University of Tennessee CoAD Landscape Architecture 580 Student Projects Fall 2014
Housing Compartment
(2) Propeller Engine Compartments with full rotational capability
Contains the motherboard, the engine, and the geospatial analytics
360 degree rotation on 2 engines allows the TerraDrone to manipulate the land in both the X,Y, and Z axis
0’-100’ (typ.)
360 degree rotation
Telescopic Stabilizer Arm
Attachments List
varies
-Bore -Spade -Vacuum -Blower -Spreader -Claw -Magnet -more under development
TERRA-DRONE_front view
Interchangeable, Titanium Bit* *TerraDrone bits are specially designed to dig through bedrock, limestone, granite, clay, topsoil, loam, sandstone, marble, shale, slate and other such geologies.
cover: Clay Lezon inside cover: Student responses to the prompt “what bugs you?�
University of Tennessee CoAD Landscape Architecture 580 Framing/Programming Student Projects Fall 2014
Today’s leaders in landscape architecture do not merely respond to design problems that are defined for them by clients—they actively seek to identify new issues and uncover deeper problems that have not yet been brought into focus. Many contemporary landscape architects have realized that how one frames an issue can be just as important as identifying it as an issue in the first place. Framing can be thought of as the creation of a lens through which you and your audience understand the issue. It is crucial to understand that the identification and framing of an issue informs the outcome of any proposal, design related or not. By the final year of graduate school, students have been given many studio briefs in which it is the instructor who identifies the topic and frames the issue for which students design a proposal. In this class, the students make those decisions for themselves. Students practice the preliminary decision-
making phases through three projects that allow the student to identify a pertinent topic, frame an issue surrounding the topic, and propose strategies rooted in, but not limited to, landscape and design. Students are asked to propose novel design strategies and action plans that address the ecologic, social, and economic facets of the issue while evolving with, supporting, and creating feedback loops in response to the issue as framed. In this class we refer to this three-decision phase process as “programming.” The following projects are the results of this inquiry. Valerie S. Friedmann, MLA, Assoc. ASLA Adjunct Assistant Professor, Landscape Architecture University of Tennessee College of Architecture and Design http://archdesign.utk.edu
02
The New-New Deal in TVA’s Future Clay Lezon
22
Urban Stream Resurgence Jessica Neary
38
Yellow Snow: Recycled Waste Water Used for Ski Slopes Brandon Orrick
50
National Parks as Curators of Change Cameron Rodman
70
Defending the Fort: A Vision for Knoxville’s Fort Sanders Neighborhood Caroline Sneed
90
Urban Wildness: Eco-literacy in the Urban Landscape Whitney Tidd
110
Some Assembly Required Clint Wayman
124
Student Bios
1
The New-New Deal in TVA’s Future Clay Lezon
In the 20th century, the Tennessee Valley Authority undertook the largest infrastructural project that our country had ever seen. As part of the New Deal under the Roosevelt administration, TVA was thought of as an acronym savior. It was to provide jobs for thousands of unemployed, create a navigable passage along the Tennessee River, control flooding of the Tennessee River, and provide electricity to all, especially the impoverished, Appalachia. TVA accomplished this and more... The latter half of the 20th century has TVA remain true to its goal of providing cheap, reliable energy. To do so, they have expanded not only their hydroelectric generating capacity, but also their nuclear, fossil fuel, solar and wind capacity. The company has set goals for the year 2020 to increase nuclear production and provide more environmental benefits through stewardship of our land, air, and waters. However, with most of TVA’s, or our grandfathers’ infrastructure beginning to crumble, parts of TVA may be reaching the end of its lifespan. TVA has the opportunity to rebrand themselves for the 21st, and possibly 22nd, century. They are standing on the edge of their next great watershed moment and they have the opportunity to affect the infrastructure of our country yet again. What will the future of TVA look like?
source: http://explorepahistory.com 2
3
TVA TIMELINE TVA has a rich and storied history that is close to reaching a centennial celebration. We know what TVA’s past looks like, but what will their future hold? What types of information do we have that can help us begin to predict some future scenarios for TVA?
May 8, 1933-Congress passes the TVA Act and it is signed by President Roosevelt as part of the New Deal.
KY
By the end of the 1930’s, TVA electricity changed modern life for residents in the region. In order to support the needs of WWII, 12 hydroelectric plants were built by 1942.
TN
TVA became self-financing in 1959.
MS
1930
source: tva.com 4
AL
1940
1950
1960
197
70
OH
VA TVA adopted a plan to meet the needs of the region through 2020.
From the 70’s 80’s. TVA became a national leader for energy efficiency and reliable , low-cost rates.
NC
TVA cut operating costs by $800M and developed plans to reduce environmental contaminants.
1980
1990
2000
2010
5
TVA Hydroelectric Dams While there are close to 50 reservoirs within the Tennessee Valley Region, there are only 29 hydroelectric facilities. TVA only receives 1/10th of their energy supply from those 29 facilities. When you compare this with the fact that they receive 30 percent of their power from nuclear plants and 50 percent of their power from fossil fuel plants, it is quite easy to predict a future scenario in which the cost of maintaining their power plants far outweighs their benefit. What do you do with 29 hydroelectric dams and facilities when they are no longer profitable? One option is to completely get rid of them...BLOW THE DAMS!
+
TVA Hydroelectric dams
+ 6
TVA Hydroelectric pump stations
Something Doesn’t Add Up
1/10th
of TVA region’s power comes from 29 hydroelectric plants and 1 stored pump station.
2070 Year by which major U.S. dams will be at the end of their lifespan.
17.6%
The percentage of U.S. dams rated as “potentially high hazard”.
source: eai.gov, GSD “Infrastructure Lifespans” 7
From Grey to Green Blowing the dams would dramatically change the Tennessee River watershed, as well as all of the sub watersheds within the Tennessee Valley Region. Currently, because of the dams and reservoirs, the Tennessee River Watershed kind of acts like a system of bathtubs and faucets. As water enters one “bathtub” it is held until a need requires that it is pushed further down the chain, through the watershed. However, if the dams were gone, the watershed could be treated like a giant sponge. Depending on how the drained reservoirs are treated, water could be filtered, cleaned, and pushed through the watershed in a much more natural manner. The drained reservoirs offer incredible potential for the state’s in which they exist. They could create all kinds of new typological potentials once the water is gone. Tennessee’s wetlands could be restored, new types of residential development could be pursued, we would have new environmental research opportunities...the list could go on and on. But before we could even begin to think about these things, we would need to prepare the land that we just uncovered.
Current Watershed Infrastructure
Possible Watershed Infrastructure
8
+
What are the Possibilities?
Increase the amount of wetlands lost in Tennessee
Create new and more varied recreation types
Uncover new land within reservoirs, outside of the floodplain
Create new teaching opportunities
Create new and varied research opportunities
9
10
7,050
70
10,230
4,180
10,701
1,070
2,290
24,900
36,237
160,300
67,900
5,470 205,600 14,600
10,370
39,090
67,070
15,500
43,100
33,840
1,830
What’s On the Horizon?
4,400
By draining the reservoirs, over 813,479 acres will be created. That is equal to 1,271 square miles and roughly the same size as the state of Rhode Island and ten times the size of Knoxville, TN!
?
7,550
6,430
872
28,781
28,420
Once TVA’s 29 hydroelectric facilities are destroyed, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Kentucky will be faced with sharing a tremendous amount of new land that will have been uncovered.
What the regions, or states, or cities do with this new land would be entirely up to them. But it would create an interesting and novel dialogue between the different parties which could result in unorthodox and innovative solutions to some of our region’s greatest problems. TVA could most definitely help with some of these future issues...but in what capacity?
813,479 ac
11
These new worlds of uninundated land would have to be prepared before we could inhabit them.
source: http://www.google.com/hostednews/getty/media/ALeqM5hPA_mqaaEPRaH1lqthBo-B3Mu6_w 12
Future Scenarios
We are here.
PAST
FUTURE The dissolution of TVA’s hydroelectric facilities.
As we have already posited, TVA could continue along its current course and plan its future as safely, and as predictably as possible. Or, they could try to create a new future for themselves, one that assumes the dissolution of their hydroelectric facilities and the almost instantaneous uncovering of thousands of acres of new land. If TVA was being prudent, they would look to build upon current technologies and create a market for themselves. This would not only benefit TVA, but also their customer base. In a way, TVA would be diversifying their already successful business model for the future. But how could they do this? What would this look like? 13
TERRA-DRONE
(2) Propeller Engine Compartments with full rotational capability
Housing Compartment Contains the motherboard, the engine, and the geospatial analytics
360 degree rotation on 2 engines allows the TerraDrone to manipulate the land in both the X,Y, and Z axis
0’-100’ (typ.)
360 degree rotation
Telescopic Stabilizer Arm
Attachments List
varies
-Bore -Spade -Vacuum -Blower -Spreader -Claw -Magnet -more under development
TERRA-DRONE_front view 14
Interchangeable, Titanium Bit* *TerraDrone bits are specially designed to dig through bedrock, limestone, granite, clay, topsoil, loam, sandstone, marble, shale, slate and other such geologies.
6’ - 0”
3’ - 0”
Solar Panels
TERRA-DRONE_top view 33 degrees 3’ - 6”
12’ - 0”
By combining and building upon technologies which already exist, TVA could revolutionize an entire industry. They could create the Terra Drone, the world’s first automated, geospatial, terraforming, vehicle. These newly drained reservoirs would exhibit highly sloped, highly unstable, bare soil. This would be terrible for the new water channels that were created by blowing the dams. Therefore, TVA would need something that would be able to reform and amend the land quickly. There just wouldn’t be time to wait for extremely invasive bulldozers and backhoes to prepare thousands of acres of land.
TERRA-DRONE_side view
TVA could create a niche market for themselves by changing the face of terraforming as we know it. 15
TERRA DRONING
1
16
Geospatial analysis is uploaded to the drone, along with the new desired topography for the site.
2
3
The drone passes back and forth across the site, systematically forming the land.
With the proper attachments, the perfect amount of cut and fill can be created and the waterway can be protected from sediment runoff. 17
TERRA DRONING
18
The drones are also capable of plugging, tilling, and spraying seed to stabilize the edges closer to the water.
x
5
4
After changing attachments, the drone can then bore holes and carry trees to the proper, geolocated planting location.
19
TECHNOLOGY TVA
$$$
Hydro
GREEN ENERGY Nuclear
Fossil
Sub Stations
Residential Cities
20
Industry
Reaping the Benefits While we have no idea what the future holds for TVA, we can imagine a scenario in which they would need to rethink their current business model. If TVA continues with their current trends, then our nuclear production will continue to eclipse our hydroelectric facilities, rendering them financially disadvantageous. What happens when the cost outweighs the benefit of keeping the hydroelectric facilities? What happens when TVA decides to destroy their hydroelectric facilities and reinvest that money and, in so doing, create an entirely new industry? These are the types of questions that I enjoyed positing and trying to begin to answer with this project. I find that there is a duality to these types of projects. While on the one hand, they are incredibly fun for me to try and predict, on the other hand, I am constantly struggling with the practicality. This project, I think, has a little bit of both. Its a crazy proposition... and yet its just crazy enough to work. We have the technology, we just have to reappropriate it at a different scale. This could be an incredibly revolutionizing program that has the potential to create a national green infrastructure. The possibilities are exciting to think about.
Your move TVA...
Terraforming
RESTORED WATERSHED
Landscape Services Construction/Lifting Excavation
ECOLOGICAL REVITALIZATION
21
Urban Stream Resurgence Jessica Neary
The U.S. lacks one cohesive national water policy. Instead, there are numerous governance and policy structures at the federal, state and local levels. While agencies have strengthened their focus on watershed based decision making, no over-arching, collaborative watershed framework exists. If we look at how our country is presently organized, we can see that rivers run through multiple states that have multiple water resource needs and regulations.
Our nation’s waters are in decline and climate change will have unforeseen effects on supply and flooding. As our urban centers experience the anticipated population growth, our urban waterways will be challenged to perform ecologically and hydrologically. Within a watershed framework, how do we go about making it possible for an urban stream resurgence?
Photo credits & sources: 1. source: GoogleEarth, accessed 12/14/14 2. www.worldmapsonline.com/historicalmaps/1W-TN-KN-1886.htmgif 3. GoogleEarth, accessed 10/12/14 4. garysoutdoorwanderings2.blogspot.com 5. www.sawmillrivercoalition.org 6. www.knoxnews.com/weather/storm-damage-knoxville-area-june-24-2011 7. http://archives.huduser.org/rbc/archives/newsletter/vol10iss1_2.html 8. www.vaughnmelton.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/First-Creek-Drainage-ImprovementsFairmont-Drive-Channel-640x427.jpg 9. www.metropulse.com/stories/features/first-creek-journey. (Photos: Holly Haworth) 10. stewartinc.com/portfolio-post/little-sugar-creek-stream-restoration-and-greenway/ 11. Low Impact Development: Opportunties for the PlanET Region. 2013. 12. www.theolinstudio.com 13. www.locallinks.com/kodak_v570.htm 14. www.news.appstate.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/stream_restorations_01.jpg 15. greenworkspc.com/stormwater/zidell-green-infrastructure/ 16. www.communityprogress.net 17. www.asla.org/2009awards/091.html (Photo: Taeoh Kim) 18. apps.ncdot.gov/newsreleases/details.aspx?r=6391 22
political boundaries divide + conquer
watershed boundaries integrate + regenerate 23
...a new way of looking at the country.
24
A Watershed Commonwealth is the new governance framework within which water resource decisions are made. 25
Nested watersheds cross political boundaries. Zooming in to the Tennessee River Watershed which is Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) 2, it is apparent that there are smaller watersheds nested within. The First Creek Watershed (HUC12) mostly falls within the political boundaries of Knoxville. State and county lines intersect and fragment various watersheds, but the watersheds themselves are nested within each other, forming a hierarchy inherent to the efficient management of water resources.
26
First Creek Watershed HUC12 Knoxville Knox County
Watts Bar Watershed HUC8 Tennessee River Watershed HUC2
27
where we began a meandering stream
1
where we were
2
Knoxville, 1886
where we are
First Creek, Knoxville, 2014 28
3
A natural stream or river is dynamic. It moves across space over time. It is connected to a floodplain that is subject to land shaping and water flow processes.
4
Burial of the Saw Mill River Yonkers, NY 1922
5
Broadway Street Knoxville, TN 2011
6
The relationship between cities and streams, past and present.
29
scale of decision making
Watershed A transect of governance First Creekresolves reveals that the the conflicting spectrum policies of functional and actions value of thevaries numerous alongpolitical its pathentities reflecting upstream the complex and down; situations it ensures of this urbanand cohesive stream. efficient A singular efforts across approach political to re-create boundaries. a pre-colonial It matches ecology is impossible. decision-making to the scale of the watershed. Smaller scale watersheds tailor the overall goals, incentives and actions to their unique geographical and social situation. Given the proposed policy changes under the Watershed Commonwealth, ways in which a degraded urban stream at the HUC12 watershed scale can be regenerated to reduce flooding and increase water quality are examined.
mitigation funding insurance subsidies
cost of insurance
Approximately 10 million homes are located in floodplains across America.1 $4 billion/year average flood insurance claims 2003-2012.1
developer
The Tennessee River is the 14th most polluted river in the country.2 citizen 1. www.floodsmart.gov 2. Rob Kerth & S. Vinyard, “Wasting Our Waterways 2012: Toxic Industrial Pollution and the Unfulfilled Promise of the Clean Water Act,�Frontier Group and Environment America Research and Policy Center, Published March 22, 2012, revised May 2012, accessed 12/8/14 at www.environmentamerica.org/sites/environment/ files/reports/Wasting%20Our%20Wateways%20vUS.pdf
30
goals + policies establish regulatory thresholds financial incentives participatory planning
management of: floodplains wetlands rare +endangered species participatory planning
ecologist
city planner
city engineer
business owner
homeowner
small scale watershed
local politician
medium scale watershed
regional agencies
large scale watershed
federal government
land use planning erosion control greenbelt development participatory planning
31
The rural-urban transect
The established rural-urban transect systemizes development patterns from “green” to “gray.” Does this transect represent the conditions of First Creek? The idea that there is no room for “green” within the urban stream corridor is challenged.
http://transect.org/transect.html
32
7
33
the urban stream spectrum
First Creek is listed on the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation 303(d) List, with pollutants exceeding water quality standards. Intense development contributes to the degradation, as well as to increased flooding. The stream runs behind large commercial buildings and under roads and parking lots, diminishing its social and economic value as well. Many stream conditions are not functioning at a high value. social economic ecological
conditions of First Creek
high functional value
8
7 4
10
array of techniques
to improve First Creek’s water quality, decrease flooding, improve property values and the public realm. 34
11
12
13
1.
low functional value
9
9
9
14
15
16
17
18
35
the acupuncture approach
A transect of First Creek reveals that it does not follow a gradation from “green” to “gray”; the spectrum of functional value varies along its path reflecting the complex situations of this urban stream. A singular approach to re-create a pre-colonial ecology is impossible. social
2
economic ecological
4
5
techniques
high functional value
3
40
36
I-6
First Creek potential intervention sites
First Creek transect
Bro
adw
ay
6
Local watershed-based decisions are made to improve the stream for the benefit of the community and downstream users. An acupunctural method is proposed as a strategy to move First Creek towards the high functional value side of the spectrum, treating the stream at specified points resulting in a hybrid stream system that is diverse and resilient, meeting the ecological, economic and social needs of the watershed. Opportunities are discovered to maximize First Creek’s ecological potential.
7
8
9
10
low functional value
Te nn
es
es
Jam
se
e
ite Wh
Ri ve
Hill
a
r
oli
0
Summit
gn Ma
I-4
37
Yellow Snow:
Recycled Waste Water Used for Ski Slopes
LOCAL Issues in the Community
Brandon Orrick
Just outside of Flagstaff Arizona there is a sustainable water movement taking place at Snowbowl Ski Resort. The resort has decided to start using treated waste water to produce snow for recreational use. This is not an abnormal approach to water conservation due to the fact the many resorts around the world are beginning to incorporate this process into there snow making. Although Snowbowl plans on using 100% recycled water which will make it the first resort in America to do so. There has been mixed views on this issue from locals, environmentalist, and Native Americans. Protester are claiming that this practice is a desecration of scared land, harmful to the local ecosystem, and unsafe for human interaction.
Public Contribution
All the water used in your home is transported via sewer infrastructure to a Water Treatment Plant.
Removal of 30,000 Trees
To get the pipe line from Flagstaff to Snowbowl a large amount of vegetation had to be cleared.
Treatment Facility
Water treatment plant filters the Grey and black water before being sent out for use as irrigation and to produce snow. 38
GREY WATER GAZETTE Friday, October 9, 2014
Sustainable Water Practices
Landscape Architects Can Help
Water conservation and reuse is an undeniable fact of our future. Climate change is happening all over the world and it is effecting the Southwest of the United States with increased droughts and higher temperatures. It is time to start looking at every option to conserve potable water as it will be the most valuable resource in the near future. Landscape Architect are the best qualified professionals to start this process for planning development, principals that prevent desecration and environmental degradation of natural landforms.
Snowblowers
Snowblowers turn the recycled water into snow that is used to build up a base snow pack for the ski trails.
Protesters
Protesters are calling for the closing of the resort and Native American groups have file law suits against the resort owners.
Pipe Line
Snowbowl constructs a 14.8 mile long pipe line for the transportation of recycled waster water through an Alpine Eco-region.
Distribution Center
Once treated water reaches the resort it is distributed through a pump house to different parts of the mountain. 39
1B
GREY WATER GAZETTE
Friday, October 9, 2014
Sustainable Water Practices
Arizona’s Snowbowl
Grand Canyon Snowbowl Tempe
SOURCES: www.arizonasnowbowl.com www.onthesnow.com
40
2B
TRAVEL Locating Areas of Interest
Skiing in the Southwest When most people think about visiting Arizona snow is not in those thoughts. Snowbowl is located 7 miles north of Flagstaff. Located on the western slope of Humphreys Peak the highest summit in Arizona. Humphreys Peak is part of a volcanic mountain range called San Francisco Peaks. The mountain range is with in the Coconino National Forest and is a popular recreational destination. The resort is one of the oldest Ski Resorts in the country, and has been instrumental in the development of the sport in the United States.
Climate Report: ANNUAL SNOWFALL: 260” ANNUAL RAINFALL: 21.86” AVERAGE SUNNY DAYS: 266 AVERAGE WINTER TEMPERATURE: 32° SKI SEASON LENGTH: 122
SNOWBOWL TRAIL MAP
Resort Information: YEARS OPEN: 76 ELEVATION: 920-11500’ VERTICAL DROP: 2300’ TRAILS: 40 LIFTS: 6 SKIABLE TERRAIN:777 ac. LONGEST RUN: 2 mi. WEBSITE:www.arizonasnowbowl.com Image From:www.arizonasnowbowl.com
41
1C
GREY WATER GAZETTE
Friday, October 9, 2014
Sustainable Water Practices
Is Snowbowl Worth It? Is the economic value that Snowbowl ski resort brings to Flagstaff worth the possible environmental degradation and infringement of religious rights? Snowbowl has been the main driving factor in winter tourism since the fifties and generates 27 million in direct winter visitors expenditure to the Flagstaff community.
In 2012 Snowbowl purchased 60 million gallons of recycled waste water from the city of Flagstaff for a price tag of 100,000 dollars.
Direct Expenditures for Snowbowl 2011-2012 Ski Season 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 42
L o d g i n g
R e s t a u r a n t & B a r
G r o c e r i e s
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n
S h o p p i n g
T i c k e t s
O t h e r
SOURCES: http://www.flagstaff.az.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/14302 http://sites.dartmouth.edu/anth499/the-city-of-flagstaffs-perspective/
BUSINESS
2C
Framing: Economic Value of Snowbowl Resort
The Other Side of the Coin There are some groups that say Snowbowl is not that important to the local tourism economy. They believe that with the revenues generated from the Grand Canyon visitors and other area attractions, that losing Snowbowl would not effect the tourism industry in Flagstaff. Snowbowl employees 309 people seasonally.
Annual revenue generated from tourism from visitors to Snowbowl and The Grand Canyon 2001-2011 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000
0
Snowbowl
Grand Canyon 43
1D
GREY WATER GAZETTE
Friday, October 9, 2014
Sustainable Water Practices
Recycled Water Good or Bad
Arizona has been feeling the effects of climate change in the past few years with higher than normal temperatures and an increase in droughts. This especially effects Flagstaff since the city source of water is the aquifer that is changed by snow melt and rain. Snowbowl has taken the sustainable approach to conserving water following resort models in Australia. The resort is using 100% recycled waster water to produce snow. Environmentalist and locals are concerned about the resort using recycled water for its production of snow. Concerns are focused around soil and vegetation contamination from the use of potentially toxic effluent.
(Image from: protectthepeaks.org)
Protect the Peaks
People have come together to protest against the resorts expansion, use of waster water, clearing of Alpine forests, and desecration of culturally scared land to local native Americans. Protests have been going on over the development of this resort since 1969.
Species in Danger
The San Francisco Peaks are home to a very rare and scared plant to Native Americans. The San Francisco Peak Ragwort is only found along these peaks and no where else in the world. Many are worried about the introduction of water with proven high contents of nitrogen and phosphors will drastically effect the Ragwort and potentially push it to extinction.
120,000,000
Gallons of treated Waste Water Per Year
181.81
Is the amount of Oliympic Swimming Pools it could fill. SOURCES: www.protectthepeaks.org www.arizonasnowbowl.com www.flagstaff.az.gov
44
HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL
2D
Framing: Impacts of Grey Water on the Environment and Humans
Is it Safe?
The main concern is the snow produced safe for human to interact with? According to the city of Flagstaff the water is considered A+ quality based on the EPA’s Safe Drinking Water Act. This classification is considered potable, but the city is only using it for irrigation purposes. The majority of the Southwest uses recycled water for irrigation of lawns, gardens, sports fields, cemeteries due to the lack of available water. To date there has been no reports of people becoming sick for interaction with the snow.
APP
ROV
ED
Sustainable Resorts
Four states in the U.S. have ski resorts using recycled waste water to produce snow. This practice has been used by Austrailian and Candania resorts for years.
AREAS IN FLAGSTAFF. IRRIGATED BY RECYCLED WATER.
2 Cemeteries
12 Schools
10 Parks
4 Golf Courses
9 Public Buildings
45
1E
GREY WATER GAZETTE
Friday, October 9, 2014
Sustainable Water Practices
Controversy on the Peaks San Francisco Peaks are located seven miles north of Flagstaff and have been a skiing destination for over 70 years for many Arizona natives. In 2002 Snowbowl Ski Resort proposed an expatiation and the use of recycled water to make its snow. Native American tribes like the Hopi and Navajo have filed petitions to stop the use of recycled water concerned it will be detrimental to the environment and a desecration of scared cultural land of 13 Native American tribes.
1930
Local enthusiasts started using a old cabin as a base for skiing.
1930
1937-1938
Ski Lodge was built by the Coconino national forest and Flagstaff Ski Club was established under special permit for forest service.
Arizona gives Native Americas the right to vote.
46
Full scale resort is proposed and community and tribal opposition rose in strong response.
1945 1948
SOURCE: www.protecthepeaks.org
1969
1960 1956
Current lodge was built.
1971
Grossmon brothers propose new plan for Snowbowl. 6000 protester cause brothers to abandon development.
2E
CULTURAL Framing: Religious and Cultural Importance of San Francisco Peaks
Indians vs. Snowbowl & U.S. Forest Service Native Americans have been trying to fight the development in courts from many different angles without any results. The owners of Snowbowl and the U.S. Forest Service say that no religious sites have been disturbed or paths impeded due to the development. The ski resort has offered for the Indians to use there ski lifts to reach religious sites.
1979
Forest service approves expansion of resort and 9000 protesters and 11 appeals tried to stop it.
1975
1997
Snowbowl submits plans to add 66 more acres of trails. Forest Service requires a full EIS before anymore development can happen.
1990 1983
Wilson vs. Block Hopi and Navajo file to preclude expansion of the resort.
2002
Snowbowl proposes new trails and the use of waste water to make snow.
2012
Snowbowl first year of using waste water 29 million gallons were used to make snow.
2005 1998
Resolution of the Navajo council to oppose desecration of mountain
2020
2009
Save the Peaks Coalition filed a lawsuit to stop the use of waste water for snow making. 47
1F
GREY WATER GAZETTE
Friday, October 9, 2014
Sustainable Water Practices
What Can They Do?
Snowbowl faces a difficult situations when it comes to collection of water. Only receiving around 30 inches of rain per year. I believe that the approach they have taken to ensure the future of there resort is innovative approach to their issue. With that being said, there are other alternatives to consider incorporating into their scheme. By placing large cisterns strategically throughout the resort to capture stormwater run off via infiltration swales help reduce there consumption of waste water. Tapping into the aquifer located below the caldera would be a last resort because the city uses it for it water source, but it could provide an adequate source of water. But I believe the best approach is to use all three. By combined the three sources with natural snowfall reduction of waste water use could be cut to a fraction.
Piping Aquifer
This should be the last resort for water due to the fact that it supplys most of the city’s potable water.
48
Water extracted from the cistern will be transported to a pump house to be distributed to the snowblowers.
EDITORIAL OPINIONS
2F
Framing: Religious and Cultural Importance of San Francisco Peaks
Cistern
Large holding tanks for stormwater that has been collected through out the year.
49
National Parks as Curators of Change Cameron R. Rodman
For almost a century, the US National Park Service (NPS) has existed as an institution which protects our cultural and natural resources. Through conservation, preservation, and traditional resource curation the NPS has frozen in time the history of our changing land and culturally diversifying peoples. I propose that a new model be developed by the NPS which seeks to curate our cultural and natural changes as they occur. The process of curation would be inclusive and would engage the public as citizen scientists in the process of documentation. A living document would result, curating what we see every day on a micro and macro scale. This model could be implemented by park managers and visitors while within the U.S. National Park Service and therefor would take a different shape based on its people groups and locations. Glacial retreats and animal habitation are some examples to consider. The primary delivery and collection method of information and visualizations would be through a user generated interface which chronicles these changes over time and provides opportunities for experiential and quantifiable data extraction.
Base image: Louis H. Pedersen (1917) 50
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PARK DECLINE IN THE 21 CENTURY? ST
9%
ALL PARK TYPES - REC. VISITORS
5%
WWW.NPS.GOV
4.8 MILLION
13.5 MILLION
17%
2.8 MILLION
NATIONAL PARKS VISITATION
OVERNIGHT STAYS
SYMPTOMS
FRACKING THREATENS HEALTH OF NATIONAL PARKS THE SPORTSMEN’S HERITAGE ACT ANTIQUITIES ACT CLEAN WATER PROTECTION RULE FUTURE PARK DESIGNATIONS NATIONAL PARK FUNDING
140 MILLION REDUCTION IN FUNDING IN 2011 HTTP://WWW.NPCA.ORG
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$
DAY
BUDGET
DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS
LEGISLATION
ICON CREDIT: JAMES CHRISTOPHER,
WHAT DO THE NUMBERS REALLY SAY???
FEDERAL SHUTDOWN
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passive engagement
active engagement
VISITOR ENGAGEMENT METHODS
While in the nation’s parks, visitors are engaged in a variety of ways. Some are actively engaged while others are passively engaged. Each of these engagement types creates a typified response which alters the actions and experience of the park visitor. Much like traditional marketing and current social media marketing trends, engagement is everything. Without engagement, the consumer, in our case the park visitor leaves without buying into the idea or product (the national park). This can be detrimental to our national parks longevity and the successful sharing of our countries greatest idea through generations and culture groups. Actively engaging park visitors and those who have yet to come to the parks is essential to creating a feeling of empowerment within the visitor. An accurate understanding of which areas need improved engagement techniques and those that are currently working but can be further built upon is essential. 53
TRADITIONAL INTERPRETATION Our parks each tell a story. The decades of history, cultural richness, ecological variations, and scenic wonders are all wrapped up in the container that are the national parks. These lands, through local movements and political legislation, have been bound up and protected by the people and for the people for generations to come. Each park unit is often maintained to represent before a specific time in history. Meaning that at a certain point cultural associations and relationships no longer develop as part of the identity of the place.
The place is locked in time. While staff continue to work with ever changing dynamics within the parks (pollution, landscape systems, animals, plants, etc.), cultural and historical changes fail to find integration into the curated identify of the parks. Many may ask why change should be introduced and recognized within the parks. Is this the goal and duty of the parks? Does this new idea not threaten the idea of the parks? Should people be included as part of the parks ever changing image and history?
IDENTIFY LANDS
PRESERVE
CONSERVE
STORY FROZEN IN TIME
54
DYNAMIC INTERPRETATION If parks are ever changing and the experience of people within these parks is always changing...why not then include these experiences as part of the story? While nature has the ability to exist without our presence and contribution to the story line, it is our experience of and in nature that enriches our memory of the place. This is true culturally, spiritually, and physically. What would happen if we injected the concept and ideas that these landscape are always changing and that the political climates, amongst other things, all play a role in the development and identity of these places?
We will see that the park stories change. This doesn’t mean that we have to build signs at the entrance of each park that says ‘this park made possible by your state senator’. Rather, the engagement of these changing stories helps us identify with these special lands in a way that creates and promotes ownership by park visitors. The inclusion of people and their experiences, as a means of developing pride and ownership, is essential for creating future success for these wonderful places.
IDENTIFY LANDS
PRESERVE
CONSERVE
STORY GROWS WITH TIME REINTERPRETATION
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ENHANCING OUR PERCEPTION AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLD THROUGH A DIGITAL LENS
Younger generations have begun to view their world in a very different way. Digital technology is one of the methods through which these generations view their world. A misconception is that younger generations need technology to view nature. Instead, viewing is now layered. Current generations are now learning to view the world with multiple layers of information. Our desire for layering information on almost everything has driven the successful development of digital technologies. People don’t need to simply have a friend. For example, many people now look to have a friend, understand their friends social network, their personal interests, their travels, and much more. Nature is the same. Now, when people look at nature they want to understand the relationship to climate change, food production, endangered species, and local/regional implications. Nature, for this generation, needs to be more than just a bear walking through the woods. This logical and educational complexity helps layer reasons that they should prioritize their concern for this object. These layers can be viewed through any tool. Magazine, book, hiking group, interpretive ranger, or an ipad. They all accomplish a similar goal. They diversify and layer the story. 56
VISITOR EXPERIENCES INTERPRETED WEATHER
PURE DATA
MOST COMMON VIEWS
AVERAGE SPEEDS
TRAIL ELEVATION
ANIMAL ENCOUNTERS
BIG DATA EXPERIENCE - MAPPING SOCIOLOGY
TRAIL CONDITIONS
TRAIL DIFFICULTY
USER DATA - SOCIAL SCIENTIST PICS/PHENOLOGY/ANIMALS
TRAIL TRACKING
PHENOLOGY DATA COLLECTED
TAGGED IMAGES
PERSONALIZE EXPERIENCE: TRIP AND TAKE HOME
SHARES TO SOCIAL MEDIA
SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE
USER SOCIAL MEDIA EXPERIENCE - FB - YEARBOOK
FAVORITE MOMENTS IN PARK
EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE
FAVORITE VIEWS
EXPERIENTIAL SKILLS DEVELOPED
HIKE DIFFICULTY
INPUT
OUTPUT 57
TRADITIONAL PARK EXPERIENCE
DIGITAL EXPERIENCE
DUAL MANDATE
USE
NATIONAL PARKS
ENGAGEMENT
DUAL MANDATE
VIP’S
RESOURCE CURATION
PRESERVE
RESOURCE PROTECTION
RESEARCH
58
ANIMALS NATURAL SYSTEMS HABITAT
BIG DATA
TABLET
INTELLIGENT USER INTERFACE
MOBILE
AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE (AI)
PERSONAL DEVICE
UPLOAD MOBILE CLIENT
INPUT PERSONAL SELECTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCE
VISITOR ENGAGEMENT
INPUT
RENTAL DEVICE
CAN CONNECT TO SOCIAL PROFILES
SELFIE UP/LOAD W TAG RECOMMENDATIONS
APPROACH - PUSH NOTIFICATION (I.E. WATERFALL, OVERLOOKS)
VISUALIZE HOTSPOTS W/APP
WARNINGS
QUESTIONNAIRE
VIDEO/IMAGES/SOUNDS/TRIVIA/GAMES
OUTPUT JOURNAL
YEAR BOOK
SOCIAL MEDIA
DESTINATIONS TRAILS FRIENDS
ADVENTURE LOG BOOK IMAGE
CITIZEN SCIENCE
Phenology
VIDEOS CAN CONNECT TO SOCIAL PROFILES
Project NOAH
TAGS 500 MILE PLUS CLUB BADGES
VISITOR DATA ANIMAL ENCOUNTERS TRAIL DAMAGE TRAFFIC TRAIL USE/DEGRADATION INVASIVE
MAPPING
ANIMALS PLANTS
FRONT AND BACKCOUNTRY USE TAGS 59
MY PARK EXPERIENCE THE PERSONALIZED PARK EXPERIENCE The digital platform has the current ability to collect and organize a person’s individualized experience throughout the park system. A large variety of data can be automatically collected and additional information can be supplemented with the goal of generating a takeaway that reminds the visitor of their experience, the relationships they developed, and the knowledge that they acquired while visiting. Pictures, videos, linking to new friends via social networking, and an account of the trails and locations that they visited are all captured in this living document which grows with each subsequent park visit. Each park unit visit adds to the experience and the story that people relate to our national park units. This living document places value on the place of our national parks and the resources that we strive to protect. BASE IMAGE: NATIONAL PARK FOUNDATION
WHAT I SAW
WHO I MET
FRANCOIS
LAUREN
XU
PICS
VIDEO CLARK
ICONS: SIMON CHILD, MONIKA CIAPALA, EALANCHELIYAN S
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WHERE I HIKED
WHAT I LEARNED
FIRE
HOW I SUPPORT THE PARK
SWIMMING TRACKING 61
INTERESTS VISUALIZED
Color calender credit: https://www.behance.net/Emigo
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“Educational and historical platforms can provide visitors with an unique user specific experience.�
INTERESTS VISUALIZED Decades of historical information swim around our national monuments and in our national parks. The decreasing funding to our national parks reduces the ability of our park staff to interact with visitors. Having the opportunity to more fully understand the cultural and historical significance of our treasured lands and landmarks is available. The Roosevelt Monument is one example of technologies ability to present the decades of events that surround the monument. Visitors can learn about the grassroots movement to secure the lands for the park from the timber industry, the dedication of the park, the efforts of the CCC throughout the park, how the Appalachian trail crosses through this location, and how the weather fluctuates atop this wondrous gap. Visitors can watch events such as the 75th anniversary celebration or view images from the original park dedication by President Roosevelt. Previously input personal preferences would highlight specific info over others. If a visitor is more interested in plants or animals instead of history this would be shown.
image credit: NPS
2000
1900
President Roosevelt Sept. 2 1940 Park Dedication
image credit: ADAM BRIMER/NEWS SENTINEL 63
WILDLIFE EDUCATION
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WILDLIFE EDUCATION Millions of visitors enter our park each year looking to view wildlife. Wildlife viewing is one of the largest recreational industries in our nation and in the world. In-ear tracking can be used by the parks to embed information for veterinary care. This information can be pared with visitor programs which provided educational material to visitors. Visitors can learn about the habitat, feeding habits, hibernation patterns, and even the history of the specific animal. This helps the visitor view the animal as something worth protecting and communicates value of the animal in the overall system of the park. Some may worry that this would encourage visitors to get closer to the animals. This would be untrue. Locating technology would be at a far distance and would actually encourage responsible visitor behavior through on screen warnings and educational material. When visitors tap the ‘more info’ tab, an on screen prompt would pop up which required a type of interaction indicating that visitors have read and understand the danger of wild animals and the potential impacts that the human presence can have.
“Rangers would now have additional assistance in educating visitors on the dangers of approaching and feeding wildlife through on-screen prompts.” 65
VISITOR CENTERS
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VISITOR CENTERS Over 9 million visitors enter the Great Smoky Mountains National Park each year. Numerous visitors stop at the Oconaluftee and Sugarlands visitor centers. These two visitors centers are among numerous information hubs located throughout the park. Visitor centers, heritage centers, research facilities, educational facilities, and even basic facilities offer opportunities for the park to reach out to visitors and provide education, information, and resources. Current information curation within these facilities and at outdoor centers allow for limited user engagement. An information center like the one pictured below on the far wall is only able to receive the 6-8 people comfortably. Other than the TV. the information presented is static and unlayered. If paired with digital technology a visitor could use the display from across the room, watch videos, download interactive educational material, download maps, they could even share the information with their friends and social media networks.
“Digitally curated information is the future. Presenting layered information multiplies the reach of the park staff and diversifies the information available.�
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INTERACTIVE INFO Current visitor center displays can be enhanced with additional layered information. The 3d topo and trails/road map below can be enhanced by introducing an overhead projection system which projects user generated information onto the surface below. This resource would augment the presence and abilities of volunteers within the visitor center. Park visitors could visit this table for traffic directions, trail information, areas to avoid due to traffic jams or icy road conditions, and most popular sites within the park. Features like this can also serve the park by providing visitors with recommended alternative destinations so they can avoid overcrowded and stressed resource sites. The information panels, as well as the table as a whole, can be embedded with mobile interactivity. As visitors walk around the table they can hold their mobile device between the table and themselves. They will then see options to learn more about the geology or phenology of the park. They could learn about the history of the parks original inhabitants (Native Americans) and their displacement by European settlers.
“The availability of information allows people to act with a more informed mindset. Delivering this information in a variety of ways is essential to accomplishing this.�
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WEATHER Snow and rain can set in fast in the Smokies. Be prepared with the proper hiking supplies and always know your abilities and the forecast.
DANGER: Numerous people have lost their lives attempting to get near dangerous features. Always exercise caution around cliffs, water, and in the park.
INTERACTIVE INFO
grassy bald
heritage center Traffic
great views
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Defending the Fort: a vision for Knoxville’s Fort Sanders Neighborhood Caroline Sneed
One of the lost treasures in Knoxville Tennessee is the historic inner-city neighborhood of Fort Sanders. The site of an important Civil War battlefield and one of the city’s first street car neighborhoods, the community is a playground for history buffs and residential architecture fanatics alike. Beautiful old homes in various states of repair, along with narrow, charming streets, all being close to the University of Tennessee’s campus and downtown Knoxville - the community should be one of the hottest and most beloved neighborhoods in town. Unfortunately, much of the neighborhood has fallen into disrepair. Dr. Ron Foresta, an urbanist and instructor at the nearby University of Tennessee, refers to the community as “Knoxville’s most defeated neighborhood.” Students who don’t live there are generally afraid to step foot there, considering the numerous assaults and burglaries reported and publicized. What has gone wrong? Is the area a hopeless victim of inner city “downward filtration,” never to exude charm again? Or is there hope for neighborhood revitalization and a new appreciation from residents and the larger city? Being a Landscape Architect, I never think it too late. There is always hope for a new wave of energy and opportunity, even in the most run down, defeated neighborhood in town. The question is, how could we apply innovative, creative, and appropriate strategies in order to imagine an incredibly defended Fort Sanders?
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image: library of congress
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defeated neighborhoods Photo by Josh Flory/News Sentinel The Pickle Mansion, at 1633 Clinch Avenue
poor lack of social mobilization encroaching institutions unwanted facilities
defended neighborhoods
http://allaroundktown.com 72
wealthy willing & able to mobilize high social capital large skill pool
Knoxville’s Ultimate Defeated Neighborhood
foresta
sneed
foresta
foresta
fort sanders
Student renters overwhelmingly comprise the resident population. In addition, a homeless population, a small homeowner population, and a few landlords have a presence as well.
Residents
foresta
sneed
lack of identity lack of pride unsafe disrepair
sneed
foresta
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sneed
Institutions in the Fort can be divided into two categories: invasive and non-invasive. The invasive institutions include the hospital and the University of Tennessee. These establishments aren’t bad in and of themselves, but they invade the space and quality of life of the neighborhood.
Institutions 73
A Defended Fort Sanders Increase Neighborhood Defenses
to claim the fort as their own! • • • • • • • • •
• • • • •
badass young grass roots “stick it to the man” quirky & unique scruffy entrepreneurial creative & stealthy do it yourself
The Fort is currently :: a community of learning ut’s counterculture proud to not be fancy experimental & exploratory (to young people)
BRAND 74
tactical urbanism movement thru ROW painting
RESIDENTS
small, quirky, original, unique businesses
BUSINESS OWNERS
EMPOWER LOCALS
target students + empty nesters +young professionals
• • • •
building guidelines increase safe connectivity mixed use zoning diversify residential population
CITY PLANNERS
Identity · Pride · Safety · Beauty
connect to downtown + campus + happy holler
maintain “streetcar neighborhood” aesthetic
• • • • • •
infrastructural demonstrative entrepreneurial productive social ecological
EXPERIMENTATION • •
• • • •
history attraction parks & monuments home tours more signage
TOURISTS
• • •
outdoor libraries safe open space networks free space for gathering & recreation
STUDENTS
regulate home inspections rent caps for student living
POLICY MAKERS aimed at
CALL UPON SUPERIOR POWERS
VALUEGENERATIVE DESIGN 75
Brand grass roots operation
First, I propose a rebranding of Fort Sanders. Having a reputation for a certain character or aura will address the community’s lack of identity and ownership among residents. So the question is: What is Fort Sanders? What sort of character does the neighborhood have? How can we pull positive characteristics of the area and amplify them into a new identity for the neighborhood? Even though the neighborhood is not officially associated with the university, it is primarily a young community of learning. The majority of residents’ primary occupation is to glean knowledge from Tennessee’s flagship university for a few short years. But, the people here are a sort of ‘counter culture’ to the typical university population. This area is not fraternity row, or the newly constructed Sorority Village, or the high-end Woodland apartments or
another fancy student living conglomeration. The fort is Knoxville’s scruffy student living neighborhood. The neighborhood has a sort of pride for being rough around the edges, and alums have a nostalgia for the good ole’ days of poverty and student life. With many of these student residents out on their own for the first time, an underlying theme to the Fort’s culture is “exploration and experimentation.” This leads to a “brand” for the neighborhood that is very grass roots. A sort of stealthy, do-it-yourself with what you have, entrepreneurial feeling should permeate any and all interventions or suggestions for the neighborhood. Even if policy changes or city interventions happen, it should feel like it comes from the bottom up.
• • • • • • • • •
badass young grass roots “stick it to the man” quirky & unique scruffy entrepreneurial creative & stealthy do it yourself
The Fort is currently :: • a community of learning • ut’s counterculture • proud to not be fancy • experimental & exploratory (to young people)
fort sanders 76
Call Upon Superior Powers policies + planning
Some changes in the Fort Sanders neighborhood simply must come from the top-down. Perhaps once the tactical urbanism strategies begin to pick up momentum (discussed in detail later), city officials and planners will begin to see benefit in investing time and energy into Fort Sanders. First, city planners should create building guidelines that standardize future construction on historic homes in the neighborhood. Often, landlords will jam as many students into a house as possible, in order to maximize rental profit. Instead of enclosing porches or constructing uncharacteristic “add-ons” to create one more tiny apartment, form based codes should protect the charm and beauty of these early 20th century homes. Also, for current rental properties, home inspections must be regulated, not only to preserve the architecture of the house but also to protect the rights of (student) renters. The goal here is to preserve neighborhood character by preserving the architectural charm. Second, city planners should work to diversify the residential population - in other words, to partially gentrify the area. Making the neighborhood appealing to young professionals and empty
nesters will increase the number of permanent residents, increasing the social capital and the skill pool for the neighborhood. A pivotal manifestation of this strategy is to increase safe connectivity of Fort Sanders to other downtown areas, so that residents who move downtown are able to easily access the amenities of Gay Street, Market Square, the Old City, and the Happy Holler areas. Better and more efficient public transportation, bike lanes, and pedestrian corridors are the ideal solution to better connectivity. Lastly, the area should be a true mixed-use of spaces. Small, entrepreneurial businesses should feel welcomed, as well as specialty shops and small artist galleries. This is a neighborhood for experimental entrepreneurs – hopefully, this would be the sort of community that would support such business models. We must be careful to not completely gentrify the area. The neighborhood is currently a “scruffy community of learning,” and should continue to be. Rent caps could be a possible defense against complete gentrification, to ensure the majority of rental properties are still affordable to students.
taxjusticeblog.org 77
Empower Locals tactical urbanism
Imagine. It is the first Friday evening after classes have started back up at the University of Tennessee. It is warm and clear, energy is high from a summer off, and students are excited to be back with their college friends. There is much anticipation for a new year, for new classes, for new experiences, for new jobs, for a new football season, new roommates, and perhaps a new apartment. People are out walking around, visiting old friends and meeting new ones. As dusk begins to settle in, students, locals, and store owners emerge from their front porches with paintbrush and paint bucket in hand. This year’s color is cyan – if you forgot to purchase your gallon of bright blue, your neighbor can probably share. If you can’t afford a new paintbrush, your roommate or the restaurant owner down the road probably has an extra. The festivities begin, and the streets become submerged beneath a blanket of blue.
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79
Empower Locals tactical urbanism
In the morning, from above, the Fort Sanders neighborhood is a mosaic of freshly painted cyan on top of former years’ colors – magenta, chartreuse, indigo, gold – they create a stained-glass map of the current and former Fort Sanders inhabitants. Over the years, an observer would eventually be able to tell the “boundaries” of the Fort Sanders neighborhood by the presence of new or old brightly colored paint on the streets. The neighborhood would be defining itself and its boundaries. Hopefully, this tactical urbanism strategy would generate pride and ownership among residents, even if only for the year of cyan.
2015: coral 2016: blue 2017: gold 2018: green
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google earth
google earth 81
Value Generative Design aimed at experimentation
The next proposal I’ll talk about is this idea of value-generative design. This is a sort of framework for any future development, construction, or repurposing of properties. I propose that any sort of future design should be aimed at students, tourists, or experimentation. All of these, I believe, will build defenses in Fort Sanders.
Social
The first goal of the Fort’s “value-generated design” is to be experimental. Say an open lot is up for development, or a home must be torn down, or a surface parking lot is removed – how could we use this land? Being that the “brand” of the neighborhood is this “DIY experimentation” mentality, it could become a space for experimental use by the city, by residents, or by local business owners. Having open spaces that are used for non-traditional purposes will create an attraction in and of itself. This will bring in ally defenses from other user groups not currently associated with the Fort Sanders neighborhood.
Entrepreneurial/Social
82
Productive/Social
Ecological/Infrastructural
Demonstrative/Social
Productive/Infrastructural
83
Value Generative Design aimed at tourists
The second target group of “value-generative design” is tourists – specifically, history buffs. Fort Sanders is the site of an important civil war battle, and all that is left to tell the story are a few markers squeezed alongside the buzz of traffic. I propose to create an attraction in the midst of Fort Sanders – one that commemorates the battle held on the grounds during the civil war. If we converted all surface parking and vacant lots into an open space system, there is immense opportunity to create such a trail. Interested tourists could come visit the neighborhood and either ride their bikes or walk along this history trail that has been laid out by local historians. Creating attractions in neighborhoods builds defenses. Not only would people who live in the neighborhood rally around the importance of this sort of trail system, but also people not associated with the neighborhood would want to invest in the area as well. I foresee organizations associated with the university and other history groups around Knoxville rallying around the upkeep of a Battle of Fort Sanders History Trail. In a sense, we’d be rallying the ally defenses, which are the history geeks.
Battle of Fort Sanders History Trail parks vacancies existing land use
84
parking
proposed land use
library of congress
85
Value Generative Design aimed at students
The final target group of the Fort Sander’s “valuegenerative design” is students. It is widely known that students make up the majority of the Fort’s population. This population is constantly changing faces. The general attitude from students about the Fort Sanders area is very short term – why should they invest in or take care of this property that they don’t own and they won’t be around for much longer? I think that creating neighborhood spaces that cater to students will begin to generate a sense of ownership and pride for the community from the student
population. Students who walk through the neighborhood probably value a sense of safety as they commute – this goal could manifest into a network of safe sidewalks and safe open spaces, in the forms of parks, greenways, or small plazas. Also, in the open spaces there should be a series of covered “outdoor libraries,” which consist of tables, chairs, charging stations and Wi-Fi access so students can comfortably work or study on their computers when the weather is nice. These moves would hopefully create a sense of pride and generate ownership among students who live in the Fort.
complete street user groups 86
pedestrians
bikers
drivers
free event space
outdoor libraries
open recreation 87
A Defended Fort Sanders Increase Neighborhood Defenses BRAND
building neighborhood value CALL UPON SUPERIOR POWERS
88
EMPOWER LOCALS
Identity · Pride · Safety · Beauty
VALUEGENERATIVE DESIGN
In summary, I am dreaming of ways to defend Knoxville’s most defeated neighborhood. I think that rebranding Fort Sanders, that calling upon the “higher ups,” that empowering local residents, and that using value-generative design tactics would be a good place to start. It is my hope and goal that these strategies I’ve outlined would bring about pride, identity, safety, and beauty for the Fort Sanders neighborhood, and ultimately, would make it an incredibly defended community.
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Urban Wildness
eco-literacy in the urban landscape Whitney Tidd
We cannot separate ourselves from nature. We are undoubtedly part of the ecology of this planet. Yet, as a species, humans have grown to believe that nature is “out there” in the wild, separate from our human ecosystems. We tend to see our urban areas as being void of nature. The truth is, humans are nature and we can have a big impact on the natural world we live in. We’re helping to shape new types of ecosystems across the planet. However, without a clear understanding of how we are connected to the Earth, we have no understanding of our place within it. But it doesn’t have to be that way. We can change the way we see ourselves in nature. We can learn to see the complex interconnections between ourselves, other organisms, and our physical surroundings.
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GIS sources: NLCD 2011 land use data; 2010 U.S. Census
0-750 people per SQMI
7,000-10,000 people per SQMI
human population density 0-24
49.5-84
median age of population low
high
intensity of human development
forested
pasture water body
dense settlements
highly intense human development
low intensity human development
industrial development
median age 24-35
Knoxville: an anthrome This map shows an anthropogenic biome, or an anthrome. Over this area there is a grouping of similar physical characteristics, as well as similarities in species, vegetational communities and climate. It’s also dominated by humans. Within it are different types of ecosystems and habitats. Because it’s an anthrome, it’s full of novel ecosystems. We can use these novel ecosystems as tools to communicate our message. They’re really the backbone of the lesson we’re trying to teach here - humans and nature are inseparable. There are many different conditions that create novel ecosystems. This map shows the overlapping of different characteristics that can lead to some typical types of novel ecosystems. Some of these are highlighted in the call-outs. Many of them are in the highly developed and densely populated areas - like downtown Knoxville. So how do we use these novel ecosystems to increase eco-literacy? We need a strategy. 93
let’s build a strategy It’s important to consider what has been done in the past so we can improve our strategies. We can learn from both successes and failures. Several different groups have attempted to educate the public about ecology and our connections to natural systems. Landscape architects, for example, have tried to reveal ecological function through design, but have not always succeeded. Non-profit organizations, like the Center for EcoLiteracy, contribute tremendous knowledge to the subject. They often focus on educating youth, but do not reach a wide audience.
green infrastructure + interpretive signage
Contrast this with the mass media industry, who are obvious experts in reaching and influencing a wide audience. The mass media is a persuasion powerhouse, relying on tried-and-true communication strategies to educate the public on important issues. What can we learn from these communicate experts? What tools can we borrow from them to help increase eco-literacy?
eco-revelatory design
image sources: William E. Clark Presidential Park Wetlands: www.ecologicaldg.com; NC Office of Environmental Education: http://eenewstips.blogspot.com 94
outdoor classroom
public education
+ -
center for eco-literacy
+ -
landscape architecture
+ -
Outdoor classrooms Nature-based learning Science - chemistry, biology, physics Educating future generations Very limited demographic
Research Contributes to body of knowledge Purpose is to increase eco-literacy Educating future generations Small demographic Not trying to reach new audiences Content is static - not visual or interactive
Create ecologically rich, educational spaces Green infrastructure and ecological restoration projects Help bring people outside Message is not always clear Parks can perpetuate idea that nature is separate Landscape architects not trained to educate
vs mass media
+ -
Wide reach Experts in persuasion Effective communication Fully leverage existing technologies Years of communication research Oversaturation of information Increasing audience fragmentation
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sender’s intent
receiver’s perception ineffective communication
sender’s receiver’s intent perception effective communication
Effective communication: the relational process of conveying and interpreting messages that elicit the intended response In order to teach people, we must be able to communicate effectively with them. If the intent behind our message is not perceived accurately, then we’ve missed our chance at communicating.
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communication accommodation theory:
when individuals communicate, they adjust their speech, vocal patterns, gestures, and message types to accommodate others1 Convergence is the process of adjusting your communication style to more closely resemble the communication style of your audience. In essence, you develop a common language in which to communicate with.
So what’s our strategy?
develop a common language 1
Griffin, E. (2009). Communication: A first look at communication theory. New York, NY: McGraw Hill. 97
visual communication people remember 10% of what they hear, 20% of what they read, and
80%
of what they see
combining visuals with text improves communication and learning by
89%
83%
of learning occurs visually
“Visual Language and Converging Technologies in the Next 10-15 Years and Beyond� by Robert E. Horn, visiting scholar at Stanford University, Dec. 2001; Mayer, R. E., & Massa, L. J. (2003). Three Facets of Visual and Verbal Learners: Cognitive Ability, Cognitive Style, and Learning Preference. Journal of educational psychology, 95(4), 833.
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interactivecommunication people remember better when they are
“engaged participants�
engaging multiple senses creates more memorable experiences two-way communication increases chances of finding a
common language
99
How do we create a common language?
the campaign for eco-literacy
visual tactics
interactive tactics 100
Signage:
a combination of stationary and interactive digital signage will be placed strategically to reach people in various places and show points of interest
Virtual Reality Eco-tour:
virtual reality programs will be developed to help users visualize hidden processes in their environment as they walk through it
Urban Wildness mobile app:
the mobile phone application will geolocate “wild� elements throughout the city and allow users to add their own as they discover them
Interactive installations:
installations will be placed throughout the city to stretch people’s thinking and visualize their place in nature in different ways
Opening exhibit and event:
an opening exhibit will include art, workshops, and guided tours to help people understand the elements of the campaign and to begin seeing nature differently
Urban Rangers:
trained professionals will give guided tours and live demonstrations to provide face-to-face interaction 101
Are there novel ecosystems present?
NO
YES
Are there public spaces like parks, plazas, and sidewalks?
YES!
Are there pedestrians and/or people spending time in these spaces?
NOT REALLY.
YES, LOTS!
Are they tourists, residents, or workers?
TOURISTS
Do they have smartphones? (and wiďŹ /cellular)
YES
rangers
WORKERS
YES
mobile app
Which campaign tactics should we use? 102
Doubt it. Check again!
RESIDENTS
YES
installations
YES
Is there any public space at all? Like shopping centers or government buildings? NO
TOURISTS
YES
YES, SOME.
NOT REALLY.
WORKERS
RESIDENTS
YES
virtual tour
If there are people frequenting these spaces try this: If it’s literally a ghost town, then just move on. The campaign requires people! If there are people, but they’re just driving through, try this, and make sure it’s visible from a car:
YES
exhibit
signage
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Opening Exhibit and Event
In order to generate interest in the Campaign for EcoLiteracy, we’ll stage a weekend event that introduces the concepts to the community. An art exhibit will feature pieces that are influenced by the idea of nature in the city. For example, photographs of novel ecosystems from an artist’s perspective. This will help people to see the beauty in these wild spaces within their urban ecosystem.
Scheduled Events: • • • • • •
Art Exhibit: Anthropocene Art Urban Ecology workshop Urban Wildness App workshop and tour Virtual Reality workshop and tour Installation tour Documentary screening
Krutch Park Virtual Eco-Tour
The Virtual Eco-Tour uses virtual reality technology to expose the hidden processes that lie within the park. Users will wear virtual reality headsets and walk through the park, seeing it in a new and exciting way. The program will feature x-ray-like animations that allow users to see right into a tree, for instance, to learn what’s going on underneath the bark. As users walk through the park they see more and more hidden ecological features that they never knew were there. When the tour is done they will have a new understanding of their urban environment. They’ll never look at a tree the same way again!
Urban Wildness mobile app
The Urban Wildness mobile app uses smartphone technology and GPS triggers to give users a somewhat guided tour of the city’s novel ecosystems. The app points out natural features of the city that may not be noticeable to the untrained eye. As users begin to see these little pieces of wilderness in their city, they’ll begin to see their city in a different light.
‘Wild Thing’ GPS marker Cities are human ecosystems, and within them are much smaller ecosystems that are home to all sorts of other species - birds, insects, microbes, etc. The ‘wild thing’ markers point out these special sites throughout the city, offering passersby the chance to see a ‘wild thing’ on their walk through the city. The markers trigger the Urban Wildness mobile app to send a push notification to user’s smartphones alerting them that they’re near a ‘wild thing.’ Users can then activate an animation of the ecological processes that make each element important to us. Users can also generate their own GPS markers and share them with their friends.
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image source: www.bustler.net
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Interactive Installations
Every great city has art. Art that educates is even better. As people meander through the city they can interact with these ecologically minded built features. These installations will engage participants by encouraging them to interact by engaging their senses. In this example, the “Sidewalk Patch,� chunks of sidewalk are peeled back, exposing the soil to sun and rain allowing for novel ecosystems to appear throughout the city. People can watch these patches grow and develop over time and track them using the mobile app.
Signage
This is a new take on interpretive signage. Many types of signage will be deployed from the standard static sign that sits in front of a point of interest, to an interactive digital touchscreen sign that incorporates gaming and user feedback, to the almost-subliminal messaging of simple spray paint messages found on sidewalks. Passersby can either passively take in messages from static signage or actively participate by using interactive signage.
Urban Rangers
Some people respond best to face-to-face interactions. Without a real person available to explain certain things, the message could be lost on some folks. The Urban Rangers act as tour guides - helping people to navigate through the elements of the campaign. The rangers give guided tours, teach people how to use the mobile app, help people to understand and activate the installations, and guide people through the virtual reality tours.
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1 0 0 % N AT U R A L WILD THING! A L L- N AT U R A L IT’S ALIVE!
image source: http://missionlocal.org
sidewalk patches progress can be tracked over time with the mobile app
look! a novel ecosystem!!
image source: https://placesjournal.org
Did she say “spontaneous� vegetation?
sidewalk gets peeled back to expose soil to sun and rain
image source: http://screenmediadaily.com
Folks, check out that lovely spontaneous vegetation on the side of this building.
image source: http://www.karensmoss.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/6.LAUR_.RangerJennyTour.jpg
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the campaign for eco-literacy
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the campaign helps develop a common language using visual and interactive communication tactics to reach and influence a wide audience and begins to unveil a new perspective on nature in the city creating unique and fun experiences for citizens and tourists
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SOME
assembly
RE quired
Clint M. Wayman
like the assembly instructions from a mail-order catalogue, public planning is often viewed as a game of bricks and blocks that are connected sideby-side to assemble the city. commercial zoning here. low-density residential zoning there. traditional planning policy has compartmentalized public program and effectively blocked out opportunities for developmental diversification. only commercial zoning here. only low-density residential zoning there. we are left with a patchwork of vacant parcels with limited potential.
image credit: http://propertyscope.knoxnews.com/ 110
vacant lot | mechanicsville | knoville, tn 111
atruly
measure
able
EQUITY what we find, more often than not, is that these gaping holes are found where community infrastrustures are needed most - where we call the
the elderly point map generated using ESRIdata10_CensusBlock entourage credit: open source imaging edited by author http://www.etindex.org/transportation/commuting/average-commute-time https://www.walkscore.com/TN/Knoxville http://www.point2homes.com/US/Neighborhood/TN/Knoxville/SouthKnoxville-Demographics.html http://www.city-data.com/city/Knoxville-Tennessee.html 112
the physically impaired
mobility-impaired
these are the , unable to quickly access necessary components of a healthy, livable community. no less rich in culture and significance, these are effectively and infrastructurally immobilized.
the financially dependent
underserved.
within 5 min. access of water within 5 min. access of health or education service within 5 min. access of community amenities
the communities
the carless
the hip
within 5 min. access of public green space
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M.I.P.
mobile INFRASTRUCTURE
pods so let’s mobilize our infrastructure. each unit provides a temporary, transforming landscape that can be deployed efficiently across an array of scales using existing transportaion thuroughfares. each assembly is housed within one multi-axle semi-trailer truck that is capable of unpacking and collpasing based on program. this fleet of mobile infrastuctural pods can be organized in myriad combinations and deployed across the city, region, or state.
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3D semi-truck model credit: https://grabcad.com/ 115
M.I.P.
mobile INFRASTRUCTURE
pods mobile units are categorized into three primary sets, each addressing
basic infrastructural needs.
116
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3D semi-truck model credit: https://grabcad.com/ 117
DE PLOY mechanicsville
communities can be identified across a spectrum of infrastructural needs and a unique plan of
M.I.P building blocks, a satire on traditional planning policy, can be assembled in response.
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lonsdale + north knox
aCLEVER
strawberry plains south knox
mascot
aerial image generated using GoogleEarth interface + open source image edited by author 119
prime
REAL estate
?
housed in renovated warehouses downtown, these new units can now be dispersed across the city, and even region, to help fill gaps in communities’ infrastructural needs
na
re e
t
s ce ur
so image credit: http://propertyscope.knoxnews.com/ edited by author map generated using KGIS datasets+aerial imagery 120
m
m co
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tli u d e
121
NEW
a
spatial EQUITY communities are equipped with the tools and infrastructure necessary to build and grow as they have need. activist groups and organizations can develop a strategy of deployment for the
M.I.P.s that is best-tailored to their context and are 100% maneuverable.
scheduling plans can be developed for seasonal rotations, proof of idea and new spatial concepts.
the previously [un]derserved are now given a voice.
+ 122
+
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Clay Lezon
When he’s not predicting the future for energy conglomerates, Clay enjoys trying to simply live in the present. Clay used to read, fly-fish, spend time outside, and with friends; however, because of the monopoly his graduate education has created, he now hopes to pick these back up in the very near future. At least he predicts so...
Jessica Neary
I am a tree-hugging, stream-wading landscape architect concerned about the health of our water and population. I am interested in potential projects that unlock the inherent value of urban streams as places for people to connect with each other and with nature.
Brandon Orrick
Brandon Orrick is a 3rd year MLA student at the University of Tennessee, where he received his BA in Landscape Design in 2012. He is an avid outdoorsman and spends most of the winter on a mountain somewhere snowboarding. Other hobbies include hiking, golf, drawing, and sleeping (a grad school thing).
Cameron Rodman
There is nothing more fun than backcountry hiking and camping in the US national parks. When not hiding in the woods Cameron spends his time reimagining how the nation’s ‘best idea’ can be brought into the 21st century. He is typically seeking opportunities to work with the NPS, NPCA, or other environmental and culturally rich groups.
Caroline Sneed
Caroline considers Knoxville home sweet home, having lived in the area for nearly 18 years. She is interested in Landscape Architecture because of the positive influence and attitude the profession has for growing and shrinking cities. Caroline enjoys coffee shop hopping, long-distance running and loving on her cat.
Whitney Tidd
Whitney Tidd is a woman on a mission: to reveal the wonder of the everyday world through tactical landscape communication. Relying on her intuition and vivid imagination, she pursues her passions with heart, vigor, and wit. When she’s not chasing dreams, she enjoys reading, laughing, cats, and cooking.
Clint Wayman
Clint Wayman is a spatial explorer, a baron of geographic adventure with an appetite for budget travel and rich experience.
6’ - 0”
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Solar Panels
TERRA-DRONE_top view 33 degrees 3’ - 6”
12’ - 0”
TERRA-DRONE_side view