIVER

19

SYNOPSIS

Adventure Spots Fig.13 20

SYNOPSIS

40 km 21

SYNOPSIS

proximity

Highways Water Bodies Arterial Roads

22

SYNOPSIS

inspiration /IGBC Design competition 2017 / Works of Lebbeus Woods /Rolf Jacobsen As the poet Rolf Jacobsen writes in his poem “Mere fjell” (More mountains), mountains add to people’s right to explore their surroundings. The mountain forms a basis for building relations between the individual self and the outside world. The interaction between architecture and nature provides good conditions for exploration of nature and “being in the moment” in life.

Quarry Park, Rocklin USA

High Houses,Lebbeus Woods

Shimao Wonderland, JADE + QA

Roman Quarry , Opera Festivals

Zinc Mine Museum,Peter Zumthor

23

SYNOPSIS

scope RECREATIONAL Adventure Activity Zone Natural Exhibition Spaces Cafe/Lounge Spa

EDUCATIONAL Multidisciplinary Workshops Observation Platforms Interpratation Zones Flora and Fauna Preservation Nursery

RESIDENTIAL Tourist Cabins Living Units_Staff

24

+Interviewing Locals +Surveys +Site Speculation +History +Geographical Context +Social Context +Cultrual Practices +Mining Plan

ANALYSIS

SITE +Sataun, Himachal Pradesh

+ impact of quarrying + abandonement of mines

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Methodology

QUARRY PARK AN ECO MINE TOURISM PLUGIN

Research Paper / Thesis Internet Studies Case Studies

PROBABLE STUDIES

ANALYSIS +MOef Rules +Mining Department Rules +Forest Department Rules

Architectonics of man-made landscapes.

Quarry as a catalyst for ecotourism.

16

Replenishing and Rehabilitation of a limestone quarry reaching its deadline.

Re use of quarries as an architectural phenomenon.

Exploration into programme formulation of quarries post resource exhaustion.

OBJECTIVES

SYNOPSIS

methodology

25

LITERATURE REVIEW

literature review

26

LITERATURE REVIEW

01_ ANTHROPOCENE & ARCHITECTURE The Anthropocene defines Earth's most recent geologic �me period as being human-influenced, or anthropogenic, based on overwhelming global evidence that atmospheric, geologic, hydrologic, biospheric and other earth system processes are now altered by humans.

The word combines the root "anthropo", meaning "human" with the root "-cene", the standard suffix for "epoch" in geologic �me.

The originator of the Anthropocene terminology, Paul Crutzen, favors the beginning of the Industrial Revolu�on as the star�ng point for the Anthropocene.

(Ellis, 2013) Theore�cally, architecture needs to change its perspec�ve the newer scien�fic debate about nature. On that account, architectural discussion should be about the ac�on related to the emergency of nature to an anthropocenic situa�on. In a perspec�ve about the situa�on could re-describe ecological architecture either as a pro-anthropocenic ac�on or an act against the anthropocenic path.

(Can BOYACIOĞLU, 2017) Architecture is o�en, and for readily apparent reasons, considered through spa�al perspec�ves, but its intersec�on with the Anthropocene—what the Anthropocene demands—is nothing less than a reconsidera�on of architecture’s temporal quali�es.

In linking the Anthropocene to the industrial revolu�on and beyond, for example, architecture becomes a possession; it becomes fixed, and linked less to the marking of territory than to its inhabita�on.

It becomes the place where living becomes separated fromthe lives of others. It becomes the place for the worker who produces commodi�es.It becomes a commodity, and then one that signifies as well as func�ons, that can be read just as much as it can be used or inhabited.

A take on architecture by Turpin (2013), states that Architecture can be seen a poten�al driving force that can bring into existence new quali�es and lifestyles and create new social rela�ons. But it equally responds as a physical commodity rather than a mode

of art, resul�ng in a ‘consumable architecture’ that is cheaper and more appealing.

More consumable -> More driven by commodity produc�on -> more “successful” Architecture, if exercised the right way, could invent new modes of co-existence, more sustainable ways of living and more aesthe�c experiences of inhabita�on, but it currently is driven by the capacity to both extend man’s destruc�on of the environment.

Resource Consump�on -> Raw Materials extrac�on -> Environment Damage -> Anthropocene Philosophically, Zizek (2010) describes a blur between natural and cultural built by Anthropocene situa¬�on.

Theore�cally a new meaning for ecology could be described with the idea of Anthropocene.

Szerszynski (2012) describes the Anthropocene with the remaining of the human ac�on rather than the ac¬tual ac�on. In that perspec�ve, under¬standing human ac�on is not enough for understanding the impact. Most of the �me the impact is hard to seen by the spectator of the ac�on. That de¬scrip�on changes the perspec�ve of the ecological idea from the sustainability perspec�ve to a new blurry state simi¬lar to the theories of Castree or Zizek. However, sustainability idea’s main problem is about minimizing the hu¬man effect rather than elimina�ng the remaining disturbance of the human ac�on. On that account, Latour (2004) suggests to focus on poli�cs of nature, instead of trying to solve the ecologi¬cal problems with techno – ecological analysis and acts.

Today, architecture faces a new challenge in Anthropocene era and a defini�on of the situa�on is needed for architecture that described by the the¬ory of architecture. Zizek and Latour redefine the situa�on in philosophy with the hints of the idea in geographical theory. Their philosophical defini¬�ons are different than the geographical defini�on because of the idea “there is no nature now” is too much certain for the meaning of nature in the phil-osophical point of view.

Architecture also needs to find out its own meaning in Anthropocene. Perhaps this mean¬ing is hidden in the ques�ons of “what is the ground without the meaning of nature?” or “what is the nature of the architectural space in Anthropocene?” now.

(Can BOYACIOĞLU, 2017) 01

27

LITERATURE REVIEW

ямБg.1 28

02

LITERATURE REVIEW

However may the academic popularity of Anthropocene and its connec�ons influence us, in the real world we tend to classify them to simpler “tags” such as industrial, wilderness, urban, heritage, etc.

The tendency to design with respect to these simplified iden��es o�en makes us incapable of jus�fying the complexity of a site, hence incapable of jus�fying the Anthropocene.

The 4D Tower by B.Fuller was “ecologically correct”.

Each unit had its own water tanks, sep�c system and clean energy sources. Based on the design of this building he also developed the “4D House” or “Dimaxion House”, Dimaxion stands for Dynamic Maximun Tension and used it to define his philosophy which was to get the most of each available material.

(Adlibitumdreams, 2012)

Like many other Utopian proposals, architecture in environments like quarries is an inves�ga�on into how we can understand, u�lize, inhabit, and appreciate the new (or the remaining) earth that man’s ac�vi�es are leading to.

The following specula�ve examples showcase the transi�on of thoughts towards this architecture.

AnthroPark is an entertainment and educa�onal facility dedicated to the advancement of knowledge and public apprecia�on of the Middle Anthropocene, the third epoch of the Quartenary Period, following the Holocene and Pleistocene, or the eighth epoch of the Cenozoic Era (Turpin, 2013)

fig.2

fig.3,4 03

29

LITERATURE REVIEW

Crane Rooms and Keg Apartments Landscape with crane rooms and keg apartments (Ubin Quarry in Singapore): an illustra�on of the most fragmented urban condi�on. The unit and the field without structured intermediary space.

(Antonas, 2009)

fig.5

fig.6 04

30

LITERATURE REVIEW

02 QUARRY RECLAMATION Possible Land use for quarry sites

6. Amenity, non-intrusive recrea�on and educa�on: Most of Indian quarries what happened to be in rural Firstly, it is important to decide which form of area where recrea�on and amenity are restricted; reclaimed land will be used further. The possibili�es of they can serve this purpose of clea�ng an educa�ve; land use a�er reclama�on are detailed as recrea�onal pla�orm invoking social ac�vi�es through parks, open water, wildness including picnicking.

1.

Afforesta�on: Afforesta�on during and/or post mining opera�ons is the most common a�er use 7.

Nature conserva�on and wildlife refuges: directed in reclama�on.

Coloniza�on of natural and volunteer species of many direct quarries has led to the development of many 2.

Agriculture: This is possible for sites that are a�rac�ve species- rich animal, plant and insect adjacent to farmland provided the soil and topography communi�es. This is usually fortuitous rather than are favourable. With increasing knowledge and planted. Hence cost of reclama�on is very li�le. experience, however, it is becoming evident that topsoil is not always essen�al to produce a produc�ve 8. Water storage and supply: There are many queries soil. Agricultural and hor�cultural crops can be grown that contain water can provide a useful storage facility in a variety of materials. The range of possibili�es and also facilitate ground recharge for agriculture and include arable cropping, grazing in either produc�ve cul�va�on. lowland or over upland pasture. The only constraint apart from the site is that there must be some integra�on into the local rural agricultural pa�ern. But it would be inappropriate to establish pasture in an area of arable cropping, even though the grazed pasture would recreate the soil structure more rapidly.

3. Housing and Industry: Many quarries specially of building materials which are near urban areas o�en lend themselves to development for residen�al accommoda�on or industrial purpose.

4.

Sports and Intensive Recrea�on: All types of quarries either in urban or residen�al areas can provide extensive facili�es for formal or informal recrea�on. But in a more formal way disused working can provide excellent sites for spor�ng ac�vi�es such as sports pitches, golf courses, race tracks, rifle and archery ranges and loca�ng sailing, canoeing, swimming, angling and water skiing. Further some pits form natural amphitheatre so that pit edges can be shaped as sea�ng areas. But quarries in rural areas have a similar poten�al for less intensive crea�on.

5. Landfill and Waste Disposal: Worked out pits and quarries work as a great bowls to contain large quan��es of waste and refuse generated by urban and industrial centres. Filled sites can be developed for other uses a�erwards. However final contours a�er such filling should be compa�ble with surroundings and a�er-use requirements.

31

05

LITERATURE REVIEW

NEW DEVELOPMENT

EXISTING DERELICT SITE

CONSIDER OUTLINE AND SCOPE OF PROJECT SITE SURVEY AND APPRAISAL E.I.A AND PLANNING CONSULTATIONS CONSIDERATION OF ULTIMATE LAND USE

PROBLEMS

CONDUCT GROWTH TRAILS, EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

NO PROBLEMS

PROBLEMS

SITE SURVEY AND AND APPRAISAL, IDENTITY GROWTH LIMITING FACTORS

NO PROBLEMS PROBLEMS

SEEK ALTERNATIVES TO VEGETATION

CONSIDERATION OF LAND USE

CONSIDERATION OF OPERATION DETAILS FORMULATION OF ECOLOGICAL GOALS

fig. 7

LANDSCAPE OBJECTIVES

FORMATION OF RESTORATION STRATEGY

1. For large deposits on hill top region, mechanised green belt within a short span of �me without any sign methods are adopted for contour strip mining. of deforesta�on blights.

2.

Both overburden and mineral is removed by forming systema�c benches around the hillside, resul�ng in excavated area of the hill to get damaged and the exis�ng flora thereon is cut and removed.

5.

Revegeta�on in Mining Area - The concept of revegeta�on is accepted in mined out areas. The prac�cal methods of site prepara�on which can help overcome the various problems related to establishment and growth of plants in quarry 3.

By implemen�ng pre-planned afforesta�on situa�ons are described in this chapter. Many of them programme where opera�ons are discon�nued due to may be incorporated as a normal part of the quarry deple�on minerals/ores, grown up trees in benches opera�ons. on grid pa�ern natural aesthe�c could be restored.

Example - Sawantwadi-Mumbai highway, planted by forest department 4.

Before worked out quarries are abandoned ( a couple of years in advance), a good number of trees grown up in big pots/drums at the nursery can be replanted on benches in such hilltop quarries at the beginning of the rainy season as per the pre-planned re-planta�on programme. This method can convert the damaged landscape of the hill into a grown-up 06

32

LITERATURE REVIEW

Soil For a successful reclama�on, the different characters of the soil play an important role. During the course of mining even when the soil is preserved for re spreading, these soil characteris�cs undergo a variety of changes which becomes an important factor for plant establishment. A brief discussion of each of these character will throw some light on the vital link between them and vegeta�on cover for the purpose of reclama�on.

Soil Water The growth of all plants used in reclama�on cannot happen in dry soils. They grow in wet soil �ll water reaches a level when oxygen is driven out from the soil; a�er which most plants stop growth.

�me downward movement of water will cease and air will move back into the larger pore spaces. This soil moisture state is called field capacity. This is probably the point at which plants can most easily obtain water.

The soil at surface and below (due to plant use) con�nue to dry �ll a point is reached when plants can no longer absorb the remaining moisture. This point is called the wil�ng point. A short period at the wil�ng point will kill young plants, and a longer period will kill mature plants.

Soil Texture Soil texture is determined by the rela�ve percentage of sand, silt and clay found in a soil. The only thing that determines whether a soil par�cle is sand, silt, or clay is the size of the par�cle. Sand is any soil par�cle between the sizes of 2.0 m.m. and 0.05 m.m. in size and clay is anything less than 0. 002m.m_ The size of a par�cle also determines whether or not material can be called soil. Any material greater than 2.0 m.m. in diameter is not considered sod. There is no lower size limit for soil.

The soil moisture at surface is needed for seed germina�on. All soil moisture can be classified as being in one of the three status. Immediately a�er a heavy rain, the soil pores will be filled with water and prac�cally all air will be excluded. The water will be moving downward into the lower soil layers. At this Intermediate textures, such as silt loams, sandy loams, point the soil is saturated with water. A�er a period of sandy clay loams and loams, have more desirable

AIR

WATER AIR

THIN LAYERS OF WATER ON SOIL PARTICLES

SOIL PARTICLE WATER WATER SATURATED SOIL

SOIL AT FIELD CAPACITY

SOIL AT WILTING POINT

RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF WATER AND AIR IN A SOIL AT THREE SOIL MOISTURE CONDITIONS fig. 8 07

33

LITERATURE REVIEW

combina�on of characteris�cs than sand or clay and Soil Structure allow water to enter the soil. However, they also retain available water in the root zone for plant use.

Structure of soil modifies soil proper�es and almost always does so in a beneficial way Soil structure is the Soil structure can modify the effect of soil texture and aggrega�on of soil par�cles into clusters of par�cles significantly change soil moisture rela�onships. that produce a characteris�c form.

Therefore, soil structure can cause a wide range in Ini�ally most soils on reclaimed surface mines win available and unavailable water content for any given have no structure. Any structure in the original soils soil texture. will have been destroyed by moving the soil from one place to another and by compac�on with equipment in the replacement and grading processes.

Unstructured, sandy soil is classified as single grained.

GRANULAR

SINGLE - GRAINED

NAME

MASSIVE

BLOCKY

PLATY

UNIT SIZE

WHERE FOUND

PERMEABILITY

COMMENTS

GRANULAR

1/2” or less in diameter

Surface soil

Rapid

High in organic ma�er

PRISMATIC

Up to 6” in diameter

Subsoil

Moderate

MASSIVE

Unlimited

Slow

SINGLE GRAIN

Sandsize

Surface soil or Subsoil Surface soil or Subsoil Subsoil Surface soil

Slow

BLOCKY

fig. 9

PRISMATIC

PLATY

Upto 4” in diameter

Rapid

Unstructured unweathered clay Unstructured sands

Moderate Virgin surface soils

08

34

LITERATURE REVIEW

SEVERE EROSION HAZARDS REVEGETATION SUCCESS IMPROPABLE

CRITICAL EROSION HAZARDS REVEGETATION SUCCESS POOR

MODERATE EROSION HAZARDS ZONE REVEGETATION SUCCESS FAIR MODERATE EROSION HAZARDS ZONE REVEGETATION SUCCESS GOOD MODERATE EROSION HAZARDS ZONE REVEGETATION SUCCESS VERY GOOD

45°

30° 20° 15°

SLIGHT EROSION HAZARDS ZONE SLOPE INFLUENCE MINIMAL

fig. 10

10°

INFLUENCE ANGLE OF SLOPE ON REVEGETATION AND EROSION

defined as the distance from the soil surface down to anything that prevents a plant root from growing and absorbing water and nutrients. A layer of rock, toxic chemicals, �ght clay, or a water table can be the factor that prevents roots from penetra�ng deeper into a soil. A mine soil is unlikely to have any of the other soil Soil Organic Matter depth limi�ng factors except toxic elements.

Soils can be too deep, this is par�cularly true when Few important effects of organic ma�er: soils are sandy or coarse-textured and there is no soil /Fresh organic ma�er on the soil surface reduces the horizon that has proper�es to stop water from moving quickly below the zone where ants can absorb the impact of falling rain drops. needed water. /Fresh material also slows the lateral movement of water over the soil surface thereby reducing the soil Such soils would support more plant growth if a finer textured, stony or compacted soil horizon were erosion. present 1 to 2 metres below the soil surface to deep /Fresh organic ma�er keeps the soil moisture intact by soil water from moving too deeply and too quickly. covering the surface which very essen�al for seed germina�on. it provides food for insects, worms and Soil Air rodents. These make burrows into the soil which help The amount of air in a soil is determined to a large supply of water and oxygen to it. degree by the amount of water in the soil. As water moves into a soil it will displace the air. There are two Soil Depth soil condi�ons that usually result in poor soil aera�on.

The final soil characteris�c affec�ng the availability of The first occurs in compacted soil where there are few soil water to plants is soil depth. Soil depth can be or no large soil pores.

Clay soils without structure tend to be large expenses of soil material with few macro pores_ These soils are classified as massive. Both single-grained and massive soils occur in mine soils.

09

35

LITERATURE REVIEW

The second is any situa�on in which the soil pores are SELECTION OF PLANT SPECIES filled with water.

General Principle and Criteria Soil Acidity The main selec�on criteria involve considera�ons of Sod acidity. soil calcium. soil magnesium and liming other use, climate, soil and the role required of the are all closely related Where soils and plant growth are plants, whether primary colonisers, soil builders or concerned. Surface mining is considered to be a prime climax communi�es. resource of acid soils by many people. This is true in many cases but surface mining also produces alkaline Local site and economic condi�ons exercise are soils. Soil acidity causes problems that result in poor over-riding control on how the site can be used. But plant growth, these problems can be grouped into the first considera�on must be the a�er use taking three general categories: decreased availability of into account the topography and soil poten�al. The nutrients, increased availability of toxic elements and appropriate species for agricultural, forestry, decreased ac�vity of beneficial soil organisms. woodland recrea�on and amenity, or wild areas can then be chosen. Thus palatability and produc�vity for The usual method of correc�ng Soil acidity is to add grazing and water-resistance for recrea�on areas will finely ground limestone and disc it into the soil. The be important characters for grass and legumes; amount of limestone needed to counteract soil acidity growth rate and �mber quality for �mber trees; is determined by several factors other than soil pH. na�ve-ness and wildlife value for Wild and semi wild low intensity amenity areas need species with low management and fer�lity requirements, and should rely on na�ve and locally adopted species. Introduced species can make a useful contribu�on to a flora, and on difficult sites, they may be vital, being perhaps the only plants that can survive. Species that provide food (berries. nuts. fruits, foliage) and shelter for insects, birds and animals will be useful; na�ve species will support a Wider range of insects and animals and will, generally contribute more to the ecology of the area than exo�c introduc�ons. On every extreme site it will not be possible to consider plants for a�er use first.

There may only be a very limited number of plants that will tolerate the site condi�ons, ever with some ameliora�on so a�er use will depend on the species, not vice- versa, exactly this is the case with most of the Indian mines where reclama�ons are considered.

Climate Plants characteris�cs such as drought resistance, first hardiness and tolerance to exposure will be important.

The microclimate is considerably modified by topography, thus site factors such as slope aspects and al�tude should form part of the site clima�c profile as well as pa�ern and of rainfall, growing season, degree of exposure and temperatures.

36

10

LITERATURE REVIEW

Soil Combined with climate, the physical and chemical soil condi�ons will determine the species that grow on any site. Based on simple soil classifica�on systems, PH. texture and fer�lity soil depths and availability of moisture, species that can grow and perform well can be iden�fied, in extreme environments plant rather than performance will be important, par�cularly tor extreme acidity, alkalinity or heavy metals.

Tertiary or climax stage: These will be the species which form the final derived plant community. Which can be grass based sward managed by grazing or cu�ng or shrub or tree community these are some special communi�es in this stage that will require special treatment and management, such as healthy land, coniferous land grassland, etc. Many climax communi�es could be established directly without earlier Strategies then include agricultural swards and health land.

Plant Phasing

Ecotypes

Generally, there’s a tendency, par�cularly with trees, to consider only the climax vegeta�on (tall trees).

Natural Communi�es development through a succession from pioneer species through to climax, each phase preparing the ground for the next. While it is imprac�cal to mimic this exactly during reclama�on, it is important to a plant succession for both underground cover and trees. Grassland may be required as either a quick pioneer soil stability as a soil builder under developing woodland, or as a climax for grazing. many pioneer trees will act as a quick growing nurse for slower mature forest trees that find difficult to establish in fresh ground or in the open, Nitrogen fixing species (herbs. shrubs and trees) will play a crucial role in the soil building and development stages on sterile reclaimed spoil.

Stages are as follows :

Grasses and herbs: Most commonly available cul�vars have been developed for agriculture or sports turf use, for non-agricultural use it is important to select the most suitable, quick establishment tolerance of nutrient poor condi�ons or other site condi�ons.

There is great reliance on such cul�vars sold for more intensive uses.

Primary colonizers: For erosion control on steep or unstable slopes these are usually quick growing grasses or cereals, o�en called cover or nurse crops.

Such is the usual method of introduc�on. Many tree species considered pioneer colonizers of new habitats, developing into shrub and alterna�vely woodland, these species are adapted to establishment in a compe��ve, hos�le environment and o�en grow well from seed.

Land Habit and Growth Form

Secondary stage : these will be the species which build up soil structure and fer�lity, and are very o�en combined with the primary phase they are essen�ally legumes together with grasses, herbs, trees and shrubs. Seed is again the usual method of introduc�on, though many trees and shrubs can also be planted.

Grasses and herbs: For uncut low maintenance vegeta�on a short or prostrate growth habit is desirable.

Highly vigorous and spreading plants will be compe��ve to trees and should not be selected for sowing in tree planta�ons. Root growth and depth of roo�ng will determine the plants’ ability withstand drought and to bind soil par�cles together effec�vely. To encourage wild herbs to colonise a sward non-compe��ve grass species with an open or tu�ed habit are preferred.

Trees: Other than garden ornamental, which are monthly chosen, there are no tree cul�vars as Such.

However, seed is usually collected from recognised areas, and geographical locality of the seed source is known as its provenance. Locally collected seed may be of poor quality (purity and germina�on) than bought seed, but it will usually produce plants be�er adapted to that locality. Trees will usually be planted as ground saplings.

Trees and shrubs: the growth rate, nature height and sown shape of trees and shrubs will affect their selec�on for screening purposes and resistance to expense, their ability to suck from roots or cut stem (pollards and coppice) may also be important. Root growth will affect tolerance to drought stability in wind and the ability to plants close to buildings.

37

11

LITERATURE REVIEW

Mixtures

Indian Context

Having made a list of suitable species they can be combined in various ways to form species mixtures. not all the species may be required. Especially if the list is the long one and other factors such as availability, price or personal preference will decide exactly which will be included. The propor�ons of each species will depend on the role each has to play and its compe��ve ability, but long term species composi�on is normally not very predictable, because of the large number of environmental factors effec�ng the mixture during the development.

In India, as discussed elsewhere, growing vegeta�on itself is the objec�ve rather than specific use of such reclaimed land where mining has been done. This is because most of the mined out lands are hos�le in terms of nutrients of the soil and climate (arid and semiarid regions, so choice of vegeta�on for specific purpose absent in many cases marginal mine operators' economics do not permit spending money on revegeta�on or fresh vegeta�on especially when soil amendments and its ameliora�on is involved.

However, in India some par�cular species are found suitable in mixing area of par�cular minerals.

Trees and shrubs: Pioneer or mouse species are best established to give a ra�o of 1.5 to 1.3 with appropriate climax species. This should give sufficient early usual impact and protec�on to the slow growing species without them being swamped by the quick growing ones’ higher propor�ons of nurse species will mean more frequent to thin out as they grow. Area intended to be or natural should be similar to natural stands, with 3-6 species. The mixture should take into account both ver�cal woodland structures as well as horizontal, with canopy and understory species.

Some species suitable for limestone mine areas : Ziziphus mauri�ana /Ber Prosopis juliflora / Vilay� babool Terminalia arjuna / Arjuna

(India Bureau of Mines, 2000)

Ground cover: The main is generally grass species, mixed 2:1 to 4:1 with legumes for nitrogen fixa�on and soil budding herbs can also be added to increase the wildlife interest and diversity. Most sites are variable in topography and soil condi�ons and a diverse mixture with a range of species, about 6-10 will allow for this variability. Diversity also gives flexibility to changes in sites condi�ons and are adoptable sward.

12

38

LITERATURE REVIEW

As per Indian Bureau of Mines Manual for Final Mine Closure Plan 2018, the following aspects are taken into consideration while closing a quarry.

Mined-Out Land: proposals to be implemented for reclama�on and rehabilita�on Water Quality Management: exis�ng surface and ground water bodies available in the lease areas Air Quality Management: Describe the exis�ng air quality status. The measures to be taken for preven�on of pollu�on of air from airborne dust par�cles shall be described.

Waste Management: the type, quality and quan�ty of Waste/overburden dumps available and their disposal prac�ce

Safety and Security: the safety measures already implemented and arrangements proposed in the mine closure plan to prevent access to excava�ons, surface openings for underground workings etc.

Disaster Management and Risk Assessment: his shall deal with ac�on plan for high risk incidences like landslides, subsidence, flood, inunda�on in mines, fire, seismic ac�vi�es, tailing dam failure etc. and emergency plan proposed for quick evacua�on, ameliora�ve measures to be taken etc.

Economic Repercussions of closure of mine and manpower retrenchments: manpower retrenchment, compensa�on, if any, socio-economic repercussions and remedial measures consequent to the closure of mines may be described.

(Indian Bureau of Mines, 2018)

Top Soil Management: the stacking of top soil available at the site and its u�liza�on shall be described.

Management of Mineral Rejects stacks available in the lease area: the type, quality and quan�ty of stacks of mineral rejects (grade and size rejects) available and their disposal prac�ce Tailing Dam Management: steps to be taken for protec�on and stability of tailing dam, confinement of tailing material and its u�liza�on, arrangement for surplus water overflow along with design details, to arrest seepage, structural stability studies, ground water contaminant, if any.

Infrastructure: the exis�ng infrastructural facili�es available such as roads, aerial ropeways, conveyer belts etc. and their future u�liza�on should be evaluated.

Disposal of Mining Machinery: the decommissioning of mining machineries and their possible post mining u�liza�on, if any, to be described.

13

39

LITERATURE REVIEW

03 ECOTOURISM Eco Tourism basically indicates towards the kind of tourism which is dependent on the experience of nature and its elements without having a nega�ve impact on the cultural and natural environment of the context. It is a responsible ac�vity towards the ecology and local culture which helps the concerned communi�es to benefit socially and economically.

Terms related to ecotourism

Term

Meaning

Green tourism Alternate tourism

Endemic tourism

Geotourism (geological version) Geotourism (geographic version) Responsible tourism

Sustainable tourism

An early term essentially synonymous with ecotourism, but never very well defined.

A term used in the academic tourism literature to draw a distinction from mainstream or mass tourism; effectively, therefore, it means any kind of tourism with a small or specialist market, or any product that cannot normally be booked through a mainstream travel agent.

A little-used phrase, derived from a term used in biology, and Intended to indicate any type of tourism product where the primary attraction occurs only in a particular localized area.

Tourism where the primary attraction is a geological feature, including spectacular scenery (Dowling and Newsome, 2006); little used.

Usage proposed by National Geographic, closely similar to ecotourism; not taken up widely, confusion over meaning.

Little used term, presumably derived by analogy with the ‘Responsible Care’ initiative by the chemical industry; focus on social considerations.

Heavily used but poorly defined term, indication tourism that Compiles with the principles of sustainable development, which is itself a very vague and much contested expression; refers broadly to environmental management in the mainstream tourism industry Not restricted to ecotourism; adopted in the UNWTO Tour Operations Initiative for Sustainable Tourism, TOIST.

Nature Tourism fig. 11

x x x

Broad term, refers to natural attractions Used by analysts more than industry Includes ecotourism

40

14

LITERATURE REVIEW

Nature Tourism

Adventure Tourism

•Broad term, refers to natural a�rac�ons •High-volume, low-skill, low-price, cf.

•Low-volume, high-skill, high-price •Used by analysts more than industry •Includes ecotourism •Expanding edge of tourism industry •But also all tourism based on natural a�rac�ons •Worldwide geography Adventure Tourism •Irrespec�ve of management, interpreta�on or •>20 ac�vity subsectors •O�en combined with nature/ecotours conserva�on x High-volume, low-skill, low-price, cf.

•Includes wildlife tourism but also tourism based x scenery Low-volume, high-skill, high-price principally on

x x x x

Expanding edge of tourism industry Worldwide geography >20 activity subsectors Often combined with nature/ecotours

Product Terms Term

Meaning

Nature or nature based

Any kind of tourism where features of the natural environment provide the primary attraction.

Wildlife

Tourism where the main attraction is the opportunity to watch Wild animals.

Adventure

Tourism where the main attraction is outdoor activity with an excitement based component.

Cultural

Tourism the focuses on exposing or introducing tourists to different Local cultures.

ACE

Aggregate term: Adventure -Culture – Ecotourism

NEAT

Aggregate term: Nature, Eco- and Adventure Tourism

Outdoor

All forms of tourism that take place outdoors, essentially the same as NEAT, but including high-impact and consumptive tourism such as motorized vehicles, hunting, etc.

NEAT is a product sector. NEAT products do not necessarily incorporate best-practice environmental management, nor an educational component or a contribution to conservation.

Some do, some do not. Those that do, may or may not be considered ecotourism, depending on definitions, but by any definition, ecotourism is a part of NEAT sector.

(Buckley, 2009)

fig. 12 41

15

LITERATURE REVIEW

NEAT is a product sector. NEAT products do not necessarily incorporate best-prac�ce environmental management, nor an educa�onal component or a contribu�on to conserva�on. Some do, some do not.

Those that do, may or may not be considered ecotourism, depending on defini�ons, but by any defini�on, ecotourism is a part of NEAT sector.

(Buckley, 2009)

Vision for Ecotourism in Himachal Pradesh

Ecotourism is a subsidiary segment defined by its management criteria. With its minimal impact management, environmental educa�on and contribu�on to conserva�on, ecotourism make a small por�on of the NEAT sector but is capable of catalyzing change.

Decentralized and equitable nature-based tourism, avoiding bo�lenecks and over development of individual areas, and dispersing the distribu�on of benefit to the local community. Biodiversity is to be enhanced as also natural asset maintenance and improvement is to be ensured; alongside the conserva�on areas are protected.

Defini�on of Travel & Tourism or Entertainment Project

Factoring in par�cipa�on and partnerships—interdepartmental, public-private, non-governmental organiza�ons/community-based organiza�ons, Panchaya� raj ins�tu�ons to help generate income through sustainable tourism.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

Eco Tourism ac�vi�es as per Central/ State Govt. guidelines Hotel & Restaurant Resorts Heritage or Historical Monuments Museum & Galleries Lodging & Catering Transport Tour Operators Travel agents Informa�on & Guiding Adventure Wildlife a�rac�ons Castles Leisure parks Sports Complex Event Management Mul�plex Shopping malls & Fes�val Banquets Cinema & Film Theatre

Promo�ng Environmental Educa�on – raising awareness and apprecia�on in the people, both within the state and in the visitors from outside, for the diverse biodiversity, culture and unique ecological values; to care for natural heritage and alongside to create an income base for the community—an incen�ve for the future protec�on of natural assets.

Environmentally benign tourism to be fostered – through recognized standards for rural accommoda�on provision, minimizing of waste, reduc�on of pollu�on and minimizing environmental deple�ng fuel consump�on.

Livelihood opportuni�es for rural households from home-stays/homesteads and provision of employment opportuni�es and livelihood enhancement from service provision, whether as entrepreneurs, guides, porters, cooks, etc.

16

42

LITERATURE REVIEW

Principles of Ecotourism by Himachal Pradesh Ecotourism Policy 2017 Provide a posi�ve experience for both visitors and hosts.

Build environmental and cultural awareness Minimize physical lm social m, behavioral impacts Provide direct benefits for conserva�on and livelihood to local communi�es

Structure suitable for ecotourism projects: Tents of various types Wooden structures Prefabricated structures which can be removed In all these cases flooring of cement or �les or stone may be put up without building deep founda�on.

Deliver memorable interpre�ve experience to visitors Recognize the rights and spiritual beliefs of the local people Important Stakeholders and their func�ons: Visitors: Responsible travel to natural areas and making available financial contribu�on for conserva�on of natural heritage and empowerment of local people.

Local Communi�es: Provide posi�ve experience for the visitors.

HP ECOSOS (Special Purpose Vehicle): Prac�ce and promote ecotourism according to the principals of ecotourism; Capacity building of Stakeholders; key interface for ensuring FCA clearance and PPP partners.

Division/Circle level Socie�es: Managing all opera�ons for responsible ecotourism at ground level.

Government Departments (Forests, Tourism, PWD, I&PH, Rural Development, Revenue): Provide posi�ve experience for the visitors, minimize impact, Build environmental, cultural awareness and respect. By implemen�ng and educa�ng others about ecotourism, contribute to the posi�ve and more sustainable development of the tourism industry.

Concerned Panchayat, BDC and Zila Parishad: Provide posi�ve experience for the visitors.

Partners managing site: Prac�ce and promote ecotourism according to the principles of ecotourism.

17

43

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

prototype studies

44

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

04 PROTOTYPES The prototypes have been carefully selected, keeping in mind their resonance with the following categories:

ANTHROPOCENE

ECOTOURISM

PROGRAMME

STRUCTURE

18

45

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

Allmannajuvet Zinc Mine Museum _ Peter Zumthor

ďŹ g. 13 location : Sauda, Norway type : Exhibtion Center area : 150 sqm year : 2016 Part of the Norwegian Scenic Route Ryfylke, the museum spans the Allmannajuvet gorge in the site of an abandoned zinc mine, which was operated for eighteen years between 1881 and 1899, before the falling price of zinc led to its closure.

ďŹ g. 14 19

46

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 15 the Allmannajuvet Mine Museum consists of meandering trails stairs the old mine itself with its external structures a parking cafe toilets permanent exhibi�on staging area

fig. 16 20

47

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 17 The exterior support system consists of creosote impregnated laminated wood. The exterior walls of the building consist of 18 mm plywood sheets and jute burlap coated with a German acrylic material (PMMA).

The interior walls have been painted in a dark colour to resemble the gallery, founda�on work of the museum building and the café building.

fig. 18 21

48

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 19

The parking facility has been masoned with natural stone from Hardanger. The stones were transported from Jondal to Sauda. The visible corner of the wall is approximately 18 metres tall and has been firmly fixed 3 metres to the riverbed.

fig. 20 22

49

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 21 The small box-like pavilions are simple freestanding construc�ons made up of a laminated �mber.

Evoking the former past of the mine site, the pavilions’ roofs and doors are made in zinc, either in the form of corrugated sheets or solid panels.

Prefabrica�on played a key role, with construc�on ini�ally taking place in a series of temporary tents erected on Sauda’s waterfront. Full-scale mock-ups were made to convey exactly what was required, then finished elements were transported by lorry up to Allmannajuvet and craned into place.

Due to the remote loca�on of the museum’s site, all pavilions were prefabricated in a factory about eight miles away and then installed at Allmannajuvet.

fig. 22 23

50

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 23 Linked by narrow paths that traverse the site choreographing a changing sequence of views, each structure has its own dis�nc�ve iden�ty. The café and micro-museum are freestanding pavilions in the landscape, the museum overlooking the cliff face down which the zinc ore was originally thrown. The low-slung lavatory block is clamped to the side of an exis�ng stone bridge like a cuboid parasite on a ba�lement. All, however, share a common language of creosote-coated laminated pine frames and plywood walls coated with jute burlap and black tar.

fig. 24 24

51

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

Royal Academy for Nature Conserva�on _ Khammash Architects

fig. 25 location : Jabal `Ajlun، Jordan type : Adaptive Reuse area : 3500 sqm year : 2013 In the late 1980s-1990s, the Jordanian Government decided to stop many func�oning quarries for a variety of environmental reasons. The abandoned quarries remained as untreated wounds and abandoned cuts in the landscape, with no serious land reclama�on efforts. The proposed site of the new the Rangers Academy Building held the shadows of a once was a func�oning quarry.

fig. 26 25

52

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 27

The Academy Building has a double folded func�onality: from one side it is an environmental academy that presents nature-oriented educa�onal programs, on the other, it is a high-end restaurant and a cra� shop that finance the academic program of the project.

fig. 28 26

53

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 29

The project was originally proposed to be on a site inside a nature conservancy reserve. Ul�mately an adjacent abandoned quarry which is outside the reserve was selected. The basic philosophy was that the building would use an exhausted landscape, instead of disturbing a virgin land.

On the opposite side of the building facing the forest which was not affected by quarrying ac�vi�es, the academy hovers over the forest and has minimal footprint as the founda�on columns can�lever �lt at 45 degrees above the forest floor, and can�levered terraces do not hinder the adjacent canopy cover

fig. 30 27

54

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 31

Users arrive to the building a�er crossing a bridge spanning 30 meters over the quarry gap. It is the longest masonry arch in Jordan. The building welcomes the visitor at the exact middle contact point between the restaurant's dining room to the right, and the academy to your le�. There, the quarry rock acts as the main founda�on.

fig. 32 28

55

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 33

The corridors are defined by a crack in the ceiling that lets natural sunlight in and guides the visitor to the rest of the academy. The building has a very basic treatment of materials. It is made from Ajlouni lime stone from the site's quarry and other quarries that share the same strudel of rock. In the lecture hall, plain concrete block is used for acous�c buffering and insula�on in addi�on to straw in the wall sec�ons. Cuts in the walls were kept exposed without plastering, which shows in the openings of the hall.

fig. 34 29

56

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 35

The dynamic character and remnants of an abandoned quarry proved to be a catalyst for this eco-toursim / educa�onal project. It is an ideal example of architecture for the anthropocene.

fig. 36 30

57

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

The Eden Project _ Grimshaw Architects and others

fig. 37 location : Cornwall, United Kingdom type : Greenhouse, Culture, Educational area : 15 hectare year : 2001,2002,2005 The project has four completed phases to date. The fi�h phase, The Edge, will have a biome that focuses on the desert regions of the world.

fig. 38 31

58

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 39 The first phase of The Eden Project was the development of the Visitor's Centre (3,500 sq m), built on the apex of the 15 ha site. The centre introduces the aims and objec�ves of The Eden Project, not only through its mul�media educa�onal exhibits but also through its own sustainable creden�als as a building.

It is a working showcase for methods of building with low impact on the environment; u�lising green roofing, gabion walling, rammed earth construc�on and �mber cladding.

fig. 40 32

59

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 41 The second phase consists of biomes(23000 sqm) . Based on Buckminster Fuller’s geodesic domes, these 8 interlinked domes make up 2 biomes. One contains plant species from humid tropics, the other from temperate environments. These two have access from the visitor centre on the highest part of the 15 ha. site through a link building.

fig. 42 33

60

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 43

Use of Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) foil maximizes the quan�ty of light trapped inside the biomes, while the design of 6m diameter hexagonal pillows maximizes the amount of heat retained.

fig. 44 34

61

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 45 The Founda�on Building (1,800 sqm) forms the third phase of The Eden Project, and was designed to accommodate the increased staffing levels of Eden Project employees.

Laid out over two floors, it follows a 6 x 14 m primary grid. Each floor is arranged around a central staircase and is largely open plan. There are �mber-decked external terraces at ground and first-floor level and a projec�ng curved balcony extends beyond the building envelope.

fig. 46 35

62

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 47

The Core (3,157 sqm) forms the culture and exhibi�on zone of the Eden Project.

The glazed entrance draws the visitor into a lobby which links to the expansive exhibi�on space. The middle level is sec�oned into more in�mate spaces that serve as the children’s classrooms, and on the uppermost level, a café and terrace circulate the central core.

fig. 48 36

63

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

Longitude 131° _ Cox Richardson Architects

fig. 49 location : Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, Australia type : Boutique Hotel area : year : 2002 Each of its tents has been carefully designed to have minimal impact on the delicate natural environment, standing lightly upon red sand dunes to provide an in�mate encounter with the vast and un-spoilt outback landscape.

fig. 50 37

64

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 51 15 tented pavilions where balconies have been added to each tent, crea�ng contemporary outdoor living areas,they have been fi�ed with day beds, armchairs and EcoSmart fireplaces.

fig. 52 38

65

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 53

To minimise the use of concrete and the resultant need for heavy concrete trucks onsite, tents were prefabricated. The largest vehicle acceptable on site was a u�lity, so component parts were limited in size to those that could fit onto a u�lity.

Each guesthouse is a glazed prefabricated structure with a PVC - coated membrane roof.

fig. 54 39

66

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 55 The central facility is split into two forms, which address the func�ons housed within. A lounge and dining area exist under a voluminous, masted tent with open sides, which can roll down for insect or weather protec�on. The accompanying back of house facili�es are contained within masonry construc�on with a highly insulated metal deck roof.

fig. 56 40

67

PROTOTYPE STUDIES

fig. 57

A special screw pile construc�on was employed to install the guest tents, u�lising hole diggers and pile applicators a�ached to the end of a telescopic arm.

fig. 58

68

41

PROTOTYPE STUDIES List of Figures Fig 1_Industrial Scars, J Henry Fair Fig 2_Michael CC Lin,Mixed Media Installation Fig 3_ 4D Tower, Buckminster Fuller Fig 4_Dymaxion House,Buckminster Fuller Fig 5,6_Crane Rooms and Keg Apartments,Aristide Antonas,Katerina Koutsogianni Fig 7_Formation of Restoration Strategy, IBM reclamation document Fig 8_Soil Moisture Conditions, IBM reclamation document Fig 9_Soil Structure, IBM reclamation document Fig 10_Slope-Erosion Diagram, IBM reclamation document Fig 11_Terms related to ecotourism,Ecotourism: Principles and Practices.

Fig 12_TProduct terms,Ecotourism: Principles and Practices.

Fig 13-24_ Project photos, site plan and sections,Allmannajuvet Zinc Mine Museum _ Peter Zumthor Fig 25-36_ Project photos, site plan and sections,Royal Academy for Nature Conservation _ Khammash Architects Fig 37-48_ Project photos, site plan and sections,The Eden Project _ Grimshaw Architects and others Fig 49-58_ Project photos, site plan and sections,Longitude 131° _ Cox Richardson Architects

43

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CASE STUDIES

case studies

70

AAMOD CASE STUDIES

AAMOD RESORT

location : Shogi , Shimla year : 2010

71 6

AAMOD CASE STUDIES

Aamod at Shoghi is an Ecotourism resort set in pristine virgin forest, on a land provided by Himachal Pradesh Forest Department under its new Ecotourism policy.

General footfall is throughout the day.

Open throughout the year.

Maximum footfall in March – June and December – 5th January for snow which is usually 8-inch snow deep Regular inspections by the forest department are held.

Total 20 cottages with nut and bolt construction Cottage intervention area is total 1 acre (approx.) Total site area is 1 hectare.

Program started for plantations in which every year 100-500 trees namely Deodar and Oak are planted.

72 7

AAMOD CASE STUDIES

Shogi is 2 h 31 min (95.0 km) drive from Chandigarh.

map map map

73 8

AAMOD CASE STUDIES

Kalka Shimla heritage railway line visibile from site.

1-2 trains pass per hours Railway station 700m from site.

Jubbarhatti airport is 26 km from site.

Heli-taxis were used but discontinued later.

The resort is connected via NH 5.

Major influx is by road.

Nearby bus points – 3 km Shogi and 13 km Kandaghat.

74 9

AAMOD CASE STUDIES

Guests are asked to park their cars and the vehicular circulation is restricted to this point only.

A mini van is used for service from here to the main access point of this resort.

Parking Accommodation is for 21 cars.

Extra cars are parked around the site entrance.

A total of 40 cars can be accommodated.

To respect the regulations

by Forest Department of Himachal Pradesh, no road has been constructed.

The exisiting access path which is 4ft wide is used as an access and service road.

75 11

VIEWING DECK

VIEWING DECK

ACCESS GATE

COTTAGE ZONE 3

DINING ZONE 2

DINING ZONE 1

ACCESS GATE

VILLAGE ACCESS PATH

PARKING

HAND PUMP

1.5mtr wide Motorable Path

FUNCTIONAL HUT

TRAIL TO MANDIR AND REAR BROAD TRAIL FUNCTIONAL HUT

REAR BROAD TRAIL

GARBAGE COLLECTION POINT

ZONING

SITE PLAN

CASE STUDIES

76

VIEWING DECK

COTTAGE ZONE 2

VIEWING DECK

COTTAGE ZONE 1

1.0mtr wide Inspec�on Path

ACCESS GATE

RECREATIONAL HUT

INCAMP ACTIVITY AREA FUNCTIONAL HUT

RECREATIONAL HUT

FUNCTIONAL HUT

VIEWING DECK

N

CASE STUDIES

77

AAMOD CASE STUDIES

At the starting of the access road, a path splits into the directions of Railway track trail, Taradevi Trek and Raikot Trek.

Various informative boards are spread over the site.

This is to impart knowledge about the rules and practices of Eco - Tourism to the users.

Information about the different plant and tree species prevailing on the site is also available.

Users are also motivated to adopt a tree sapling by funding its caretaking. These sapling are then planted in the name of the guests who take this initiative.

78 12

AAMOD CASE STUDIES

The 4ft wide access road after a travel time of about 2 minutes reaches dining hall and cafe.

This outdoor cafe invites the users who intend to stay at the resort as well as the users who stop for a quick break.

The dining hall flaunts a live kitchen and indoor seating.

79 13

AAMOD CASE STUDIES

The resort comprises of two types of cottages on the basis of their construction. /Deluxe - Porta Cabins with wooden interiors /Supe Deluxe - Local Pine Wood construction Porta sheets are cemented sheets with cement on both sides with thermacol insulation in the middle with mud cladding on the exterior.

These sheets are later on bolted with prebaricated aluminium doors and windows to make the whole cabin.

The sloping roofs are either covered with artificial grass or thatch to provide insulation and acoustic barrier from rain.

The red colour of tin roofs of the pine wood cottages is to make them stand out in the surrounding greenery.

For interiors plastic sheet material (lightweight) has been placed with the help of a glue. It is more durable than tiles Wallpapers have been pasted for luxurious feels.

80 14

AAMOD CASE STUDIES

A lounge deck made of wooden posts and thatched roof is provided for the users to experience the forest.

A spa with two massage rooms, jacuzzi and shower is placed at the end of the site near the sunset point.

This structure is a combination wooden members, bamboo and local tiles.

The adventure activities are carefully carried out in the adjacent forest area.

With trees as anchors, small temporary decks and rope bridges have been installed.

81 15

AAMOD CASE STUDIES

Hammocks, a badmintion court. benches, swings have been installed for leisure.

A protective layer of old rubber tires is used on all trees which are used as anchor for any purpose.

The leisure / adventure zone is below the cottages.

The sunset point has a direct view of an active quarry in mountains.

This adds to the anthropocene experience of the resort.

82 16

AAMOD CASE STUDIES

It is a privately owned sand and aggregate quarry. (locally known as Chandel Quarry ) .

The quarry is active during most hours of the day and evening. The dust clouds can be seen from the resort.

Only a humming sound from the commotion of this quarry can be heard from the sunset point.

The sunset point is adjacent to the spa.

Local stone (Kutch stones) has been used in some portions of the site to make pathways and steps.

Natural trails of the site have been left undisturbed.

Water is obtained from tankers bought and transported to the site.

The water from these tankers is pumped to storage tanks and the highest contour level of the site and is then distributed throughout the site through pipes.

2-3 tankers used per day during peak season and capacity is 7500 liters per tank.

83 17

AAMOD CASE STUDIES

Waste management – wet waste goes to Municipal Corporation via garbage collection trucks and dry waste to local garbage collectors or decomposed.

Cane garbage baskets have been hanged at trees at regular intervals.

All the electrical counduits are above ground to reduce wastage especially during rainy season.

Waste water goes in Effluent Treatment Plant which purifies water and is used for irrigation.

Grey water from the spa is also collected and is used for the same purpose.

Septic tank for water disposal from WCs and water is treated in septic tanks only and disposed inside site.

84 18

AAMOD CASE STUDIES

Voids have been carefully created to let the trees grow freely.

1-1.5-foot-deep foundations to enable less soil erosion.

The structures are made on stilts which are wooden but also have steel C sections painted in black.

These supporting members are to provide additional strength to the structure and prevent any mishaps incase a rotten wooden member needs to be replaced.

GI pipes run through the contours and trenches to aid sewage management.

Solar powered lamps are placed along all the trails in the site.

85 19

CASE STUDIES AAMOD Each lightweight structure has its own lighting fixtures at the entrance.

Along with these the solar powered lamps provide free movement on these Kutch Stone trails in the site.

Adventure activities are restricted to day time. At night, the trails are lit to aid movement on trails connecting the cottages to the dining hall.

Some trails are natural but some were developed according to the functioning of the resort.

The badmintion court is well lit for night use.

86 20

AAMOD CASE STUDIES

The most vibrant lighting is at the cafe and bar area.

The live kitchen is functioning at night as well.

The raw material is usually stocked up from local grain market and stores.

The access path is also well lit for night use.

87 21

AAMOD CASE STUDIES

Jute sheets used for insulation inside the cottages.

Temperature remains the same inside, during snowfall.

Wooden Truss support the roofs of conference hall, steel sections have been added for additional support.

Ply board insulation provided in the porta cabin made for games room.

88 22

AAMOD CASE STUDIES

Lightweight plastic sheet tiles and wallpapers are used for interiors. Mud cladding on the inside of these porta cabins help to maintain the temperature.

Lamps have been hung at the entrance of each prefabricated structure.

Bamboo has been used extensively in the spa area.

Wooden and bamoo shower is a key feature of the spa.

Extinguishers have been installed at strategic points to curb any fire hazards which can be a menace due to pine trees in the forest area.

89 23

VAANSA CASE STUDIES

VAANSA ECO RESORT

location : Amgarhi year : 2014 architect : anagram architects

90 24

VAANSA CASE STUDIES

The resort project at Amghari near Ramnagar, Uttarakhand, is intended to be a high-end green development for tourists and will include cottages, guest rooms, restaurant and amenities such as a spa and swimming pool.

The surrounding area is dominated by Sal and teak trees along with mango, bamboo and rosewood. Also there is a layer of shorter trees and evergreen shrubs. Being a moist deciduous forest the trees have the tendency to shed their leaves in dry seasons. Hence landscaping becomes a key factor of the project.

Being on the foothills also raises the issues of top soil erosion and water run off.

The design primarily aims to address these issues at site planning level in-turn creating a micro climate for the users. The units were designed on the basic idea of creating personal envelops which not only provide a private space but also a sense of security.

The weather in the park is temperate compared to most other protected areas of India. The temperature may vary from 5 °C (41 °F) to 30 °C (86 °F) during the winter and some mornings are foggy. Summer temperatures normally do not rise above 40 °C (104 °F). Rainfall ranges from light during the dry season to heavy during the monsoons.

The entire site area is about 5.88 acres with approximately 8% of the site area to be built-up area.

91 25

VAANSA CASE STUDIES

Amgarhi is countryside located in periphery of Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand, India. The name derived from its Mango(Aam) Orchids. It is located 25 km from Ramnagar, and can be accessed by forest road from near the crossing of the Kosi barrage on Ramnagar - Haldwani Road.

Features of this location include step farms, old houses, adjoining Jungle, and water streams.

92 26

VAANSA CASE STUDIES

The Eco resort has units with prominent sloping roof. The extensively used stone on this site is from the river bed Kosi.

Wood used in this project has been bought from outside of the reserve park area as cutting of trees is prohibited in the area.

It is a private enclosure with a lot of interventions with nature. This project serves as a unique resting place for the visitors of Jim Corbett National Park.

93 27

VAANSA CASE STUDIES

The project is located at the edge of the Jim Corbett National Park on the foothills of the Himalayas in Uttatrakhand, India. The delicate warm temperate ecology of the region is threatened by two types of natural calamities: • •

Landslides Forest fires.

Both these ravages are further exacerbated due to: • • •

Uncontrolled erosion during the wet seasons, Seasonal denudation of foliage during the hot and dry seasons and Anthropogenic deforestation and environmental degradation .

Various strategies for soil stabilization, waste and water management and bio-diversification have been deployed.

Ecological master planning followed a 3-step approach: • CATCHMENT DISTRIBUTION: First, suitable water catchment points were located on site. These were developed with peripheral reed-bed plantations and sedimentation tanks for gray water, runoff and harvested rainwater treatment.

• CONTOUR REMEDIATION: The terraces of this erstwhile agricultural land are re-mediated through curving topographical manipulations so as to feed the catchment ponds and to drastically reduce the runoff velocity and erosion of topsoil. The design also ensures controllable intake and overflow into the two seasonal streams on site through check-dams and flues at various points on site.

• BIOLOGICAL RECLAMATION: Large scale plantation of native species is planned in order restore the natural flora and fauna of the site. Deciduous plantations are strategically located to enhance shade on paths and living units during the summer while ensuring penetration of the winter sun. A detailed plan has been developed for promoting undergrowth and aromatic plants and herbs to attract pollinator birds and insects.

94 28

VAANSA CASE STUDIES

The units are designed on the basic idea of creating personal envelops which not only provide a private space but also a sense of security.

2 BEDROOM WITH SPLASH POOL

95 33

CASE STUDIES

96

SITE PLAN

CASE STUDIES

97

CASE STUDIES

98

PLAN SHOWING WATER AND HYDROLOGY

CASE STUDIES

99

CASE STUDIES

100

PLAN SHOWING VEGETATION AND TREES

CASE STUDIES

101

CASE STUDIES

SITE SECTION

102

CASE STUDIES

103

VAANSA CASE STUDIES

The units are further clustered to derive a common open spaces for the users.

The continuous green roof over the single rooms is designed to provide multi-utility space and a constant green skyline merging with the surrounding.

SINGLE ROOM WITH SPLASH POOL

SINGLE ROOM WITHOUT SPLASH POOL

104 34

VAANSA CASE STUDIES

The south - east facing window receives direct sunlight during the morning until early afternoon throughout the year

The north -west facing window receives direct sunlight during the morning evening hours mainly during the summer.

The south - west facing window is shaded by the pergola during the morning hours but partially exposed during the afternoon.

10535

CASEVAANSA STUDIES

Collection of rainwater from roofs and terraces

106 36

VAANSA CASE STUDIES

107 37

VAANSA

GREY WATER HARVESTING

CASE STUDIES

10838

MALLAH CASE STUDIES

QUARRY LAKE

location : Mallah, Rajbot , Haryana

10939

MALLAH CASE STUDIES

The limestone outcrop at Mallah was initially identified by the British in the early 20th century as a potential quarry site for providing gravel for metalling of roads of Punjab province.

The lack of road connectivity and distance from the railroad, however, prevented its exploitation. A cement factory (Bhupendra Cement Works) was established at Surajpur near Pinjore by the Patiala Cement Company of the Maharaja of Patiala in 1939 to exploit the limestone at Mallah.

The Bhupendra Cement Works later became a part of the Associated Cement Companies Ltd. (ACC) that operated the limestone mines at Mallah till 1997 when the cement factory and the limestone quarrying was shut down under Court orders over environmental concerns.

It is a 1 km walk from the mallah village and has been abandoned since 1990s.

11040

CASE STUDIES

MALLAH

Mallah Bus Stop connects Chandigarh with the site via bus route. The Lake is a 25km drive from Chandigarh.

111

MALLAH CASE STUDIES

The abandoned haul road used at the time of quarry process is delaptidated and muddy.

Shrubs and trees which came up naturally line the haul road from the starting checkpoint, right to the lake.

The haul road has turned into a serene trail. This provides a wilderness experience while approaching the quarry lake.

11242

MALLAH CASE STUDIES

The abandoned structure is currently used by the on duty mine guard. It is used as a vantage point to look over the site.

Some of the old delapidated houses from the township of the quarry are in use by the mining guards.

All the stuctures, like the health clinic from the old township of this quarry are still intact but abandoned.

11343

MALLAH CASE STUDIES

The initial portion of the haul road has a lot of Eucalyptus trees lined along the trail.

Steel inspection decks from the old crusher plants are still intact.

Semi crushed limestone still lies abandoned on the conveyer belts of one of the three stone crusher plants.

11444

MALLAH CASE STUDIES

View of the residual aggregrate material after processed limestone is separated.

A buzzing sound indicated that the electricity grid in the area is still active.

View from the highest point of the quarry complex.

This is one of the vantage points from where the stone crusher plants, inspection building and haul road can be seen.

115 45

MALLAH CASE STUDIES

The checkdam has created a beautifull lake used by the locals for recreation.

Filling of water in the old quarry pit resulted in the death of eucalyptus trees planted in it.

Wide terraces have been cut into the hill sides that surround the lake for removing limestone and these are now covered by trees and scrub.

The lake is frequented by wildlife in the area as is borne out by the numerous hoof marks on the banks.

Leopards have been frequently spotted in the area by the locals.

11646

MALLAH CASE STUDIES

A walkway with concrete banisters has been created on the top of the dam wall.

A flight of steps has been added at either ends to provide easy access from the steep banks.

A number of smaller check dams have been built downstream across the choe creating small pools and ponds that lie hidden by the thick scrub and foliage of the area.

The railings on the bridge seem to have been stolen and sold off by miscreants.

117 47

MALLAH CASE STUDIES

The abandoned machines and infrastructure provides an industrial experience to the visitor.

The machines have remained unctouched and are as old the time when the quarry plant was set up.

The infrastructure in itself feels like an industrial museum where once can guage the processes and functioning of a limestone quarry and stone crusher plant.

Semi-circular roof houses were constructed for safety from wars made by cement blocks with a mixture of concrete, aggregates and sand.

11848

MALLAH CASE STUDIES

Akeake Local name - Hopbush

Chinese grass

Callistemon Local name - Bottle Brush

Bauhinia Local name - Kachnar

Alstonia Local name - Blackboard Tree

Rohira Local name - Khejri

119 49

MALLAH CASE STUDIES

Duranta Local name - Sky Flower

Morinda Local name - Bartundi

Ficus Religiosa Local name - Peepal

Agave Local name - Century Plant

Bui Local name - Desert Cotton

Eucalyptus Local name - Safeda

120 50

BANJAAR TOLA

CASE STUDIES

BANJAAR TOLA

location : Kanha Tiger Reserve year : 2009 architect : Sanjay Prakash and Associates

121 51

BANJAAR TOLA CASE STUDIES

Spread over 60 acres, the camp is situated across the Banjaar river edging the Kanha National Park and regularly plays host to a variety of wildlife from across the river. The river itself is used as a watering place by animals, notably by one of the largest populations of the Indian tiger.

The entire property has two camps situated alongside the river, ensuring a grand view yet providing a feeling of total privacy. Each camp consists of nine tented rooms sharing common facilities like dining, lounge, swimming pool and spa.

12252

BANJAAR TOLA

CASE STUDIES Spread over 60 acres, the camp is situated across the Banjaar river edging the Kanha National Park and regularly plays host to a variety of wildlife from across the river. The river itself is used as a watering place by animals, notably by one of the largest populations of the Indian tiger.

The entire property has two camps situated alongside the river, ensuring a grand view yet providing a feeling of total privacy. Each camp consists of nine tented rooms sharing common facilities like dining, lounge, swimming pool and spa.

123

53

BANJAAR TOLA CASE STUDIES

The guest rooms are essentially floating structures with a sweeping tensile roof, nestled between trees beyond the river banks, on small hilly outcrops.

The rooms open towards their own private decks suspended over the river.

The the decks have a dropped ledge with railing so that not even a railing comes between the guest and the river view.

All buildings have a very light footprint. They are raised structures supported at only a few points on the ground, thus allowing continuity to the natural undergrowth and drainage.

Being lightweight and temporary, this type of construction dramatically reduces the impact on the surroundings as compared to a regular building of say, concrete and brick.

The swimming pool was designed as an infinity pool, overflowing into the lake.

12454

BANJAAR TOLA CASE STUDIES

Kanha temperatures can vary from near zero to above 40 °C, so both air-conditioning and heating are required. To reduce the air-conditioning load, a mist system cools the air between the two roof layers. To add an extra touch of comfort in the winter, the floor is radiantly heated with gas heated water piped inside it.

The air-conditioning system is a reverse-cycle heat pump to efficiently deliver both cooling and heating.

Electricity comes to this site from a distance of over 10 km, thus, the demand for electricity is reduced to a minimum, by using energy saving lighting fixtures, solar lights for outdoor, solar heating for the swimming pool and gas based water heating for other applications.

12560

CASE STUDIES

SITE PLAN 126

CASE STUDIES

127

CASE STUDIES

128

CASE STUDIES

1 KILOMETER OF RIVER FRONT AS A BOUNDARY TO THE PARK

129

CASE STUDIES

130

CASE STUDIES

AGRICULTURAL FIELDS AND ORCHARDS CREATE USEFUL GROUND COVER

131

CASE STUDIES

132

CASE STUDIES

THE GUEST ROOMS AND COMMONS FACE THE RIVER

133

CASE STUDIES

134

CASE STUDIES

RESERVE GOVERNMENT FOREST EXTENDS INTO THE SITE

135

CASE STUDIES BANJAAR TOLA

Each Camp of 9 tents was carefully sited amidst the trees along the river edge.

A watershed analysis was conducted to ensure that natural drainage was not obstructed.

A natural depression was slightly deepened, and a earthen check-dam created to form a clay lined lake.

The tents were carefully angled to maximize views of the game park, while ensuring adequate privacy from each other.

Once all the tents were located, the area between them was heavily planted and landscaped.

13661

BANJAAR TOLA CASE STUDIES

7 Pile Foundations support the Tents floor A series of Trusses form the framework to receive the Floor Salwood Vertical Members as the framework for the Walls Canvas walls come up over the Salwood frames

137 62

BANJAAR TOLA CASE STUDIES

A stretched inner roof is erected over the tent.

Large tensile canvas is stretched completing the Tent

13863

Drainage

Materials/ Construction Foundation Tourism

Landscaping

Site Circulation : Vehicular / Pedestrian

Parking

Connectivity

Accessibility

Project Type Year Location Area Anthropocene

CRITERIA

PROJECT NAME

2014 Amgarhi, Uttarakhand 5.88 acres

Main access road + separate service entry

2010 Shogi, Shimla 1 ha / intervention 1 ac Sand quarry in context

Natural Trail Converted to access road dedicated haul road

Closed in 1997 Mallah, Rajbot, Haryana 19 acres old limestone quarry

Industrial

Mallah Quarry Lake

available Vehicles restricted to entrance extensive plantation around private and public spaces

local stone , wood , concrete, thatch NA Nature Tourism Natural drainage aided with checkdams

available

Vehicles restricted to entrance

Plantation drive mainly for deodar and oak

prefab cabins, porta sheets, pine wood, kutch stone, steel, thatch,mud

pile with stilts Eco Tourism Natural drainage undisturbed

NA Quarry Pit Lake as checkdams

eucalyptus and other wild growth

Haul road leads to lake, currently not in use

NA

NH 5 , Kalka Shimla Railway, Mallah bus stop , 25km drive Ramnagar - Haldwani Road.

Airstrip from Chandigarh

Hospitality

Vaansa Eco Resort

Hospitality

Aamod Resort

Vehicles restricted to entrance

available

NA

single access road

2009 Kanha Tiger Reserve 60 acres

Hospitality

Banjaar Tola

pile Wildlife Tourism Natural drainage aided with wetlands

prefab cabins with tensile roof systems,Salwood,steel truss

Plantation drive mainly for deodar and oak

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

screw pile Wildlife Tourism Natural drainage

NA

pvc coated membrane roof, prefab glass and aluminium units

NA

Na

NA

Helicopter, Drive inside the park

wilderness trail

2002 Uluru Park, Australia 80sqm unit

Hospitality

Longitude 131

screw pile Educational

laminated timber, plywood sheets, jute burlap, acrylic coating, local stone

NA

Vehicles restricted to entrance

available

Norway's Tourist Route

stepped trails after parking spot

2016 Sauda, Norway 150 sqm abandoned zinc mine

Public

Allmannajuvet Zinc Mine Museum

CASE STUDIES

139

SITE ANALYSIS

site analysis

140

SITE ANALYSIS

location Limestone quarry of Cement Corporation of India in Sataun village located in Kamrau Tehsil.

This quarry has been active since the year 1980 and is going to reach its lease deadline in the year 2023.

The Site lies in Sarah Reserve Forest.

Lease area is 172.30 Ha out which 117.30 Ha has not been diverted for mining.

Mining excavation – 55 Ha area.

District & State: Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh Taluka: Paonta Sahib Village: Kando & Nadi

141

SITE ANALYSIS

The site in focus is one of the very few functional limestone quarries in the area as the recent strictness in mining rules and environmental clearances has led to shutting down of a lot of privately owned quarries.

This quarry has undergone industrial use in a scientific method with proper care towards the structural integrity of the mountain.Hence,it is not as volatile as other abandoned mines which might witness collapsing hazards.

The quarry is adjacent to Giri River and provides a panoramic view along with its manufactured landscape.

Popular towns of Sirmaur include Nahan (the capital), Paonta Sahib and Suketi, the latter famous for the Shivalik Fossil Park. Nearby places are, Rajban, Gondpur, Saalwala, Renuka, and Shillai.

The limestone formation of the area is referred to as ‘Sataun Limestone’.

Entire lease area comes under Reserved Forest area.

The main approach road to the working area is through Paonta Sahib, which is connected with Sataun by a state highway connecting Paonta Sahib with Shillai.

142

SITE ANALYSIS

The road distance of some important places in the neighboring areas are as follows: Sataun Rajban Paonta Sahib Nahan

: : : :

4km 11km 20km 65km

Road distance from lease area to Railway Station (km): (i) (ii)

Yamuna Nagar Railway Station – 85 km Dehradun (UK) Station – 67 km

Name of Port & distance from lease (km): Dehradun Airport – 80 km Distt. Head Quarter: Nahan Nahan to Paonta Sahib: 45km by road Paonta Sahib to Rajban: 10km Rajban to Manal mines: 15km Proximity to Chandigarh distance : 137 kms time : 3h 7min by road

Highways Water Bodies Arterial Roads

143

SITE ANALYSIS

lease area DEPOSIT 4

DEPOSIT 3

UNDIVERTED ZONE ACTIVE QUARRY

APPROACH VIA MALGI VILLAGE

The region is highly rugged and mountainous.

The Siwalik hills standing to a height of approx. 1000m AMSL (Above Mean Sea Level) in the South of Deposit are separated from the bare lofty ridges of the Lesser Himalayas and in the north by the deep valley of River Giri.

The area is marked by deep valleys, river terraces, steep escarpments and innumerable streams.

The limestone requirement of cement plant is met from the captive Manal Limestone Mine existing at a distance of 11 km from the cement plant. The Limestone gitti is transported to Cement Plant by aerial ropeway having a length of 7.6 km Extraction Capacity – 750 tonnes per day The general slope of the terrain is towards North and North-East.

The river Giri which flows in the easterly direction, forms the main drainage channel for the area. It is joined by many seasonal perennial streams of various dimensions both from North and South directions.

Drainage is dendrite type comprising primary, secondary and tertiary streams.

Vegetation: The more than 60% of the lease area is covered by thick self-sustaining trees & bushes towards the slope side of the lease area.

144

SITE ANALYSIS

DEPOSIT 2

CHECK POST UNDIVERTED ZONE

ROAD MAINATINED BY CCI

ROAD VIA SATUN BRIDGE

Regional geology of the area comprises igneous rock and their derivatives, calcareous, argillaceous-arenaceous sedimentary rocks and alluvium/blown sand.

The outcrops are very scanty because pf alluvium cover. The limestone usually occurs as cap-rock of mounds and knolls.

The limestone of this deposit is generally of high grade because of high lime content.

There is no overburden required to be removed and there is no other waste rock generation. No electricity is used for mining operations and all diesel- powered machinery is used in mines. The advance of mine faces is towards North.

Deposit – 2: In view of small size and proximity to Sataun Bridge, Nadi village and public road, the deposit has not been considered economically viable.

Deposit – 3: has been selected for mining.

Deposit – 4: No mining has been done nor is any mining proposed in this deposit during the period of this review of mining plan.

The limestone of this deposit is generally of high grade because of high lime content.

145

s

ock

d

SITE ANALYSIS

lithology LITHOLOGY

GLO

Age

Forma�on

Important Rock types

Jurassic Permian Carboniferous

Tal Krol Infra Krol Blaini Nagthat Chandpur

Thick quartzite’s grey-wakes, chert bands, Shales, etc.

Limestone and shales Mostly dark grey leached shale cream colored limestone and boulder bed Sandstone, quartzite, grits, conglomerates, clay stones, etc.

Quartzite’s schist, Phylite and green bed KROL THRUST

Devonian

Eocene

Miocene

Sataun Limestone Subathus

Siwaliks

Ant eco

Lith

Min cre

Hau

Gar

A thick massive limestone member which dark grey and black shales

Qu

Min or g

Grey, green, maroon shales, quartzite and thin limestone NAHANTHRUST

Eco effo

Sandstone, clay stone, pebble beds, pseudo-conglomerates, etc.

Op or b

Anthropocene

Den ma

Ove

glossary Anthropocene: Proposed epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on the Earth’s geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, anthropogenic climate change.

Lithology: The general physical characteristics of a rock or the rocks in a particular area.

Mine Bench: In mining, a bench is a narrow, strip of land cut into the side of an open-pit mine. These step-like zones are created along the walls of an open-pit mine for access and mining.

Haulage Road: Term for roads designed for heavy or bulk transfer of materials by haul trucks in the mining industry.

Garland Drain: A shallow ditch or trench for draining surface or subsoil water before it reaches an excavation.

Quarry: A place, typically a large, deep pit, from which stone or other materials are or have been extracted.

Mine: A place where deep holes and tunnels are dug under the ground in order to obtain a mineral such as coal, diamonds, or gold.

Ecotourism: Tourism directed towards exotic, often threatened, natural environments, intended to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife.

Open Pit Mine: A surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow.

Dendrite drainage: A drainage pattern that may develop on homogeneous rock, which has a shape resembling the pattern made by the branches of a tree or the veins of a leaf.

Overburden: rock or soil overlying a mineral deposit, archaeological site, or other underground feature.

146

topography

SITE ANALYSIS

The topography of the area is hilly at the level above mean sea level ranging from 525mRL to 920mRL. Giri River is The (50m) topography of the area is hilly atand the river level Bata aboveflows at a distance of 7.5 km from the mining lease. located adjacent to mine lease boundary mean sea level ranging from 525mRL to 920mRL. Giri located (50m)plan to mine lease boundary The haul roadRiver fromismine faceadjacent to crushing is 5km length with a gradient of 1 in 16. and river Bata flows at a distance of 7.5 km from the mining lease.

Bench Height and Width: Maximum height – 6m Width – width of working bench shall be 12m.

topography

Item Top of hill within lease boundaries (ii) Bench width: more than 8m Present mine pit bo�om (iii) Maximum bench height: 6m Ul�mate mine pit bo�om (iv) Width of approach ramp Average ground level connecting benches: 10m (v) Haul road gradient: in 16 Highest flood (HFL) The topography of the1 area is hilly at the level above Giri river water level mean sea level Groundranging water levelfrom 525mRL to 920mRL. Giri

River is located adjacent (50m) to mine lease boundary and river Bata flows a distance ofcrushing 7.5 kmplan from the The haul roadat from mine face to is 5km mining lease. length with a gradient of 1 in 16.

Bench Height and Width: Maximum height – 6m Width – width of working bench shall be 12m.

Item Top of hill within lease boundaries (ii) pit Bench width: more than 8m Present mine bo�om (iii) Maximum bench height: 6m Ul�mate mine pit bo�om (iv) Width of approach ramp connecting benches: 10m Average ground level (v) Haul road gradient: 1 in 16 Highest flood (HFL) Giri river water level Ground water level

Above mean sea level mRL 920 800 600 530 530 525 480

Above mean sea level mRL 920 RESERVED 800 600 530 530 525 480

The haul road from mine face to crushing plan is 5km length with a gradient of 1 in 16.

Bench Height and Width: Maximum height – 6m Width – width of working bench shall be 12m.

Bench Height (mRL)

(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

Bench width: more than 8m928 - 880 Maximum bench height: 6m880 - 802 Width of approach ramp connecting benches: 10m 802 - 742 Haul road gradient: 1 in 16

Contour Range (AMSL) 940 - 925

VIEW POINT

920 - 845 840 - 775

742 - 678

770 - 720

678 - 600

715 - 595

600

590 - 525 520 - 515

PARK

11KV SUB ST

147

00

78

42

02

80

mRL)

ecting benches: 10m

ll be 12m.

shing plan is 5km

t the level above L to 920mRL. Giri ine lease boundary f 7.5 km from the

520 - 515

590 - 525

715 - 595

770 - 720

840 - 775

920 - 845

940 - 925

Contour Range (AMSL)

Above mean sea level mRL 920 800 600 530 530 525 480

PARK

11KV SUB STATION

VIEW POINT

RESERVED AREA

HILL TOP

DIRECTION OF SLOPE

0

10 50

100

WORKED OUT BENCHES

HAULAGE ROAD

WORKSHOP

CANTEEN

MINES OFFICE

500

RESERVED AREA

BUNKER CRUSHER HOPPER

ELECTRIC SUB STATION

GIRI RIVER

SITE PLAN

SITE ANALYSIS

conceptual site_quarry exhaustion

148

SITE PLAN

0

10

20

PARK

50

100

11 KV SUB STATION

VIEW POINT

RESERVED AREA

200

HILLTOP

DIRECTION OF SLOPE

WORKED OUT BENCHES

RESERVED AREA

HAULAGE ROAD

500

WORKSHOP

CANTEEN

MINES OFFICE

QUARRY PARK

GIRI RIVER

CRUSHER HOPPER

BUNKER

VAIBHAV PASS

SITE ANALYSIS

site_year 2023

149

SITE ANALYSIS

No surface water body is located within the mining lease area. The limestone deposit permits little retention of water due to steep slopes.

Limestone is non-toxic and hence no chemical treatment of mine water is required.

The Manal Mining lease area is situated on the southern slopes of Manal and are steeply sloping and have thick vegetation of elephant grass, banana plantation and occasional woods.

Giri Nadi providing thereby a perennial source of water.

Drainage system of the mine: As the deposit is in a hilly terrain, the rain water flows downwards and gets drained away through various nallas on the southern side of mine. To prevent rainwater entering the mine pits, a number of mine garland drains have been constructed diverting the flowing rain water to nearby nallas / naturally formed drains.

Limestone in this area is highly permeable, it cannot absorb or retain water in its pores, joints and fractures (caused by structural disturbances) and enables the free movement of retained water through the joints.

ST RU

920.000

N

900.000

UPL

880.000

HA NA

TH

860.000 840.000 820.000

SANDSTONE NAHANS

800.000 780.000 760.000 740.000 720.000 700.000 680.000 660.000

2

1

SHALE

3

640.000 620.000

UPL 600.000

600.000 580.000 560.000 540.000

10 05

100 0

500

150

SITE ANALYSIS

COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS T US

R

920.000

N

HA

900.000

UPL

880.000

NA

TH

860.000 840.000 820.000

SANDSTONE NAHANS

800.000 780.000 760.000 740.000 720.000 700.000 680.000 660.000

2

1

SHALE

3

640.000 620.000

UPL 600.000

600.000 580.000 560.000 540.000

10 0

100 50

500

BENCHES SECTION

SITE MODEL 500

151

SITE ANALYSIS Climate: The mine lease area falls in tropical monsoon climate zone.

climate

The maximum temperature in the area varies between 33.2 C (1988) and 43.2 C (1995). The minimum temperature recorded in the area is in the range of 1.8 C (1996) and 5.2 C (1994).

Climate: The mine lease area falls in tropical monsoon climate zone.

The maximum temperature in the area varies between 33.2 C (1988) and 43.2 C (1995). The minimum temperature recorded in the area is in the range of 1.8 C (1996) and 5.2 C (1994).

The relative humidity varies from 64% to 95% Long humid summer and cold dry winters are characteristics of the area.

Summer Solstice Day - 21 June Time - 11:00 am

Autumn/Fall Equinox Day - 23 September Time - 11:00 am

The relative humidity varies from 64% to 95% Long humid The seasons are – summer and cold dry winters are characteristics of the area.

Summer : Monsoon : Post – monsoon: Winter :

March – June

July ––September The seasons are

September – November December – February

Summer : March – June Monsoon : July – September Post – monsoon: September – November In the study area, wind from northern and eastern Winter : December – February On regional basis, wind from north and north-west area to dominate during October to February and from SE-SW in the remaining periods.

Autumn/Fall Equinox Day - 23 September

Time - 9:00 am directions is more likely in the morning hours, while from southern and western directions in the afternoons and evenings.

Winter Solstice Day - 22 December Time - 9:00 am

Spring/Vernal Equinox Day - 20 March Time - 9:00 am

Summer Solstice Day - 21 June Time - 3:00 pm

Autumn/Fall Equinox Day - 23 September Time - 3:00 pm

On regional basis, wind from north and north-west area to dominate during October to February and from SE-SW in the remaining periods.

In the study area, wind from northern and eastern directions is more likely in the morning hours, while from southern and western directions in the afternoons and evenings.

High intensity torrential rain falls in July and August every year and large frequency of calm and low winds in the post monsoon and winter periods. Because of the alignment of ridges, the dominant wind directions are NW-SE during most of the time.

High intensity torrential rain falls in July and August every year and large frequency of calm and low winds in the post monsoon and winter periods. Because of the alignment of ridges, the dominant wind directions are NW-SE during most of the time.

Autumn/Fall Equinox Day - 23 September Time - 11:00 am

Winter Solstice Day - 22 December Time - 11:00 am

Spring/Vernal Equinox Day - 20 March Time - 11:00 am

Summer Solstice Day - 21 June Time - 11:00 am

CLAM 50.6% Autumn/Fall Equinox Day - 23 September Time - 3:00 pm

Winter Solstice Day - 22 December Time - 3:00 pm

Spring/Vernal Equinox Day - 20 March Time - 3:00 pm

Winter Solstice Day - 22 December Time - 11:00 am

1.3 - 3.6 KM/HR 3.6 - 7.2 KM/HR 7.2 - 10.8 KM/HR 10.2 - 14.4 KM/HR

SUN ANALYSIS : VALLEY

QUARRY PARK

WIND ROSE DIAGRAM

SUN ANALYSIS : SITE

eco mine-tourism plugin

CLAM 50.6%

1.3 - 3.6 KM/HR 3.6 - 7.2 KM/HR 7.2 - 10.8 KM/HR 10.2 - 14.4 KM/HR

WEATHER ANALYSIS

152

SITE ANALYSIS Summer Solstice Day - 21 June Time - 9:00 am

Autumn/Fall Equinox Day - 23 September Time - 9:00 am

Summer Solstice Day - 21 June Time - 11:00 am

Autumn/Fall Equinox Day - 23 September Time - 11:00 am

Summer Solstice Day - 21 June Time - 3:00 pm

Autumn/Fall Equinox Day - 23 September Time - 3:00 pm

rea falls in tropical monsoon

re in the area varies between (1995). The minimum the area is in the range of 1.8 C

es from 64% to 95% cold dry winters are a.

arch – June y – September ptember – November cember – February

om north and north-west area ber to February and from SE-SW

om northern and eastern the morning hours, while from ections in the afternoons and

ain falls in July and August every of calm and low winds in the periods. Because of the ominant wind directions are e time.

PARK

Autumn/Fall Equinox Day - 23 September Time - 9:00 am

Winter Solstice Day - 22 December

Spring/Vernal Equinox Day - 20 March Time - 9:00 am

Summer Solstice Time - 9:00 am Day - 21 June Time - 11:00 am

CLAM 50.6% Autumn/Fall Equinox Day - 23 September Time - 11:00 am

Winter Solstice Day - 22 December Time - 11:00 am

Spring/Vernal Equinox Day - 20 March Time - 11:00 am

Winter Solstice Day - 22 December Time - 11:00 am

1.3 - 3.6 KM/HR 3.6 - 7.2 KM/HR 7.2 - 10.8 KM/HR 10.2 - 14.4 KM/HR

WIND ROSE DIAGRAM Autumn/Fall Equinox Day - 23 September Time - 3:00 pm

SUN ANALYSIS : SITE

Winter Solstice Day - 22 December Time - 3:00 pm

Spring/Vernal Equinox Day - 20 March Time - 3:00 pm

plugin

SUN ANALYSIS : VALLEY

153

PROGRAM

program

154

PROGRAM

QUARRY PARK

VAIBHAV PASSI

SITE AREA: 55 Hectare = 135.9 Acre = 5,50,000 Square metre

's most recent TOTAL BUILT AREA = 2290 Square metre = 0.4% of total uman-influenced, site area rwhelming

Function

Component

AREAS (sqm )

Entrance

Drop off Reception Lobby Toilets Admin Room

30 60 40 30

Café (30 people) Dining (100 people) Kitchen + storage

90 300 150

3 sqm/person 3 sqm/person 3 sqm/person

Educational

Multipurpose Hall Staging Area Intrepretation Zones

250 350

2.5sqm/person 2.5sqm/person

Recreation

Adventure Zone Storage Trek Points Decks Sports Swings Rock Climbing Zip Line Trampoline Nets

c, geologic, earth system

mans.

Food and Beverage

in

e meaning of

ecture of the trial

path, in the quest in and for

e scarred rchitectural ment altered terrain of s context hence

Spa

ect.

es created due

chitecture to

g steep

olour tones in

135.9 Acres =

Bicycle Shelter First Aid Clinic Toilets

40 40 40

Reception and Waiting

30

Changing room / Locker

80

40x2

Spa Room Jacuzzi

36 20

12x3

Shower Toilet Staff Room Store Room

40 40 30 30

20x2

35 50

Service Areas

House Keeping Staff Dining Staff Toilets Storage Staff Accommodation

40 70 40 30 40

Electrical Room DG Sets

100 75

MEP

Water Storage Rain Water Harvesting Fire Safety S.T.P.

Parking

Car Van Buses / Truck Scooter Ambulance

sqm/person

40

Accomodation Cottages Chalet

d by rugged r an intervention the remnant

no.

20x2

40000 litres/day

50

40 3 2 30 1

155

PROGRAM

Accomodation

,50,000 Square metre

Cottages Chalet Multipurpose Hall

Educational

Staging Area Intrepretation Zones

0.4% of total site area

Drop off Reception Entrance

Lobby Toilets Admin Room Café (30 people)

Food and Beverage

Dining (100 people) Kitchen + storage Electrical Room DG Sets

MEP

Water Storage Rain Water Harvesting Fire Safety S.T.P.

QUARRY PARK

Car Van Parking

Buses / Truck Scooter Ambulance Adventure Zone Storage Trek Points Decks Sports

Recreation

Swings Rock Climbing Zip Line Trampoline Nets Bicycle Shelter First Aid Clinic Toilets House Keeping Staff Dining

Service Areas

Staff Toilets Storage Staff Accommodation

Chalet

Cottages

Staff Room

Toilet

Spa Room all

er

w Sho

Spa

ltip

urp o

se H Spa

Jacuzzi Shower Toilet

Mu

Accomodat ion

i uzz

Jac

Store Room

Reception and Waiting Changing room / Locker

Staff Room Store Room

al

on

ati

uc

Ed

156

PROGRAM

PRINCIPLES OF ECOTOURISM BY HIMACHAL PRADESH ECOTOURISM POLICY 2017

157

CONCEPT

concept

158

CONCEPT

PHILOSOPHY The Anthropocene defines Earth’s most recent geologic time period as being human-influenced, or anthropogenic, based on overwhelming global evidence that atmospheric, geologic, hydrologic, biospheric and other earth system processes are now altered by humans.

What is the role of Architecture in Anthropocene?

Is there a need to re-interpret the meaning of ecological architecture as architecture of the pro-Anthropocene or Post Industrial Architecture?

The project takes a speculative path, in the quest to find the place of architecture in and for Anthropocene environments.

An essential goal is to reclaim the scarred landscape. The very idea of an architectural intervention in such an environment predominates the concept. The altered terrain of site finds a rigid contrast from its context hence acting as the nucleus of this project.

The form or curves of the benches created due to quarrying act as guides for architecture to latch itself on this overwhelming steep mountain.

With the abundance of earthy colour tones in this limestone quarry surrounded by rugged mountain forest…..does it call for an intervention which stands out or blends with the remnant terrain?

Inferences Synopsis - Adventure Program --- Resort Leisure Nature Exhibit Awareness Literature Review - Anthropocene Ecotourism Prefabricated Lightweight Tents / Tensile Reclamation Case Studies - Views Sparse placement Levels, drainage Rainwater Minimal built Industrial structures Sloping roofs Stilts Site Analysis - Moods Collages / sketch Visuals Connection Datum Materials Colours 159

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ANALYTICAL SPECULATION

dendrite drainage pattern

benches created via scientific quarrying

illegal quarrying scar the mountains

Heart Shaped Slipper Orchid

Dwarf Rhododendron

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paths created by livestock and villagers

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terrain _shale, limestone and flora

mountain goat on rugged terrain

VAIBHAVCONCEPT PASSI

QUARRY PARK

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ANALYTICAL SPECULATION

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Sal Tree

Smooth Angelica

Jatamansi

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Himalayan Birch

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Himalayan Yew

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160

ITERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

or a birdhouse?

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contemplating sloping roofs

slender units

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contrasting tensile roofs?

or just anchors?

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like a tree house?

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hanging?

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away from the quarry bench on stilts?

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protruding from the quarry bench?

elevated?

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sunken?

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on the surface ?

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ITERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

VAIBHAV CONCEPT PASSI

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QUARRY PARK

slender units on stilts!

connected via steps to the benches

amalgamating both sloping roof angles

161

ELEMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS

QUARRY PARK

VAIBHAV PASSI CONCEPT

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ELEMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS

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starting with the easiest tool_grass!

nature takes over the scarred landscape

drip irrigation to prevent soil erosion

upright plantation using top soil deposits

Garland Drains prevent soil erosion

recreating destroyed natural trails with stone

water storage tanks placed at higher contours

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nursery prepares the plants for quarry site

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Bench faces treated with retaining walls

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outdoor classrooms_awareness

waste segregation _ecotourism guidlines

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solar powered lighting wherever feasible Scanned by CamScanner

interpretation

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pipelines protected with stone and soil

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congregation

162

ELEMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS

QUARRY PARK

VAIBHAV PASSI CONCEPT

ELEMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS

use of bicycles promoting eco friendly movement experience rock climbing in an old quarry

hydraulic swing over cliff edge

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downhill riding experience

sky decks_viewing points

obstacle course above quarry benches

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trampoline nets over quarry benches

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gabion walls as fruniture and visual barriers

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163

MATERIAL PALETTE

MATERIAL PALETTE

QUARRY PARK

CONCEPT VAIBHAV PASSI

WOOD LIMESTONE MUD STEEL BRICK STONE - SLATE CONCRETE JUTE PAINT 164

CONCEPT

COLOUR STUDY

165

CONCEPT

site plan

12

7 2 1

5

6

4

SCALE_1:1000

166

CONCEPT

11 10

13

9

8

3

167

REFERENCES http://ibm.nic.in/ www.atlasofplaces.com http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/mann-ki-baat/ http://www.surveyofindia.gov.in www.archdaily.com https://himachalecotourism.org/ Adlibitumdreams, 2012. Richard Buckminster Fuller 4D Tower.

Antonas, A., 2009. Crane Rooms and Keg Apartments.

Buckley, R., 2009. Ecotourism: Principles and Practices. s.l.:s.n.

Can BOYACIOÄžLU, G. P. G. N. A., 2017. Anthropocene idea in modern avant-garde architecture: A retrospective discussion on Wright and Fuller.

Ellis, E., 2013. Anthropocene.

Himachal Pradesh Ecotourism Policy India Bureau of Mines, 2000. Reclamation/Restoration : Techniques and Strategies for mined out areas, Nagpur: Publication Cell.

Indian Bureau of Mines, 2018. IBM Manual for Appraisal of Final Mine Closure Plan, s.l.: s.n.

Turpin, E. b. E., 2013. Architecture in the Anthropocene Encounters Among Design, Deep Time,. s.l.:OPEN HUMANITIES PRESS. Philip Drew,2008,New Tent Architecture James Steele, 2005, Ecological Architecture https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FFYqSkJMLeQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false https://www.architectour.net/opere/opera.php?id_opera=5915&nome_opera=Longitude%20 131%C2%B0&architetto=Cox%20Architects https://longitude131.com.au/files/2018/02/Living-Working-at-L131.pdf http://www.architecturerevived.com/longitude-131-yulara-australia/ https://buildingskins.wordpress.com/category/plastics-etfe/eden-project/ https://grimshaw.global/projects/the-eden-project-the-biomes/ http://architecture-library.blogspot.com/2014/01/eden-project-cornwall-england.html http://www.khammash.com/projects/royal-academy-nature-conservation?field_gallery_type_tid=7 168

https://www.archdaily.com/789514/royal-academy-for-nature-conservation-khammash-architects https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/royal-academy-for-nature-conservation_o https://www.akdn.org/architecture/project/royal-academy-nature-conservation https://himachalecotourism.org/ https://www.edenproject.com/ https://www.archdaily.com/796345/allmannajuvet-zinc-mine-museum-peter-zumthor https://www.inexhibit.com/mymuseum/allmannajuvet-zinc-mine-museum-sauda-norway-peter-zumthor/ https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/allmannajuvet-zinc-mine-museum-in-norway-by-peter-zumthorthe-progeny-of-an-artist-architect/10016453.article https://atlasofplaces.com/Industrial-Scars-J-Henry-Fair http://www.herskhazeen.com/eco-tourism-and-rangers-academy/

169

QUARRY PARK_ECO MINE TOURISM PLUGIN location / precinct Limestone quarry of Cement Corporation of India in Sataun village located in Kamrau Tehsil.

PROJECT SITE

This quarry has been active since the year 1980 and is going to reach its lease deadline in the year 2023.

SARA KAILA

The Site lies in Sarah Reserve Forest.

GIRI

Lease area is 172.30 Ha out which 117.30 Ha has not been diverted for mining.

RIVER

GIRI

RIVER

KANDO NADI

Mining excavation – 55 Ha area.

District & State: Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh Taluka: Paonta Sahib PROJECT SITE

Village: Kando & Nadi

VIEW FROM VALLEY

The site in focus is one of the very few functional limestone quarries in the area as the recent strictness in mining rules and environmental clearances has led to shutting down of a lot of privately owned quarries.

AERIAL VIEW

The road distance of some important places in the neighboring areas are as follows: Sataun Rajban Paonta Sahib Nahan

This quarry has undergone industrial use in a scientific method with proper care towards the structural integrity of the mountain.Hence,it is not as volatile as other abandoned mines which might witness collapsing hazards.

: : : :

4km 11km 20km 65km

Road distance from lease area to Railway Station (km): (i) Yamuna Nagar Railway Station – 85 km (ii) Dehradun (UK) Station – 67 km

The quarry is adjacent to Giri River and provides a panoramic view along with its manufactured landscape.

Name of Port & distance from lease (km): Dehradun Airport – 80 km Distt. Head Quarter: Nahan Nahan to Paonta Sahib: 45km by road Paonta Sahib to Rajban: 10km Rajban to Manal mines: 15km

Popular towns of Sirmaur include Nahan (the capital), Paonta Sahib and Suketi, the latter famous for the Shivalik Fossil Park. Nearby places are, Rajban, Gondpur, Saalwala, Renuka, and Shillai.

PROMINENT PLACES

Proximity to Chandigarh -

The limestone formation of the area is referred to as ‘Sataun Limestone’.

SITE LOCATION

distance : 137 kms time : 3h 7min by road

Entire lease area comes under Reserved Forest area.

The main approach road to the working area is through Paonta Sahib, which is connected with Sataun by a state highway connecting Paonta Sahib with Shillai.

Highways Water Bodies

CONNECTIVITY

Arterial Roads

quarry lease area

Deposit – 2: In view of small size and proximity to Sataun Bridge, Nadi village and public road, the deposit has not been considered economically viable.

Deposit – 3: has been selected for mining.

The region is highly rugged and mountainous.

The Siwalik hills standing to a height of approx.

1000m AMSL (Above Mean Sea Level) in the South of Deposit are separated from the bare lofty ridges of the Lesser Himalayas and in the north by the deep valley of River Giri.

DEPOSIT 4

DEPOSIT 3

Deposit – 4: No mining has been done nor is any mining proposed in this deposit during the period of this review of mining plan.

DEPOSIT 2

The limestone of this deposit is generally of high grade because of high lime content.

The area is marked by deep valleys, river terraces, steep escarpments and innumerable streams.

The limestone requirement of cement plant is met from the captive Manal Limestone Mine existing at a distance of 11 km from the cement plant. The Limestone gitti is transported to Cement Plant by aerial ropeway having a length of 7.6 km

UNDIVERTED ZONE ACTIVE QUARRY

CHECK POST UNDIVERTED ZONE

Extraction Capacity – 750 tonnes per day

ROAD MAINATINED BY CCI

The general slope of the terrain is towards North and North-East.

The river Giri which flows in the easterly direction, forms the main drainage channel for the area. It is joined by many seasonal perennial streams of various dimensions both from North and South directions.

Drainage is dendrite type comprising primary, secondary and tertiary streams.

Vegetation: The more than 60% of the lease area is covered by thick self-sustaining trees & bushes towards the slope side of the lease area.

Regional geology of the area comprises igneous rock and their derivatives, calcareous, argillaceous-arenaceous sedimentary rocks and alluvium/blown sand.

The outcrops are very scanty because pf alluvium cover. The limestone usually occurs as cap-rock of mounds and knolls.

The limestone of this deposit is generally of high grade because of high lime content.

There is no overburden required to be removed and there is no other waste rock generation. No electricity is used for mining operations and all diesel- powered machinery is used in mines. The advance of mine faces is towards North.

LEASE PLAN

LITHOLOGY

GLOSSARY

Age

Forma�on

Important Rock types

Jurassic Permian Carboniferous

Tal Krol Infra Krol Blaini Nagthat Chandpur

Thick quartzite’s grey-wakes, chert bands, Shales, etc.

Limestone and shales Mostly dark grey leached shale cream colored limestone and boulder bed Sandstone, quartzite, grits, conglomerates, clay stones, etc.

Quartzite’s schist, Phylite and green bed KROL THRUST

Devonian

Eocene

Miocene Anthropocene

ROAD VIA SATUN BRIDGE

APPROACH VIA MALGI VILLAGE

Sataun Limestone Subathus

Siwaliks

A thick massive limestone member which dark grey and black shales Grey, green, maroon shales, quartzite and thin limestone NAHANTHRUST Sandstone, clay stone, pebble beds, pseudo-conglomerates, etc.

Anthropocene: Proposed epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on the Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, anthropogenic climate change.

Lithology: The general physical characteristics of a rock or the rocks in a particular area.

Mine Bench: In mining, a bench is a narrow, strip of land cut into the side of an open-pit mine. These step-like zones are created along the walls of an open-pit mine for access and mining.

Haulage Road: Term for roads designed for heavy or bulk transfer of materials by haul trucks in the mining industry.

Garland Drain: A shallow ditch or trench for draining surface or subsoil water before it reaches an excavation.

Quarry: A place, typically a large, deep pit, from which stone or other materials are or have been extracted.

Mine: A place where deep holes and tunnels are dug under the ground in order to obtain a mineral such as coal, diamonds, or gold.

Ecotourism: Tourism directed towards exotic, often threatened, natural environments, intended to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife.

Open Pit Mine: A surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow.

Dendrite drainage: A drainage pattern that may develop on homogeneous rock, which has a shape resembling the pattern made by the branches of a tree or the veins of a leaf.

Overburden: rock or soil overlying a mineral deposit, archaeological site, or other underground feature.

SIT

topography

GIRI RIVER

The topography of the area is hilly at the level above mean sea level ranging from 525mRL to 920mRL. Giri River is located adjacent (50m) to mine lease boundary and river Bata flows at a distance of 7.5 km from the mining lease.

Item Top of hill within lease boundaries Present mine pit bo�om Ul�mate mine pit bo�om Average ground level Highest flood (HFL) Giri river water level Ground water level

MINES OFFICE CANTEEN ELECTRIC SUB STATION WORKSHOP Above mean sea level mRL 920 800 600 530 530 525 480

BUNKER CRUSHER HOPPER

The haul road from mine face to crushing plan is 5km length with a gradient of 1 in 16.

Bench Height and Width: Maximum height – 6m Width – width of working bench shall be 12m. (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

RESERVED AREA

Bench width: more than 8m Maximum bench height: 6m Width of approach ramp connecting benches: 10m Haul road gradient: 1 in 16

HAULAGE ROAD

WORKED OUT BENCHES

Bench Height (mRL)

Contour Range (AMSL)

940 - 880

940 - 925

880 - 802

920 - 845

802 - 742

840 - 775

742 - 678

770 - 720

678 - 600

715 - 595

600

590 - 525 520 - 515

DIRECTION OF SLOPE VIEW POINT

PARK

RESERVED AREA 11KV SUB STATION

HILL TOP

10 0

100 50

500

Accomodation

Quarry park will be an interpretation zone in an old limestone quarry in Himachal Pradesh. It will be an eco-tourism plugin with recreational facilities providing an industrial experience to its users, concurrently acting as an educational platform spreading awareness about the mining industry and the history of the abandoned quarry site.

SITE AREA: 55 Hectare = 135.9 Acre = 5,50,000 Square metre

Cottages Chalet Multipurpose Hall

Educational

Staging Area Intrepretation Zones

TOTAL BUILT AREA = 2290 Square metre = 0.4% of total site area

Drop off Reception Entrance

Lobby Toilets Admin Room Café (30 people)

Food and Beverage

Dining (100 people) Kitchen + storage

STRUCTURE SUITABLE FOR ECOTOURISM PROJECTS:

Electrical Room DG Sets

Tents of various types Wooden structures Prefabricated structures which can be removed

MEP

Water Storage Rain Water Harvesting Fire Safety S.T.P.

QUARRY PARK

In all these cases flooring of cement or tiles or stone may be put up without building deep foundation.

Car Van Parking

Buses / Truck Scooter Ambulance Adventure Zone Storage Trek Points Decks Sports

Recreation

Swings Rock Climbing Zip Line Trampoline Nets Bicycle Shelter First Aid Clinic Toilets House Keeping Staff Dining

Service Areas

Staff Toilets Storage Staff Accommodation Reception and Waiting Changing room / Locker Spa Room

Spa

Jacuzzi Shower Toilet Staff Room Store Room

ECOTOURISM Eco Tourism basically indicates towards the kind of tourism which is dependent on the experience of nature and its elements without having a nega�ve impact on the cultural and natural environment of the context. It is a responsible ac�vity towards the ecology and local culture which helps the concerned communi�es to benefit socially and economically.

ANTHROPOCENE

ARCHITECTURE

The Anthropocene defines Earth's most recent geologic �me period as being human-influenced, or anthropogenic, based on overwhelming global evidence that atmospheric, geologic, hydrologic, biospheric and other earth system processes are now altered by humans.

The word combines the root "anthropo", meaning "human" with the root "-cene", the standard suffix for "epoch" in geologic �me.

The originator of the Anthropocene terminology, Paul Crutzen, favors the beginning of the Industrial Revolu�on as the star�ng point for the Anthropocene.

More consumable -> More driven by commodity produc�on -> more “successful” Architecture, if exercised the right way, could invent new modes of co-existence, more sustainable ways of living and more aesthe�c experiences of inhabita�on, but it currently is driven by the capacity to both extend man’s destruc�on of the environment.

Resource Consump�on -> Raw Materials extrac�on -> Environment Damage -> Anthropocene

CONNECTION However may the academic popularity of Anthropocene and its connec�ons influence us, in the real world we tend to classify them to simpler “tags” such as industrial, wilderness, urban, heritage, etc. The tendency to design with respect to these simplified iden��es o�en makes us incapable of jus�fying the complexity of a site, hence incapable of jus�fying the Anthropocene.

Like many other Utopian proposals, architecture in environments like quarries is an inves�ga�on into how we can understand, u�lize, inhabit, and appreciate the new (or the remaining) earth that man’s ac�vi�es are leading to.

E PLAN

QUARRY PARK

VAIBHAV PA

GIRI RIVER MINES OFFICE CANTEEN

WORKSHOP

BUNKER CRUSHER HOPPER

RESERVED AREA

HAULAGE ROAD WORKED OUT BENCHES VIEW POINT PARK

DIRECTION OF SLOPE

RESERVED AREA 11 KV SUB STATION

HILLTOP

0

20 10

100 50

500 200

What is the role of Architecture in Anthropocene?

Is there a need to re-interpret the meaning of ecological architecture as architecture of the pro-Anthropocene or Post Industrial Architecture?

The project takes a speculative path, in the quest to find the place of architecture in and for Anthropocene environments.

An essential goal is to reclaim the scarred landscape. The very idea of an architectural intervention in such an environment predominates the concept. The altered terrain of site finds a rigid contrast from its context hence acting as the nucleus of this project.

The form or curves of the benches created due to quarrying act as guides for architecture to latch itself on this overwhelming steep mountain.

With the abundance of earthy colour tones in this limestone quarry surrounded by rugged mountain forest…..does it call for an intervention which stands out or blends with the remnant terrain?

SSI

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ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ͍

ELEMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS

VAIBHAV PASSI

ƐƵŶŬĞŶ͍

QUARRY PARK

VAIBHAV PASSI

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QUARRY PARK

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ITERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

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ƐƚĂƌƟŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĞĂƐŝĞƐƚ ƚŽŽůͺŐƌĂƐƐ͊

ĞůĞǀĂƚĞĚ͍

ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ƚĂŬĞƐ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƐĐĂƌƌĞĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ

ĚƌŝƉ ŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƚ ƐŽŝů ĞƌŽƐŝŽŶ

ŵŽƵŶƚĂŝŶ ŐŽĂƚ ŽŶ ƌƵŐŐĞĚ ƚĞƌƌĂŝŶ

ďĞŶĐŚĞƐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ǀŝĂ ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ ƋƵĂƌƌLJŝŶŐ

ŽƵƚĚŽŽƌ ĐůĂƐƐƌŽŽŵƐͺĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ

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ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶ

,ĞĂƌƚ ^ŚĂƉĞĚ ^ůŝƉƉĞƌ KƌĐŚŝĚ

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ǁĂƌĨ ZŚŽĚŽĚĞŶĚƌŽŶ

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^ŵŽŽƚŚ ŶŐĞůŝĐĂ

,ŝŵĂůĂLJĂŶ ŝƌĐŚ

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,ŝŵĂůĂLJĂŶ zĞǁ

Scanned by CamScanner

Scanned with CamScanner

VAIBHAV PASSI

ŚLJĚƌĂƵůŝĐ ƐǁŝŶŐ ŽǀĞƌ Đůŝī ĞĚŐĞ

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Scanned by CamScanner

Scanned by CamScanner

ĚŽǁŶŚŝůů ƌŝĚŝŶŐ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ

ƐŬLJ ĚĞĐŬƐͺǀŝĞǁŝŶŐ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ

ŽďƐƚĂĐůĞ ĐŽƵƌƐĞ ĂďŽǀĞ ƋƵĂƌƌLJ ďĞŶĐŚĞƐ

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ƚƌĂŵƉŽůŝŶĞ ŶĞƚƐ ŽǀĞƌ ƋƵĂƌƌLJ ďĞŶĐŚĞƐ

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ŐĂďŝŽŶ ǁĂůůƐ ĂƐ ĨƌƵŶŝƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ǀŝƐƵĂů ďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐ

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Scanned by CamScanner

Scanned by CamScanner

ĐŽŶŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶ

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^Ăů dƌĞĞ

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QUARRY PARK

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Scanned by CamScanner

ƐŽůĂƌ ƉŽǁĞƌĞĚ ůŝŐŚƟŶŐ ǁŚĞƌĞǀĞƌ ĨĞĂƐŝďůĞ

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ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ďŝĐLJĐůĞƐ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ĞĐŽ ĨƌŝĞŶĚůLJ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ƌŽĐŬ ĐůŝŵďŝŶŐ ŝŶ ĂŶ ŽůĚ ƋƵĂƌƌLJ

ĚĞŶĚƌŝƚĞ ĚƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ ƉĂƩĞƌŶ

ŝůůĞŐĂů ƋƵĂƌƌLJŝŶŐ ƐĐĂƌ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƵŶƚĂŝŶƐ

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Scanned with CamScanner

ĂŵĂůŐĂŵĂƟŶŐ ďŽƚŚ ƐůŽƉŝŶŐ ƌŽŽĨ ĂŶŐůĞƐ

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ƉĂƚŚƐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬ ĂŶĚ ǀŝůůĂŐĞƌƐ

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ƚĞƌƌĂŝŶ ͺƐŚĂůĞ͕ ůŝŵĞƐƚŽŶĞ ĂŶĚ ŇŽƌĂ

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ǁĂƐƚĞ ƐĞŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶ ͺĞĐŽƚŽƵƌŝƐŵ ŐƵŝĚůŝŶĞƐ

ELEMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS

VAIBHAV PASSI

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ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚ ǀŝĂ ƐƚĞƉƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ďĞŶĐŚĞƐ Scanned with CamScanner

ƐůĞŶĚĞƌ ƵŶŝƚƐ ŽŶ ƐƟůƚƐ͊

ǁĂƚĞƌ ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ ƚĂŶŬƐ ƉůĂĐĞĚ Ăƚ ŚŝŐŚĞƌ ĐŽŶƚŽƵƌƐ

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ƉŝƉĞůŝŶĞƐ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƐƚŽŶĞ ĂŶĚ ƐŽŝů

ƐůĞŶĚĞƌ ƵŶŝƚƐ

QUARRY PARK

ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ ĚĞƐƚƌŽLJĞĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƚƌĂŝůƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƐƚŽŶĞ

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Scanned by CamScanner

ANALYTICAL SPECULATION

'ĂƌůĂŶĚ ƌĂŝŶƐ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƚ ƐŽŝů ĞƌŽƐŝŽŶ

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Scanned by CamScanner

ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉůĂƟŶŐ ƐůŽƉŝŶŐ ƌŽŽĨƐ

Scanned with CamScanner

Scanned with CamScanner

Scanned with CamScanner

ĞŶĐŚ ĨĂĐĞƐ ƚƌĞĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ ǁĂůůƐ

Žƌ Ă ďŝƌĚŚŽƵƐĞ͍

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ĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƟŶŐ ƚĞŶƐŝůĞ ƌŽŽĨƐ͍

ƵƉƌŝŐŚƚ ƉůĂŶƚĂƟŽŶ ƵƐŝŶŐ ƚŽƉ ƐŽŝů ĚĞƉŽƐŝƚƐ

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Scanned by CamScanner

ůŝŬĞ Ă ƚƌĞĞ ŚŽƵƐĞ͍

Scanned with CamScanner

ŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ͍

ŶƵƌƐĞƌLJ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ƋƵĂƌƌLJ ƐŝƚĞ

Žƌ ũƵƐƚ ĂŶĐŚŽƌƐ͍ Scanned with CamScanner

ĂǁĂLJ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂƌƌLJ ďĞŶĐŚ ŽŶ ƐƟůƚƐ͍ Scanned with CamScanner

ƉƌŽƚƌƵĚŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂƌƌLJ ďĞŶĐŚ͍

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Scanned with CamScanner

Scanned with CamScanner

Scanned with CamScanner

CABIN

B Y

X

X’

A

C

1. TOILET (2.5 X 3)

2. DECK (3 X 5)

3. BEDROOM AND LIVING (4.5 X 5)

4. WARDROBE (1.9 X 2.5)

pLAN_1 : 50

Y’

ELEVATION A

ELEVATION B

CABIN

ELEVATION C

SECTION X-X’

SECTION Y-Y’

CAFE

A

B X

X’

1. OUTDOOR SEATING

3. INDOOR SEATING (6.8 X 14)

2. TOILETS (4 X 2.8)

4. KITCHEN (5 X 5)

pLAN_1 : 100

ELEVATION A

CAFE

ELEVATION B

SECTION X-X’

DINING

A

X

X’

pLAN_1 : 100

BRACING PLAN

1. SEATING (29.7 X 9.9)

2. KITCHEN (7.6 X 7.8)

3. STORAGE (7.2 X 7.8)

ELEVATION A

SECTION X-X’

SPA

X’

X

B

pLAN_1 : 100 A

BRACING PLAN

ELEVATION A

1. CONSULTANCY ROOM (4 X 4.3)

4. STAFF TOILETS (3.7 X 4.3)

7. TOILETS (MALE) (3.6 x 4.3)

10. SAUNA (WET) (5 x 4.3)

2. STORE (3.5 X 4.3)

5. TREATMENT ROOMS (3 X 4.3)

8. TOILETS (FEMALE) (3.6 x 4.3)

11. SAUNA (DRY) (5 x 4.3)

3. OFFICE (4 X 4.3)

6. CHANGING ROOM (MALE) (3.6 x 4.3) 9. CHANGING ROOM (FEMALE) (3.6 x 4.3)

SPA

ELEVATION B

SECTION X-X’

RECEPTION

A

pLAN_1 : 50

1. TOILET (3.7 X 4.3)

2. RECEPTION (5.8 X 6.4)

3. BACKROOM (2.7 X 3.7)

4. STORAGE (2.7 X 2.4)

BRACING PLAN

ELEVATION A

5. OFFICE (5 X 7.9)

STAFF

pLAN_1 : 50 A

ELEVATION A

VIEWS

VIEWS

SITE PLAN 1.DROP OFF

2.BICYCLE SHELTER

3.CHECKPOINT 1

4.CHECKPOINT 2

5.NURSERY

6.CAFE

7.DINING

8.CABINS

9.STAFF

10.SPA

11.MULTIPURPOSE

12.ADVENTURE ZONE

13.SOLAR FARM ZONE

SCALE_1 : 1000

QUARRY PARK VAIBHAV_PASSI CHANDIGARH COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE