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"Translation is a craft consisting of the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language." (Newmark, 1981: 7)

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as a previously existing utterance in another language. " (Rabin, 19 8 0:

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symbols in another language." (Seleskovitch, 1976: 1)

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"Translating means basically that a person, the translator, who has a certain competency of a language 1, and also a certain competency of a language 2, attempts to produce for a given text of language 1 and equivalent text in language 2, which is the translation." (Eppert, 1976: 1)

"Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, flrst in tenns of meaning and secondly in tenns of style." (Nida and Taber, 1974: 12)

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"Translation is the replacement of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second Jan uage." (Hatmann and

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EN 322

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EN322

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EN 322

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EN322

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EN 322

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EN322

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Text

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t Analysis

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·~

I (Model, Nlda &

t aber,. 1974: 484)

EN322

I •

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(diagram) lun,~tJ1UOl,LLtJali'ol'~;f Source Language

Text k> be

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EN 322

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EN322

vezy

modified

inconsistent

literal literal

literal

mixture

near

unduly

idiomatic idiomatic · free

(Diagram, Larson, 1984: 15)

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011LLtlaLL1J'U Literal Translation utlauuufhviafh 1

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EN 322

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011LL aVJ1JJ'YILuU~"i~JJOLuUfl11eJB'Ue.t81U

Literal tivffii~ Idiomatic

~fin1tJ~uo-nfu Unduly Free Ju Lflum1 LLUa~L;fln11 LLUaLLUUDS'SZ 'H;ilLLUaLLU LS; L\JU011LLUatfUfl~ULil1fl11liAfl'Han 1 l u,\'uw,j'\Jll1rl1fl'nilfllflfl\hLifn'H1li11.Ji'u Lfi~l ...,,; Ltiu ol'V~nnutin fl11 ll n n n'H;ilL~ll £bum1utJauuu Free Translati n

"1•11J

..1

~a·nULLua'nililftli1L

tJfJ1EltJilfl11liLtJ1

'Ill

..lf'l

m1iln fl11li'Hli1EJ'Jzfi1~~1niuw,j'u LaEJYiL EJ'l

..........

~1U Ufl1U1'~1Wft11li'H1il1JUL'n~flfl

...

"l'J~1fl

li'JZ l.tfll.Jti1'nLuU611lltf1VI il1ULtJ1

ufi rinu n11utJa LLuuif,jnlllun11utJa l:

..I

...

L'lf

LLfl

L'Sil~SU

U1UfJ1fJ

...

U'n1~

""-1lll, ..

'll'~

liLUU

UL1il~

n11VI1~fl1llfl'uw,j'u n11utlauuuifl ·,ifuiivslti'uua::tr11ulA1un11&&tla,ifrnnil ia~n11i'n'tl1fl1111f1ncls~usiuauwEHi utiu ~f'IEJLwvn:luiJ'J~,j'u~~SjL~n~n!J'Hll1tl "" ~ J II ..1 II atJ"''nfiLtJ1li1LnfJ1tJil~

.,Y.

...

l fl 1

maU

Vl1liCJCJ/CJ/1ifflafl l: ;

... 4 .I ..I a I II LVIli'H1ilLuaEJULLua~tlilfl11ll

n1'nLtJaluiJ~~,j'uon11m1fl'V~utJa~

(ol'

Lflu-.,amflun11Ui'u (A(laptation) 1ll tJ1:lfJtf'\l' (Usage)

luatJuuu'H~~

vnol'1

l U011LLuaUU'H1llflfl .I l: flil f'l l Uf11SVI'S~ LLli~ZLuU~1Ufl1U111Wft11llftfl1ll I

Z\lilEI1~'lfflL'JU11 II

nnu-.,;nL~liLflll) 1

Lifn..,11V~vn1~viuw,j'u

ft11LLtJa (Translation) nmflum1\h1tJl"lf

r.h~

Ltiu

~a~1UL~il~ fltUHqj~il1n1 1li1'11~1U

.I f'l "' tliJ~I.f'IElil1f1EIVIUw ,. ., " ULuU'Han f'l ., LL-ua LLfiLuUn11AA&& I

~""

ll1Y4EIUfi1L1il~

Gone with the

Otl 11LfJU011olf'ILLtJa~~1niuw,j'1J L-rJil\hltJl"lf . l: cr.. il ~ 1J11fl1a fl'S'n~'HalEJOtlil11ilEI UtJ1EIU'n~aU flil ll011

Wind Vl;ill.U1UiJBD lUil1ti1l'nEJ a

~ ..

u'SZLEI'lfU flil

~ S11~LuUil1Y4EIUVI1 "

f'l

fl'V~utJa~lV~vm~viuwuu~1n"Hu~amflu an

;

...

lulcyf111c;l'1ath~s'ff111Uiln1'1fflw nf ~~~flthlV~EJn1ll'ni'Y4daun1~ihyqp ft1Z'n11~Y41NtfEJ (Y4qtill1flJJ 2538) fllf111ti'B 7 i~LREI10U~1U111W011JJ1Z'4Li if'IL'JU11 "~i'Uil'f'lJ1ftiQZLLmtJ olf'ILLU ~ LviJJLflJJ 'Hiilolfl'nBU~1U111W011JJtJil~ ~il'f'lJ1"1ll1~ ufim.h~11nii ~acycy1n IQ\htiavm1u1~ lV~v~n~cy1fiiQ:n'f'lJ1VILflu ~nvantiwrl'nti1"

EN322

I; ..a .... "' ") l UOT'm1"ULtl a~~Nflil ... "' ' 1tl.r tJUflilUYia1flqJ U

1. n1·nhu'ti1fl'l1a.JL'li'11'Jiutlu1J lu11au"'1n fla ihuti1FJ111J,ti'1l9

''18~

"t .,

n1FJ11U£!11 9UfJ

"' al ""' U!ILLw~ilU

(sense)

""'

..a

tl ::.,

....

Yl~~~fltJil~L"Sil~YI'J=LL aYI~U!IYI1~fi1U'lGlJU5"S"S~~"Sil

:: I .... O II t tl ") !IUIJEIJ./1 flil n1FJ11J.I,!I1 9n1~A1Un1!11

I L'!fU

l fl"S~Cl"S1~

e f\1

fl11~~~1tltJil~~h tl1ial~lfiXfl1~~ij'LLtlarNhiLti'1l'Jtlil~mfl11~~L~~L~~

"' U!l

LtiU flUf\1'1

'J1flvl1"S1~;a1fin1~~i

'"'

" ... 2. n1'U.tft=ililO'J1ftlJ'IUil1J1J

"tl"•t

~ ~LL ftflil~ft~ fl1~Cl"S1~YI1~ 101fl"SWtJil~

ll1~1flU\lU\J m"S~mti"S=lEJflflaafi'JUfl1"SLaanlif11LLft=i5LiiEJu

. "'

N'LLtlatia~hi~a~Lm

lfl"S~Cl-fHtJ il~ll1~1flUwU1J~1l'lflUll1~1\lU1JLLua 11~tf~fi'il~Laanlif11lUll1~1wUtJLLtla l~fl"S~~;alml'Lfl!l~nuf11l un1~1ti'uwuu ~~'J='thl ti'n1"SLLtla,fuhi 53 "nBuuJ.JnSu' UtJ" I

......

fl1101!1Yiil~fi111.J~U1tl Uilflll11:11'MU~

.olf'll;

'li'~LuUtJUflilUClfiYI1tl

..,

....

flil

tla ~LL " tl alJ'Ia~tl"S=~un11 " .. ' m"SLLtl a flil .... m·h~1L£J1fl11~flfltJil~~au _, ... """' l Ull1~1~u~~1 ..a "' " tl1!1YiilfiLUaflll1~1~d~ d~IUn1"SLti!lul~J.ifl'1ttll1~1l'H~1~iaa111flifiL'JUlt1!1ti"S1fl'a1n

a~J.Jau

"Sil~"Sil!ltJil~ll1'\i1fl'U\l\J\J

.r "

• ... ... tl...

YI~'Uflil~f\1'\J~O~

"StJYILLa=1GlJ'U51"S~tJil~ll1~1\ltJ1JLL

" atl1!1

t u n1 1 LL tl a ~u fl' wfh 1ut(1u FJ 11 J.JH J./1 tltla~iuwu\Jn1J~1UilU1J LL tJa

EN 322

.. .

fl1lQtJtJ

.....

... .,

~lULL a\1flfi1'UiftO~tu::

1::

., .:

fi~U

&BsSsltl 1hltnilfl'la.i~flti' Li\~~;~

olflviilflf1Utla~li~fllt1~1nvi' 2. ,r,.,vu lln1~1~Lill~1t1 l

lJ.i6Jflfi112J'H2J1f.l fi112Jfi1\Jtl1U lJJ

iD~1~viilfi'ugJtJ 'rhn12J la.iiliD~1ilf.ltlil~ll1~1Lii2J

QU\J

...

.. l~·., 3. & Ut17711fl1, ~1UUtJ..... ft\1flll1 19lil~ifa::ifa1f.l 2JHU'Hft01l1ti1'llil~ijil1U

1l'nutJa~iifl11ilf!tu&t2Juii11an 1 .r~viDltJd 1. unutJafi'il~j'jf1112JLifl11f'ltyl ll1ti111;8 "fl1111&ri~n1'tl1" Ldil~::ut.Jafi'D~ii .. zs tJ tJ l" fi112JJ'rl~ll1~19lUQ\J\JUa::ll1~1Q\J\JU a f.l1~f1Lf.lf.I2JLVUJ~::U a flilf.l1~~09lil~ .0113 II

ll1~1il!h~iiLiJu,.. (meaning)

... . .

...

vi'a~Lill~lfl1~ifm e~ll1ti1 Lti'1l~1l't1 (sense)

tJB~Il1~1

9lftilfi~UL'lJ1 ~a~ ta1Uti112Jtlil~L~1'llil~ll1~1UU

.. t ...

..a ..... ., .. . ..

ftil

chf:l'rlilflililn2J11fler.h~\]nt~a~ !ffiL~u

ua::fi112J'H2J1fJ

LLa::if12J11CI

~\1" •fl'lf'rliftl\111a1uflu2Jil~'ll12J flil A11112

EN322

1un1'111UIJfJB~tJIU l'Uf11'SLLtla~J1f11l1~1B~f1()~JJ1Lfl'UI11~11'riV a~uJ··h~LLtla~~i'l11~1 !11

....

I II

...

flfl

a~nq~Luuam~~LLflm J.flll1~1LLJJ

1 ..

n1~1 'rlv~wa

l \H1'ULLtl" auuaanJJ1~ :; " ....

n~~'rl1

1,j1~

"' tl a~a~7Bll7&&a:: " " 1·''" """" !fl .., tl a'rl~~a~tn'Uti11V . . ~ .... " l 'Uf11'S\11fi11JJ'S" 2. unu H7 U'rl~:auuumL " " " " -sauvi1 ~~~~ti1vl..;'ut1a1~arh~nnvia~

" Ut1LLtla~f'ivj'a~nJ'utfneJu ~1'ULLtlaLflufi'n~~~vj'a~iJm.Ju fi~iJf1JJ1f1ifuL,j1h n~~a~el~wa1~uava~L,jiJu m-siJn~u~~,;,l..;'utla1~nnia~ . aa~ifa1v LLa~ti'S~W~ " thl..;'~1'ULLtlaLtl'Uflati~~LL,)'~;~ 3.

111~1i~nq~LflUI11~11'rlv

111~1i~nq~ · L~vn11 n1111ltl \1~fll11~1vi'u'rl1~ a1u111~1

1'riV L~Vf111 n1111111 \1~£:1111~1tla1V'rl1~ i~I11Wfialtlif

Source language ( SL)

Target language (TL)

111~11tl

" " "' 111~1fl'U\l\J\J ll1~1~'U'rl1~

111~1JJ1

-v

n1~1tla1v'r11~

111~1 Lih11JJ1V (111~1\luuutla)

.... Source language 11language 1 \1'S£ln1!11f1..J 1 'U"'tl f1LL a\J1~fi'UL'SVf1 I

Target language

--h language

...

.... LLil~L'SVf1

2 \1~an11:11R 2 1u~1LLa~cni'au12J1tT~h11 Target

language LL~1il"l111 Receptor language \1~Bn1!:11VB~€i'va11

EN322

,. "'f'

:,•

.:1 tJYIYI 3

i1ru'tn1un11utJa u

~~.

~tia

L~\Ja1!f (Dr. Lucile Desblache) mh111luLana1~tl~~naum~

aJJJJU1Lti~tJ~uOin1,lU\11ti'tl. "Specialised Translation" CU iffi1UU,1!ftl!)Cf1U~atfl i1

,~~~'YIJJ1EJtJa~umLtlal un ~utlaJuhi1~ag~fi11JJL'Yijjaunu~ntl~~n1~ (sameness) 'lJil~ll1~1GlU\lU\JLLa~ll1~1 UtJLLtla ~~LfiUL~a~ii.LL'YI\J~~Lfiu1t11,j1~uJ7;;j~Lf1um~utla ..1~ .. ll1~1Cfil-31l1~1'YIJJ Lfl~~a~1

l naLflti~OUJJ100tfl1JJ .. ... l U01~LLtl aUUJJO~~JJ01~\ftyLC1E.ILO~'lJU ~ !!:S ... .¥ d

Ill

Ill .J .,.,~ ;., tJ.. l U~~~\J'YIU-3LifJJil 'YIU1'Yitl ~UnLL afltl W Ill Ill tl -~ ...

ll1~1t'IU\l\J\JO\Jil1~1LL

.... tl Ill I nunn 1~n11~~mn1

•

...

.l..... !!:S .. ..1 . . . l .. 'WEJ1EJ1JJ't11 'YILO~n1~\ftyLC1E.I'Uiltl't1'f~ 'YI~il't11 'YI I Ill W d I d I 1tl.,j 4 aUUJJfi11JJ1LtJIOtfl1~nUUtltl't1Cf~ JJ10011'YI~~JJ-3 'Yifi11JJL'YIJJil'U ."" .l d .,j "' tl 0 I ~ W tl ~ d ... uJa ~ntfl1JJ't1UnLL aa1JJ11fl't11Ltruu L~ n11LL auun~~JJ

... "'1..

fi11)J'YIJJ1EJL'YIEJ\JLfiEJ~nu ~

(equivalence )

dill tJ7' ·1"' LLtflLJJil ~ntfl1)J't1UnLL a Uff1U110't11 n

l""ld

A'J1U'I1U1tJlntJ'U&AtJ~nu1un11UUif1::Wh~n1!11tli'Uilti'vnvn1'1:11ilVVLLtla li1enfulf .. iJ 1 t/J 1" f'l"' U U.., 9::&n~ fJ/'111 un11" aflu JJ11~~LuuumL a~~~uJJam!f'W'YI'laumL aaJJfi1Launa1u 111

.,.

Ill

1dW

LLfiLflm.h~auucy'Yilth~ 1 lum~utlaL'W11~~1ULLtlaLfiu,f~~1ui!f1m~ ~1uflatl~.

Ill

~1UL'Yifl'Uflil~ Utfl1Ltl~

.Of

..1..$

Ill

uty'YI1'Yin1flty

ua::

..1 l U'YIU ..1.¥ .. 1 l Un11LLtl an~~na11fl-3 flil I

...

., f'l "" 4 ""-"' "' U 1. ~ u'U'YI1't11-3611Uil1~1 ll1'a1Lu'ULfl'lil-3JJtln •flty'lJil~UnLL a

lfi~n1t~1 ~1uutlatiaJJ~~6ltfl'Wa1~LLa~~tltlf!CUil1'W

., .,

fi1~LLua

7U'

i-3Ju ~LLtla~~ia~iJmJun11li

111~1lliflarHLLfl~ba ~LaJJD 1,j·;h~::Lfiun11LLtlad1t1'ntl ~~10111~11~,.,1 Lfiun1~1l~ tfl1JJ d ..

':'I

.. ~

..1.., tl ... l 1 ~UJJfi11)J1J.s...•U1ty ~"'~'nUnLL a,., a 'YIJJ)Jn~~ D'1Gl'a~utJa~1nll1~1il~nq~JJ1Lfiun1~11 'Yitl~~Lfiu ...

ntflil-3wOwUfi11JJJ't1~aa-3111~1UUD~LaJJa

JJa~ti'1JJ I

Ail

n1t~1,U.i!IENOJUUI~ Wtl

ll1~1LLJJtJtl~~LL

Ltiu

Wtl dW...

I Ill

...

..1

...

~LL antJ~a~JJfi11JJ~Il1~1 'Yitltlm~~LEJtJJJ~-3~~a1JJ1~fiLL

1 ..... aaanJJ1 ~~

cbU JJ1 n ~ LL tl a L'Y1 ~hifij'n~::ti~::JJ1'Yii1 LUUll1~1'1J tl~tfl'ULtl~1J.iu1~::ijiJ ty'Yil~~ Lfl ~iJ ty'YI1 " .,tl .¥.Of ., ..lwtl"' ' 1., I tl ~::Lil'YI'Yity1 1nflantJu uty'Y11'YI1~~1Uil1~1'YI~LL aJJn~::'W\J\Jil£1 1 ~LLn

EN322

1.1 Uty'M1fi1Ui1u11fl1 1ai'ua:=lfl1~1;1~ LW n11utlatl1tWfl~il n;f11LfJun1·nn1~n (Passive voice) fl11LLUftf11ft (Tense) f111UtlathLiaJJ1fl~· · (Connectives) n11UUftii11'WU1JJfl'bJ LQ'W1tL1Q1ttN (Indefinite pronouns) n11UUft U1ttnufi'Lifl1iJJ~JJ1fl (Dummy subjec ) I

\.11:=tu fl~iJn;u, Lflun11N11'in '1. He was Invited to give a s

h at the Opening ceremony.

iJtfutlai1: L~1f1nticyl~1tl'3fllu'WBL fl iai~Lnfl: lull11:f11flf1Ldalithh " n" 1h~u1n;u, fl1iJJ~JJ1fl~:=aaltllu\11~ ls.ifi ~LL Uftfl111tJ9l1==i~ fl11utlai1: Ltn1fii'u&icyl~tl'3flluY4 Lilfl 2. Many of Sidney Sheldon's · orks have been translated into many

languages.

iJ«utlai1: ~a·nut~a~ iflur1 Ltiafla ~ft1fiLaJJenut/anflu~a1flll1~1 ia~~Lnfl : fi11JJ~JJ1fi!Ja~tl1tlflflif'L"' na1~ 1 lJ.ifl11lithi1 "f1n" 1h~u1n;fl1 fl11LLtlai1: Dn17utla~1ut1a~ ittud Ltiafleu aanml1et1flll1~, n11utlan;u,~atflun1aoh~ 1. By the time her son returned home, she had already gone to bed.·

iJ~utlai1: 1un'if~J~ntnfltJa~L15anmi" V'1u Lt~eilwfBNv::&rT,uau tiaft'~Lflfl: tnfl;fl1lUil11flS~flq~LU..I U3tJ1Uti1JJn1ft Uti1Uil1~ilflflfhfl;fl11s.i .

LufifiUJtllUfi1JJfl1ft Jj'u aol'!Hmt41JJ1U1tn~uthn;fl1l Ufl11Utlal ~,.r fl11JJ~JJ1flfl1~tna.malu 11flluauu

EN322 ~I ''

2. She always has a headache when she reads for a long time.

LHath~RR·n~::t~N~L~BL6atha·ui1u~nr~aaar.iLf1una1u1u v ~1n1enlut.J-,~1t~flifli3t.lif~,,ju LyjilLLiffl~i1L'Hfln11tu1ut.J-,~1tlflLofltfu LUJJB 1fltliln1ti11Lf1\iN always LfJuti'1UBnfl11JJ'HJJ1tll~iflL'iilUtfu

ileiutlirh: v iaiunfl:

• ... t.l !!I "" • ., ~ !'t ft11'Utl a11: L6BJ.Jn'iil~ 1flr~1\i~LifJJBLJJBL6BB1UHU"rrBLlJUL1a1U1U

• ...; ,..

...

'tJ'i" 1~Ltlfl

ft1L"aiUhtl~fl11a.lftfl1m11~

1. She saw an accident while she was crossing the street.

il~utlai1 v "

..,

"ailif~Lnfl:

L6BLoHUa,j'fiL'HmtDBL6Btha~tl1JJCIUU • ••

!'t • .J ..,. 1 ~ ~1 _<( "" • "' while LlJUfl1'nL!fBJJ ti~L'Hfln11N 2 L'Hfln11N tltiL'HtJn11t.u'HU~n1it~ o

00.

fl1LUUB{!

_<(

......

LLa~JJBnL'Hfln11t.u'HU~LOfl'ZI'·BU"lJUJJ1

• d ...... l .I • ... " fi11LLtl it11: L6BLLaL'HUf:l\J91L'Hfl U!IOl~HL6Bn1a~tJ1JJCIUU

They did not Jove each other, so they separated.

il~LLtlai1: v

Ltnhii'nti'u Ltn~~LLtlnti'u

ti'ai~Lnm:

fi11LLUitl1:

1. " iJ~LLUitl1:

2. ... " tl

•

I-lULL it11:

LtJu~hLiaJJ1t1~L'Hf!LLa~~a Lt.nhii'nnULLcl1 lf"Ju Lti1~~LLtiO'n1~0U

You are the one I love. !'! ""...~ ... ... L6BL1JUflU'HU~'ntlU1n

The Johnsons have two daughters, one a baby, the other a girl of twelve . ., _{ ... ... fl1il\Jfl11'iilil't'1UifUJ.JanU11 2 flU

"" !'! d ' d flU'HU~LlJ'ULflnLan

"" !'! d '1 flUilULlJULfln

e]'Hqj~mqauua~

EN322

tiai~Lflfl:

tbe other LtJUfl1if11'W'U1 1~L~1~~~~-:Jfl11LL\h~fltlilf.l9l1JJif11WU1UlU tAuflif

ft11LLthrh:

fl1il1..1fli'1~a~uiuij~na ~~cV.:Jil1q 12

1 2 flU

ftund-nj'.:JL~nag anftund"LfluL~n

It was cold this year.

a.l tiLLu ft11:

~U~U11iJif

tiai~Lnt~:

0 ,. "' fll .. ...tl tl 1~Ltlflll1~1il.:JflC}~~1Lu 9lil.:JJJ 1~61\l it

....

·• •

..1 fll tl

fl1~U1flLu'U

1 1 JJJJ ...

1~61ULL9l

1~ijfl11JJ~JJ1tiL'W11::1~1 .,LLfl'Ufl1U1JJol1l~ ft11LLtla·h:

2. ... " .I ' a.ltiLLuft11: ..

iJda1n1tt~u11 Oh! It's beautiful.

1a! JJU~.:Jif1tl "' I

..1

'Utlif~Lfl(;l:

Lti'U~~tl1fl'Ufl\.19l1tlti1-:Jfl

fn1utla·h:

LL~JJ if1t.I~.:JLfttl

. 1 it

1JJJJfl11JJ~JJ1tl 1 ...

1.2 \Jcy~1fl1~i1ufiwfl Lft~il1u1u U'lJ~1fl1-:Jti'iufl'w,;'ua~chu1uL\Ju ..,1.., tl"' I .J .. ..~ ... tl t11l1~"' - 1 .,j iJ qJ~1fl'UnLL ftJJO~~'W\.Itl~LifJJtl "1\l~fl 1ti'ULL ftLLft~LL a JJ ~OJJO~tfl~11fl11fl9l'ULtl~. LLUft1~1tlL'W11t1~Jfl1fl'Wfi'

LLfiit~~~J 11JJ~JJ1tlt.liHfl1fl'Wn~1fl'W~'U1~01JJ~tl1~~=J~

utlatl~Lwn::1J.if(ndisnft111JHIJ1tJR nis" iJty~1L~a1d " ~JJ1tl~a1t~uu f11fl'wfl'~atiLiiEJu~nn l\1Lml~fl11JJ~JJ1tltl~

fi1fl'w,;'~ijfl11JJ fi1n;t1"l~ (Phrasal

1iuri

verbs) ~ll1ti9l fl1W~L'Wtl LLa::il1'U1Ufi ~ 1 ' .,

fl1ilfJ1~

1. I want to draw some money. 2. Nobody can draw conclusi s. i

EN322

luth:=lfJfl;l 1 utlai1 osu&iu uanl1:=luttiftt11utlai1: d'ui£Hn118SU&iu draw luth:=1fJflil2 utlai'l1Nif1111&;1u uanl1:=luttdtt11utlai1: 1Jjiilfl18~fl1111&;1u draw

• ' ~ .,.., -. .. .. ..! .. .. " .. ... ft1n'Wtlt1JuLtlfJUI4fln1 ' MLtl1 ''Jft111t'Ma.t1U~fl

1. Many guerrillas were killed in the fight.

ihiutJai1: "

".!1 tliln~Lnt~:

d~i~ns;aa1nnlhtt1fJ

v l ... ., . ~.1 anuau UL1il~tt1i'ftnfltlil~fl1i'fiHn1U

"tl~

~utlai1 fj'risn11i1~ ua:= gorilla (s) fi~utlai1 i~ns;aa1 tt11utlai1: ei'risn,,;,rilu1uJJ1nnnthtt1fllum1tiaa " v v

fla

guerrilla (s)

2. The traffic problem in Bangkok has been ignored until very lately.

il~utlai1: iai~Lnfl:

iltymn11'J11'J1lun1~Lfl'W., \lna:=LafJ'JUn1=,t~a1tJJJ1n ~utlaLi1l'J·h lately LfJun;m1Lft~Wtlil~fJNfl'Wtl late ti~utlai1 i1 i11fJ ~~utlailfl l J.Jt:t fl11UUa·h: .-t... utymL1il~011'J11'J1 'U01~Lfl'W., \)08tL8tiJJ19t8ilfi'J'U01tfl~&IJ8&11 "/

;! thn;u,~

l. The firemen successfully put out the fire • • ' !It ..I-. fl111 "put out" Lu' U phrasal verb flLnfi'J1001tl1 put '"' a "tL'MJ..Iti' ,.J UJJ1 Uu811 .I ' ., 1··'( ~O'U'JtLOflfl11JJ'MJJ1fJ fRtJ n to extinguish ) tl1:=luttiftt11utla·h: vnl'n-nuiuLv.a~iulwtu;'J

EN322

... l"ti + out LJJilJJ1

2. We can look up the meani e

fl111

t flflUfi11LLuil11: .: .I

u1~

of words in the dictionary.

..a...

!fl

_r:

look up" LlJU p rasalverb flllfl'11U'MJOUl1 rrUH1

" • L11tlU'M1fi11U U1f.ltiB~fl1 fl~1n'W~U11in1U

~tniiJI thft'-3L'Wfl ua~d1u1 th-3 ,

·t1..._ · . tfLL "tl"... ..._.u1uuu ~ln" m1LL a" •U1ULr1""' UL"SB-3 1n B9lB~flfl11U'MU1fJtiB~" .., 9l LLa1~~'M1fi1LLtla~ijfi11U'MJJ1fJLflfJ'ULfl L'li'1L~L'W"S1~1J.i~ULflfJrlUl(G4U611U

ifll1 LL1flaBJJ

:'1 ...t"' 1Ufi"S1\JIJU'Mft~tiB~'fll1'e9lLLft~n1'W~L'W 1

...

tlUU1LLtla

n1"SLLtlft1t19l1U"Stlft1fl'ihU~~1J.i

Uft~n11tl11~flfltiil~Li1tiB~Il1~1 ~~

1. Carrying coals tC? Newcastle

tl r ..1 tfB1UfiL UfiU1fltl~~·1UI

" tJ ftfi1~HL'WtiU11 • ., ,3 I r ~ 'ftJ• !!) Cl1LL UJ 01Untl.fo fl1fl1if&'Dif L'li'1L~tl11U'MJJ1tl LLflll1LLtlaLfJtltJLfltl~ \Jth~·n'Wfl1flfl~i1 ~£hu~Lflufiu1flfJ~~L'li'1l~J.nnni1 " 2. Yesterday he worked hard, tl tl a tl "S~t fJfiU11 .: I Cl1LL

'"' LU

he slept like a log. .: a! "' 11UUL!J1TI1~1U'MUO

til 1flf.I~~Lti1 "1~LLii~UB~L'MUilTWO G I '"' tl ft11 I t:JB1UfiU 1 LUBLL

&ii1U:SftT11H111t}fl1llif1U

. ... ., &f11V~UiiUHifV&

iJUIR1ll

... ., t'f &fi1V~UBUHifV&HIIilflfN

.\ 28

EN 322

1. The President went inside the Pentagon. Pentagon ..1.,.

911SJ\Jnil~SJ1fJtl~ ztl{nurSsu LL911u\J~ztfJ~if~LLUa

'.1

•.,.

"1-..._·

.,.

'riSJ~11SJJ~il\J911~ZLLua11 u1Zfi1'U16\JfiLtJ1 u L'UfJiJ~1J'I/fl1fJ11H'H11U~'l" ('li~LU'Ufln

\11L~fifJSJa~1unl~1ati~iu \J~zL'rlflU~i'!ilLSJ;n,) 1itiuii lflfJ1J.iia~LafJL1a11\Jf\u~1 ~11SJ~SJ1fJ

2. The Gennan Chancellor will come to Thailand . .,

.,1.,.

'UnLLua'riSJ~11SJ~~il\J\fl")li)Zfi~1\J11

\J~ztfJ~if~SJ1fJn~

~1U'HU~U1flfJi'JUU6f7

th11

tJil~LfJil~Ju

"chancellor"

LLaz\J~::lfJ~if~1~LL\Ja11

'U1fJfli';ili'Ufi;U~ZL'rlflU~frufia1ti1~Wi';iLfJil~Ju~::SJ1Lila~1'rlfJ J

"' "' ..1 .1 " \fl'U\l\J\J'ri~::LL u a fl1fJ

. ., .,

...

.,.

uan~1nUA11SJ~~il\J911fJ~~1SJfi~A11U7£1iJ~lcwua71UtJil~ll1ti1 " v " .:, .1 """ "' .ol ..1 .1 ..1 .1 m ~ LLuatJ1f1~11SJ~L~il~1flJ'Uti~~SJtJil~L~il~'ri~::LL u a nd m n'rl;;,::u ua

" " lli~r:l1uLti'1l~1i l'1au\Jaua1X1J.iLti'1nu1flJufi~~SJtJa~ll1ti1~LL\JaSJ1 ~~i1mh~L"liu " He gave us a warm welcome. tl1LL Uaf11SJ~\J\J~::lfJ~

\J~::tfJ~\f;;,::il~11SJ~SJ1fJfi1SJiflJ'Uti~~SJ

1fin1~ LL \J a ua::tiil LU'U il LL'UZl 'U nl~LL\Ja~1n~~~L U'UUty~1~1flll1ti1 a~ n t)tiLU'U ll1ti11'rlfJ~::limh1a~luu'n~ 4-1 o uazn1~u\Ja~1nll1ti11'rlmuull1ti1a~nqti~::1~

. ""lU\J'rl'rl..1

na11fl~

EN 322

11-14

U1111 4

n11uiJat11:lrJfln11JJ (Passive voice)

a term

us~d

in the grammatical analysis of voice, referring to a

sentence, clause or verb form where the grammatical subject is

typically the recipient or 'goal' of the action denoted by the verb, ••.

Grammatical subject + verb to be + past participle

A dog

was

kicked

·n.hh~1tJflfl1'nllull1'l:nrl'~nq'l'Jii

1. t11~lflflfl1'Ut1filCAlaJili1n11

tiilfl

fia

( ~fl1~lh) t.l11fl1Jiltj1ut.l1tlt!fl (Non-

agentive or agentless passives) The

EN322

shop was burned down.

2. th~l&An1'UI1filfliii1n11 (~n1~,h) tl"flnQB~fbn.h:lufl (Agentive passives)

The letter was

itten by a boy.

lun1ti1lfl& Y41:&1f!tl ttllatlm1 (2499: 29) lina11ii~tl,:lt~fl n11aJl1'i1 tl1:ltlflft11aJ,fJuti1~Wfl~il 11aJ11~n (ijgnn1:lh) adiuth:ltlfl ti~Ltiu nnlfluwail &~19nfl3u~fiulia1u~

-r,ififi'1~~~uthn7t~aq6tl 路 -3-.

...

~UWnUa1iltlfl

luuflfl11aJL~il~ "t11::TtJ~tn71 un1tnlntJ&V1flq~t&tlBtJu&&tla~" 6cytyi'flu t11w:na (2537: 17) nfi11i1 tl1:lt1fl 1'UILUil1t~nlflt11fltl,t11tlil 5 1tl ti~fialtlif " 1. tl,:lt~fln11aJ _"gn" Ltiu L 19mL~il 2. tl1~lt1fln11aJ "lii'v" Ltiu Ltn7ol'i'uLicylt1~1uLitl~ 3. tl1:1tlflft11aJLUUftit1~ L!JU ff:W1Uifffi'1~L~iltl W.fl. 2523 4. tl1:1tlflft11aJLUUfl11aJ L!JU 1N ~1-1tYU1Utlil~L11LftaOULfftiLLa1 5. tl1:1tlflft11aJi1n11tl11n!J !lu LY4a~di'a~lfltld'ui

16utla lum1LLtlatl1:1t~fln11aJ'J nn11:11a~nq'l:fLtJul fltl,fu fi'nla9::,;'a~ W911f111tl1vn (context) lun11:11a~n 1:1aeh~1ilUflilU &;/EI'!Jit11NHN1tJil&ul~arj a1tAU'r1Ltlutl1:ffun11w1 uLfi~au ..,;a 11aJ~aJ1&l u",~1~61 L1it1LLtlanl1-11tit11:lt~fl n1"UJLLuufl 1 fia th:lt~fln11aJtJn a tJ;u'r1Ltlutl1:ffum1cll'ou\.hw~wal'J ,..,;au~ uana~fft11'Uft11ND'Uthfiuii nl1-11ft11:l fln11aJltii'u ~';atl1:lt1flft11aJLLuufl 2 1-110 I ltl 1:61'ULuULWti~~1UNitO f'f ... .,., ..1 l fl1fl'Ul flfl'U1-1\H1-11iln~ ""' .. ~,~"" 1n1:Tt1'J10 fln~1-1'U~ tl-.1U'riU~Uaft11

EN322

fll

.,j

..1

•

LuUflft1~-=.l~YI1\1U1YI\J tl fl flft11 Lft1L1tl~\11tl'flti~1U L\1Vlfl11W llffl1U fl11W

•

-=.11n\J,~aun11w1um1ifauu\Ja!l~~Lit1u LLft~1nn11Vl11'=.1~1ULL\Jat~a~

unf1n~191'1ilfh~\J,~1tlflll1~1ii'~nq~~11 Grandpa Mee, the head of our village, was eaten up by a tiger.

unf1n~1Jfl'=.l~LL\JaL~tljjthi1 "f]tl" a~1u\J1~Ltlfl L"liu Vl1jj I

..1

fll

rJl\1qjU1U11il~L11 f]flLi1anULfttiLLa1 .I

l ULL\J\JYI.J

JJ1flfl11YI'=.l~LLuftLuUu1~Ltlflfl111JLUUfl111J

Vl1jj

4 11

rJl\1qjU1U!ltl~L11 Li1anULfttiLLa1

..J' .I ,. .., I .: a1Uu1~ LfJfiV'I1tlti1~U

This song was sung by Santi. UflAfl~1JmL\Ja11

1. The police station at Mukdaham was attacked by a group of terrorists on Sunday. ....

.,j

." I

Ill

'f:

""''"'.,

...

a mu Vl111'=.1YI,., n ~1\111 on na1.1 ~ n a m111t1 'VIJtJJ LIJ a1u D1YIV'I t1

The students were punished for cutting class. UflL;tiUOtlthfn~ L'W'n~L~~L;tiU

EN 322

3. Birds and many harmless crea res were destroyed by the·overuse of

insecticides.

, unu.a::ftti'iflJJiJwvnfi'Mft1fiW enn181fltl1flft11limthWJa~~LflU!IU10l 4. That man was nned for throwin cigarettes on the floor. ~

tJv

~~1Vfl'UUUQfl 11JJ1U'ri~~M1l'~1J

5. The thief ww tOI'f*l against· the all, haaclllbove his head.

trlJJt~flntifKulwuMvufuhu

ua:anGeliLMGaAw::

~1::laRn11NYIR1~M~II

1. He

Will.,.,..,.,

chainnan. of e company.

Lt11l.,rfil,"ififLfJW1ttnUU1V 2. He wwlnvlted to a party.

L11liiil•qltJ.nuLifa-t 3.

His friend was elected the new angkok Governor. Lvl6u'U6-3LtU1 1M'u&aami1uJ!11111Jf

11fll~L'riYnJM1Ufl1flUlM)j

4. Thai hotels are praised all over t e world for their excellent service.

lHU.1JJl'rlt~ 7-rwrmtisflt.li-:atan "-:at~n11lt1'u;n,,.fumlt~Lilt~JJ 5. Any Thai boxer who gets an

lympic medal wilt be rewarded with

a huge sum of money.

Uft1ftlrnl 'rlflftUl 'M'U~fi1JJifltlL'M tieul'Mqi

fiC\1leaJJtJn~t lli'tJnfi'BLfJUL~U

t.l1tlaftn11NYflft11N'HN1fJLthma1-t 1. This building has been well des/g. ed to conserve energy.

itndssnuuumd,usti1fllith Mittwi+nu 2. Pancakes should, be eaten wann

U.WULftftA1mt/7:m1UiB'U ,

EN322

3. Ramkhamhaeng University was founded in 1971.

aJm1,.mifl111Jthumtisl-d\udau '"''· 1971 4. Dictionaries were located on a shelf in the baclc of the room.

~~u1~n11Js;uulu~i~~~ 5.

This fine bread Is made tiom a special wheat flour.

t~uaJi1~usua;afJdthVlnuiHmatriltt'WLff1:t

n11uthnJ1zlaftn11NU\J\J§u , lum~trw,.~utlain~~=vnrh l,ja11\ILLtlati1:Wftn11aJlun11:t1D~nq1:t

l~..,~nutl,:lfJftn11aJJtll"Jtl~d~lun11:t1l"fJ~mh1aJ1ua1li L~11:utlaua1laJ1tl' l1\lft111J mwiu'\1 Ha1~Lianutlath:=lflfln111J,fuaaniJ1Lfluti1:LfJftfl11fl (th:LfJfl ~iir,.,~,;;~tl1::ts1U + n;tJ1 + nn11 ~;81.11:lflfl actlve voice lun11:t1D.:Jnq1:t) LL"U i.:Jti1Dfh.:JLW

1. He was thought innocent by most of his friends. _.oil ... • ... J L~DU , tlil~Ltl1~1it'11Lti1\J1~"D 2. The letter was written by her friend.

L~DUti8~LDDLfiufi'i18~fi~IJ1fl 3. No soldier Is needed in this operation.

n11tlautn11flf~dlJJis~ti,.m1LafJ

a1ti1ZLfJflfl111JlUil1~1a~nq1:t~'QZLLtlal,jiiti1n11 (~n1zm) il~ Xl~

mtl1:D1u1J1ldttafJWVl1a&1~1ntAu"

tT1arh~Ltiu

1. A kitten has been found in the kitchen.

iJEr~,OLLIJ1il~Ufli1 2. Perhaps we will be asked our opinion.

\J1.:Jii'QziJErCJ111ft111JL~UL11

EN322

3. Can this film be deve ped by Tuesday? .,~, .. f!N~tnlan&1"nauJJ

......

uumn.t1\UHfl11 fl ~-.,,.,

1. Gold has been created in a California laboratory. ..

l ULLfltlnil1LUr.J ...... .. ..

• ..1 "

IJn17ifnAflil~fl1fi'H£1 flfltl£1~

2. Before good roads we e built, rivers and canals were used as channels of transportati n. 1

.,j

0£1Ufl~tiJn17iJ71"tlU

l U011

ofo l"~l _,Y. LLJJU1tl1flail~Lfltl !ILuUhtUfl1~

tJuri~a.nriau

3. A meeting was held t find ways to educate the public about the

danger of toxic chemic s.

"" ... 'Hfl11lllLLOifl511tll!IULOU10'U£1Ufl11r.J " "' ...~ ... .., ...~ ~· ... ~10ifl1LflllfiLuU'W1:f .,·

Un179Atl1:tlliL'Wil'H11

u,~,f~tl,:=lt~fln,,.,lun1 1a~nq1:f;fuiutl,:=lt~fli1v u tl1t51Ua1lr.J mh1aau

lu31:U==

'1 l,jjjfl11li'HJJ1tl' LLtltl,j;S L~Uiil-aLLtJa ~LLtlail1~lflfiutJal Ua01:ftllt

'1 ifuiut11tltlflfl1un;tl1 ti1a 1~L'liu 1. As the Prime Minister, It can be said that he reached the goal of

his life. l U)1Ut~L~UU1tl0i')ll f)'; JA J,jif,ltlll1Ltl1lflLtJi}~,fl~~'HJJ1r.J

tlil~tnfl

2. It Is expected that hea

rain wiU solve the.problem.of water in

the dams.

A1AnU11~U~flO'HUO~ LLflU(\J'H1L;il~,i'1lUL;ilULi

EN322

3. It would be wrong to count too much on the other.

&uuB-ln'ii"'~l\l::1uilflUBflU~UJJ1mnultJ

Lauatrn

ihwiutJ·n:ltJflfl11JJfi11JJ'HJJ1tJLflumn~LihL~B~111 ~vruJJ1nlun11 ~B11\llil6LLualuam:tw::mh1aBtJ '1 iuol'utJ-,::ltJflfi'1tJfl;tJ,Ltiunu i1aeh~ ·

LtiU ~·

An estimated 40,000 tribesmen are believed to have gone to

the woods to evade aiTest and government action . ..,

..{ ....

&!fBnUl1flUL&:..t1'WULJJ8~W~JJI\)1U1Uu1::JJ1N .II

""'

•

...

1" ...

40,000 flU fl'HULtl1

u1L'WB'Ha\JLafJ~fl111\l\JflJJLLa::Ol1LUUfl11ti8~1)\J1a

Thais are known for their open-mindedness.

&iJutfj'nUl1flUlfltJLf1UflUl~fl'l1~ 3. Action must be taken against the wrongdoers in the BBC case. ,;'a-ll7n17fhn7un17nuJn-,::thuflluflfi

iiiiil

fl11LLuat11::lfJflfl11NattatJ

U1::1fJfl\J1~U1::lfJALUUU1::lfJflfl11JJ~a:: verb to

11l:U)1U~Lt1'1ll\)

.I t ., .,:., -1t"" .I"'" 'H~LLua'n LJJJJ ""' t " ., ... .I ... 1-1 "t !'I • ... ""' n .I fi113.1J!'ILUL18~ fl1~if11~1l11:t18~fl'l1:tfl'W8LLuar:..tOJ L'W11:: uLtl1 I\)11Lu\lfl1fl1fl1'n8~ UJu ... I ... .J ..I fi~~LL9lfl1fl1118~'n

...

1 ...

3 'M18 past participle u1:: fJflafl1:tN::UJJfli\)::TI1 I

past tense Lda'W\JU1::lfJALtiudi6m1uua fia

1~aa~1LA11::,fufJflLLtJ:rh

n;fJ1i11fl

LUU passive voice atlJU fta a:: verb to be 11 i1ath~LUU

1. The name printed in red ink was ve.ry easy to find and read. JJ11\l1ntJ-,::lfJfl 2 tJ-,::trJfl11

The name was printed in red ink. LLa:: The name was ve.ry easy to find and read.

EN322

al ..t.., flflLtnfl1flnu ~tW\J11u1t61Uv .nuu~t:: .,I J, ..... al 1" ' 1 fl1 ttl LLfiUfltl1fJ Relative pronoun UUftfl.B u1tLflfl

.,I ~ al L1fl1fi111Jfl~ifa~u1t ., al l••l ifUJ11flftflu1t61UBBn u fa

;

~=aa1uinvaatt~a~tJ,::lflfliuiau (co The name that was rlnted In red Ink was very easy to find and

read.

~1nU1tlflflifLniflan atTtl (Relative pronoun)

LL~tttTta

verb to

aanltllun tJ1:: flfl'l::nluarui'Jutl1tlflfl'lfilfl simple ~tl participle phrase 'lJfl1fiU11J LGa'3Lfl11t tlLwuif~utJafl'lt\111\J''h printed lut11tlflfl .. .. .I ..... . •• l" .. .I ~\JUfla passive voice flflfl3uUULa~ LLfltifliJ11fiLLuaaanm fltt11JUflfl111J'HJJ1flfl u~a~ lflfllil,m1utJatJ1::lflfln11~~ th1JJ1LLft1 tJ1::lflfld~utJai1 ' iaR'if11MI1sHilnu ~JJIML-Auua::ihu11-flfl be

~ag1uatJ

that

was

The president, accom nled by his advisors, had anived.

tJ1::cnunfaNI1Bv ,;#tlfmnltl'JJ1a~ 3. Men trained In math

tics can be engineers.

fluil'llrun111Jndu 1~i1uftdi~tfMif~tiinm1aLi'Juiff1n1ltl'

EN 322··

IIUU~mlfl. 4.1

â&#x20AC;˘

9-:tuthn.h::lufl Passive voice l'tnhil11\'mazcnnuua::1~9fll1lJ

1. This issue will be discussed in the next meeting.

2. Transportation services will be stopped immediately . .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................... .. '

3. The product chosen ~ust be environmentally friendly.

4. B Grimm & Co w*s founded in Thailand in 1878 by German pharmacist Bernhard Grimm.

5. Her sister had earlier been expected to give birth some time in May.

6. She was accompanied by her husband to the hospital.

7. The meeting chaired by the Prime Minister was successful.

8. No rhinoceroses will be sent to Thailand under an animal exchange . program.

9. This drug was originally developed as a sleep aid.

10. Businesses affected by the law should be invited to listen to the government policy.

EN322

uuu'JJ H'fl 4.2

e~uthnh::lufl Passive voic~

,,,hm..

aa::aa1uua::,~9fl1UJ

1. It is reported that many kind o medicine are being brought in from" abroad.

2. Frogs' legs, especially from Blu Frogs, are eaten in France . ....... , .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................h ...............................................

3. Thai food is widely known thro gh out the world.

4. I was told by my friend that the apanese are disciplined people.

5. A baby girl separated from her

in sister is out of danger now.

6. An lndian.man has been senten ed to death for killing a jeweller four years ago. 7. The bird flu virus was first conft medon Jan 23, 2004~

9. Certificates are awarded to fi

lO.The hotel rooms

~re

desilaed,to路give路 visitats a good vi.ew of the

mountains and valleys.

..................................................................................................._,,, ................................ ........................ .......................................... .............................................................

EN322

.:1

Utltl 5

Tense

fl11UUD

~ ... 1tJLaEJ n~fi1UUil1~~:atJafluJtl

.. ... tl""'a!luaun1tnLWilLLatHn1a I ""' ll1ti1il~nqtiJJm1L. A

LtfU go _,

went

gone

.....

1 .... •

'H;ilLiiJJil~~fiLi11ti'Ha~n~fJ1 LtfU walk walked walked lu

• ..

lJ1Z Lflflil1~JJ'H1il JJJJfi1\Jilfl01it L1it101fl\Jil~

" ...

... ... _,... 1·'""' ... ' ullL11L1tl 011

'HU1lltJil~fl1fl1fiL1J it flU

' .. LWil\Jilflfi11JJ'HJJ1tltJil~fl1itL1it~fl1~ ""' . ' "' tense fl1~ 1 UJ flil 1 flU .. ' _, 'f fl1ilfl1~u1Z Lflfl

1-'.r ...

1' ' .. ..

' 3 _, lJ1Z'fLtlflflil u'U JJf111JJ'HJJ1tl JJLf11flU L'ULL~tJil~fl1itL1it1

1. My friend lives in Bangkok. 2. My friend lived in Bangkok. 3. My friend has lived in Bangkok.

il1~LLtla1tl'fi11JJLYhnu fia "&iauvs~d'us1fi'tlaf!1un1~'nw"1" LL~fi11JJ'HJJ1tltJ il~U1:1t1fi~Lrifi10\J na11J.i L'Yh nu tJ-,zltlfl 1-3

t11zluAii 1

l i simple present tense 'HJJ1flfi11JJifiL"l'U'll

""' .. ilUfl1~Lf!W"1 LWilUtJil~QUil~ th~luAii

l i past tense

. .. "' ~ (n1iNBf!''UfJOl::UU)

LLatl~i1

LtJ11JJ1tfad~,tuLLa1 U1~l!JA;i

l i present perfect tense .... .!. ..

LtJ1Lflflil~fiUU

...

L'Uiltlfl

il1~'HJJ1flfl11JJi1

.. ' ..

1' ' "

flilUUil1"l"l:fJ~il~'H1ilil1~ JJil~LLit1

ll1ti1~mft'flil il"l~EJ ar.h~n1~1u1a cl'uanqfiLLa:a~nq~ n1a ,.,,a, 11"ln

L~Uft~~ijfi11JJihfl'cy EN322

LLfi1Uil1ti11flt1 tna JJ1a1 11"lfl

1JJ1!f~~ihAcyLYh1·n!n 41

L'W"fltJl1~1l'YIEJL1l't1\hJ.J1\lfll'f;ilLiiEJU l,j;31Lfluia·r"S::'4L1a1i1Ldel 1 . ~YI.:JLLa::~D1\J tl'a·nhfi11J.JLi1l~Lil1Lil.:J n1~1l'nEJl,j n11LL~nill~91 il~imvJatJann1ana1 thLLti a::thlilV~1u'Yin ltl'i.:Jif ' lan1a Ldatl'a.:Jn11~:: anmaL1a1Xin6n11~~::\Jan . . ......

rhi.:J

""l1~il.:Jil1PJfJO~fJ1'D ~ .1fJ

LJ.Ji)fli).:Jn11'YI"fl\J11

0 fJ101::li1UJi)

.J_

LtJU

~::

i)~

ltl' LLB'l lun1~1l'rlfJ~tt.i.:Jifla lt.J'l1 n;u,LLi li;a n;u1!hfJ tlil.:Jt)tl1LL'HU.:JLU

tJ-s::1EJALtJua1u\.J-s::natJti1fJ thLli~b tJanmaL1a1vh.:Jnu fla

uaniJ~,u-u

L!iu afi 1a~ thi'~.~ .. sfi tha~.... srjui1 t~1"n-sif1uarj1fuLLl'ta:: 1 f~mnl'tJuau f'f -~-~ ... .z .. 11J.Jq~a.:J ... LLSfi.:J11 fJ.:Jt}1'YI1'Yif1\J "' ~ · (Lu\J011\JilnLl1f!n11t.u'n OfltJU LLa::fJ.:J I

a~1fiEJl,jfJilJ.JLtf1UilU)

. ., ..:

LtJ1n1iN1.:J

"tha~" LtJuth ilnL'Hf!011N~fl1LU\Jil~1uiJ~,UU 01a.:Ji.:Ja~il~'l.:JfiilL rta LLSfi.:JLtiL~Ui1LtJ16.:JlJ.J1til1qfli.:J)

(thi1

.. .t. .,

LLiffi.:Ji1Ltl1

SJ.Jf1nfln1a~uaul'ta\Ja .f.

""1

f'f

(LLSfi.:J11 ~ail~L1i't1SJ.J Ofi\Jil\Jlii't\Jil~EJ.:J J.J~\Jtl\JJ.J1 Lu\Jn111.Hln I

L'Hfln11N~fl1LU\Jil~1 EJLU\Jfl11~)

aJ.Jf1;n,l~mn,,u,ua &&a1

.!f .f 0 .. "' I .. II .Jit II ifJ.JW'10fln1iW\JO\Jl1l't\JO~L'W11t L\Jtlilfi11J.J\J Lfl

..:

(th::LEJfi\JL\J\Jfi11J.JfJ~O

Luult1L~u11

utiJ.:J,;1n11u1uhiLa;~ i.:J LtJU011\JilnLl1f!n11N1 "fi1n1101::mltfL~J.JL;fJ\JiilfJLLft'l L~fiJ~l,j SJ.Jft;'ltl'a ilaf11n11U1ULLB1

Lff1'0;l)

.. l"fiLLn 7"7" 61 •••• &&a1 ifJ.Jft; 7A;\J~fll1J.J1fJ

\Jilftilflfl

(\Janl t1f11lu!h.:JL1a1~ 1UJ.J1 1

_J L'D\J

ifJ.Jft;ltii'tJ~fll1J.J1fJ)

EN322

ifa.tf1;}i'W1JflNWBUa1 ( 1J en l ~fi1n11'W1JflQIW ti!Je~ ifJJ .,;1;~hu wu1tJ LLat Lif~~iua~ L;!Jufernuf1) 1Janau1"" ltl'uri '" thlf9~:.•••srf tf1ao~•••• srJui1 Ltiu lfl19t:ltllfl191:JJ1 (1Jem1a1ih~lnl'1 L"flMUiLiitt) 'Htteutf1ao~9~:Ltltt1'rlf.!~Lowa~ .... ., ... .;J

.r ifa.tf11n18-19t:numm1s11A'tf1U"Hift: fla&uJ.iti'tJflaavietf1ao~9~:1tJtta1tlsrJui1

fl11JJLLttnth~uatfl11JJfla1fJfla~'lle~ atJthuat'HuTA

tense lull11!tl~~nq'l!tuatll11!t1lflfJluu~

gone

- LflaJU~~fJ

jjn11LflJJO;fJ1!J1fJ L!JU n-Ja~ 01a~~t " walked ua1 - jj..,;alJjjjf'l,tJunn1a/L1a1 rhntJ - jj..,;uwjjffi1Junn1a/L1a1 ri1ntJ

ttl~

EN322

L!JU

walk walked

"' ttla.t tense 'rlttl~nu ... ' "' 1 nu

la.~1\ift11a.tihflqJfl\J01S/L1S1~9h~nU i'n1SL1S1 lttfJLtl1~10\A1J'r1 'H;il~1nth ... fhrlUL1S1 (a1ij)

....... t.l 1DU ft

i I

~u Uftfl1'Ui1Ut11tlfl flll11\i1 a~nqtiLyt athfl111J Li1l'llfl111J~IJ1fl!J £)~

·' tense l UU~!J£1~01ft/L1ft1

' .1 t

,.,

., •

.1 ' !'1 LLft1~~LL1JftCI1fl'YI£1flL1JUI11\i1

tJ111J1t flfl U ti tense £1tL1

lflflhtfl1~tl1JaO\iNt01ft/L1ft1 . ~UflaJl i'tUI11ti11flfJ lflfl£11'll'liltLiiaJthLif;IJn;mfi1~ 1 'H;£1fl11J£10L1ft1~L~IJ1tif1JlU111\i1lflfl L!JU U1,f1Bt;J nBU "11 V:: &if~ UlJtJ !'I

. , , .I

LlJUflU

tflfli11U1£I~OqtiUU ., . ~ 01fl1'Hft1flf11fl£1~ '"' ., ..I nU

Cl1 UlJ1t

.,. .,

tense Lflfl10U

l1191& iJU 1 •

is~ tilfi1&S!Nn;tJ1ltlnnil LVf11t'liltL um-,thtiau~~l11ti11finlliuflaJ Gl'~i1a~1~Ltiu ' . L!J1thHv::l'YI1ftVfnCl~L £1U!J£1~L!J1LLfttLY!auwa~L!J1ihtHV::IJ1

• ., ,_1

L!J1mila~n1fi~9::Lum

" ..

!J11U£101J1UOU

(n1tnlnt1lJJutJII) LWuLiifl1tlUL0mLtJatJ1tlflfl'H;a .,£1fl11aJ~LfiuL~a~Lih L1ft1LLUftl11ti11flfl7J.IutJN1BA1VBnn1

~~lifi1n;mLfiuailfln1a li + n;tJ1 Bth~wfwwis i1aeh~LWU

L!J1}r;,1tlt1~L;flU L!J17i 1a~l1~L;f1Ul1'UL1ft1 LLfttL!J17iti1fl111JLfl11Vffl3 ...~..

' .. t ...

flflU£1~~U1 1~L1flU

(n1tnlnslJJOBu)

., •

tJ ftu1tLtlfiii1V1il~Oq1*fl .1 T ., ..1• ' tense fl1~

fl1ilti1~011U

.. .. ..

!It

, L1JUI11\of1 flfJ

1. Have you finished your term paper

fl111fl~1ULil1'1il&&81~1£1tl~

aBu1t1: UB1-H th1JilOL1ft1VlOiltlfl 1'1ilUU'Iil1UU (present perfect tense)

No, but I'll finish it this evening.

J~'H1an afttJ1tl:

utiv:Mll\1Ls;'lil,BU&Gu;f

v::.... ,B~&Iud

1JfJ001aau1

f1U1J\J!Ja~l'YifJ

EN322

2. Did you see a lot of friends at the party? . ..I ..I J

f!NVi1.J L'Wfl'U'H&ntlfl'U1'HJJ,~1'UL8tl~ aBu1fJ: aiit~ LLt~1J.i~1Lflutl'a~tsthunJJuana~" ulu "ltl" tT,~...,,r,thn;m No, I didn't. When I arrived there, some of them had already left.

1,jfiattwuwJan wa1tlil~~~1utlnn!)11L~au'Ha1EJflunau1tlriau&&i1 aBu1fJ: already = riau&&i1 LLa~n;tt,lutl1~1ttflnLLtlamh~tln9l 3. Did you enjoy the party last night? .., •

1'HJJ

UJBfJU~1ULafJ~if"iO -. il6\J1fJ:

•

.,.

LLu8fl1\Jf.lOn1SnL'Wtl~'WilLLS1

last night

.J • =UJilfJU

Yes, I did. It wasn't like any other party that I have ever been to.

' ... ., 3 ' ..I :'1.1 a"in-a~ 1JJL'HJJDUn1.J~1'ULSIHOfl'U ., "&fJtl LlJUJEJ ilU\J1fJ: LLtla present perfect ;.J1nfl~fl;.JUn~iJ;.J~uu1"EJlithuann1a

&fJf.l.... uw

4. When I arrived at the office, the meeting was just beginning.

L~ml'u1tlil~~t1,~1u m"lu;~'lfJJtha~n~-J,~uwail ' J; ilU\J1fJ: L111J.iLLtla past tense t1a~n;m111~ + v utla'i1 ltlo-J nnuu just LLtla'i1 ,-R-J lithifnuL'Hfln11w1uailt~n1~ ., continuous tense tutl1~1ttf'ltl LLU8tl"l~tl\Jil1~11,.td1 n1a-J + v

5. Talking to her wasn't easy although I had known her for a long time .

., :: 1JJn"lftla~~1fJ · · "~:: ., "ilU&Rf.I~;.JmHaJJ1nau&&a7 ..a ., .,., • " (m"l) f!EJO\JLHauu .. . . 1JJUfJJJLLu811 ·- .I • .,'~" + v n11LLu8L'WilLLa9l~ .I ""' il6\J1fJ: L'Hf1011Nn'UB"9l past perfect tense 1-A'thLa;,n;m &Rf.l.•• riau"a7

EN 322

6. By the time you read this letter, I wUl ave already left home.

n11\ao~:lrfo1'W\11Jl,,.n!IQU'ud' Q'~",., s1JSJ1nu1~ tJ/un

alu111 :

L,~n11nl'!h\'JL'Ht1,d~t~o 11'1PI tl'-:aniJIA1LLUft n11 ••. f16 flf ••• ua1 Ua'l twrfifLLtJft~1 ti1s1n ftfuua'l LIJLtfLLtJft•:h O.IJI,;OL'lft1~fl'HLft!l N1LLft'l

7. She explained that the proble

of water was solved when she moved

to this area ten years ago.

Ll'JaiufN11i1'lll11L~a~J,un'1!1lt.ILda"a ~Ll'JB'i:fiirn.naquauifLda 1o tlnau a&U1tl : v. + ed LNiii1Lt'huiD\1LLUft~1 ll + v. UfNilLtf. 1~U1\1,IJID1~LMN "v=" LfJe t ,;L;;~!l'l\1L'lft1nm,,n-"~,,",;~ 2 !l'l" utl'l.tJJnsv••• e• filTh "nsv" ~adn1!1tl1::!!1F1 LLtJn~1n ago 8. When I started the journey, the sun

as shining brightly.

LdoiJie~~Q'14L~a.~oam!li14ni" 'W1:e1'APifi 1ft\1fte"LL"""~1"Lft'l 8GU1fJ : L\4 f.Jt,;'L;;141'1'l1NLLP1n~1UJS L'lft1 2 fl'l\1~t!l' continuous LLUftLfJWI1'1!1-1Lfl!l L flPiil~~ .. .rhn\'1

past

tense

...

past

9. She has been stimding there, waiting for her son, for more than two hours.

Laa~148a~1i'14111••n Ae!l\1n!f1!1aa Lfl L'ln1n~1"11ri''lta.~"'''" 8GU1tJ : present perfect continuou tense LLftiJI\1!IJI!Itifii1LMI-ItJSnn11fiDIJI1:!1:!lo\'J!l'l\'J L'lft1 •••111ff88ff•••LLft'l 10. I'll be seeing him tomorrow at the o Ice.

r.JI-I vllfitJL!11Li·h fl#lflBntmi\1if~~ti1\11 a&u1a : th::!!lljl~!l' future continuous tense LLft~"·h i4m1Pinft\1n14liLLn'l ~::LLtJft~1" ~1m.J1:!!1Jil~'h "I'll see him" llfl#tJ/wJI&n!tt!l' future tense 011NIJI1 ~LLftiJI\'1 ..

O\'J£11411'1Pin1ftLfi1~14L€l\1

EN322

uvv1Jn,;'fl 5.1

.a~ut1ath~luflfie,tJ\lua~i'路Unflftl11JUflnth~1un11&aenut1a tense

1. I will always remember him as a wonderful friend.

2. About one million people die from malaria every year. .......................................................................1......................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. A moderately strong earthquake hit eastern Japan yesterday. . '

4. All they want is to be able to work again. 路

5. The accident happened as the bus was returning from the party.

6. After going to the toilet, wash your hands with soap and water.

7. Police have found a 7 year old boy alive six days after

a major

earthquake.

8. Put your coat on if you are going out.

9. Somsri was wearing a blue and purple outfit on her birthday.

1O.Mountaineering can be a very dangerous sport.

EN322

tn1~ 5.2

IIU I

t~utlatl':loflfie,tldua:IY~lnflfl11111~nfi1~111nnallenutla tense 1. Every game should have a wi

er.

2. People have come out and vot d for their leaders.

- 3. The news said wounded peopl were dying for lack of blood.

4. Fishermen slaughtered thous ds of sharks near the Australian coast . ......................................................................................................................................................................................................:·······..····· ........................................................ .

5. Women have proved themselv s to be capable workers ..

6. The world will face an Alzhei

r's epidemic by 2050.

7. As we reached North Cape, the weather changed suddenly.

8. We should be prQud of our an estor8.

9. Scientists have already record d the results of the experiment.

10.1 got used to cooking my own

od when I had to live alone.

EN322

""' .J

...

.J-.

uqJ\11'HU~fi~U. Su1:tt\JL11ilil1Utlilfl112Jfl9l~9lilflU'Ha1EJ

tl1::t Elfl flil ..

Lfl~fl11JJ

1J.iflntJi1L~il~111u.a:l~fl11t~Ltlat~tEJ~numh~1, ibul~Lflutl,:tnu ibul~ L{J u n;EJ,'Han u.a:ibul~LfluihuttEJ1EJ t~EJtlnm ua1tl,:lEJfl~EJ11LLa:itJiau~:jj fhLtlilt~ (connectives) 'H;ilthlEJ~fl1111 (discourse markers) oh~ '1 L~U because, though, however Lfluti'u ,;1'HU1~LtfDt~lEJ~fl1111LLola:ihULti'1tl1EitlU fl1Ltfat~L'Hih;f iusu

.,.,J..[

U il fl~1n~:'t11'HU1flLtfiltltl iltl11119l111

an~1tl

t fl,~S,1~LLS1LL9l a:tl1EI~tltl1111'H2.11EIL\lVn: I'

.....

~~LUfl1,LLtlaa1~LLtJatt1111,asr\Jfl1111'H111EJtiB~ fhLtfat~ L'Hihifltl'~~'thLoMLLtla

1" I' ., tlilfl1111ililfl111 ~\}fl9lil~'li~L~U I'

•

Function ./ ., ' LWEWn,'JDt/1~

....

fl1Ltfil119l1~

(example)

.,j., 1tJ,z '1 LL\N9l111 tl ,:UlflLLS:'HU1fl~~9lil U I

Connectives/Discourse Markers for example, take the example of, for instance, another instance of,

such as, an example of, as for

mi1'lthl9fl'l1Jithffcy (restatement) lM'fi1EJBV1t1 (explanation) tJEJflUif'J (cause) tJEJn£HfJtJDnua

(cause & effect)

in ot]J_er words, that is to say in fact, as a matter of fact, according to, because, since, as for this reason, because of this,

consequently, as a result LmtJuLnt~uhui.J,d'1t~I'IR~rru

similarly, likewise, in the same way

(comparison)

,tRt~uLiivuluant~w::if,~,nuh~

but, whereas, however, in contrast,

(contrast)

conversely, on the other hand

tJDni',qth::a~fi' (purpose)

that, so that, in order that, in order to

EN322

Function

Connectives/Discourse Markers

uenlil-nNri~tuth1nu (concession)

although, though, even though,

the former. •• the latter even If, nevertheless, yet

uendeulfl, iewf (condition)

If, unless, provided that, on condition that

uem1tt1 (time)

when, while, since, as

uenlil'nlllRNtiN·(addltlon)

moreover, furthemore, and I

011.Ui'Elfil'l1N'1iOth::teJALfJ at t1'Lf· ~~PI'l1N'11-11!1~1\1 , rt£J'Wil::ft\1~8LLtlftl t1LLU\1

fefil'l1N~'"LiJ'"PI£l'" , '1i8LLtl\1U1::teJfilLiJ'"tJ~\1~'" , LLft::~Lfil'n::'11fil1\1ft;'1"!1El\1fElfil'l1N'1ie tl1::te~fil·hrh'"l"L\J'"tl,::tt1'" eh'"l"L\J'"nie~1'1'n n111-1 LLft::th'"!l!l1!1

As a schoolboy I he chose to take ~~e bus to school/instead of being driven there In the family's llmousine./later, he won a King s Scholarship/to study engineering in the United States,lbut halfway through that,lhe decided to give It up/and returned to Thailand/to study .medicine lnsteadJ

~::ft\1LnPI·h feA'l1Nil'NA1Lioa.~ed 5 fli·l•e~n'" ~o as ~'ri1'1141~ElnL11n but, Instead LLaas Instead of 'ri1'111'1~\J onfi11N LLI LLft:: and 'ri1'111'1 ~ue n 87111' ,;,,,,.,,,

'"~INIIII18/ auhllnlsf11111ite•wl•

EN,322

"" ~ "' ,J .:, t'f.1r. ,J .:, ,J '. I ' ill UIBLuULIInUnL18U L1J1U'fEJnnv=UI71n£111f&u&11"18U&&Iftlflfi=UI11C1fiV1':''u ,EJII1L111'11 16

611

111

611

111

fJULtht 1tJUHI9111 l t1Rmn1rn1/i17n1111fiMtr,1ti'171lnL nliftrHfJEJw;n,

uiLi!EJt1tJu t1ltlfil!11n111

t11111'~tifu tvsn&in ua=nti'uN1WEJ11 lntJL-NEJL 1suurmiunu

..,

el1UfJ1t

Formerly the Native Americans came from Asia. Over 20,000 years ago, they traveled along the land between.Siberia and Alaska. Before the Europeans came to America, there were over 300 different tribes. Most Native American tribes were very peaceful. They , wanted to live happily with nature because they thought spirits lived in natural things such as rocks, tree or water. Moreover, they believed these spirits could bring success In hunting and fighting.

fil'l4~'l4Lil£h1ElL~;ri'l4~1~1mDL leJ Lil'l4L'lft1~1nn·httEl\1,d'l4UN1Uft1

.f\1LLfi.fuia.t ,.1

•

.. ..

fiYi1nL!I1Liil'l4fi1\1~1Pl1~lil'l4Uiil'l4 -,::,11\l~!IUL-,!1

.,j

1" .I

~ A'l41'l4L~ El\1£1 L~; ri1-1.EldN1n n·htt1~iee~ Ld1 Ftwl'l4L~ El\1m~;ri'l4cf1'l4t,qii'nct\lu

Pi'El\1n1-,Eld£1~1\1illii11~~!10Ua-,-,~!115iL'W'I1a= ..

OEl'\4,'\4 "" ~ ft1!1'l41

EN322

•

Uft::Elft1ttn1 11118Ufl8Ufl!l11~ ~-,-u~10LN-,n1 v.1n L!l1

Li£J11il1cyqpNftaPlf eat 'l4lt\115-,-,~!115i Ltfu

I" 411 I~ • .r • ..tllll l.:t,r \1fl11UUYi1nL!I1L!JEl11 ·4qJqJ1NL,ft1'l4'l41fil11~a1L-,~~'l4n1-,ft1aPI1

t~IIUCI8~1tl'nft8,Udtflt~l'tfum1UU~th1;8SI11faH1.11:m.t 4 U8H'tf1 I

There are many kinds of

ai sweets. Their names begin with

the word "Thong" (gold) su.:h as

Thon~

Yib, Thong Yod and Foi

are the main ingredients of Thai

Thong. In fact eggs and sug

sweets. Many people avoid e ting Thai sweets because of their sweetness. However, Thai swe s are still closely related to the Thai

way of living. Thai sweets stil represent a Thai identity although the new generation路 do not kno Thai identity = iflnanllaa1'nu

............... ........................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... i ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................... ~

................................................................. _

................

................... _, ... 1....................................................................................................................................................... ..

................................................................................................................1........................;....:........._ ..,.,..........................................................;.......:........................................

Chinese food is a popul

choice for meals not only because

it is delicious, but also because there is such a great range of dishes to choose from. But it i~ also li ely to be more expensive than other kinds of food. As a result, anyo e who organises Chinese meals for guests is thought of as being bot rich路and generous.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~~=~~~~-=~~===~=~::

................................................................................................................... '1 ..............................................:........................................................................................................ .

EN322

52 'I

Because of global warming, the climate system has lost its balance. It has not only affected rainfall patterns but also the water cycle. Since the 1970s, climatic warming has increased draughts over land. If ice from Antartica melts, the sea levels will increase. So every nation needs to act now to limit the scale of warming in the

future.

n'fl11~~1an~t:J'IJ

Global warming

Draughts

= f111li1Llf-3ufl'-3

Babies have a lot of growing to do before they are ready to be born. When the egg and the sperm have joined together, they need a safe, warm place in which to grow. Since babies are fed through an umbilical cord, mothers have to eat useful food. As babies grow, they begin to move around. For about nine months, babies grow.

Then they are ready to come into the world. An umbilical cord = n'ltJn'~~ t:l

EN322

fl11Utla ft1ft11'W,1N

if11'WU1J.IL'Mihif ft~

t1TiwU11J~N&91::9~ 'M;B Indefinite pronouns LW one, I

some, someone, somebody, enr,rone,l everybody, other, others, another Lflutfu

~utla'J:wtrhS11'WU1J.JL'MthifJn'J=rlelmLSJ.J. e1un.11u.tla L'W11=i1if11'WU1J.JL'Mihif

l1Ji1191111HII1tllf1flli1lt1"JtttJlfl' fl11 IJ1fJ'IJiNthi11'WU1J.IL'Mihiftfue~ntJtft'Uft uen'J1niffhtlw1n Relative p ouns Ltfu who, .what, where, which ~Ltfunu ~LLtlitfl111&i1 thL'MthdlJ.J,tfthcnJ.J] (question words) LLa:lliA11UtlaeenJ.J1lu

am~w=thfi1J.JLSJ.JBltl

I' 1

1iiu.tla

.r~m.rna11a.~1u.a1i, 路 Relative pronouns l J.IJ1ft11JJ'MJJ1!1fl1 Lde~tLLUit~~ti'a~'W~11N11.A'UftLLl't Ltl~fJUfl11JJ'MJ.J1!1ltltt1J.JiaA11J.JlnaL

,,wu,a.~mJJL~,=~~u.a::th芦,"''4u1JJ~,w1n ,f !'!I ., ~ fl1 LLflft11J.J'MJJ1!1~ttiUBUn'llu11Jfl fi~UU itfhft11'WU1J.IL'Mih;fitJtt1JJU;tJfllft!1Ui''ll fJ~

111!

M1ilth~n11Utlitff11'W,1NlNL'l1~'11 (lndetJnlte pronouns) I

1. Treat others as you treat yourself.

~tJaJiiti&(f'i'U LMilBUtl'U~flNtJa

fiBttULiN

2. Sometimes when life is troublesome you need comfort from one who loves you.

'U1~fff-udatntli1'U1milatlfeu f!N D~m1n11tlaeutrJu'J1n1197Bn19~i'nf1N 3. Whoever comes first is the one who will receive the prize ..

lA1~9\1JJ~JJ1Cl~LfiUflUU1n'J:LfJU(f tli'u11~ia 4. One has my路 hand; the other has m heart.

"u"d"~Lfluwurs:snftuHd.,Lflu fl1~

EN322

~::a~Ulfl11

fl1a11WU1aJ

tl' one, others ua:: the other ltl'f., u 1tLtlfl fl1iltl1~U~tLL a I..:

ut~nth~nuaan1tlfl1a.~tl;u..,

i'lafh~fl11Utla Relative prono1,1ns

1. What I appreciate most in your country is the easy- going character of the people.

i~tiua.~iut~a.~,.nn~tfttluu1uLjja~tJa~~"' fia '4flan~1t1 , ..,,.,au1tJtJa~~flu 2. What you have written is not suitable for publication. ~.J

...

11aJ L'HaJ1Zfl~tf1WaJW ..1 ...... ~

n~Hf!NLtltlU

3. A person who is

selti~ will have no friend.

1., 11 ... ., fJUt1L'HULLOfl1~t aJaJL ilU .lei

EN322

路

flntYfl 6.2

1111

\l~utlath~tuftilil Indefinite pronquns ua~ Relative pronouns

gnff&~ua~"a~cra1u

tie,tl\l1t\'

. 1. I'm afraid what I say will

chas~ you away.

......................................................................................................................... !.......................................................................................................:............................................

2. Why can't you see the other si~e of me? ........................................................................................................................t,__ ................................................................................................................................................. .

3. He was the only one who told . e truths.

. . .:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I

4. Anyone who wantS to attend ~e concert must give their names today. .

--- -

;:~;~;::~:r:;-··-

~=~~~:~:;t-----------------

..........................................................................................................................f...................................................................................................................................................

7. There was also another personl in the room. · I

........................................................................................................................."[..................................................................................................................................................

8. She is one of the best babysi1.

9. They say nothing lasts forever. 10.1 can't change any more ofmy*'lf; love me for what I am: .

EN322

uuu11nt1~ 6.3

. .. 'Hutlath~Tutliiil Indefinite pronouns ua~ Relative pronouns fio,tlin,\'gn .Yo~ua~cra~cra1u

1. Everyone has to learn 路from his mistakes. 2. You don't have to be afraid of what you are.

3. If nobody bends, something is broken. 4. She wrote some gossip about somebody famous . .................................................................................................................................................................................................................;............................................................

5. Sometimes giving to others can also bring happiness. 6. One's never quite sure how the weather is going to change.

7. Nobody knows very much about his family.

8. Not everyone can go to see the parades, so many watch them on television.

9. Some are not Thai citizens at all. 1O.Have you seen another letter on my desk?

EN 322

I • • • ,. ""'"' " ,2. . I ft11U•uftu1~ lflft'rttJUIM1h•t1flft11YfU1J.I· "it" I,

lun1~1lf1fJL11Jn,:LLtla

"lt" 1i1

"uu" lun"JN~L11'MJ.nfJa·ulorf'H1mflmln '1

L,Ju My cat is in the mat.

t has blue eyes.

U111,e~iu,i'~ed1Ju,6e

,;:;,rv1l'•n!'lf1 I

LLfiL"Jl'::lJ.i\lfJJJLLtJa "It" i1 "fru" 'WfU'W~ilL'W"J1::~::W~t]lJ.iLrfUil1~1lflfJ fl1"J a::i'f"J1'WU1JJl11u!1U~L!i'1l~Lrfuin~N~'Md~tJil~ll1~1lf1fJ .i~fi'1ilth~L,Ju . My car is an old car.

runs vezy slowly.

"JatJa~d'uLrh ,~fl (& tlaf~ttJB:tS11rtU1u)

fl1i'f"J"J'WU1JJ "It" ~rinl~Ltltn'l tnlum"JLLtJarl' LUU Impersonal pronoun ~ 1JJ1tlLLf1UfiU'H1niorf tJnl~i~Ltlfln1,LLtlatJ1zlttfl~tfuol'ut1'1tl Impersonal pronoun "It" i~tinltJrl' I It was afternoon... tu,ButhtJ

I 1

It was evening... : .,

fl1UB7

Oh! It's beautiful. UHIJ! inti~Uftl

1aLLtla ".I

l"' .I t tlffiJJ ..1~ .J "" ,_, fi111J"J:: &.~fi11JJLntl1n1JL1fl10fl

~LLlJa,::L'HU

; LU:f~Nil1"JJJNfi11JJ

fin~ii 'H1nunn11fl1~ii Jn,:tfut~ tl1:lttfltf1tiU"JZ61U~lifi11JJ'H111tl (dummy subject) "it"

lutJ1:Wflin~cu:ii'L11l~ilt111LLtlaa,,wu1JJ "It" ;, "uu" 'Hanlun11 LLtJath:lttflfltfuiui1tl "It" f1n lllclit"~tla "It" tJJ'utlat11:tTtlff ltl&atJ i~oi1nth~

tinltld I

EN 322

It's just that I don't want to lose you this way.

LwtHuti路h\lulJjuenn1Q=UtliLiemsaltluuud It's possible to get there; It's just tha.t It's rather late to start now.

1Q:ltlil1i'u~!ID21li LW!I"uti路hfiau'li-Hi1 nl tl..nJ aaii1Q:D am~um"twtaud' It was simply you that I was dreaming of. ~-"!! .~ ..... ~ ~o~LntHf!WLm'U'UfiO'UH'Um

lt is vel)' expensive; It costs almost 700 baht per kilo. 11fl1U'tH2J1fl

EN322

n1aa:&fl61J

700

1J1'n

uu~1m1~ 6.4

·t~utJath~1uflt.dlcr11Yt'U1SJ1 tTtlltfl? lSJ

I. It's our duty to protect the

co~ from danger. I

.........................................................................................................................!................................................................................................................................................... 'I

2. It is not safe to cross the street rhen the green light is on. I

.........................................................................................................................j...................................:................................................................................................................. '

3. It is unsure if the traffic will be\ better.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. !

4. It is difficult to predict the occ4rance of a tsunami.

-· · · · · · · · .-· . . . . . . . ______. . . . . . . . . . . +-..--.. -·--·--·-.. . . . . . . .______________, . ..

5. It is not difficult to say you are !sorry. ..,........................................................................................................................

~................................................................................................................................................. I

6. It took nearly ten hours to reac1 the top ofthe mountain. ...........................................................................................................................1I..................................................................................................................................................

7. It's time for me to do it on my

1wn· I

............................................................................................................................1.....................................................:...........................................................................................

8. It's too late to try again.

, \ I

...............................................................................................................~............ \I.................................................................................................................................................

_. _. . . . ._ . . . . . .-.. .-·+--.. . . . . _____. . . . . ____. . . ..

9. It's time to lend your helping li~ds.

1O.It's all about making good connrctions.

---- ----,--------~------:-:---- . -----1

EN322

'!I

lltJtJttfl'tUl

6.5

tl~ut1athtlr.~fl4~ilcr11ft'U11.J1't\1A'ttlft111.J

1. It is important for people to fight for their rights . .......................................................................................................................................:.......................................................................................................................................

2. It's a pitiful sight to see many dead bodies from a car bomb.

3. It will be easier to follow the instructions.

4. If you take it seriously, you may be discouraged.

5. It was too good to be true . ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

â&#x20AC;˘

6. It was a hot and humid day and the thermometer registered 39 degrees

c. 7. It is not fair to put the blame on the others.

8. It will probably rain all day with enormous risk of flooding.

9. It is not easy to raise a child.

1O.It was a great moment when I reached home.

EN322

.:1

tJYIYI 7

n11U'l1ati1ft\1f1~iltl11JJ'HJJ1U'Ha1UUU

The photos of our holiday in Hua Hin haven't been developed yet.

a.t~LhJft11:

.... ..l't/.1 tl J ti a1fJ91DUltl..a Lflfl111111Utlil~LTlfl~ II& ilfiUU B•.Ul'fl

f111ut.lai1:

Jtlil1fl91DUltiL~fl1~1i;UtJD~L'nJ~l1J1fi'unltfa1~Ll'fJ

... "

fll

~109\1DfJ1~tl1~uu~:a11U11~LL

II ..

....

a 1JLtl1 L~Uflfl11JJ11JJ1flDU

.., . ( 1 tJDU'IV.n

~hh "develop" LLtlalt1Vl1JJfl11JJLfltJiui1 wcwu1 &t/Ssuutla~ lt11flfJla.l1iw~11N1 tnUfiL~iti1LfitnnuL~il~tiD~n11tl1fl"Stl .r~tfu "develon" ~fl11LLtlai1 a1~1tl v r v 2.

il~LLt.la·h: al

fi11LLlJl'11: . fJ1111

She lost her will to live after her close friend's death.

LUDWlWUfl011JJ111fl11M~10L;:jDUifUfl911fl ..

..a

...:t!t

..a ""

~ :t!t

.:"1

LUil11JJfl111~fi~::JJ'D lflilt!11ft~~10fiL?4DUCfufi!J8~LUilLnUu191

t.l1::1tJflif~utlautlailtnv.n::lt.l~~l~i1 -

....

LLVlfl11JJ~"S~fl11JJ11JJ1fJ8Utl8~

will tl8

will I

Al1UU~UU

~~Lflufl1U11Jutlai1 ius..

11"Sil

~1 Al1UIJ~ 9

..,

.J ..

9HL'DU LU

muflif iuut.la

EN322

blue (adj.)

LMT11LitJ1,

1.1

I always feel blue when the sun sets. .,.., ~~ .l'.-.d e; O,_Um~::4 , nLflf'l'lLJUl!J11-!Yf1:: 1fiiJI!JPin · a1a.~n

1.2

Some say Thai jokes are a 't blue.

1J1\11il~n&hTh ~JtftnLfi!JLtl~IJift 1.3

fl11-1n

,.,,.;tl1t=Lllt1'MG\1 (nou - •tlui!IHJtlf111uiiiB) /like the blues •

...

O"!fDULYiftUif

1.4

eth\1lN~~t1fliiY

(i111111 . ut of the blue)

He arrived completely out of the blue. L!l11·11{"s

2. body 2.1

(~L11} 7111t11tilll Lft

(n.)

ii1YB1M"J/tl"UiuJIJ\1L;eiiYt1 tiYel The Boeing 747 has a wide

body.

Llil~EJ"u"tu6\1 747 ili1fi1n1'1" 2.2

tf1nMw Several bodies from the wrecked

/p were washed ashore.

111nlftmft1!Jii1Yi~1m;oLL~Jtngn\illlla.i1L

sis"

EN322

2.3 L0a'M1ihuil&hft'cy1Ja~1h'l A piece of news has a lead and a body.

m'liu,.;iul1::n&1Jtl'lfl1J'r11hth1n1J,d'sti11 2.4 i1~n1a We wear clothes to keep our bodies wann. 111t11JJlriLI拢1 Nl L~tltill,.;';,.,R11J6U~U

3. confidence (n.) 3.1

ft11a~Liaaiulufl11111111110 He lacks confidence in himself when he appears in public. L!J1tl1tl fJ1111,fsJ'ul UfiULil路udatJ11nQoi1l U~ifltn1N::

3.2

fl1111ffi't1D1

f11111li'11~lst~ fl11111i1st~lUAU~U,.1ai-t~U

They have no confidence in the computer system. Ltt1l,jjjfJ路nuli'11.,191::1J1JflilSJYhLflili'

3.3

fl1111it1J

The girl exchanged confidences about their boyfriends. ~ " ... ., .. ..1 Lttn~~uy.auanfJ11118tiL1MUnU

3.4

, tta-tL6a

uanfl1111au

He took her Into his confidence and told her the whole truth. Ll1t1Bn fJ1111BtiLL8tft11SJ~;-I~\1SJfll 1fL1Silti111J

4. critical (adj.) 4.1 thft'lJII1n

This was a crlUcal moment in his career.

t~aud'Lf1utrnL1&1ifilfi'&ymnl ua'liwtta-tL!J1

EN322'

. .

4.2 ft1Mft I il,fl11tl He was taken to hospital becau e his condition was crJUcal.

L!11Qfl1h~ 1~'Wti1\J1rtLW11:81 11S'JHS .4.3 Uftfl~ft1111fifiL;;,ilth~l"'"~

He was highly critical of the

vernment's policy.

Lm1w1nVi~J11N'UttJtJ1tli'JtJ1rt

t11f'f'J"'"

5. deliver (v.) 5.1 i~

The postman delivers letters eVi :ryday. tn~l tl1~alf1&tf~JfiM~1fl'tJni'u 5.2 tJ11t11t1 I tl11fl;t1

He delivered an interesting lect

on Thai history at the seminar.

LtntJns1sL~e~tl,n--att1ftttil" ,,~~~,, 5.3 'thtl!i1ftrtilfl

The co-pilot and the steward de lvered a baby girl in mid-flight. ~t~ntliuua:w1l'M1uieui'tJ t~thtnhfltas"m'mwttMcU~tu,:wh~

Lfi!J1U, 8. a. lair (adj.)

6.1 J!ill1111

You must be talr to both sides.

fta&tlil~'li6nNtie~ftil~~a 6.2

flwa11 His knowledge of English I.

is lair.

ft11~f.n1~18'~nqwa~L!I1WStll

EN 322

6.3 i'h1J111ihliau Unprotected.talr skin gets sunburned quickly.

S1111~~~~nn~unu~~urHha b.

6.4

l~r

(n.)

n11UIR~hft'1

I bought many books at the Chula book lair.

iula\1u~I8\181!JLctJJVln-nu HW

6.5

as,,.,

~,,aanfl,

The Thai Red Cross talr is usually held in January.

·nun1tn~tlln•ri'~\uLiauJ.Jn11ftJJ · 7. Dgure (n.)

7.1

"1L81J Her income is in six Dgures.

11!1li11B~LtiBLflu.r1ut~ntn\1in 7.2 41'U1'U According to the research, there are high unemployment ligures.

VlftN&n1TS(a iJfJJnUftU"MlUf' 7.3 31111~ She is doing exetcises to improve her f'lare·

Ltsaeenrhi-4mt~Litam\-M'Jtln"Ru 7.4 ~ftft&nhft''1f1ULL1J'U~\ttLL1JU~mJ~

The iate President Yitzak Rabin was one of the leading political Dpres of Israel.

8tt91~1Z:tl'lU1Wfl

il"f'ft

11UU

tf'a1-4fULfiUf111118&hfi'cp1-4n11Lil8-4

...

flU'HU~,6~6&Y11i6a

EN322

host (n.) 8.1

Lf1n1W

Since his father was still abroad, e acted as host at the dinner party. I I "' II tl • II !II II , • LW11t11YUI'l1Eh1L'li1!1"DCJP11" . 1tL'YIFI 'll1nLft!JPID"LtJ~Uf1R11H1'14Lft!l"fl1,11L!I~

8.2 wan111tJn11'ltl.,

r,.,,;",r

Jack Is a famous talk show host•.

LL;fiiLtl~,V6n111tlfl1'tfiJ~aioLfte" 8.3 ti11:L'rlflfL(1n1W Thailand was the host country for the World Bank meeting in 1991.

tl1tL'YififL'YI!ILU't4Jif::&Jflf&l1n1Ht~n 1tl1::~1o!t1141fil11tnnt't4tl fii.Ff. 1991 9.

ill (adj.) 9.1

il'ltJ David was ill when he returned ~ m upcountry.

LPI'lP~ J71mdDL'll10et1Jiol1~1nPh"f",1 L~attftou,.1111,.1118~'U 'J 'UIIn~1nil111 9.2 There's a lot of ill

feeling(- jealousy, anger, etc.)

about her being

promoted.

am1BtJ81iJHJ1Lrie1n'UL~D"~LtiDL io\Yhu.ml" 9.3 If a black cat crosses your pat , it's considered ill omen.

tl1LL~o!1Pi1;"iP~,\l'1Ltlfto11LU\4.8'NI111 (ffllfnll) 10.

party (n)

1 o.1

t1\nitJtlta,,l( L,ha t1\1Li ti'\ILn• (a birthday party) f11UitJtLL.Itt1\l

(a weddin party) Ltl14i" btlfore she moves out.

~=J,eoonlt1

EN322

10.2 W11filn11Liiil\1

(a political party)

The Prime Minister came from the Labour Party•

...

..,

~1!1n1J3-1~91,J.l1~1nwnsu.,~~1~

1 0.3

I ~ "' ... e A I n'!a.lfiiU'rii~11"U.It11LWil'rl1n\ln11a.I\J1\1ilfJ1\1

-1

!fl

L'U'U 'rlfJ\1L'rlfJ1 L1J'Uti'U

The special bus was full of a party of tourists.

The two parties cannot agree on legal issues.

~ .!1 , I "" , i!-1. II fl~tUI~N1fJ LJ.lff1J.l1,(191na~n~L91 L~ ,::L~~911~n!Jl'IJ.l1!1

11.

operation (n.)

11.1 unt1'Rn11 U.S. soldiers performed important military operations in Bosnia. .., _, .. ~ ..J .., ..1 ... fll'l1,ffW~J., JiliJiffB1,fl1~fll'I1,FI,~"'1FiqjfiUElffL~!I I

11.2 n111.11t1tt The surgeon is performing a minor operation on her hand. .lY. ... .., ' ., .. ..1. l'lft!IU.'WfiEJma~•1fffiLanfiJ.lEl!lEl~Loa

11.3 &f1'U1'U

in (into) operation 'tU·I1!1£i\'l

When does the new traffic law come

n1tN,;1&UVtJ1f 'YI;£l

n1IN1s

into operation 'l

L~£JL'n1n!Jl'l3-11!1~,,~, e::ssnltl'

to run (v.) .... .... 12.1 1\JUtt,.B\JII!LL8/\lttn11

12.

She runs the household.

EN322

.¥

12.2 UUJ!J The vine· runs over the po h. I J' hi a LC11£li\4UU1t/ Pl11ol-,::LU!h'l

. ... .

12.3 fl11\1,.1\11" The engine is running.

,,.. d

...

• .., .•

LA.,£l~~n.,n1a~n1~1u

12.4

Tears were running his fa r 7 ., 1411J11 71ml1U't1141L!I1

12.5

I (em)

t18\1L'MI1 (I~L

tt)

.. ...

LW11~~11N18"'M18"1

If a dye is nonfast, the colo r will run when the material is washed.

ti1ftEia~o~la.lliP~ L~ai.hltl~ni ::an

J 3. local

13.1

13.2

( adj)

\iatd" t"tiatd" There are not many docto

in the local hospital.

laJil,.,~o~a~o~1nt.t'nt14{.,~-wmu1

J's.,du

LQW1~fl

(t18,\1Tltfl1t1)

The cyst was removed und r local anaesthetic. .

tlafi'Qnd1£J£JntP~!Jn1.,QPI!J1!f

14. subject

14.1

(n.)

11'118 He tried to change the sub. L!I1'W!J1!J11-1 Ltlis\. mri'B n11

u1w1::YI

of the conversation from politics to sport. 'VI141 fi1R L~El\1n11~£l\1LiJ14"~

EN322

Chemistry is my favorite subject

LfliM~Ju1nfiou'liD'll~1n 14.3 'WftLi1D~tlil~1h~L'nff~iJ'W"S~Ninn1ft~;aLfluth~Ntl He denied that he is a British subject.

Ltt1tl~Latrh1JJ1tid~Juwadis·nwnq~ 15. table (n.)

15.1 ..,,~ The figures in ~e table show t}:Je decrease in this year's profits.

i'lLftttlutR111-l4St~~l ~dhu-tarh1,fiat~ a~

., 15.2 if1,\Jty

The table of contents shows· the different parts into which the book is divided.

anni'~~ust~~it~thuti~

, ,.,,..;t,,r~aauu~11'

15.3 thU'lU under the table (of money) Lluih&'UU Lluli£1~ They offered me one million under the table if I would vote against the government's plan&.

LtniiiJitUUWULfiUVlU'lUL1U 1 a1U\J1'n 01QU88nLif!J~fttlft1ULL~Un11

timetable (n.) • tl1mL'lft1Lil/DDn

tlil~1Cl/,alW/Lfi~B~UU (British English)

• t11mseu (American Engllsb)

EN322

UUtJ nttf!

7.1

" t-3ut.lath~luflfie,t.lmtnt\1tfl111J

1. Some believe that a crow is a b rd ofUI omen.

2. The king always delivers the ew Year speech of blessing. 3. Two were dead and many were in critical condition.

4. I bought a handmade teddy be

at a fair.

5. The story is not really intelligi le unless you know about insects. . . . ......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... -.......................

6. The figures in the stock charge are not clear.

7. My friend recently underwent

operation on his. appendicitis.

8. The host country must provide everything. 9. There are thousands of bodies

at cannot be identified.

IO.A female militant was conv' ted of trying to bomb Los Angeles International Airport.

EN322

UtJtJ1In,Y.-a 7.2

1. The baby who weighed at about 7.5 kilograms was delivered by a

caesarian operation. -

2. The program will be broadcast live on Channel 9 with Adisak as host.

3. The ptail is delivered two times a day.

4. We need more volunteers for the relief operations . ................................................................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................ ~

5. The figures of the death toll from the tsunami artt up to 5303. ••••••••••••••••••••••o•oo••••oo•••••••••••oo•••••••••••••oo•••oo•oo•••••••••••••oo•••••••••oo•oooooo•••••••••••••••••••••••••••oo••••••••••••••••••••••oo•oo•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••t•••OO•••••••••••••••••••••••••oo•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••oo•••••••••••••

6. There are not enough operation rooms for all the injured. ! ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••··•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·•·•··••···•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••T'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''•••••

7. They said nearly 100 bodies had been recovered ~t the beach . ................................................................................................................................................................................................:-···········································································

8. Her boss had to retire. early because of ill health.

9. Only a skilled surgeon can perform a heart operation . ................................................................................................................................................................................................j .......................................................,_ .................. .

lO.Martin Luther King was an important political figure who wanted equal rights for black people~

EN322

1JYIYI 8 u _i.d -• ... u ~ 011Uutlfllfi'Wll113ui'UlJ\UJO'Jili'H -·

ai11\lfll1JJ'Hs.nuil~

.. .,

. ... ""'

., .., LtiU '

911S:mflftit1fJfllHfl1J911if:nfltlil~fl1fll~nfl11ll~ll1fJnUfl

ft111 militant

(adj.) ml'l"'~ ~fi'1S:nflfta1fJ01Jfh11 military (n.) na-3ntv ~~il1~'ti1l\1 ~LLtlit1J1~ftUiflt1La111 militant ~ft11ll~ll1fJfta1fJ01Jth11 military

fi'1S:nfltlil~thtl'vnf1J1~fhlnaLflfJ~OUJJ1n~U'ti1l \i~LLUitft1JifU •

stationary (adj.) fNH

,., J

Bf!nVn fl1J

•

..,

L"iJU

th11

stationery (n.) &fJ1B-3&fJtJU

fi'1if:nfltJil~thtl'v.~1J1~fl1fta1EJ01Jthti''W~~L6ill11lil (suffix) L"liu fh11 . hardly (adv.) lN1fJ-i9:: 01J hard (adj.) HUn, (adv.) Bth~Hun ~LLtlit il1~Li1l~11 hardly ll1~1n hard ~LLtlit11 HUn Lilli ly ~~ll1'JLLtlittlfl1oi

• 1!1. fl1¥'1'Wfl U 3 ilfltiW:

.. ·

..r

!'I .... "" ., " t1 it flflit11li1ULuUuty~1ll1fla1~11J~LL

-t..:t~tfLL "" t1 itLtl1" t'J

., 1 JJflll

fl11JJl1JJ1fJ~flLLit:LL\Jit~ft

18utJit

"tJ itfl1"J'W~1"JW1 "" U1:TLfJfl~"Jlltlilfl11llfi'J:LL ... " .,j Uit tfLL fl1A'W,;'911 JJtM1Jflil rh~"Jil1J fl il1J

...

LLit:'W'J1"JW1ft11ll\'lll1fJtlil~

LLit :Ltiu ti'u 01J fl11 LLtl it fl1fr'W'ri'~ii fl11 lll'lll1 fJ~it1tn!fJ

.. .. 1'll LLUill.. ' ~ .. 1'"" UJilLflftfl11ll \iJ UL "JiNfl11ll~ll1fJflfl119111\iJSil\J\iJ1fl'W\iJU1~fl1liL 'Wil\iJ: ll Lflfl .fl11ll~fl'Wit1flLUfl11LLUit

EN322

Ill

_3.

......

af ..

Ill

"'J

fl1iltJ1~fl11'1WflfiJuL!JfJ'U14ftfl1 L Ltl1 L'.lfl11141UI1tJU6t

alone (adv.) 11111B1tH He stays alone but he is not lonely

L!l1£l~,111ihW-lLLflL,J1n12Jjftn11& 2. beside (prep.)

lLitfJ

rr,., .,

There is a small table beside the

'., ... 11~~~~ Lfl:aan 1 Eltj!/1-lLflfJ~ 3. hardly ( adv.)

"nuv::lli

Her bedroom was so small that we could hardly move around in it. ,;tl-3Ufl'UIIItl-3 '11 fl &Bn111 ntunnfi'~ ,,,

"JJe::utlsu7tnM,;

4. helpless (adj.) 1J.iS11111flfhtJ&H B,U&iN lc;j

A small baby is helpless.

L~man 1 l2Ja11111afhs,n,s., li ...

...

t:l

5. industrious (adj.) fltJU!IUUf/-1

Somsri was such an industrious s dent that she received a four-year scholarship to college.

1 .,.,

' •

...

... fit ., !S .J ., ., t:l -~~... if11f11L uU'Unvtn1~1'YiflfJUf/UU!I-l111n 'U fl1\Jfl'ULa1L1fJ'Uifu L'U11'H11'YJV1atl

6. intelligible (adj.) i'fU9U

/&ri'1tv

Her explanation was so confused th t it was barely Intelligible.

thaBu1tlll£l~L6aq~PJ1niuau~uLL't1 ~=12J&ti'1tv

EN322

7. lately (adv.)

t:l

U./8&71

'111

The traffic problem in Bangkok bas been ignored until vezy lately.

iltymn1-s~n~-slun1~L'nV.., umus1atJantteatl~un-s::~d1s&f1 'l B. liquidated (adJ.) th4'~t

/ fln&in

The government announced that two private banks were to be Uquldated. W

1)\J1aLLaa~'l11iU1fl1"SL&n!fuifa~LL'K~~::tleh1!Jn&ftnnvn11

1-'짜.. ., 1-'짜.. ., 'l/flf9fftiH1711U1~H18fi8U Dn1a~

9. militant (adj. ) militant (n.)

Hl'f'IU1~ / fiBU Dn1a~ J., ..

The miHtant farmers rallied in front of Government House.

!f1'1U1tn711" '~L~Uti\J'lU1thnl'1,1LU!JtJi')tJ1a 10. matchless (adJ.)

11Ji1ifnnsu

The onlookers were stunned by her matchless beauty.

~!fSJ9lntu~a~nufl'l1SJ~1SJii'u llli1tlnnf1Utla~Laa " 11. namely (adv.)

lluti

At first, there are five countries in Asean, namely Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand.

L~SJLL1nih1,u1::L'nftlua1Li!Ju lluri mLaLieJ, it~fllu1, WiitJtluif, fiulfluLi!J

LLit::U"S::L'rift1'ri!J 12. nearly (adv.)

dfau

When the traffic was bad, it took me nearly two hours to get to the university.

Ldan,,n,,~,~,La'ln!J d'uliL'la1&nsuaa~fltSJ~Li4a~::1uSJmi"tJ1a!J

EN322

13. prkelelll (adJ.) llthtm.lmna~

(n 1) -1JI.r

·He owned· a~ co!lection ofptiin · · •

Ltruflulfna~H~nwnt~tlu-wann~iifi1 vtl18111111 (11fl1) 1111ft' l4. ,...,..,_ <'*~)

'IIHw•l"•,, / •.,.,.~,,,.,, ·

He Jmow that it _,.risty;

,_be we.nt

.,..,_.

L'\11f111tJ~i1 LiftJ~ ufiD.,Bih.,Jviffi1M'\11 n nh~6,U 16. su«eaate (ai(J.)"·

&IIJv&(N,,,.,,. ....,f••Lhrf• ·

The &QOwStorm hippeDixl-on_ fWO_ . .....

Ynq~an:Lfit~fua&n,;l..,., ·.

ft1ftw~ii1&1nRtniLRstn~ l. ab,..,·nu IIIHMnl abroad (adv.) -

aj/ lll~mr

aboanf.(adv.)

iv(w) &U/70

'"~

I've never Jived abroad before. Q'ulaJLtt&J.j,;,.,t/n&Jflftll~IU. The boat awayed u .he stepped._,•

L1aLitHufat1hnnluwafa 2.

'affect nu etrect affect (v.) i1triitlisvutla.,/ iiifliwa 's (to_ innuence physically or emotionally) effect (n.) •a (n1mv) (a result) effect (v.) mtWin• (to prqduce, to ca to happen) The doctors wanted to see how the medi ation would affect the patient.

'H1J6fl6~fl11~i1tJ1iiraatiatna1tiath-11,

EN322

Decreasing taxes will have an ... :.I

...

adv~

etrect on the future of the government.

n1\1Yit'l~t'I-3,::VIIiJR1::tfJMtltl\l1flfliU6~'JJ1.11a

Deng's free market policies have. effected a number of changes in roral China. ultJtJltJn1'lfl1 La'; ttl fl-1 Li-1 L8tJ1 N-1 lil1Hinflfl11LUfi fJULLU tl-11Jln1J1fJ1U.,UlJ'Vlttlfl-1 Lil fl-'I;U

3. compliment

OtJ

complement

compliment (n.)

thvntiB-I/fii.J&flfl/&iiutJB/fi111J&f91'11'1/fiB-IiJih1'unu·m1'1

complement {n.)

B1Uth::niJtJ

His boss was pleased with his compliment. ( n.) L-4'1U1ti'Will'Jl

UA1&SUt1BtJil~tJ1

He complimented his boss on his success. (v.) LtJ1tlnDiJ-11Ufl11JJihL;'Jtlil~Li1U1tl A fine wine is a complement to a good meal. (n.)

hu·nuaf1Lflutl7uth::natJtJa~m'H11~Laff·nl The wine complements the cheese perfectly. ( v.)

.. "" .., tl 'i:fi1UntJLUtJLLtl~'J:!f1tiYI1 .., "' ' • 1'HJJ'iif'lfl9l9lLafl .,... ... ... . . 11ULJJil'i1J ..,

4. considerable fl\J considerate considerable (adj.)

V1U1Uinn

considerate

&n"So~!v/RAO-IVII1VfliJ-IU-iu/7::NA"S:ri'-l/'18tJftiJtJ "

(adj.)

He had a considerable amount of money and was quite considerate regarding the

welfare of his employees. ... .... ' '

., ...,

...

Ltl1 JJ L~U 91U1UJJ1 fl LLfl Ltl1fl ilUtl1~'J:"S8 tJ f9 iJtJ'1::11A"S::1-IL fl tl1 fltJ L'iil~ if1iffl fl1'iil~

EN 322

5. dairy

n\J

diary

dairy (n.)

rl1{11fltull (,dtnti'u~ nua::u11

diary (n.)

"'1'"1uiln

He owns a dairy fann.

L!I1LfJULtQ1tl&diVnlnil{lllfl'UJJ Did you put the date of the meeting 路n your diary'?

flN~trlUUfiMJJ1f11Uif'fiJUUiJnM;iJL 6. decent

n\J

descent ,;,,,.,,., /

decent (adJ.)

,n,{,,..,

descent (n.)

uuSs.

She is basically. a decent woman; h

descent into a life of crime was due to the

influence of her husband.

lflotJnilua1LDDLfJutfM&Y~~'huuiTs Lwn:ii~BwatJu~mil

dessert

n\J

desert

dessa1

(n.)

!IB.,H11U

diiSert

(n.)

n::urnns

Date is a kind of fruit that grows in

e desert and it is a good dessert.

iiu~UlftJJLfJu~alJwufiM;j~~tJunlu ::utnnDua:LfJu!IB.,H71UDfh~il 8. disinterested

n\J

uninterested

disinterested (adJ.)

~ninterested (adJ.)

lll'll&iltniB., lllsutv

As a disinterested observer, he is not biased.

lufluttfi~Lnt~n11N;/l,;Dthu,;/s,

B.,,

Ltl1~~lli,1LDfl~

EN322

He is uninterested in learning anything. Ltn lJJau1v~'.ltL;fJUDtlnafJ

9. emigrate

nu immigrate

emigrate ( v.) . immigrate ( v.)

B11J / 8WIJWII1 B11J /

BWfiWltl

Kamton emigrated from Laos in 1982 and then immigrated to the United States.

â&#x20AC;˘hiuswt1WN1'.11na11lutl fl.f'l. 1982 ua:nswswltlu~~~'Hi'!m,;n, 1 0. formerly

nu formally

formerly (adv.)

u,;risu

formally (adv.)

sth~&f'l11fl1~n1'J

Singapore was formerly ruled by Britain.

u,;risuit~flttl1gnD'~nq1:ttlnfl1D~ Mr. Smith has formally accepted the job.

'U1fJ~ill5i'U1J D1J~1'USfi1~& f'lu111~ n11 11. guerrilla

nu gorilla

guerrilla (n.) fv'Jtisn1ms gorilla

(n.) i~ns7&1f1

A group of guerrillas recently planted many bombs in Peru.

' .,,

.. l 'ULtl1L1JDL11 ... "' 1 'U.z v

nitNI.tnSn11'J1ll1~1tL1Jfl

The gor_illa is an endangered species.

i~ns7~ta1LfiuitrSlnd'f'lJM'uq

EN322

12. healthy

healthful

healthy (adJ.) healthful (adJ.)

"'"""" / t[fln

i11Bftln1W / 1lH'uG.,un

He is healthy because his house is high on a mountain, and he always breathes the

healthful mountain air. LtJ1ilf1Jn1JYiLWTltU1'UtJiHLtJ1Dd UJ'U{ILtJ1LL&tL11iJn~tlt1fJl~a101f1{1LtJ1i~~oia f1Jn1tv

13. heroin nu heroine heroin (n.)

lf17UJtvi" (utf78 )

· heroine (n.) U14&Bn In this film, the heroine used to

a heroin addict.

lull1'WfJUtti'L~o~if

~iiflt11&swi~t

il14&DnLflfJLtJ

14. Imaginary 01J imaginative \

imaginary (adj.) imaginative (adj.)

iJNNi

Jl1.,iv•tnn1

An imaginative writer writes a no~ in which all .the characters am Imaginary. .,

""-~- -

...

'U0bJfJ'U'riD149U,U1n17LtJfJ'U'U1

... ., ,_,..

1fJ'riLtl~ ~,.,fl1fJtl1fttfl1HSNNWZI'U~1

15. personnel nu persoiUII personnel (uncount. n.)

uuuny, "/ 'l"'nn7

personal (adj.) &tlutllUWJ He had a personal problem with th manager of the personnel department.· LtJ1ililcy~11BlUii'lrl1J~{fln11UIIUn ftftlf

EN322

principle

principal (n.)

flllHq/

principle (n.)

nQ&ntutf/ Han&nOitf

16. principal

The principal achieved his high position by adhering to the principles of honesty, fairness and hard worlc.

"ltHq/ltR'tJthLL'Mu~t"siltnTu1u'Mann,,a!u.mfi11JJiuft~rf qits11JJ LLa~,;,~,u .,

'MUn 1 7. sample

example

sample (n.) ilsrh~

(iufi'1 / 11i11ntutf / n11JIIIIIiN) example (n.) i'1sth~ (tJ8~fll111ftll&gu,ifsif1vu1H'&ilufll111V7~)

They took several samples of the soil near Karat; for example, they took

some from. See Kew ,and Komburi.

'W1nLtnl9l',;'-,sti1~au,.a1f.lu.~~lni '1

lfl11!f

i'-,sti1~L'liu iiu~1nafi'1 u.a:

f'IBU'l!;

18. sensitive n\J

sensible

sensiUve (adJ.) (s1111af) lisu1Hl / n/nw1~ sensible (adJ.)

i1&H'JIIII / i1tniTfl/&hiln

Surely it would be seulble to get a second opinion.

u.uuuutiaJJi1&H'Ii1ua~.~~fi11JJL{;uflsu~ Don't be so sensiUve; I wasn 't criticizing you!

DthssulHlUnLitfJ aulJJlt~i'W1ntfl~11N~NSn'MUDfJ

EN322

...

19. special 0\J especially sp~al (adj.)

ii&RW / unn::

. especially (adv.) T~tti&A)¥1::

She tspeclally was moved when

1ormance in the play.

r• 1,1

saw her .little dBughter's spec1ai per-

~IIIIIIAIV1mfa'IDim1LU'tlillfMIINUnllnluatfl1

LDaifufiul'l

20. stationary n\J. stationery stationary (adj.)

,..,;1 / s;iuil ,,!s~&lsu (n1:: v /

stationer; (n.)

thnnl /

iu«s)

House prices have been stationary fa several months.

'f.lUL1lt1'Hlt1fiLflBUU ...

" J 11fl1\J1U,"tJB~L

Please write your comment on hotel

tlonery.

ttl1flL!ifiUfhi~11NtiB~f1Wlt~l un1::1r

!191JHII"'tlfl8"

f'""'"

EN322

uuuilnttf'l 8.1

" .,~utlcn..h~luflfie,tlirhn~ Qfl'luJ

1. Thailand got a lot of compliments from many countrie~ that lost their people.

2. The painting shows her imaginative idea.

3. Her adviser gave her a sensible suggestion.

â&#x20AC;˘

.4. His children are strong and healthy.

5. He runs his business by the principles of honesty.

6. The land formerly belonged to my ancestors.

7. Most of the desserts are too sweet.

8. The baby gorilla was born yester:day.

9. You can buy this pen at the stationery shop. 10. The car was held in the desert.

EN 322

~•uuflnli'11 8.2 I 'I

1. He is the type of a person ho was pleased with compliments. 2. The traffic nearly stopped hen it rained heavily. 3. A cons~derable amount of hickens were·killed in the Sars crisis. ······························"-·············································································································································································································································

4. Ice cream is her favorite d sert in Summer. 5. She always notes down im ortant events in her diary. 6. Decent people will not ste 1 even though they have a chance. 7. She does not know about h r boss penonallife. · 8. She hardly ever wore a lo~g skirt.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j. -.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9. After Saddam was arrested the terrorists became more militant. IO.Without proper food, the b y' would be helpless against an attack of disease.

EN322

1JYI11 9

fl11ut1a Phrasal verbs

Phrasal verbs "18 two-word verbs '3tlLLtt:m11:t1LiJt1u lfl1~1fTN11B~

...

,.,.,, !fmnnn

Uti~

::,

Ull11:t1B~nq1:t \1~

Ull11:t1

Phrasal verbs 1h::nauol'·u18B·Uhu AB thnimua::

thuth::nau I

verbl + preposition or particle

put

Ldal~UJ~t11::ltJfl a::iln11~ 01fl11~1fuLflUct11'WU1~~::11~B~1::"·h~

., nu

out = put out (to extinguish) verb

particle fi1Btl~Ltiu Yesterday a tire broke out at the new market. The firemen were able to put it

out.

1··'1 .,..,J , n "~\'lflit1fl "~

""' ,1 .. L~B11UULAfl

1fi\'IU ., .,

'WU0~1'Uf'IUL'VH~~~tl

., :: ~· ..t tl1011~UULuUrt1U1~~::11~ :l"a~

1" "' preposition

The firemen were able to put out the fire at the new market.

";B1'H11'1::wl'H

verb + particle

iflti'

nre out at the new market. vnl'n~1UflULYtfi~fi'V lw~flit1fl1"~1of The firemen were able to put the

' EN 322

1uutla 1

D1U1.htlt~ft'H;ati'Dft1 ~1 l1Li11" lflt~'A"11N1"1ntJ;un~11

verbs 1fu

1flufl11JJ'H~1t!lfl

il1"liV4"

Phrasal

11i01~.tht~1un1-st1'U'H1ft11~'H~1tl V4"U11i01~

~LRt1101J Phrasal verbs lflt!LQW1t il'H 1tmi~

LUU

• NTC's Basic Phrasal Verbs. Lincolnwood, Rlinois: National Textbook, 1996. • Longman Dictionary of Ph sal J,

V4"U11ifl1JJf11

1 l•• u

1J1~LftJJ

Ver~s.

Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1983. ..

n DD1J1!1Lnt11.n1J Phrasal verbs LtiU

• nd

• The Oxford English Diction ry. 2 ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. • Longman Dictionary of C temporary English. 3

ed.

H~rlow,

Essex:

Longman, 1995. • Collins Cobuild. London an Glasgow: Collins Publishers, 1990. ..

fl1ilfJ1~

Phrasal verbs

1. break down 1.1

stop functioning This machine will break do n if you don't take care of it.

Lfl1il~t!Uvt'"tJNcl1flNl1JLB1 1.2

"ltfJu

lose control of one's emotio s She broke down when she h ard of her friend's accident. _f"'

""'

....

""'

LDil fl11lfJIIi1111JIII &Nilf!L~il fllJU!l11~1JfiL'H~!lil~ LV4 DU 1.3

to break something down (tans v.) The survey breaks dow':' the population of ~ailand region 'by region.

m1i111"U1t!11n11J£i~tJ1::L ffl fi!IUU~ ltlt~1JJil1fl

EN322

2. bring down

2.1

to cause to fall or come down After much hard bargaining, he brought the price down to 300 baht for the dress.

'Hfl~~1fltlD1£l~tlUDfhnnl'n 2.2

L111fi811fl1Lia'lttB•UI1L'Haa 300 1J1fl

cause to be defeated, defeat

This scandal could well bring the government down.

. . "'

..t-.. ....

n........

.~ L1D~£l£lQ11UifU.I110TI f L'H1JU1iUV1fiUW

flf1Lfltl1

3. bring forward 3.1

propose or to show or protluce for examinalion She brought forward a new proposal to her thesis adviser.

,. . .. .. n . .

....~.~

L5£lUf118 Lfl1~m1flti1UWU6 'H)JLLn £n;;J11tlflu1n~1

3. 2

to bring (something in the future) nearer to the present time The head of the department has. brought the meeting forward to next Monday.

'H1'HU11l1fUB8Un11

tl 1~'!)J&fi11.J1LuU1U;;!Ufi1'HU1 .. f'l .. .. .. ..

4. brush aside· • to dlsrepJ'd The official brushed aside the witness's protest.

Lf1HU1tfiJJ1JitJfi11.lJ::Yl1~'1ltH'WtJ1U 5. brush up

= to

improve

He wants to brush up his knowledge of French belqre he goes to Paris.. .. ' ~ ~ .. • • .:. ' ..1 ltl· . . .~ L111\J'Iil~n11nUyfl11JJ31l11:t1w"NLf1ifnau""~

EN 322

u ·~if

6. build on 6.1

to make as an additional bulldl~g This part of the house was built' ~n later.

thudtra·nj',utJis&iMfut-.nJ 6.2

to use as a base for turtber de

opment

In the new job, he will be ab

to build

his previous experience in

marketing.

L!l1ifUJ11llUU1nth::&f\Jn11NLOl fl'1Un11tta1ftLtfUlUnUt'MJJ1tf e gradually larger

7. build up • to Increase, develop or bee

He has built up a good f~ly b siness over the year. (trans v.)

L!l1ftDtl '1 Uf7N&Jn"q1n~fiii!ID ft1D\Jfl'i1JJ1U1U'Ma1tiU His anger built up until he finall exploded. (intrans.v.)

fl11JJ1n1ri!ID~L!l1&tluN'lni~u1 LUttDDnJJ1t u;liffl 8. cheer up (for a sad person) • to be h PY, After a while, she began to chee up. (intrans.v.)

'Mi~~1m1a1~hultJflt~cut LriDn ;~Jils'ln'l77-u7.,ffu She took flowers and chocolate (trans.v.)

the hospital to cheer her friend up. I

LriilU1ttDn1Ju.a::'lrllntnu.;ttltJtl sutvL~euitt"Nwti1\J1a 9. clamp down on= to stop or to contro The principal has got to clamp own on gambling in the school. tlll11qjitH~,j1a1JJprl11&rium1'W

.,uluhu1vu

10. clear up 10.1 to Improve After the whole day of raining,

weather cleared up.

'HM~n;INuttnttaDfli~ a1n1ff urJ11tJu

EN322

1 0.2 to solve The manager hopes to clear up the company's problem quickly. "., ., .,J !'.!&f ~ ., , " I d ~~fln11\'I'Nfl~:"nucyH1tJB~\h\ffl'tlarn~nt~L11

11. come apart = to disintegrate I picked up the old book and it just came apart in my hands . .,

...

.,!5

•

.,d

OU\'Iti\J\'IU~etBLn1tJUJJ1U8ZJJUnHilfin7::91Vft12J8

12. come down = to drop, to fall When the inflation starts to come down, the stock market will improve. ""' ., .. .'!1 L2J88tl11L~ULn8BIJB~

d_ ...

., ..

fl£t1tl'tUnu1\Jfl1fltJU

13. cover up = to cover completely / to prevent from being noticed or becoming publicly known They covered up the scandal so nobody knew.

""'

vnmt11 t1nil IJL1B~aao11

.. 1'~ ~~ ,.,,., Lfl1a1~l

., z; fl~uu

She fell asleep on the sofa so I covered her up with a blanket L58UBU\'Ia\Jlu\JUl'lfvh;l'u~~HIIU1HULlfL68

14. crack down

= to enforce the rules or laws against

The Prime Minister is determined to crack down on corruption . ., .. z; .. ..1 t1 t1 " .... U1tln1!JJUtl1fl~ L~'YI~:

TJlJ

71Un110£l11\i!}1\J~\181~

15. cut back = to reduce by cutting

Her husband cut back the amount of money that he used to give her. ~

., ....

..I

"'"

if1Jitlil~Ltlil_,IJL~U~1U1UfiLtJ1LftfJ L\'IL6il

16. fade away = to disappear gradually In the evening, I like to watch the sunlight fade away. ....~ l UtlilULfJU 0Utf8\JJJ£l~f1Uif~il1'Yifltlflf98fl d

...

EN 322

•

&B81JH1fl

ltl

17. fall back = to JDOI'O or

tul

The crowd ten back to

back

l~t the policemen through.

~~!fU118tJHBn111~1,;'f11~~Li1JJ1 I

18, flllln 18.1 to complete He wants somebody to h lp him fill in the application form.

Lt11io~m'1"1fl1ftnflu !.ln7sn1uetJfl11,;' 18.2 to substitute If you don't come, we'll md someone to fill in for you. d'1fJG! ,1J1J1L'S1t::'Hlft'U1J111

19. lind out

fJlU

= to discover or to l arn (a fact that was hidden)

She looked in the closet i order to lind out his secrets.

l .,.z " ...

..,

UUUJil~'H1 U~Ufile-11L~ÂŁl

UH1fi11J.Jil\Jtlil~Ltl1

20. lit in

20.1 to match or to agree His ideas did not quite nt in with our plan.

fi11JJtlfltlil~Lti17Ji&fi'1nU \JLLe.IU011tlfNL11 20.2 to harmonize I

The house nts in beautifu ly with its surroundings. "

.,,.,

..I

\J1U&t/1ntJlfCI1UfiLL1flilil ilrJ1~lf1!1~1JJ

21. give out 21.1

to distribute We plan to go to the orph age to give out the money to the children.

LTl11~LLe.IU~~::lt.JifetCJ1UL rJ~L~nth\'tflL~DtJ791PJL~U1,;L~n '1

EN322

21.2 to stop functioning My old car's engine gave out wheh I tried to drive it• ..

.,.,..,

.,.,

Lfl1il~tJUVJ10Lfl1!1D~QUIV4LUDQUfifJ1fJ1JJ~=tJ\J1JU

22. give up 2 2.1 to stop doing something

He tried to give up smoking since it c~ cause lung cancer. .

...1'1"•

!t.l

L!I1WtJ1tJ1J.I&8n\1tJ"tl11Lfi11t"t111TI1 Ll1LflOlJJ:=L'1~uDOl

22.2 to admit defeat

I finally gave up trying to use a computer.

...LUYl'fOlOUfl811&8nfl11J.Ifitl1t11SJYl~t ., ., ... ""LtiflDJ.In1L01£1'1 -~ ~

23. go down 23.1 to become lower The value of money has gone down eve.ry year, while the price of goods has risen. '

...

;nUtJa&tYl11fl1ctUfl1nLVUJtJU ..1 ~., • ..:.z

fl1tlil~L~U8c;Jif18"'Jfl

23.2 to slnlc or to disappear from sight Three ships disappeared and we believed that they went down in the stonn. L;ilS1J.Jih111tJl tlu.atL11LiDi1Jl'U91Mltll~UYnf! \

24.

go over

24.1 to examine or consider carefully We went over the accounts ve.ry thoroughly but couldn't find any mistakes . ., ~

...

..1:~

l 1JW\J '

LTllfT.J9ifStJ\J'U'Diltl1~fttLiltiOlfttilDLLfi111YlwOl

EN 322

24.2 to repeat I asked the boy to go over his

s~zy again.

11'ut~aliL~n~tnfJLthL1auh1-.nJI 25. keep up

25.1 to maintain or to continue Thai children abroad are taught

keep up Thai traditions.

L~nlflt~luth~tJ1tLflf'flifun11

saultf;ntnt11tLWNlflfJ

25.2 to look alter and keep In good He spent a lot of money to keep up his castle.

Ltn1tfL~U~1U1UIJ1nLi4DfiUBtJ11 fltiB~Ltn 25.3 prevent from going to bed

I hope our party next door didn '~ keep you up all night.

QU'Mi~·h~1ULfitl~tiD~L11111,;1ltf,cuiuttiiBOl~flU •

25.4 remain level

Slow down. I can't keep up with you.

i1 1 wliaa liuii111LIIBlliliu

1· I

28. look up •

to seek, to search for, to ~poi lor

I will look up her number in the

~lephone directory.

d'u~tAULtJilitfi1RWmil~LDD1U~J.!Ol1fi1RWfl'

27. make out

I I

27.1 to write In complete form

I always make out my shopping · 'st so that I will not forget anything.

d'uJn~t91J71ttn1,4DtiD~Li4DtOt n~JiJJDtl 1

EN322

27.2 to see, hear or understand""" dllflculty

She tried to make out his handwriting when she proofread his article.

Ltlil'WfJ1fJ1JJij1UinfJiJil!lil~LtnLdDLDDlhUtl11~ft1U\Jftfi111J 28. make up

28.1 to Invent (a story, an ~xcuse, an explanation) He is ve.ry good af making up excuses.

L'IJ1th~Lri~lU011H'JiDLLfltl1 28.2 to put on cosmetics

She never goes out without making herself up first. L6il11-iLflflililOltJlflfJla.~1t\'&&ti~HU1tlilU

28.3 to form as a whole Women officers make up 13 96 of the police force . •

--!.'1

tl1'51~\1qJ~ftGituU

13CJ'

• ~ 'llil~911'51,fi~\11Jfl

29. pick up . 29.1 to 11ft up I picked up a magazine that was lying on the floor• ---~ QUHflu-u91fJ\l11fi1~DQ\JU'WU!IUIJ1

""'

.z .z

29.2 to collect Please pick up all toys when you have finished playing. ..J

'd"

111fJ&ntnJil~LaUf!Oiltl1~fl1fJLIJilL6ilLaUUf1~LLa1

2 9. 3 to arrange to get Can you pick the kids up from school this afternoon f fla&!J1flltli'VL~n ,

fl'h~L;fJUtlilU1.hfJlfi1'Ma.J

30. sell out 30.1 to seH all of

The tickets of thls match wem sold out.

iJn,,u.!Hfuu..dtn"""'nnltN 30.2 to betray or mrrender He has sold out to the opposite party.

L,,,,,1

t.ILilti'uflfl ..,-nn~.~

EN322

U1J~'jJnH'fl 9.1 i I

t4utla

Phrasal verbs

tle,tld1!tv~e4 II

l. The police went over the acc~ts again to find some hidden points.

_,, ____, _ ,___+··-···-----·--:-···"""""""""""--··· 2. The children cannot keep up \ith the adults.

3. The budget was cut back due o the government's policy.

4. The famous actress said she wtuld not give up her career .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5. The police interviewed family

rembers to clear up the murder case.

.........................................................................................................................~...................................................................................................................................................

6. Bill Gates, the Microsoft tyJoon, always gives the money out to .

children.

..........................................................................................................................~................................................................................................................................................ ..

7. The engine of a brand new car hould not easily break down. '

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8. The price of gold unbelievably fame down. ..........................................................................................................................]:'............................................................................................................................................... . !

9. I can't make out Chinese char,cters . ...., _ ...........................................................................................- ..................... f..........................................- ................ _ ..................................................................................

lO.Don't pick up stranger when ytu drive alone .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i. . . . . . . . . .:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I

EN322

uutjiJntlfl 9.2

1. The meeting room was built on last year.

2. The sky cleared up after the rain.

3. The tickets of the concert were sold out.

4. The manager brought forward a new plan for the customers.

5. Her friend will fill in for her when she goes abroad.

6. The hot weather has been building up during this summer.

7. My Italian is weak. I had better brush up on it.

8. Everyone can help by cutting back on water usage.

9. The sound of the music faded away into the distance. 1O.Her fever went down after she had got some medicine.

EN322

1JYIYI 10

fl11UUaa.n1;fl . thW~IYUJ ua~ftTUlUfh~ 1

•

ifll1~fi'H;ath\i~LYttJ fia iafl11anfu 1 i~Lflu~f{nnu~11\J ilfl11aJ'HaJ1tl ifaJ1J1anui1LD~ lflfliliflq\J1tif~flL~D&lDU'H;DLfiDU~~~B1U if1l1~fi'H;Df'h\i~L'Wti~U

t fltiLL&l"~tl"..!'l ~ !It ' L'HLl'IUll olflfl11aJLlJUDg

., .. " .. " l; . ll11fl..Lfl0fl1aJaJOiftfiDU1~U1511aJ!J8~L~1!JD~Il11:t1UU

an1:taa::ilifl fl11aJfl"B1U tnta ..~U1ifilflaJth~ , U(\J'H1~fli) 01~u\Ja1a.iLti'1l~i•u1511aJ ..1

fl&il"~UL1D~fl1~ .J

...t....

..1 ,I 1 fl0&11aJ1U 1

1.1'1

fll

fit

..1 " tt

..1...

.1.

a1Ua .u1u flil an1:taa::U&fi11NflaJfl11aJ'HaJ1fiLLJNDg

n11u\Jathfl'wfl'611aJf11 fi'H

OD1~LLll&ililOaJ1 V1 LaJLlJUfiLtl1 L~tlil~~il1U

f'l .'"f

..1

LL&tL1JUu'lJ'H1flfl1nn11

L'W11t~u\Ja1a.ifl11trhiafl11aJJuLflu~hu1u

~~u\JaaanaJ1

1 ...,;aii~fl11td1Liludiu1u~a,~1J.iLi1l~fl11aJ'HaJ1fi'H;BLi1l~ufl1a.ia1~LL\Jaaan

aJ1ll-i~B1U~LtJUf\U1flf1Ltnl~lo\' L!JU He was soaking wet; he looked like a drowned rat.·

il~u\Ja·h:

L!J1LUtln111flti'H\iflml1

fl11U.\Ja·h: -- '1l1,iJvntlBUJJiNf]UfU8UUfJHJJiflm11 011LLU&lflt1Ui'tJt111aJ'HaJ1tll l-iLiltltJO'tJd1U1U1fltl~tlhl ,;'~ihU~LtJUflUlfltl

Li1l~mu1umor~u 1ihL1Ja

1. l Un11UU&ifll1~fl'H;Dfh\i~L'Wtl

01itlaJ11aL\At1\J LfifltJfl11aJ'HaJ1fllflt~li

ifll1~fi'H;BfhfflL'Wfltlil~1 fltllUf\11aJ'HaJ1fJLtlfJ1flU1flnl'H1iifll1~fl1flfl aai1LiJU011

LLU&LL\1\JLfiti\JLflfl~ tl~i1D!h~~tiOaJ1LLif'l 2.

d'1la.iilfl11aJitlaJ11au\JaLfit1t1Lflfl~1e\' ...

~l,;'utlaaanaJ1fl1~ 1 uft'1aBt11fl

fl11~'HaJ1tl11il~efll11:tfiUU L1 U1~L&\J

EN322

a1a-oird1LtJumu1ul..t'ttn~suunuw~u11fn1JJ'H;il

3. lum1LLtJrntnnu

L4'1tJD~Il1~1 lum1Ltltt~nw~U11fn1aJl..t'Lilflm~1nf4~'HantJD~ihu1u1fu L!lu vanish Into thin air

llftt..

..f

n''H'H1~1nn111

air

..I

to .

uan~nm1'H1fl11JJ'Hinflfl\)nttD~tJil~"1U1U

~1nW~U11fn1JJ'H;DL4'1!1D~Il1YlLLft1 fl11WfJ1fJ1JJLLU&ll..t'mt]LfJUlflfl

1 lJ.ifl11LLU&l

tt~ 1 tt1a.I~U1ULiiJJ

W~U11fn1JJ~tflJJ11ilflU'H1fl11JJ'HJJ1fltJ$~chU1UliiJ'HS1fJLrtJJ fl'1DfhUWU

.. .. 11Dtsttafla. .. "I'U1UB-ln1Jt:IUB::"1U1U ..._ ., . l nstJHfJ1111HII1tlfJB1tlfJB-lnu. -~ .. .. ., .I

• nsu

nl~Lflw-,: ,ma~n1al'J.Jm1irlfl1afl, 2537. nd

• Dictionary of American Idloips. 2 ed. New York: Barron's, 1987. • Longman Dictionary of Engl#sh Idioms. Lf?ndcm: Longman, 1979. • NTC's American Idioms Oictionary. Lincolnwood, Illinois: National Textbook, 1987. i1DU1~n11utJad1U1U

1. To be as busy

a bee }

• very busy

beaver

Somsri was as busy as a bee when her son and daughter wem young.

a,., ..;t/.,ju11tri1Lfifl'uduuntnfl UAlfl1 ~~Lin 2. To be born with a silver spoon in one's mouth • to be born to good fortune; to

be born rich That boy was born with a sliver spaon In hls mouth and. he never needed to work. ~

L~n ~tnflftUUU&nltll1fJ1W8U&iut1J,uns-ILL&ltLtJ1ffbJ41Li'JuofilUfl~1U iltl 1Lftfl

100

EN322

3. To be caught red-banded • to be apprehended, caught in the act of doing sometiJing wrong When he was copying his friend's homework, Jim was caught red-handed .

..~J.I\}0~\J .,1" ., .. ..t., .. ~ .. Ollt1HU"It1&fi1LJ.IBLtnu1M880011\J1UtJB~LViBU 4. To be down in the dumps

= to be very depressed

He was down in the dumps because he got an F in English. L!J1Hilf11VU1nL'W"fltLtJ11tfL010lLB~ (SB\JflO) l\ii1flll11:t1rl~OC)~

5. To be (turn) green (with envy) • to be tilled with· a strong desire of jealousy When her friend got all

th~

praise instead, Malee turned green with envy.

Jnajitnav•noni'au LdaLi4au1tl'i'uthtm!ia~tJJJLtJtiLLflUL15a

To be walking on air = to· be very happy They were walking on air on their wedding day.

'W10LtnijfJ'J1USfiBth"BU&HaBlui'ULLtl~~1U t

7. To bite the bullet • to endure something that is unpleasant or painful Although he doesn't like his work, he has to bite the bullet.

a~LLJi11Ltn~=11.it~au~1uflm LLviLtn~tG,tl'a~n~ttVunu 8. To bring home the bacon • to earn a living Her mother was the one who brought home the bacon.

;

' !'I ..1 LLJ.I!J8~L15BLuUflUflH1UffJ"It1B1JfJ7'J

EN322

101

9. To bury one's head In the sand • to refuse to accept facts Don't bury your head in the sand; you know your boyfriend has been seeing another woman. arhninHUft11119;-1LftfJ

LDa~fGi1L~flU!flfJ!Jfl·UDfllthn~'McU~fiUifu

10. To catch one's eye • to attract one's attention

· Her red blouse really caqht people's eye.

LfaaLLfi~!Jfl~LDflfh-l&lfM1~fiULiffJ'ii;-Q 11. To eat crow • to admit you are wro•g; to apologize

You have to eat crow; otherwise, she won't forgive you. .. .. :') !!! 1!'1 ~. .. flNflfl~t1BN1VH,LafJ JJOZUULDflnfl~

l'IJ!Jnt"'tl 'M'M1fln ..

12. To find fault with • to be dissatisfletf,with; object to Since she is a perfectionist, she always finds fault with what other people do. LWTln1LtlflLriUfiUifiJ\f1WLL\J\J Loawa!n!fBtiVUiJiffiUifu

13. To lend an ear (to someone) • to listen to them carelully and sympathetically They are always willing to lend lllJ

•

and offer what advice they can.

w'lm!f1&1Ntvfuf.,ua:ltfthLLu:,ha~l,a ..,SJ~~!fll'lm1o,:mltl'

14. To .fan the names • to make li situation worse by interfering or speaking poorly Don't fan the names by telling a lie about somebody who is already in trouble.

flrhn7~atm1a-l'fnlt111 lflfJ\lfiUOlaifl'U~L!J1Liflfli'fl'UflULLft'l

102

EN322

15. To give a ring

=to telephone

Give me a ring whenever you come to town.

Tn1ff'wn1i~;luu:adal,;~ ..,,..~L6ilLtl1J.nluLile~ 16. To give (someone) a lilt • to drive someone in your car from one place to another

He pve her a lilt back home that night.

" ., " " .... ~ Ltl1l \1L6illfft10flit\J\J1Ufi'UJL2Jilfl'U'UU 1 7. To have a big mouth = to talk loudly, excessively The thief was caught because his friend had a big mouth.

'"'l"

, t1 2.1tltJfl~\J fiL'WTltL'Wil'Utlil~Ltl1 tl1nlf11~

18. To keep a low profile = to remain quiet; not to show off Americans in Thailand were· told to keep a low profile during events in May.

flUBuJ~nuluLila~ lflt~ltl'i'un11Lilaultf,h,;'·ur~u&aisNlutb~L,.,9Jfl11a!wq~ll1 flii\f

19. To keep an eye on someone/something = to

w~tcb

carefully; to pay particular

attention to You have to keep an eye on that girl; she is not trustworthy. I'

f1Ntlil~9Uif12Jil~ti11•y~fl'U'U'U

I 1n L6ill' 2JU1 :l ~

20. To lead by the nose • to dominate completely

He let his wife lead him by the nose.

Ltntlitat~l~ll11t11.J~Vfn

EN322

103

21. To lose face= to lose one's good name or reputation

He lost face since he did not get a p110motion.

L'l.l1,ilt1HU1LYf11tLtJ11JJ1iL\iuutl1U.'HU~ 22. To put (have) aH of one's eggs in one basket • to risk all that one has on a single venture, method His friend said he put all of his eggs in one· basket sin~e he invested all his money buying stocks.

LfJil 'UtJ Dni1L'IJ1~1J' flll1 ntnUlt/LYf11*=L'IJ1LD1 L~'U~'H1Jflltlit~fl'U;fD~'U 23. To run short of money • to have litUe or no money left He spent too much on whiskey, so le ran short of money, and couldn't pay his expenses.

L'1.11ltf'.i1t1L~'U;fDL'Ha11J1nLH'UltJ!Qu'i"'"11tNBU.ittla.iilL~Uih'Hi'tJthltf'.i1flil!h~~'U \

24. To save face • to avoid appearing fOolish

He reluctantly gave a large sum of money to his seiVant to save face.

L'IJ1ilEJL~unaul'HqjDfi-HittLtfuu1t1~ltfn1sfnw1HU1 26. To save the situation • to deal succe$ffUHy with a situation which seems hopeless To save the situation, the General orcfemd his soldiers to retreat.

,isnsvciwD1Un11al U1!1Yfit~'ri'H1jlltiauEJti'Vf 26. To see someone through • to help olit or to carry through In a time of dliJJculty Many friends saw me through· what was a difficult time for me. LfJuu

104

, 'Hit1tlfiU2hti,HifsouLdDt~1.,&hmn

EN322

27. To shut one's eye to • to be Ull'flflllllll to see or think about

He shut his eyes to hi~ daughter's behavior.

LtJ1il~tf1il"",nutt11"u'=~qiltJ~Un'"1 28. Up to one's ears in • deeply involved in Because her daughter went to study abroad, she was up to her ears in debt.

L~n:rhunen1tJil~LaaluL;!Jutiath~tJ,=L"f1 Ltia~Dndlun~'~~nn?llf1 29. To vanish into thin air • to disappear completely

After he had got the money from his mother, he vanished into thin air. ..,

l """'

..1

'Hft~~1nf1Ltl1 fiL~U~1nLL"LLft1

" " .. L!J10H1fl,fl1niftJU./II

30. To win by a nose • to win any contest by a narrow margin

You have to practice more for the next race, since you only won by a nose this time. I'

l 'H"10011U LU011LLtl~tiUl ULYIPJ1'HU=l .,j

flNflil~HOHU

"""

..,

..1

..,Y.

LYf11:Lflti1UflN!I11~UAhr11

fi1UIJ·UhUt/1J

EN322

105

i'nnuatf,.atJW1L'l.I1LtiEJ1 Lifilaua~

Absence makes the heart grow fonder.

...

~au~~Lt~EJ111ll~a~

Might as well be hanged for a sheep a$ a lamb.

!MilLie1JJ~~a1EJ

(the Jeopard never changes its spqts) .....

oil'

As you make your bed, so must you lie on it.

1'l'l.IB~ Lf'l1nL'l.l1flBOflUUU

A tree is known by its fruit.

unlJ..ntu1ll1naol'u

Barking dogs seldom bite.

~,,L,.;,lJJrr..

Beauty is (only) skin-deep.

if1fiLLflltl~tJlJJM~ll

A bird in the hand is worth two in the "ush.

tflL~Un11U1UL~UflW ~ .r l ..... e1\JLtJEJ naa.~a

It's the case of the blind leading the blind.

J I' I LflflÂŁlllf1Bll,

Blood is thicker than water.

LitB9l'l.I'U011U1, 8El1LM'U'lJflt111 if

It's like carrying coals to Newcastle.

La1lltWi'11..1'111tl'l.I1Elif1'U

It's like casting pearls before swine.

..r "l" ' EIULL01 M11U1

It's better to be ~afe than sorry. I

...

Don 't count your chickens before they are hatched.

f'I1\JBflifB9lf'I1L~U :

: '

.r...

Bfi1Mli1EIU1\J B~U1

Cut your coat according to your cloth.

unuafl,;,;~ufiwai1

Everything comes to him who waits.

'lflL~ Un11 U1UL 'UflW

Fine feathers make tine birds.

lri~1liLW11t'lJU f'IU-31liL'W11tLLtl-3

Great oaks from little acorns grow.

Bfl1t)~fl'4'Y011li11'YI1UBEI

Hard work breaks no bones.

D'uilu'YI101La L..,;jj au L'YIJ,

. .,

llit~a n1h

LMilauLa1ilflll10;~l'H'U

Health is better than wealth.

al1fl1 tl1a.J1it1111 1 fl11lllliilt 1f'IL~'Ua111D'Utl1:mf;3

Ignorance is bliss.

106

" lll1t1fi10U1U

EN 322

It's like killing the goose that lays the golden egg.

taml'nJna11l\11fJ

Let sleeping dogs lie.

ath~hnJatl\119l:L~\J

Like father, like son.

~nlJ'Hau1JJ1natl'u

Like master, like man.

U1tl11 tltnWftDtl

Little strokes fell great oaks.

a!h~\}O\!'lJ011JJ i1~1uat1

Make hay while the sun shines.

U1tJU \11\Jfln

Murder will out.

~ 1fl~tntiYH9l1Lil1

Never cross your bridges till you come to them.

ofhiiflulth\auli

No lock will hold against the power of gold.

LL~~~~L\1~0 L~U.f1~ 拢laulii~L~

Nourish a viper in one's bosom.

:5 " Lfttl~~m"a~n~1:Lt1

You can't teach an old dog new tricks.

lJuriifltnn

Once bitten, twice shy.

cl .. " ..t L~\JLLft19lil~...,1

One good tum deserves another.

jjil91,~9lfliiil911l~

One man's meat is another man's poison.

ft1~ Lifiltiil \Jft1~ t11

Out of the frying pan into the tire.

\1ULi1a\J:~1:Li

Penny wise-pound foolish.

LfttiUDt1Lfttlt11n L~ti).J1nL~fJ~1tl

Prevention is better than cure.

., ... ' " OU9l011LLO

.Zw

.. .1 , -

l \J\J1u9l "' ~路 12JJJ9l 1

...

-.cl

lei

Six of one and half a dozen of the other.

tJ~nn

Slow and steady wins the race.

it , liwfnaJJ~1iJ

Spare the rod and spoil the child.

i'n1'1l\f~n

t11nu1~

Speech is silver, silence is golden.

i'nanl\iii "' ~~路J \lflltl ita~l WL\Jtl U~L"tl9l1ft~flil~

Strain at a gnat and swallow a camel.

LfttiUiltiL~tltl10

Still waters run deep.

J,ti~l'Haan

It's like the pot calling the kettle black.

路hutiLtJ1 aL'HU1LfiuLo~

There's no smoke without tire.

l,jii1Ja~DtllUJ1l,j;f

EN322

L~fJJJ1nL~fJ~1tl

107

Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones.

danl1a1f11ttvh

It's like looking for a needle in a hays~ck.

路nn!a.~1uanrnf~,.,

Too many cooks spoil the broth.

ann11JJDJJ1nfl11JJ

It's like robbing Peter to pay Paul.

il~lin1nu

Don't teach your grandmother to suck eggs~ Two heads ~ better than one. It's like using a steam hammer to crack' a nut. Walls have ears. Waste not, want ~Jot..

When in Rome do as the Romans do. Like locking the stable door; once the hprse has bolted. He's like a wolf in sheep's clothing. A bad workman blames his tools.

SDU,1:=L111WhfiJ1 flULiifi1Wl111fl SD ~flULi4DUfl1fl ifl~iutfn~flu 11u1ohdi1j th:=tJii!la~ 路iiuaflliuaflfiaflu,,'" arh"1f1Mli a.11 n':=fl1 nu1u Ltl1LilD~11i1 ol8~11~1fl1fi1JJ

. .

11111flitDJJflDn 11U1L;fal"la fll,jiit'rltitft'rltinaa.:J

Like getting blood out of a stone.

108

EN322

· aw11nfl't~ 10.1 ,

t~uthuh"U'l'Ufle,tJin,\'aii"Unllll,Yit~iln~acnu

1. Miss Universe's beauty really caught people's eyes.

2. The guard has kept an eye on the gang of teenagers.

3. Nobody lent him an ear when he tried to explain his reason.

4. The farmers were down in the dumps when their produce sold too cheaply.

5. Don't give a lift to strangers. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••:••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••oo••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••'"

6. It's no use to fan the flames.

7. If you cannot control the budget, you will run short of money.

8. Do you like the kind of person who always finds fault with you? 9. You have to eat crow if all you said was wrong. 1O.Many children lost the people who brought home the bacon.

EN322

109

uuUJin,Yfl 10.2

1. He lost face when his boss bl~ed him in public.

.............. ................................,_.,__,,,,.... _..........................,_,................................ ......._,,...................................................................................................................... I

2. She turned green when she s4w bet: friends get a lot of presents . ........................................................................................................................;....-..... _,_,,, ...............................................................................................................................

3. She was walking on air when she got a modeling job.

4. That man ran short of money and committed a crime. 5. He was fired because he had a big mouth.

6. My parents always see me thr.,ugh difficult times.

7. He can do anything just to save face . ........................................................................- . . -..,..................................'1··············..- .................................................................................................................................

8. Good govemers can't shut their eyes to the trouble ofpeople .

-..-·..-·...._. _.............................................................-...........................................

..................................,_..........._............., _....-..............................................,...............

9. The employees have to bite the bullet when the company can not give a pay raise . .................................................................................................................,_.,,..,.....................................................................................................................................................

10. To save the situation, the gov~ent stopped some Mega projects . ................................................._............-...................__...............,_....+................................................................................................................................................ I

110

EN322

1Jtltl 11

fl11UUat.h~lotlfl11SJ1unl'Yl,Yio1tiailuu1zlotl Passive

U1:lvtln1"UJlun1'1fllflvflmJJ11authufhnh:lvfl passive liiliuiolud th:lvtln,,,., "en" ~;o "TAu" L1iu LLfl.:afJn?h Tn~LY411:Ltl1~uL;vu Dang was punished for cutting class.

2. tl1:lvfln11JJ "lii'u" L'llu n1Y4flu91i'L~a.:adltlfuvmia.:aJJ1n This film was highly praised.

3. th:lflfl011JJfl11JJ~JJ1mfJumn.:a th:rs1UL ~uft.:a11iilflfl 1JJ1in1:'thn;fl1fl1fl 91UL£l.:a LLtii'tJn11n1:'th~1n~'iu ~~u 11iilth11 "fJn" ~;il "lii'u" tl11n!)il~ L'llu .. .,,z .. .... \J1U'HiHUS'TJ"LJJD 2 ~· uOilU This house was built two years ago• ., ~ - _.</. ~ ' .. ~U-II"ilY4JJ'nft1tiHIIIJfl.:aUfiL!f1

The newspapers have been sold out since morning.

4. tl1:lfJfllun1~1lflflflilt11··h "T~rs" tl11n!)BQ Ltlu .z.. "r,c;,ti~Ufl :1. LY48-IIU1£l.:a This- song was sung by Santi.

EN322

111

th:wfln11Jml'ufl'l1JJ tuatltfl1~sfw tniltfl'HqjU1\ItJiHL11LSBftULifJLLft'l; Grandpa Mee,. the head of orir villa~,

Object+ Subject+ Verb

1V&9

L!lu

eaten up by a tiger.

6. 路 tl1:lt~flfi'biL~1=~路n]n1:thn;fJ,li~d1~fttL~u

JntfulutJ1:l!lfllfl!1lith11 "i1"

L!lu

i7n11SfltlftilUhfliD~fttlftB~l\IJJ'H1~'t1!11a!ILLflfiW8i'LU!I Gold bas been created in a Califorola Laboratory.

tl1:lt~fliltl1:01uhh.i~ifi11Lflu~1t~~1=,, Jnil!IJJLLtlnlt~t~li "it" Lflut11:01u ua:lin;tl, passive L!lu d1sti'u11!f"''l~u5h1'l'YI1~n11fl'1JJ1n n11fl'Ul 'YI!I It is believed that the Chinese are cl~verer in business than the Thai.

1ButJa n11LLtlatl1tWfln11JJlUil1t~nl'YI!I~MLtlutl1tlt1fl passive mlfl'路htln11n11LLUa

U1tlfJfl passive JJ1Lflut11:lfJfln11JJ Lyf11tU1tlfJfl passive il 2 1ULL\J\JLfhJu flil . v Wt~ilti'ln11 Uftt!lilttlJlilti1n11 ( t)11fJ$tLBfJttlU\Jflfl 4) ~1nU1tS\Jn11Nn11SB\ILLUft

~LiJfJuJn~t'W\J11lun11LLUa lfltiLfJue~nq~

., tJ it!1\lflr11 .. ..t JJn')tLL fiDfi1ltlt1LQ'W1tLdaw\JtJ1:ltlflll1\i1 l'tlfJ~l'l , .~~,1liLdBLLUitt.Lil'llJ.iLtlUtJ1tlfJflll1\i1 ' S~n C)'liflt) ni il~ L'W11tlfl1~ Si'1~tl il~ll~V1 D~ nC)VLLfttll1\i1l 'tltJilfl'l1 JJ LL\ll nfi1~tl\l 111 n lttfJil1V1B~nqv~=L1fJ~th:lfJflluinvcu:i Word Order i~Ju ~LilfJu1~Jn')=LLU=\h Unftn\i1l M,1911JJ~UfiBUi~fialtJ0 " tJ ...

l 'ltl1n1,1HJJtlWB _., ....

!'I ., ~ ... ..... ~LL ftf1Lu\1Un楼'Jnt:f1LLfttJJfl'l1JJ3L1B~ f111111~~1n .

112

EN322

1. iinii~lfl'HSTHtiD·nhtl!lfl passive lu.n1~1iNnq~ i~il~gnn-stth

tl-sttnUtiD~1.htl!lfl uatn;enaa1ultl passive f'la

th~

verb to be

1) + past participle ( n;s1tiB-IR 3)

(n11JJ) Lfiu (i~elu1\Jt~1JJ tense

Grammatical subject + verb to be + past participle

( n-s-sJJ~Yl1'MU1~Lftutht!nu) 2. 'W~11a&1\J-stl!lfln1-sJJ.n1~1\1!1ltl!ltJ'h lfl-sLflu~\)nn-s:m'M;ai'u~atla~n1-sn-stm

Dt11Lflun;!l1 (fl11li tense Dt11) Ua1~UU&\DDOJJ1 1.1-s:l!1fltl1!1'M;a L\Jin

t)fia1tJ·hili1n11DtJ1U

t1'1aeh~n111 Lfl11:ni'tl1=t& fln11N1un11:nl\1fl

...

"' "' ""'

SJJf11\)0~Utl0tlLJJD11UU

SJJfl;

= :u" ~ann-s::m

= n;tn <4i~fl1-saa1uauailt~ma LwntL'Mf!011NLnt~tfu1\Jua1) "' "' ~Uti = fl1011 Lda11u\f =- ft1Utl!l1fl1JDnL1&\1 (9::114 l1'tni'1th::fflfJH'f8Htf4th::fflfiRli) "' gnnt~

GrammaUcal SubJect + verb to be

flo

past parUclple + by + agent

J..

Somsrl

W&f

bitten

~ (i1n11) by (a) dog

Somsrl was bitten by a dog yesterday•

.,L..J ~ .... ll1W!I'Ufl'1L1D~U

' Ltl11J!IO!IDUJ10

ll1W!I'Ufl1L.. ""'1D~U.z ltl'i'u!lnda~

JJ1n

EN322

Ill ., a!.. '!" fl1,U~&\01101tTII

n;!l, • if1Ut1!11!10;!11 =

113

Grammat,lcal subject + verb! to be + past participle + modlner

4,·.

Thenlm

thut.la

praised

highly

This mm was highly pr~.

" .,,z" ~ ~· 3. \J1U1-tft~Uif11~LJIDSD~unDU u-,u,.,a~if • i1i'uNan~1n1::m sfw • n;m (n~11Dfh~Lf1umn~) Ldasa~ilrisu. • chu!lfl1f.l usm1a1 1

Grammatical subject+ verb to~ +past participle+. tnUfltJ1l1,1B1

This house

thut.la 4.

built

two years ago

This house was built two y'ars ago.

Lianui1L!I1i~iliittau th::lflttifLfJulfl1~ttmf\JtTaui~,~,n &isn1ri1 + &tntHflfllfS~s; &isti'Jri1 Lf1un11"3ft1Dfl '1 ltte~a~t.l1::tnuli' utiLdautlaLfJun11:f1D~nq1:ftis~

ilth::rnu luflifLIJitl1::tnufllffl11JI1-IJI1*' (dummy subject) It Li1ltl LiD • n;D-f DV1UJ~!I-~ passive Grammatical subject+ verib to be+ past participle +

thut.la

114

' 4,

• {s

believed

ti1::Tvff Active

~ he Is still alive.

It Is believed he Is still allvflr. . '

EN 322

uutiln1l'fl 11.1

~~utlatl1::lr.~ftn111J&'tnhil11\'&fi'U

tl1::ltlft Passive ilgn.Ye~

, ' 1. t'IUU'Mft1tln'1tllhrb1J1t'l1"ll~'li'111J~d~fi1Ufl6Ul.f1 .... , fl1 ,~., .. : .! 2 • , 1J1J t11'll1..11fl&tmnn~ufl&'M'JflHU

... ., "' ... ~ .. 7• 'M1J6\}n&1Vflfl1l1J61Jl'Mfln11tU\lfll\1U

10 •

EN322

~ :

a'U11J1JU\}fl1Jflfl~Ufll1J611U

115

UUU~flHR 11.2 '

•

t~ut.lathtTttftfl11JJ&"chiJ1,\'alhn.htT~ Passive f1vnt\'e~

...........................................................................................................................+................................................................................................................................................

2. tl\J\Jn'1tJifn"fH'H~~n'Ul'l111lftflfl~~~ 2 .................,...................••....•..................••....••.........•.•••~······································~···········•"'''':..............................................................................................................................

3. 1~6tl\J'h61'H1'lJj'~n'1iiiflfioq,ll1'W

·i

..........................................................................................................................1.................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................j............- ..................................................................................................................................

5. "tlfltJ1Jfl1'l1J'l'l1 1uqn1ft1n'~fl I

6. 1n111fl111tJ\lflth1u1u"11!J1u ............................................................................................................................................................._... _....................................................................................................... I

.........................................................................................- ................................;........." ..............."'".................................................................................................................

8. fl1frl1'la1..i,tnau1111lfuln11'"111~'n;iv.i~rl' '

..............................................................................................................................,.-............................................................................................................................................ I

9. uNu·lho,6~'W1'lflfl1'llii6~'Hft1tJ'W'l'l~Qfl,1ft1V !

................- ....................................................................................................-+.-.-....--··-··--..-·................................-..............................................................

10.

jjn,,,,~uNu1l\',,.;,,iiu&flunfirn1~ft'1tJHan

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-.. --.-...................-·---.. .-.. . .-..........."t. . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . -.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. !

116

EN322

UJIJI 12

nTnaan1.U Article L'Wl1'!;1lfl!il"i1~1a.JU~a::i1~L'lft..1ihhth::Lilfl Article (a, an, the)1-t1't'I%1L't'I~EJ~nu

ri1~1a.JL'Wl1'1!Jo1El\tnq~\1ti1Ltl~~1a-~1l'ul!A'~::.i'EJ\1il Article rhnuEJd~\1~~ L~EJijuuaLLUa'lh::t!lr-1 't'liEJiEJ rol11a.l~1nll1'1!Jo1lfl!i LU'Wl1'1!Jo1El\1nq'I!Joarn~::Ln j;iifqj't'l1 ~[)

• i111t1 Article rn-IHU111111 • 11ill1111f1Uisn1sArticle 1lgnls., n111sArticle fi1-1n11 iiRtni11H' fi1111HII1tl,;1.,nu 1JJft1s i1EJ !11\1 Ltl~ He sold the car.

(L!11!J1!1'Uu~·~~~l uui1 - ij~'"ua::ti'Yf\1Li1t~ri~Ji·h,.,a-~1!1tl\1,tl~~l't'l~) He sold a car. · (L!11!J1!i,tllu~~'t'l.tt\1 L!J1il,tJ't'la1!1 ~~ua::L!J1!J1!il U't'lita~~la.Jl!A'L~1::~\1·h LU~ ~~,,.,~)

aEJau,::t!IAi1\1u~ ti1lat~~::'t'la-~1!1A11a.J'h nnrnsfll1vi'uHd., ui1uuaLtlM1'1!Jo1e\1nq'I!Jo"h "He sold the car." rol11a.J't'la.J1!1L~u,::t!ll"lll1'1!Jo1Elanq'I!Jo~::la.!Pt,anuA113-l't'la.I1!1L'Wl1'!;1lfl!i,;'~Yi "'

.'"f II .I " !It .... 9 ..1 II ., ....'"f 11uqj't'l1 L~m, uuall1'1!Jo1Lfl!l L\J'Wl1'1!Jo1fNnq'I!Jo "'aflnEJ L,., Ln!;luty't'l1341nEJ !11\1't'l~anrol EJ

!;l\1~~ ~::L't'l~

""'

....

L~EJ\1!JEJ\1n1,L~EJnt!l' Article t..;'\]nlJlEJ\1~~LEJa

EN322

117

I '

1Buua

~UtJilfl11WIQ11N1L;fBfl1lJJtJB~tJ1:lflfl~IQ:UtJ&Bfh~1B\JflB\JL~Btrh fl1U1JJlUtJ1tlflfl,fUfl11lf Artide 'M;B\j 'LW11tfl1U1JJlUil1111iNnqviJ 2 tJ1tLil'n fie thu1Ntl7::&nnuul,;' (Counta~le nouns) ua::lf1U1Nt11::&nnuullll,;' (Uncountable nouns) fi1U1uRU'ul.rdis11LtluJ11umwv.R:ti's~iJ Artlde (a, an n!s the &uf1ulin10l) U1'MU1UfJJB ihu~1U1JJtJ1M'nUtJlJLtl'1fulttflt.Jn~ua11QtlJJ1tl Article (ilissnrfu

Rs U11JU1-IIlht::&quz,;~ Countable Ultll Uncountable nouns)

L~D~!Is~n11ll Artlde t,Jenis1d' LfJuL~D~~rJ~!11nua:iutTsu ~ut.Jafi111Qt is~'M1fl11iJ!hU1'lllflfln11t1'ttft.untt lJJLflliQfi11YitJ'ri1U'Mimncut1'n11liuatlJJ 11 Article ~1nthnbmn1al'Lifs~iu I ·

aF i

,)1ilth"''tlil"''011tiuoa:1~1i Article \ '

LtJ1LtJufl;ifL6iflu~ii LtJ1lt.Jlusd'fJni'~a1i}ttf1' I

He is a good Christian; he goes to chfch evezy Sunday.

(a: Article t·nl'1U1JJ church)

I i

2. ttJifO~L!11ltJLfJUtJ1t~1B~1uLilB~ The church that he always goes to is 1)1 the city.

(hf Artide 'HU,U1JJ church) i

a.-

watJa·utl1lJJ'rlnui1Ltnlaflt.Jt,~L;fl, I i

His father did not know that he had n~ been to school. ~

(a: Artlde 'HU1U1JJ school)

4·. b~L;!IU~QULflfiL;!IU\lttlu Ufl'l

The school where I used to study was closed now.

(la Article 'HU1U1JJ school)

118

EN322

II.,., I

5. tn1~tlfl~D1DfJJJ1n

Shrimp fried rice is ve.ry delicious.

(rice LfiUfl1'U1JJUtJlJJ1ti'lalti'D~ls Artlde)

I would like to have coffee without milk. (

!It

,.,., ln"~ 0) tl~ 2 fl1

a:: Artide lt'U1U1JJ cotree LLat milk L'W11tLu'Ufi1U1JJfi'UtJ JJ

l••f

., 'f I ..... QU!fi)tJLtl'Ufl1~ LtlfJ1Cl nJJ1nn11Lfl1i)~tJ'U

I prefer going by train to going by plane.

(tnU1ULfifJ1ntJn11L~Ufl1~ L!iu

by plane/ by

tral~ /by car, etc. lu1a Article

l'u1u111)

fi'U~Ditttffl11ltt'i'ufJndD~~1ni~fiJJ The honest should be praised by society. (la Article the ltU1tl1flCllttw?i' thlimnfJLfJut11U1JJ the honest

=the honest

people)

9. Jitt1afl11fJtn1laliitiDif1Ul1W

White sugar is not good for one's health. (a:: Article ltU1'U1JJ sugar

LW11tLflut11U1JJ~uulJJ1ti')

1flfJ!ILnfJ~ .r ....

10. L!l111nU11fi'U

They said that Thai people are lazy. (a:: Article ltU1 Thai people LW11::L fluu1JJW\j'W~u)

EN322

119

11. ibnml'u'H~~D~1u1ftltJD·n1'u There's a hair in my soup. I

(~JJJ'H~~LftU LfiUU11nl'ulfi' la Arti~le lfi') !

12.

...

flWIJNIJfJ11~~

You've got vezy long hair.

(itt Article lJJ1fl")

' '

,.,,r, hair LW1it1utAtJ~if 'HJJ1fJa.:J NJJ,f.:Jff1Vt ilmfluu11JU\J

13. flW£»dtl\JL11lfi' ih.;'o~i1~,.;'£)-Q'H~~ You can stay with us. There is a stare room. " :'1 ..1 ., l ( .J " Article L'W11t'H£»~LuUU11JfiU\J

14. flWj~fl1~iflJJ1fi' l,jii~i1~LLft1 i

You can't sit here. There isn't roomf.

(itt Article 'HU1 room tf~lutJ;uflif~Ltliti1 ~11-~J ilmfluU11J~U\JlJJ1i) I !

. I 15. d'utfe,.,u~lo'WJJYi'JJ1ihu~nru,.,~~ ' I bought a paper to read.

(paper tutAuflif 'HIJ1fJa~ newspaprr

LfiUU11JU\Jlfi' ta Article lfl")

I !

16. QUolD~fl11fl1tfl1VLiJeJJ1LiifiU'HU~~b I need some paper to write on.

01tfl1V 1{lu'lllJJi\J1al1ol'lJJ1il Article ut~1tl'riuththounl 'H"ia any li) I

(paper VIIJ1fJO~ some

120

EN322

17. flN1iiiuLatl~ilt11ttilUifl~IJ Did you hear 8 noise just now?

(lu\AundVtiJ1tla~ Litl~ ~Lntt!fUti8U;f =a particular noise LS Article lfl")

I can't work here. There's too much noise. (noise lutAundLfluu11J~uu1Jltl'li Article 1aJ1tt")

I can't wait. I haven't got time.

(a: Article ~u1 time ;f~LL\Jai1 L1a1 LfJUU11J~uu1aJ1fl") 20. L'..1rltl1.... L~if~nu: Enjoy your holiday. (Have a good time/

EN322

Have 8 good time!

L\Jumu1u ;f~li Article a lfltiLO'W1t)

121

• I · '~ut.la pa,ragraph fie,t.lilailutnfli~nq"

1f Article 1t\'gnt\'e~

1. ~'lf1rJfltJl1d-3tflu&tt11,tJ1ufnJ,1V on,~ fltJ,l~flon,~lin'Yllvua::~oui'tJoth-3~ ,

,J/

.l 4 I A I I A 1l 1,1CJtOfiOn 1Jl1tJ-3CJ10 l'nO l1 ll'Vl 'W1tJfl11Jl01JUfl-3-31tJ fl'W,1VC111J11 "llJO Ql

................................................................................................................... .~. ........................................................................................................................................................ .

2, ~l ~l'rl fl;'llnll ti~ s:n~i1ll ilmn

tfl na

fl1flll!i'J8

Ill fill\' II a ~lllfl~ziliMfl

1tlV-3ll1tJO fJnfllfl1J1~tJ1n11J,01fl'W10-3

..................................................................................................................+········................................................................................................................:............................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................................................................................................1.. ..........................................................................................................................:........................... .

3. Nft ,2ft 't1Vihffl111'W

n'fl

ua::~~n'CJ11fl ll11Jl::ff1J1l::trJtJ,0-3l111tJ1l1n1il'UJ'lf1~

1J::a:: no iiu ,~,~o,do&r!un~lJfffl

tdoa,,1,0-3N~~nlo1Jua::1111u

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iJ n11nn111 lJ'n1i't1nlfl' ... -""...s l""1i't1tJ-3&1Vn11 ...s 4• I

llJO~ft1V

fl'Wi11l1Jflllftnll1 U'ni!vutl1lhil1l

122

4 ...

.I""'

'n1il1JuHlfqJ1nll1l1J'Wnll~UfJn ....... . ,

...

,;ty,~O'W'l ua::tJnfl1ty1~1~lJ1 1uf4iil

EN322

.cl

tJTITI 13

fl11tl.'l1al~ttaaanth11ia11J-nzn1Jaifatl'l1JJ iltyvnanDth~'Mrl~~vnnnnlunTnLtJalr~t~L\Jui~mlti f'D m'iLaDnlti~1~f! a1L'MCA~Lailnli~1~flil1~~::L~il~JJ1~1flfi11JJAUlfltlrl1JtlV4ti'miJJ1LL9iLiiJJ 'M;ilaflif1L'Mfl •• • • ~ ..I "..,.

nUfl1'iifilUUua

'MU~YI~L'-ltiU'W1J~1flu'i::if1Jfl1'iN

.,. flil

..I" .I ""- !'I "' !S fl1'iYI~UuitYHLuUUflvJflti1 !f

'W~U1Ufl'iJJlYJtl- a~flq'l:f m ~tlltl'Wfi''Ma1tl~1~ijfi11JJ'MJJ1tl9l'i~tl1Jtl'WYlll11:f11 YltiLL9i • lJ.iltfilH1J1ti'M;ill ~ol1 ilth~fl1'ill~ffl L~U'W il L~il ~LL tJaU1JJ1litfltllJ.iltfflU'M1 " fi11JJ'MJJ1tll"'"::La tlfl ~m~,;,l "'Lailn~,m,j9l'i~nufi11JJ'MJJ1ti~LL,;~;~tlil~tJ'i::lt1 fl~ ~=utJa i~i1Dth~Ltiu ·

~Th "'UJ::U1"

l Ull11:t1lYltl

ijfi11JJ'MJJ1t1~9l'i~rl1J~1tl'WY11Ull11:f1a~nq'l:f

introduce/ recommend/ advise/ suggest LUuoi'u A~l Uu'i1JYI11 I

..,

LtiU

t .. ., .,., "' 9UAH11 ...

.J ,J' f J ..J "' 0 "n~1U,iftJ~UH~JfU~ 'rti1UfliNQU"U::U1 HQU19tJtJV . u

....

iffi'W9JIU"

n1utJa1flmailn~Th 'advise'

At a party, my friend advised me to Jintara Sukhaphat.

fi11JJ'MJJltltlil~tJ1::ltJfld~::l,jttnoi'il~LatJlUil11:f1B~nq'l:fL'W'i1:: advise flil uu::1l1 ,t, 1 lt.ll"'fl1R~1fuii~d u9'11utJ1::ltJflti1~oi'u ~1~fi11LailflJJ1li Ail ~1·h "introduce" I • • l .,.,., I t .r... I • 'lf~LLua11 uu::u1 'Ml~fl u1:: tlfiU~~fl1'iLLua11 ..,_

At a party, my friend introduced me to Jintara Sukhaphat.

EN322

123

Lt'tilU

., ..,

"l"

QU,OJ8UL!J1LLft1 "fiUfi1UUfiL"J!IU

I already told him to review his le8$ons.

2. tn!l,&iaud'ul,\Jfllwtt1!1 Please remind me to tum off the light.

L~n 1 gnuiiaula.~1,;'aa.~um:nJa 1 Children were warned ·not to eat colorful candies .

• LLU::U1

I would like to recommend you to $ee the movie "Forest Gump ".

u;,;,ifLfJuu;,;,fluu::t11ua::i~hll'Lti'1JJ1LuL5ja~lfl!l This company is the first one to introduce and import wine in Thailand.

d'uuu::J11l,;'L6£Jflflilfh~1£JUA£JUO$Ufl~::iflaUL~

I advise you to think ve.ry carefully before making any decision . .., ... " 1·' s .I J QUUU::U1 L"flN lJLet!ILfi!11U I suggest you leave now.

124

EN322

Lm1;,1tR'tnt;atll&«mianmW1 He did not ·confirm or dia1 the clw'ge.

2. L111L~BLiCULGBltJ.rnnitHU.tlLGBtiD&•~ He invited her to a party but she turned down (dedlaed) his invitation.

ll11tntliNft111t1'Lmltlin~(nri'f'i1tJ u.tiLtruJI&•~ His wife wanted him to go upcountry with her, 'but he refased to go.

•

.a. .,

1. 1'111'lfiltJJII]Mf1!1!f11LDLn!IYJ!h114n... n'l!t11'\ft1!1fit't4

Police arrested an Asian man who shot many students.

,'11

2. L!11Ltll'!ntlft1LLft::i'vtln1i'lL

He went fishing and caught a big fish. 3.

.,1

lf_l

YJ1'\11etEl>llil14~n~1LLft::YJL1'\fte~nevau

Two of the soldiers were killed and the rest were captured. 4.

f1ntl1s&111!I§Bni'v1Jiaismi11d The millionaire's son was kidnapped.

UB""" ~u"iL1't!Jlef1N11tl.i18-IDIILi 1.

Accidents can be prevented. 2. Jiii;Nn\4LLJ;~r;t.i1S-~nlla'lfilN'il1flLLef>3LLr;t,_

Suntan cream protect your skin from the sun. 3.

m1fWI,,;.i1s,ti'MJ'uitnlilt!~1!1L'"""~.,L~ee Tax rises restrain consumers spending on luxuries.

EN322

125

lS 1. rlEI1flJJ\UJt UtJ'lfl\JU 1

!!I " UJJLcrtJLU~"l

Don't drink milk in that bottle; it has turned sour. 2. 1tJ1ufl:nfuitJMJJfl

All the eggs in the basket were rotten_. a. tJUJJiJ~u,~nau,itJ

Some bread was stale. 4. LuenuLuflau,tu,itJ niiuwna

That butter and bacon路 are rancid; fhey smell unpleasant. l" ..a !If c:l 5. L'W'f1:n1L6rl M\JO'Jn 1 ~EI1~'YI'W"lOltJ1flrl~n11 \JO "1 Lrirl~~hrf/LflO I

Because she gave them everything that they wanted, her children were spoiled.

126

EN322

... ..1

LLlJlJ~.m~I'IVI

'I.!

_,...

..1

13.1

•

1. Lfifl ~ Lfii!J'Ul)LtiBV1~::11~!JL"nt11n~ULfl!J

..,

2. 1'li11l~nu'b.Jl~f1·uoff·u.n

EN322

127

LL1JtJ'tJn\i"' 13.2

.. ..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................

_,..

..I., ...

8. Lfitl'UL)LtUlV111JL.:JU'lltl.:JL'll1

·············································:-··························································· 10. n17tJ1'lltl.:JUn~:n~~t ~ n.f\J~~t1 nu1u'l1JG!J n Ph'ld ' I

128

1 1

t It I

1 I

,I I

It I

EN322

-=1

tJ1111 14:

th~ afJui1ann1u n11 uti a u

lun11utla1flmflua-mqtiJuilthtTwff,.nnttfhi~1JJ1!1th~iutiaua:h ufi ~utla~LfJuunftm~1Jn~:utlaufla~LffJJa 1 ~Lfit~u1fl'11\J11JJthfl'vni'L"Hihifl1LfJu .. • ... 1tl"' tl1at11~f1Uia U ft111i~

,J,,~

thaauhif~rial-H'Lnflilcumnu~L;ttulum1utla1fltiL iJua~nqtiJJ1n thaa~thd'":· tl1~nuth11 "should" ua: "ought to" lun1ti1a~nq.ti ufi~L;ttuJn,:iuaulun11li thaa~thd' L!lu liLiJu should to i~thl-H'Lnf1fi11JJUflfl1~fl1Ultl1~aii~ L!lu ... " 1. L111ft11,~fi\Jfi1U\JfiL1tiU\J1~ iJ~utlai1: He should to r.evlew his lessons.

ft11Utla11: He should review his lessons.

,;a:

He ought to review his lessons .

... tl1:LfiUfiLlJU ., ..l!fj iJ qj'Hll Ufl11t" an !f

should

.. fla

l"-'. ... ..... " .. ....., ... .~ .. , .. 'lH Ufl1NU91a~ !f should + have +

fl11 !fL'Wtl\JaflCI~L'Hfltl11Nfl911~'lJ1JJfl\J

!ft ......... ~1..... fi11JJLuU'1~fl&tJIJfl11 1181111 'H1an11'~11tft::&u

n!s1tlaofR 3 2.

L'lJ1Jhv::aau1tl' ( ulifl111197of&fl1fiBUIIn) He should have passed the exam, but he failed.

d'ufhd'ulhv::JJ1LLtiLil ( ueift11N~;~d'uanif1fl) I know that I should have come early.

EN322

129

lftft e I , .,.. ., tl t l II e I l ~ e I 7r f\111 "Uttl" U ~L18UJJft~tU. a _,!J !ff\111 "ever" UtJtut'nf\111 " ll&fltl" ~=

li~1·'h "never" tl~Ltiulut11tl!JR

., :'ltl ., I .if ,. I . . 1. QUU9tiL ~'HU~JJ1ftLLtiLtl!J1U LJJJJL1ft1L~!J

il~utlai1: I ever go to the cinema a lot,i but I never get the time now. fl11Utl&rh: I used to go to the cinema a' Jot, but I never get the time now. ,.,..

..,tllll

_..t

I ''used to" uu l: 'J" .. .1~ .1... ~=L!f\Jilna~n11ft1tTI1'nLfl!JTI I

uan~nU~L1!JUfl11'V1 111 n111

lt~EJl~N1ntlti1~L1a1 n1iin;EJ1iLff'l!tNil~10tlL1a1

Ltiu once

a~1utl1tl!JR L11~t1JJ1ti

used to lum1u.tlathi1 "&fill" Ltiu z; J I ., 2. "'"""'"LtJ1Lfl!JLLtl~~1unu

il~utlai1: They used

to married once.

fl11Utla11: They were once married•

.-1 ~ ~ ., ..: uqJ'H1'nLft!J1ft\Jr1111 I

"&flfl"

.o~,r

... """

~·

• ..

'n~ifilUUUJ~\JilnL1il~'HU~ftflil

~iLLtla11 "UlJfliu" Ltiu .r~Ju L6il~&Afllunum,afuLL9iLil

itJauntJ to be used to/ to get. used to a.

L6aa1tl'EJa~1uvhfJJ

She lives on a fann, so she is used to getting up very early. tl1tlEJRl1~tJUif~tLLtlaltl!JLi~111

130

"iflfl "lJJ1fl'

LW11tfl11JJ'HJJ1!JLUtl1tl!tfl

EN322

• ' 'l ' , .. ltl z .. z .. _<( ~ 1. UY71:rl1'Wil J.ltl1f'lJ1• MLfiil ~1ULiUI~fiUU L6il~~il11~huLnfl

il~uthrh: Because her father won't let her go to 'the party tonight. She's in a bad mood.

Because her father won't let- her go to the party tonight, she's in a bad

fi11Uthrh:

mood. M;aaatJthzlufl·h

She's in a bad mood because her father won't let her go to the party tonight. e

Uil0~10fl111

lt11Utl1::lt~fl;f

tl e fl!l 1" "because" LLit1 fl111 "since"· 0\J "as" 01111.111&'1 !fLLfiU "because" I

L'WTl::

since I as 1a.~1t"~1iLtJUfil1\JilnL1it1ilU~L~fl1 LLfift11.111fllti'tJilO

fl11aJLtJULMflLtJU~it1iL1JUL~fl1tl'U because L!fU

' 2. She's in a bad mood since (as) her father won't Jet her go to the party tonight.

D1~::utlatl1::le~fld'LfJUil1~11fiEI e , ' ""4""" Lfi1UU

ilU11tlfjflfifiLLUittlTl1

"since" 'H1EJ "as" 11

"'~Uuit11:

.. " -• '

.. ~ e ' ' 1Jil'i'lJ1fl ML6il u.:J1'ULitfi.:Jfl'UU .¥ • z Lfiilil111JNLnfJif4"1f'Wil

fi11Utlit11:

L6ilil111JWLftfJLJY71mil1,jil'f'lJ191l~L6il1tJ~uLSfJ~flu;f

th~1fJ , L1fu !1

"iJ" ~riDltiLntlilqJmlun11LLUit1shl'DfJjiL~fl1 i1ilU1~L1JU z;

.. .,

l" 1·'

n... n 1....

1. H0111fnUMit1Eif11.:JUilnft'U11Jn\41 LL91 1.11.1~ fl fi1'U\J1t'IL~\J

ii~utJa·h: There were several fights happened outside the stadium, but no one was

hurt. fi11UtJa·h:

EN322

There were several fights outside

the

stadium, but no one was hurt.

131

i7tf1flfJ&n1LMtl~ 12 flU Vln 140 flU fl,afliitt~1mfl1s-4iluotn

il~ut.hrh: There were only 12 of the 140 passengers survived the plane crash.

ft11LLt.hrh: Only 12 of the 140 passeng~rs survived the plane crash.

.., tX..

mu~iNUa.J

" 2 ~a~uau

il~ut.lai1: This house has two bedroom~.

ft11Ut.lirh:

There are two bedrooms in this house.

4. i7flu\Jand'u11w1m!I1LLfi~,unuu.a1

il«ut.la'l1: There was someane telling a,e they got married. ft11Ut.lirh: Someone told me they got mi;Jrried.

"~~~Lnt~'l1lun11LLt.lath'l1 "ii" lt.J fi~L'liuluth~ttlfl~ 2 ua: 4

1~1il1Lflutl'aili there

verb to be

Lila.Ja

l,\'ija, 1 -uafju

ili~l~'l1uu.a:t~D!1~ u.fi~L;tJ'UUfl'il:f'imLfifhi1. "borrow" :z1~ u.t.lai1 fiBVN thuthi1 "lend" tt~"t.lai1 tHilN Ju Ufl'i):l,ji''inLLa:lubjLflu . v i~Ju ~L;ttutf~Jn~:u.t.lathi1 "vN" l,ji1'il:l~f1JJ ~;D tJD!1JJ lflttltl'u.tithi1 fhi1

"borrow"

"VN"

., .,

.J...

fl~tl1Dti1~L'D'W

1. "l"'"~n·1at1 t H'd'ui7uiiuilD'tnlat~lfl1'H~

il«u.t.la'l1: Would you mind borrowlng:me your pencil'! ft11LLt.hrh: Would you mind lending m., your pencil?

132

EN 322

..... -路

J.4~Uuirn:

The bank wouldn't. borrow her the money to buy the car.

fi11UUa路h: The bank wouldn't lend her the money to buy the car.

II路

...,

...

""'

3. LfiEl91El~fl11t/IJL~ULWEl~1fJA1\Uitl

She needs to borrow some money to pay .the doctor.

EN322

133

~· .., IIUUttfl't1fll4.1

.. .., ., ., 1• l.lflUn~U1J1Wv'l~1llflULL~1 .................................................................................................................. j ...........................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................,....................................................................................................................................:...................... I

3. L1itlLfiltJLUUL~n~VItl)~fi£jfl11~~'ll ............................................ 1.................................................................... !''"'"''''"'''""''''"""''"''''''''""...............................................................................................................

''"'''"'''"'''''"'"""""''''""""''''''''""''"''''''"'""''"""'''''"'''''''"'""'"''''''"j''•••••-••oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooouoooooooooo•o••"'""''''''''"'''''''''''"'''''''''"'''''''"'"'''"''""'"'"'''"''"'""'"""'"'''""

5. L'll1!11ll1.11tl'o31moWil~~El~~13.11u ''''''''"''"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"""'""'"""''''''''''''''"'"'"''"r••••"'''''"''"'"'""'''"''''''""'''''"''''''''''''''''''''"''''.."'''''''''''''''''''''"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"'''''''

................................................................................................................ 1" ............................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................,.............................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................,..............................................................................................................................................................

' ' ' ' ' ' " " ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' " ' " ' ' " " ' '00 ' ' ' " ' " ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 0 ' ' ' ' 0 ' 00 ' 00 ' ' . .

''"""""""'""''""'"'"'"'i•••••••ooooooooooooooooo,.ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo•ooooo••••••••••ooooooooooooo.ooo•oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo••••••oooooooooooooooooooooooo•••

...............................................................................................................!"""""""""""""""'"""""""""""""""""""'"""""""""'""'""""""""'""""',"'""""'"""'""'"""""""

134

EN322

"!I

II'U'UHfl't'lfl 14.2

2. g{3.JmLfiltJiou.num~L'ihut!uLL'ill1'1{ih

·I ""' ,111Jq)-3LLiilL3-Jtl11ULL~1 3 • L"ll1fil~'nt"'~ul'lW~ II

I ..,

~urhft'-lel1U'VIU-l~t!Yl!J .~IJLli€1341 I

...4

.,.

..,

7 • fl~-l'VIU-lL"ll1Lfil!ILn~!J~nU

,........I t 10. mm-rn.:t.4IJ.JIJ~n'Yl

EN322

135

flii'Ufl 4:

....

..., -

ft111Lfl11~'H1Jil~flYUt1flLLa:m11LLft

I.'IJ

Utltl 15

n11ut1a~~lailufl'a~fl11\lun

1. Only thme people were promoted, namely Sompong Jaidee, Suda Rukdee, and

Mai Rukmoo. iitJutlirh:

fl1JalJJfl1JfJnuoi~~

iai~LflCJI:

~utlaJn~:utlatl1:lrJfl passive voice aanJJ1LU1Jtl1tlfJflfl11JJ ........

n7::n1"

w"""fl111

fia

ifJJY4~ti' l~Oi ..

iftt1 i'nfi ua: l"',j

"en" "''a "'"""

,~ ,

i'n"'~ "en

flfi11JJ"'JJ1fJtJa~ 1tLrJfl

passive voice if LUU1tllufi1~1J1fl"';atl'11Jtl I

ft11U tl a路n:

... I lS ..... ..... ..,! I JJLV4fJ~iflllftULfi1UUflltlLitilUY11LL"'U~ ...

flil

ifJJV4~~

...

~tt

...

ift11 "l.fltl LLitt

l "'~ i'n"'~

EN322

137

2. The man who was bitten by a snake !Was given a serum. :'! "

-·

•

7.,., ...

~o~tfLLuft11: tftiltlfi!Jn~n" "'tm~

iai~LfUJJ:

~LLt.lahiLti'1l~fl11JJVIJJ1fltl~thi1 "serum" ~hu passive

voice

(was

LLtlalttt~l!ithh "fltl" ,;a "f"u" Ju ania~ua1 LY411t passive u v voice lut11tlt!fld';:;fl1-1JJVI~1f.lluLi~au .

bitten)

fl11LLtliln: ~tilti~On~tf" ltii'vmGttLL~t+:l u . v 3. Most of the people Invited to the paify didn't turn up.

~il~ut.lai1: · flUfhulV~qjlth1ut.11i'iflJJ1~mrvan . iai~Lnfl: rl'ut.lahiLti'1l~lfl1~ifn~t.l1tlflfl passive voice tfilttatt1t.l ~~lut.l1tlt1flifii v ' v fl11JJVIJJ1f.llULU~tJ10 flB lfi'tJLUqj iimf~~LLtlal,jffi113-J'HJJ1f.lt18~£hU1U turn up ua::J~LLtla'tiuA'Y4~thi1 "party" iin~1t1

fil11LLtlai1:

ijltA'i'v&i&y~1uLiff.l~ihu~qjl,jJJ1t171nlJi1

4. It was annoying not being able to reJ!llember his address.

il~ut.lai1: uuuTi1fi1'Yifl,jif1JJ11Cl~1~1ULatt~tiB~Lt111~ iai~Lnfl: ~LLt.laJnut.laif11Y4U1JJ it ~lu~if'ti1VIU1~LUU Impersonal dummy sub)ect l,j~1LUUtl~~LLtlathi1 "it" i1 "lfu"

pronoun

ua::

lufJO~LifJJBlt.l

fil11LLtla·h: LtJUL~B~U1i1fl1qj~~1U1UL·tl~tiB~Lt111JJ1~ . ;

5. What you have written is not suitabl~ for publication.

iJJLL tJai1: fiNLtif.IU8:: J,m,jLVIJJ1tif~1VIi''llif16170l:: u • iai~Lnfl: rl'ut.lal,jfl11tJfi11JJVIJJ1f.ltl~~ Indefinite pronoun "what" ~~B1~LLt.lai1 · i~ L~~~ LLa1LLvitJ;ufl u~n~1nd'~LLt.laLti'1l~i3tti1 "publication" LUuth ... ., "public"~~ "" l 11fl11 " ~I 'HJJ1f.I'.J!"' Ltlt110tJ YIHtlJJ1 • •.,j· ... l'JJLVIJJ1tfl~tfl .., -- JJ'W" fil11LLtlft11: ii"'Yif!NLtlf.IU i

138

EN322

6. By the end of fh:is year, Sally will have been teaching English for twenty years• ...

~~U.uft11:

tliln~Lnt~:

7IJSBUil1'1!t1il~nc)'HaJ1!Jct1Ju ., ., ..1~ ~ ., tl ... , 1... ., .... ..1 "' . 1 "' ... ~u iUJ~ LaJIJfl11aJlfl111JLtn L'iJLnfJ'lft1J tense L1Jil1'1!t1il~nq'l!tflWil ..

~ ~

...

Utfftft

LJ.filtl~ct'Uu

~~LLtla

future perfect tense ltli.J.in1:iui'flfl1JY4il

tt11u.tla·h: wsiNftu\J uwaaHssun1v1iWnq!IJn7~t!liu\J 7. Warunee has just completed a new motion picture, which will open at the Grand

Cinema.

il~u.tlai1: 11ldilmsfvium'JLLiffl~ll1WLfl~aul'H1~~\l:a\Jfim1Uiffl~;lt,~..,,r~ un1uti' iai~Lnt~:

~uti alJ.iLi1l'llfl111J'HIJ1tltlil~ present

perfect tense ua:lJ.ijfl111J'HIJ1tJ

tlil~ti'w,;' "motion picture" I fl11U. tl ft11:

...

A,;

l 'HIJflliJ:Q1!Jfl ..I """" "' ~ L'J~\11J~LLft11Jfl

~..

11lN'n"Uf~9n1'JLLiffl~ll1Wti1Jfi'JL'Jil~

8. Please give me a ring when you arrive and l will pick you up.

il~u.tlai1: ltl1fl1H"H1UAU LdilflNIJ1D~LLa1QUiiJ::lti'HlflN iai~Lnt~:

~utlalJ.iLi1l\lmU11J to give (someone) a ring

tt11utlai1: ltl1ttTn~Rwno"d'uLdaflNIJ1D~ ua1nu\l::ltli'u 9. My friend wanted to fire her maid since she was disobedient.

il~utlai1: Lyjeut~a~Q'utl'a~m,y~t lwunfluliLw11::Lt11lJ.iLtiaw~ II

tliUf~Lnt~:

NU v

I...

..1

,!(.

~ ~.:... Cll n'Wfi'UIJfl111J~IJ1!J'Hft1tJUtJ

ft IJIJfl111J'JLft!J1ft1Jri'WJJ to fire v

tt1'JLLtlai1: LyjautJe~Q'utfe~n,, laflulia amw11::Li1'HaaulJJLtiaw~ 10.

Most of her friends at the party were born with silver spoons in their mouth. ~

.¥

...

..J':

....

IJ ~II Uft11

LYHlU t'1'1'U 111 ty'\1 tl-3111 tlfi-31'U lfH.l-3 ll1&niiH1BIInii8111BBII&-IIIfl1 1n

ifnf.:Jiflfl

ra'mJalidTu1u1JjfJn~o-3

... "

-•

fi1111U ft11

EN322

...

,¥

..J':

...

..J':

....

L'W f) U t'l'l'U 111 ty'\1 tl-3 Lti tlVI-31 'I.Ua tl-3 a1'U U~ fi1HDBII& -IIIBBIItiB-1111&n fl

139

11. lnfonnation Is collected before· a decis,on Is made.

iltf'ut.lai1: iDJJBf1n&n'ununNrioun11~ttiut,ifv::th tiaf·Unfl: ~LLUILLUIU1:=lflft pa$Sive l~t~lifhi1 "fJn" ;f~uDnft11J.J'MJ.J1flltni~lJ.iii LLtlU1:=lt~flifLflut11:=lt~fln11~ fl11J.J'HJ.J1!JL~Una1~ D1,LLtJalttfln11LflJ.J

12. The West's diseases have been closel~ linked to the consumption of meat .and

dairy products.

il~LLtlai1: &isf'1fJtiD~tJ1zL't1ftm~tlnu$nilfitioad1~tnMttnu~u;tntud'a1'1 uaz fiB~ tf1tJ7::V1lU

tia&l'·Unfl: ~LLtJalJ.i-i'fi11J.J'HJ.J1!Jtlil·U'lYn{th'h "

"disease"

LLat meat /

dairy products

~~utlae3tt

fl11LLt.lai1: f1AntJlti'&fu~'Mtnfltla~tn1•==1'u9lmrlrnlt~~ad1~lnatifl nun11u;tnfl ~aft.tlwtl'tJ1:=Lilfl&daua::u~o~• 13. They are generous although they are poor.

il'LLt.lai1: W'lnLti10a1tt"t'iS~n,:Juw'l,Ltl1ni~'u tiai~Lnfl: ijLLtJalJ.iLi1l,fi11J.J'MJ.J1fltiB~fhL!iaJ.J although tliLrJaua9l~fi11J.J'MJJ1tlil .,

., .,

tlflLLfl~nu

fl11LLt.lai1: w'lmtnl,flam1~tl11~",;1,~:=tnn,un911J.J 14. One should perfonn one's duty as we¥1 as he can.

il~LLtJai1: U1~f9JRtth~1'UtJii~L!J1l~fiL1jhiiLtJ1if1JJ1"Ulthl i

tiai~Lnfl: ~utJaLLtJathi1 "

140

"one" if~L~~ Indefinite pronoun lJ.iL'MJJ1ZifJJ911JJtJ;un

EN322

15. You have to wait until the others come back.

ileLLthrh: f1Nia~"laad;.)un·hv::m,,.natJJJ1 iai~Ln~: ~ut.Jaut.Jathh "the others" iuuu Indefinite pro11oun lJJgnia~vnJJ t.J~\J'YI

fi11LLtJai1: f'INtlfl~"lflflfi;.)Ufli1AUa'u '7 ;.):matJJJ1 ., 16. Thailand's economy is in a critical state.

il~LLtlai1: Lf1"l'MJO;.)tJa~,.htL'Yif11'Yituha~agtuth~ihfi"&y iai~Lnfl:

el'., ut.JaLLt.Jatrl1JJ'HJJ1trtla~thi1 "critical" 1JJL1UJ1tt{JJfl1JJU~U'YI

fll"lLLtJai1: Lfl"l'MJO;.)tJa~tl"ltL'Yif11'Yimha~ag1urh"1nqti 17. If I have a car, I can pick you up at the airport.

il~utlai1: t1'1;luihn Q'ua1aJ1"ln 7118"fltu~au1JJUUli ., tiai~Lnlil:

el'ut.Ja1JJi'fi11JJ'HJJ1tltlfl~ phrasal verb "pick up" ., .,

fi11LLtJai1: tl1QU£i"ln ;lunlt.Ji'Uf70l~aU1JJUUli 18.Eventhough the British and the Americans speak the same language, they can ·sometimes misunderstand one another. ..... ••

IJ~LLuit11:

iai·un~R: -· ' A1"lLLuit11:

...

......

•

Cl~LLJJ11fiUfl~OC)tiLLittf'I'UflLaJ"lfl'U'lflll1ti1Ufii8J.IflU

..1

\J1~f'l"l~Ltl1Cf1JJ1"lt1'YI

;.)tLi1l;.)nutltl1t1'L'Hiiaunu ~utJaut.Jathi1 "same" lfltJLaanlith1JJL'H111taJJntJLilafi11JJ .,

"l;.)

... "' "' ...... "' \J1~fl"l~Ltl10ti~Lll1 :: c:f"' Cl~LLJJ11f'IUfl~OC)tiLLittfiUflLJJ"lflU;.}t\"4tlll1'li1UJf/1flU '

tltlnuli

EN322

141

19. It will take me quite some time to g~t him interested in buying your land.

iJ(uthrh: J1'utfa.:aliL1inlhM'S\JOUlun~1~~tlhl~L7J1SUl~~~ttfa~iiUtJD-11f!W tlDft.:JLnfl: ~uthtutlaS11YfU1JJ "It" f.:aLflutl1ttnUfili'tn1JJl1JJ1fJ'h "NU" ~.:a . lal~1Lflu iflmltiLafJlalia~utla fl11U tJai1: QUfl.:JtlD-111tlba1JJ1nfiLflfJ1~~t~11~L!t1SU1~~D~tlUtlil-IILDB ~

20. She felt as if she were in heaven

wh~n

she got a great compliment from her

parents.

il(utlai1: Lnaflml1ilau·n\Ji1Laaltia~1utt111ft'Ldausa lli'uf91&iussauJJ1nii'u 'Hd.:a~1fl~Uflfl1B-IIt1D-IILDB ial~~n": L~um1LLtla~mifi1LBuuiau,::Laan1tl'•i11altl'l~·n=ntJtdafl11JJ fl11UUfti1: LDDjln111rl\JD.~\JUS111ftL~8tDD1tfi'ufi:Jr/ll&fln1flUfl1JJ11fl1 21. Though I hate crowded places, I

ha~e

to work in Bangkok.

e,.t .! l-ltiLLtl fl'n: QULflitfJfl't'l..1 , IJ~.:ati'U LLfltf' Uflflil-IJTJ1-111' U, 'Ufl1~L't'IW., iaft'unt~: ~utJalalutJathlrJ.:afi11JJl-.1~.,L~u t~ntl'a.:a tiafl11JJ~.:alalviaLda.:anu fl11LLUiti1: "M'i10U~tlaJtiD\JSa1UfiLLdii'fl OU~~1tlD.:ath.:a1Ua~1un1.:aL't'IYf., B~tl ... II

G II

alp_l

22. Exhausted by long hours of work,

decided .to go to bed early.

iJ(utJai1: L'HilflL'H~DfJ1Ufl11f11.:a1U'HlflfJfltJJ.:a L1J1ifliu1~1tJuD'UL~1 , .JY a~..le ~..IPJ • ! ..1 tl .J .ol 1J8a~Lftfl: 1it't'IYI1'HU1't1Lu'U participl~ phrase 't'I!JfJ1fJ 1t61U't1"1JJJJ1!J1.:a'Hft.:a LJJil LLtJaLflull1ti1 1't'lr.Jfl11iuiu~1tlfJflfi'1r.JU1ttnuri au fl11JJ'HJJ1r.J~.:a~::tifiL~u tl11UUfti1: L!J1;1n&HiJII&HGStiLda.:a~1ft,j1.:a1UJJ1'Hft1fJi1lJJ.:aLtJ1~.:aiflaU1~Li1UD'U .. . 11

142

EN322

23. The accused man said in court be wished to withdraw his confession ~~U.

..... t l ' it'll:

!f'Ulfl0it11'H1flit11 LUff1it11Ltnf\il~fl11Litflfl1ifl"Sil1?4

Wilft·Uflfl:

accused Lflu verb

..1'

•

Wil~~

....

~IJ1~1fl passive

voice

at~atJ ua:rn~11''HU1

..1 .1 .. .1 .. u1:61ULWilllt'HU1fl!lfl1tiL1a1 L1it1LLua ~~fl11LLuitL'HIJilU

ft1'tu.tlai1:

... ..1-

passive voice

tnfJRenmi11H1LLaauiilff1ai1L!l1ti'il~n11L'WnaDuths111l1W

24. Spoiled by his parents as a child, he grew up to be a discontented young man .

.,."tJ' 011:

~~LL "

tJilif~Lnfl: .I

~ •Ill .. 'i'!fl ,.,.., t)flf\11J ~~1flWilL11JIJ1f\'ILL91Lflfl LtJ1~~ L91LuUtnfJ'H\iiJfl LIJWil ~8: 1 "

..,.,J o " ..1 ~ .I ool 22 1itflf11'HU1fiLuU participle phrase !lfJ1tlu1:51Utr~f\11JIJ1

ftitlfJfl\J!lil

l ~IJ1VI~LLfiLflfl ~

.fl1'tU.uit11: L!l1t)flW8LLIJV111J

...

1fi!JU~~flit1fJLuUtnti'H'!IJ!J .f .. !fl .oM LIJLfltl 1

LIJil

wal1ila:11Latl

. ., .... .

2 5. The exam is going to be difficult. ~e..u.ua11: ~

" ..

tJilif~Lflfl:

. .,

!lBifil\Jnla~~:mn .

to be going to

l Uu1\JflUIJfl111J'HIJ1tiL'HIJ8Ufl\J . .-:: .z.. .. ., seems to

.I ' " J r fl1"SLLuit11: !l8ifil\JUH1H1"9~tl1n

..1

ileim.Ja·h: ~

•

..1 .,

1....

tJiliHLflfl:

., -

At a party, I was suggested Jintahra Sukhaphat.

" •I _f"' " .. .~ e.ILLuit!l1flfl111J1 ... ... .Ufl11Litilfl !ffl1f1?4TJ L'HL'HJJ1:fl\JLUilfl111J

fi1"SLLuai1: At a party, I

. .. ...... ., ..

fi~1ULitti~LL'H~'HU~QU ti1\Jfl11UU::U1 L'Hl~flfl\J ~UVl'HTL if'JYlltGiY

was introduced to Jintahra Sukhaphat ..

LtJ1l"LL'H1U1~if1fJLLriiiuLdil11Uif

ibl'u.tla·h:

He had given me a beautiful ring yesterday.

1Jiht~Lnfl:

~LL

" "J!I

"til" a !f tense 1IJt}flVIil~ 1

!fl ... tl11LuUilf!VIfl1itti11JJVI1

fi1"SU.tlai1: He gave me a beautiful ring yesterday.

'· EN 322

•

143

il~Lnhrh: What do you want for a brea.fast'l

I want to have one bacon andi egg.

i1uf~Lntt:

~utlatnflfi11JJfLflrnn\J&tnn1lfhilum1i'~a1'H11LLa:=li Article lJJ~n .,

fiB~

fi11Utla·h:

What would you like for bre~fast?

I'd like to have baCOJJ and eQs•.

.: i1'lfl~LLOILJJB11U ~ '""' 4. ClUU£f1!1Uf1n il~utla·h: This street had closed since ye~terday.

iaa~Lntt: ~ut.Ja1JJ1tl'utlatl1tlflflifitiag1uatlthtl!tfl passive fl11Utla·h: This road has been closed sincte yesterday.

5. i1n11Wftnui1Ltni'uituvu "

il~utlai1: It is said that he is corruption.

iaauntt: ~ut.Jautlafhi1 "i'viuvu" l~t]nvl'a~ Li1l~iuaui1 "suvu" 'HJJ1flil~ corruption

fl11Utla·h: It Is said that he. {Is

cor$pt.

takes 6. d'u'tfD\J&ftnflsn Tnutlf ..... al

a..~u1Ja11:

iaa~Lntt:

I like cake chocolate.

~ut.Ja1JJLi1l~lfl,~an~tl,tl!tf'll11:na~nq~ ti·ul'a~,,~•ht~fl1fl11"Hu1u1JJ mfl'cylu~if1j1JJthfl'cyfiathi1 "&fin" la..,tl "flsnfnut""

fl11Utla·h: I like chocolate cake.

144

EN322

7. WD!ID~Lt.nlJ.ir~nt.li1LtnlaJltt1tiT'~'7flu iltJut.lai1:

His father did not know that he had not been to the school.

iDi~Lflfl: ~LLtJalJ.iLi1l~L~D~fl11Ltf ArtiCle

.. . \1'U1fl1'U1JJ school

ft11Ut.lfti1:

Etnnu

go to schoollJJ1i Artide Lfl '1

His father had no idea that he did not go to school.

a. n11Lilur11~ f~rfl&fJ!s.,oua:fl1nfi il~ut.lai1: Traveling by a plane is comfortable . .. 1!1

tJDnUflfl:

...

Ltf'ULflfJ1fl\J!Iil

.. l ' ' ..s .I .I ., ... :: i!iLLuft JJ'YI11\J11n1'U1'U'YILflfJ1fl\Jfl11Lfi'U'YI1~'YI~\1ft1fJ

lJ.iia~ls Article \1U1A1U1JJ ft11Ut.lai1:

Traveling by plane is comfortable .

... .. *' '

Perhaps you could advise me a good lawyer.

JJ~LLuft11:

iai~Lnfl: U'ut.hnihlflLtffl1~lJ.iL'HJJ1:aJJtiuLifaA11JJ "advise" v ft~if ~~lJ.iL'HJJ1:tiutJ;\J'YIL'Uth:LfJAll ft11Ut1a·h:

fla

flT'JLL'U:1hL~thft~

Perhaps you could recommend me a good lawyer.

10. LfttJ1UJiiULtl1L1il~fl11'Utl'HJJ1fJ 'UVIil'ULfJ'U iliut.lai1: "

1J8ifUflfl:

His secretary warned him about his appointment in the evening. "

.,.

8'UV111fJ ft11Ut.lai1:

EN322

l"A ..M ' "' .l . . , ' .. *,... ~ 'if~ JJ~flVIil~VI1JJu1\J'YI'U

i!iLLuftLftilfl tfr•1'YILJJL'HJJ1:fl\JL'Uilf'l11JJ

.,. "warn" f'lil

.,.

., .,

LVID'ULflfJ1fl\JilfJ/

His secretary re~inded him of his appointment in the evening.

145

_,.. ..1 ... 11. UfBu'DUfa\1~:1\JL~UL!fl iliutl&rh: She denied to accept his mpney.

iai~'"": tiLLtlaLGanlithmJJuntia~tt1JJ'lAu'rl "deny" fie n11ti~Laml'm;\~~;~ fl11Utla·h: She refused to accept his dloney. '

12. ~ua~n1u~JJ~~a~!n1Mun iliutlirh: The cotree anti tea are not ~uite good. iaa~LnCJJ: cotree ua: tea Lfluu1JJ~u1Jtltl' 1JJ~1Lflutia~tif~ Article tiLLtlafi'~LLUa1Jlfl1\Ja1U fl11LLtlai1: Cotree and tea are not realfy good for your health . 13.

• r .,

, "

UIJU1&91JY'f~ti1Lflit~:LU1LctfJ

... " tl a11: Chao Phya river is nearly spoiled.

JJ~LL

iai~Lnfl:

~.; " " 'J " •t... LUJw1L~1W1:fJ19l8~ L'lffl1\J~fl\J

Article "the"

~ 0 I U80~10UUfl111

!!lf "'U1hrtl" I

;f 1Jlfl1~tl\JUfJ~11JJ\1JJ1fJ'8~thi1 "spoiled" 9~\1JJ1fJi'i~ "fJnfi11H'&itJ AU" \1;8 ""1111VVU&Bti~U" fi11LLtlai1: The Chao Phya river is ne~ly polluted. 14. n1:'t'l=enif.,11tu8~alft1JJ ileiutlai1: The pan left in the sink.

·"

tiai~Lflf1:

~LLtla1JJ1tl'LLtlaloH'Lflut11:lJfl passive voice

fi11LLtlai1: The pan was left in the sin~• .. 1..r .......... 15. 19' U&f11-l LUif,..fJ9lU1fiU,.~" LflaU\11 N~LLtlirh:

This tt;mple built early in ~e Rattanakosin period.

ti'aa~Lnfl:

L'liULflfJ1tlUU1:lfJfl~ 14. I~~LLtlalJJ\111\J'llU1:lfJfl;f fliJ U1:lfJflfl11JJ -

fl11JJ\1JJ1fJLflum:n~i~Lda~tlaLflun1~1a~nq~tia~lit11:lfJfl passive i

fi11LLtla·h: This temple was built earlj in the Rattanakosin period. i

146.

EN322

16. L!J1ifUl ~fl1'UJJiNUJ1fl~UflLtrl!HLtJfl 4

-.f

. . St

ueuuft11: He was interested in politics since he was a child.

" tliJifUflfl:

~utJalti tense liJt]fliB~ a1lti was interested LLUfti1 LfltlifUl~lua6itl LLtl

W J a. \JflULftflifU ~LLft1

L!J1ti~Lflfl

.~ J I Ufl Uu"J1Jf1U~JJ1!.1fl11JJ11 .Zc1 W I

4 ~ 1 L!J1ifU ~fl11LJJ8~JJ1\Jl~Ufl

LLftZLfltiJUfltl~ifU ~Btj

fl11UUfti1: He has been Interested in politics since he was a child.

4111 "" •• ueuuft11:

118if~Lflfl:

Let's go for a walk; the climate is fine. el'utJaLaanlif'l1Blfl v ifll1W81fl1fli1

"climate" fia ifll1WB1fl1f1LwW1z~ LL\JI1u~if-wflil~ . v

1 ltJ

fl11LL\Ja·h: Let's go for a walk; the weather is fine.

18. L!J11U'ti1~1ULLfi1\JIZ1UB8flftit1~ ... "

.. 1

•

U~LLuit11:

He has gone to work in Middle Bast.

ti'ai~Lflfl:

el'utJalti Article lJJanla~ u1J.Jf'l1i1 "Middle East" ia~litiu Article v v '

"the" fl11Ut1a·h: He has gone to work in the Middle &st.

..1

..t

:'1"

19. fliJ"nq!fl1-.1U1UJJ1flt)fltJ1UV11::L"lfl11\J1

il~LL\Jai1: In English, cows were killed because the mad cow disease.

ti'ai~Lflfl:

a~flf)'~tutJ"lzltlflif fia U1ZLllf1 English ~JJ1tla~ fiU~;Bil1'tf1 ~utJalti f'l1l,jt]fllB~LLazliA1LiaJJ because lJJgnfia~ because la~lti'LilBJJ ttJfl lJJ1tiLiaJJA1~;a1a

u,=

fi11Ut1ai1: In England, many cows were killed because of the mad cow disease,

EN322

147

20. Ltnuu;V,tt1ouf'nu1ti"D~L!I1 il~ut.lai1: He suggested me to know his boss.

tiai~Lntt: tJutlatithlaJL\nn::nuL~Dfl11JJ uu::U1lt1'f'in fl11tithi1 "Introduce., fl1'1LLt.lai1: He Introduced me to hi~ boss.

21. L!11U19::Ltl~t1Ut~rlou~::Cf'lt1Lfl\lltJ . il~ut.lai1: He should to change hi~ mind before it is too late.

tiaft'~Lnfl:

iut.lai'usu1::\·rhuhi1 should+ verb

fi11LLt.lai1:

He should change his ~ind before it is too late.

ought to +

verb

22. il£lU'iiL'l1fl1mf\ltl\lfltt1~;fLdDil1~91'!ffiLLtt1 il~ut.lai1: There was a car accide~t occurred here last week.

tiaft'~Lntt: l,j~1Lfluol'o~ti thu1Uithere wa.i tun11utlatl'l::lt1Ad

fi11'Ut.lfti1:

A car accident occlllTCq here last week.

.. ..r . ..r LL~Lflti1\I0\191\1Cf'ltln11\l\l . .: .t ,~., ..r ' l; 23. w\1Lfltl91\l\lil\191D\I 6 t·JJ~fl1~ .... t.l ' a.I~LL ft11: I got up at 6.30 p.m., "ut now I get up later.

tiaft'~Lntt:

tllufl11JJ'l1JJ1~i, "'srhi.,tfu1ual• (past habit) u,;Dvyvu lJl.fthlnul1 fi11LLt.lfti1: I used to get up at 6.3f;) p.m., bu'tnow I get up later. used to

24. vfilLL,jfi11'JtLflu~L\J\JDfh~flii!lil~"n iliut.lai1: Parents are good mode~s for their children. tiai-aLnfl: J.iutlala.~1tfutlath·h "'1n::" fi1'1LLt.lai1: Parents should beg~ role models for their children.

148

. EN 322

•

..:

..I

,.,.,

25. ~WNfl"S~fl~~:aflilUL'Hf.lilflDU'riJJU'l~flfl

ileiut.lai1: u

A snake tells before it bites.

iai~Lnet:

~LLtJaliflT·h "tell"

6"S"SJJfl1

fi1'1Ut.lai1:

EN322

lum-sutJai1 Lilau fl1i1

"tell"

ff~hifi"S~fi1JJ\AU'rl;f ff~'HJJ1t1D~ &isu

fia n1-suanmh1

ntJBUIRTlll

A rattlesnake warns its victim before it strikes.

149

LanS11111V1lt~u ...

...

•

fl'l~tn tf'Wa. nqv6ua~~a16n17utla. n1~L'n'W,:

(

.,.

\!O&tiLnfJ"Stl UitttlO&t. fi1Sif"in17Uuif. "rUI\Jtltl'l1JJLll~'rlqlf~LLitt t.lljuii) n1~L,..,., : 11~WJJWJJ\11i'rlfJ1afJo11JJf11ift~i', 2540.

~1t'W11lf

JJmiY~fJ1afJ, 25~5.

·'

""' ., 'ri'W1 L'ri'Wiltl"SYHlf.~ n1'1U~if&UiJ_,IJU. ... ' JJ\11'l'rlfJ1ittl, 2540.

01~L'ri'W,:

t,~'WJJw,ma~n,Qr

. ..

..._ ~ ~ t:t IUO'WJJ'W,\41~010&-

D'U'Ui't~u t.l1a&tfla. "t.l1tlfJtl011JJlun1lf1lY~mti'1\ff!tlL t.lfifJuut.la~" 117i117 • il..l .. ... 11Jift1UH_, 'rl 15 Q\J\J'rl 1, 2535. t.lndi u1uiu. n17&&tla/uff" (i.,nqv-lnfl). n1~L'ri'W,: 111tli!tln1lt1B~nqti tlO&tanti1f11at~i' ,ma~n1NJJmiY~tl1afJ, 2523.

tnfJ1 ~ui't~u. n17UtlaENnqv&iJu1nfl: uu1R~ma::l6n17. n1~L'ri'W,: thunwJJwfl'l~nJJa, 25 31.

ii'U'U1 u;tf,.~.

nqvoua::16tlOuiitunTnnla.

n1~L'ri'W,: u;'\i,.a'H011ijf1~1nfl,

2537.

11u1a iJJaLQa1. tjDassuutlsmnruffsauutlaiia1Hii. n1~L'ri'W,: l1~'WJ.Jw ,m~n,atJJmiY~fJ1afJ, 2529.

i'rltn 'Wil~IJ'lfla. "tlqlt~n11LLt.laaJfJil~,u-u" Lanm1lun11B\J1JJLi~t.lljUin11 L~a~ "\fLL19l'l~Unut.la" 1flfJt1UtJ'oW\WU1'HU~i1a fi1J.Jitnn11 LLat!fJJ1JJUnLLt.la LLlNU1tL'rlf1l'rltl, 26 'Wqtill1tlJJ · 2540fl __ . nqvQn17utlaua~n17iJneJun17&&tla&iiaa1Bw. ·n1~L'ri'W,: JJ'H1iY~fJ1afJ 11JJthLL\1~,

2525.

tftnlta! thi'nt4. Ratl~&ni.,n17&&tla. n1~L'ri'W,: thun'WJJwLiitlu'l11a&, 2526.

EN322

151

Brislin, Richard W., ed. Translation:

~pplicatlons

and Research. New York:

Gardner Press, Inc., 1976. Catford, J.C. A UnllUistic TJJeory of''ltranslatlon. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. Crystal, David. A First Dictionary of Jl,anguage and Phonetics. Great Britain: University Press of Carnbridge11 1980. I

Desblache, Lucile.

"Translation

Mlethod" LDnen路n.l1~nDtJn11DtJ'UILi路n.l~uilrns

':.,

"Specialised Translation" iftniuun!fna&nuf!ifl, 6U11flJJ, 2541.

Eppert, Franz. "Translation and Seconq Language Teaching," in Canadian Modern Language Review. LDOS11th~JUltJn11tJ11fJ1tll!fl Introduction to the Theory

and Practice of Translation,

~C,

July, 1980. rd

Hornby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Lear..er's Dictionary of Current English. 3. ed.

Oxford: Oxford University ~ss, 1974.

Larson, Mildred L. Meani'!_g-based 'Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. New York: University Press of America, 1984. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary Jtngllsh .. 31'11 ed. Harlow Essex: Longman,

1983. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Sarlow Essex: Longman, 1983.

McArthur, Tom and Beryl Atkins. Dictiopary of English Phrasal Verbs and their Idioms. London: Collins, 199Q.

Newmark, Peter. Approaches to

Transl~tion.

Nida, Eugene and Charles R. Taber.

Th~

New York: Prentice Hall, 1980.

Theory and Practice of Translation.

Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1982. Rabin, C. The Linguistics of Translatio~t. 路 LDOS11th~flDtJn11tJ11tl1tll!f'1 Introduction to the Theory and pl_.actice of Translation, RELC, July 1980.

152

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Seleskovitch, Danica. "A Psychological Approach to Translating, "in Translation:

Application and Research, Richard W. Brislin, ed. New York: Gardner Press, Inc., 1976 Sethaputra, So. New Model English-Thai Dictionary. 2 Vols. Bangkok: Thai Wattana Panich, 1970. Spears, Richard A. NTC's Basic路 Phrasal Verbs. Lincolnwood, Illinois: National Textbook Company, 1996.

EN322

153

cfllfl NUl fl

EN322

155

"Passive voice" 1. Custom officials reveal that pangolins (fi1rhnJfl) have been seized mostly in the South.

2. Frozen pangolins have

been shipped from Indonesia to Vietnam, en route

to China.

3. An Arab man was arrested at Suvarnabhumi airport with luggage .filled with drugged wild animals.

4. The man was bailed on 200,000 bath cash arranged by a diplomat from the UAE embassy in Bangkok.

5. The baby animals werepacked at a warehouse in Min Buri district.

EN 322

157

Dummy subj.lct "It" 6. It is a good idea, but I don't)know if it will become popular.

..................................................................................,........................................................................................... 7. It is not worth buying a new car this year. •••••••••••••••••••ouoooooooooooooooouooooooooo'loooooooooooo.ooooouooooooooooooootooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooouoouoooooooooooooooooouooooootooooooooouooo

"Tense" 8. Have y~u ever been stuck in an elevator? ...................................................................................,.........................................................................................

9. If the situation really become$ bad enough, we will have to sell the car. ·······································································•I''''''''''''""''''"'''"'''·'···················································.······················

I 0. Thailand remains a hub for illegal exports of protected animals. o o 0 o o o 0 0 o o o o 0 o o o o 0 0 o o oo o 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 oo o o o 0 0 o o o 0 o 0 o o 0 0 o 0 00 o o 0 o oO o oo o o o 0 o o o o o 0 0

11.

o oo o o o 0 00 o Oo 0 Ot I o 0 0 00 o 00 0 o 0 0 o o o o o o o o o 0 0 o o 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 0 o o o 0 0 o o o 0 0 o o o 0 o o o o o o 0 o oo o o o o oo o o o 0 o o o o o 0 o

There are not many good cafeterias in the town· center.

12. Wild animals are being smuf81ed in smaller numbers in small pickup · trucks or other personal veiUcles. ...................................................................................... "'..................................................................................

158

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,,;atl,~tltY1 ..............................

"Indefinite and relative pronouns" 13. Somebody was locked inside the building.

14. What everyone wants cannot be given to everyone.

15. Facebook, Twitter and others have created connections among people.

"Words. in context" 16. We nearly ran out of gasoline before we reached home.

17. I consider him someone special.

18. Personal problems may

affect your decision.

19. My boss is a very generous host.

20. The blind are not always helpless.

21. Her car was parked beside mine.

22. It seems sensible to forgive him. EN322

159

"Phrasal verb" 23. Do you think that the price ofl~d in this area will come down?

24. They cannot cover up their affairs any more. • • • • • •• • •• •• •• •• 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

t••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ·~· ....................................... 0 • •

25. Some antiques must be kept up for the' next generation . ........................................................................................."'1'''"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"''''"........ .

· 26. It's difficult to find someone tofit in this position.

27. Custom officials try to crack down on wild animal smuggling. ····························································································t·.. ·············································································

"Idioms" 28. Sometimes parents have to bite the bullet with their children's behavior. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••p•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••oooooooooooou••••••••••••••••••••••••• '''''

29. Will you be ready to bring home the bacon when you get married?

3Q. Whenever problems occur, he always vanishes into thin air . ...........................................................................................................................................................................

160

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"Connectives" 31.- 35.

According to my idea, we cannot easily change our habit of eating. When we go to a restaurant, we usually order same. dishes that we used to eat. Although there is an extensive menu of dishes that we can order, we still choose the same thing. I have a friend who always has fried rice because she does not know what else to order.

.................................................................................................................................................................................

"""'~ 2 utla,ml\1\le~nqv "Passive voice" r I~ 36. 1116ftJIJD11H111'Pl1,tH1CI6'1..1 ""

EN322

161

"Words in context" II

40. 1l1,jutHuut1uth1..f!J1111'lftfJ,ft'1S1;j

.............................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................ 42. 1hri11JDe.,Ku,i II

43. '"'1Qfl'1111Ue4elml111J1an I

.......................................................................................,..................................................................................... J

162

EN322

"Articles" 46.-50.

L'1?JflnUi1fiU,18Q,A'O~ 120 iJ ft1788ttthlfn111Ua::ttlfftU8ltflri\ihJ1:: low ft8Lft!fll\'u ,1tfl\, \tf wiJJttY,ULft1ofl tt171JfeKs (forgiveness) Rni1ttltu&uru (vengeance)

........................................................................... ................... .................................................................. .................................................................................... ..........................................................................•' ........ . .................................................................................... .................................................................................... I

.....................................................................................

.................................................................................... .................................................................................... I

...•............••.......•................•..........•.......................•......

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163

"Passive voice" 1. Three people were killed ancl others remain missing . ..............................................................................................................................................................................

2. Their villages were hit by mUdslides in Nam Pad district of Uitaradit.

3. Relief supplies were being d~livered to the villagers· by military helicopters . ........ .... ...................................... .................... ...........

4••·····~

...................................................................................

4. In Suphan Burl, 367 families were evacuated (e't1tJ't1) after their. homes were flooded.

5. Many provinces have beenflpodedby the power of the Nock Ten tropical storm and other moJjlsoons.

164

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Dummy subject "It"

1. It was the worst disaster to hit many districts' in 100 years .

..............................................................................................................................................................................

2. It is said that there are many more monsoons coming to Thailand.

"Tense" 3. The National Rice Policy committee has approved the rice mortgage scheme (lfi'J~m,i'tJt1lhr&'11).

9. The rice mortgage scheme will ensure prices for farmers of up to 20,000 baht per ton.

10. The government promised to take responsibility if the scheme is a fmancial disaster.

11. Lecturers from universities across the country protested against -the TQF for higher education . .............................................................................................................................................................................

12. They said universities should focus more on measurable outcomes such as graduate employment.

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165

ie1l'n;lnv1..................~.............................................................11l'n1::4111.............................. "Indefinite and relative pronouns" 13. You have to find another way of entering the house.

................................... ........................................... .......................................................................................... . ~

14. What everyone should not fdrget is good manners.

15. Something is creeping inside his pants.

"Words in context'•

16. The man wu sentenced to tl!u'ee years in prison for his part in the

cnme . .............................................................................................................................................................................

17. The Prime minister deliverefl the opening address. oooooooooooooooouoouuooooooooooooooooouooooooouoooooooooooooooooooouoooo .. utjooouoouoouuu••oouooooooooooooooooouooooooouooooooooooo~oooouoooooooooooouoouooo

18. He sold his house for an estimated figure of 50 million.

...............................................................:..................................... ...................................................................... ~

19. Payments were made undet+ the table to local officials.

21. On the 11th of September ~00 1, four planes crashed; killing all the passengers aboard.

...................................................................................,.............................................................................. 166

EN322

22. My friend complimented me on my new hairstyle.

"Phrasal verb" 23. We never found out her real name even though she stayed with us for two years.

24. He was giving out leaflets to everybody on the bus . ..................................................1"........................................................................................................................

25. We need to clear\up before we start work. i

26. He built on this part of the house for his children.

27. I tried to cut back on luxuries when I planned to buy a new house.

"Idioms" 28. If you are mindful, you will not run short of money.

29 .. A good boss ~as to lend an ear and try to solve problems.

30. She is as busy as a bee every time I meet her.

......... .. ... .... ... ..... ..... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ........ .... .. .. ... ...... .... ... ... ..... . EN322

167

"Connectives" 28.- 35.

In the old times, farmers and buffaloes worked together, but the advance of farm technology and machinery has introduced ploughing machines. Then, buffaloes were driven out of the fields. However, buffaloes have di~tinct advantages. Not only are they friendly to the environment* but they also cost. much less to maintain. Machines are expensive to buy and maintain and eventually break down. Buftfaloes, on the other hand, can reproduce and a ,new generation of animals can continue working in the fields.

····················································•·······························································································

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• , ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• -t.. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

...................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................... ....... ························~·································································· ..... ························

.....................................................................,.............................................................................................. ..................................•.........•....••...............t.................!••··············································································

fie,~ 2 &&t.la,mnhf.anq~

"Passive voice"

36. nannu1lfl11ifl ,~'r11a1vih&i1~ft1111fl4UtH 1flCI'Utllbl ...................................................................................................,...........................................................................

168

EN322

, -

37. JJLn'J\Jf)lf)fnt)fJltJfl11JJlfl'JVfl

"Words in context" 40.

-1• ..t ' ..1 A , " l1J8uDIIrfllt1YJ1U'H\J~tll't18\Jlft\JtJ 'H

43.

lft1l~fl11JJfl11J8t~Y\J~

45.

EN322

,tl .,

11'Jt1fl\J

tl'Ul1l"ntt1fl\Jl"V1t111\J

169

"Articles" 46.-50.

74lB-nfuJtY~f~'H!o 1urjflii1'1flhUVH 74tn7~r;i;·urlu~~fl~tnhnn 1u,Olfl UA. llnnf1ii~ntJ1UIIH~t"1;;~,~t.t1-t1o~1un11ftAIIO~I17411tQt1ft~ l'tnl 1~rt::g~(payoong)

t«nn11~~'r1r.t1uu't1~,,;} {National patk official) f111'~flUftt~11J1{logging and trading~

....................... ,. ...................................... . ...................................... ........... ................ ....... . ...-

........................................................................... ........................................................................ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •1• ..................................... .

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • !- • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

..................................... ............ •· ....................... . ~

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • t •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

.................. .................. ................................. . ~·

170

EN322

"Passive voice" 1. The wedding ceremony ofPrince William and Kate Middleton was broadcast live on television.

2. Kate's wedding dress

was designed by Sarah Burton, the designer of

Alexander McQueen's wardrobe.

3. The wedding couple was granted the title of being Duke and Duchess of Cambridge.

4 .. The man, who was considered the world's no.l terrorist, was killed by Navy Seal team 6.

5. The world was threatened by the terrorist's actions.

ENS22

171

Dummy subject "It" 6. It is difficult to change our haibits. ••••••oooooooooooooooooouooo•ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooonooooooooooooooo•"!"•••••uoo•ouoooooouoooouoooooooouoooouooooouooooooooooouooooouooooouoooouooo

7. It is risky to drive when you ate drunk. '

000 ' ' '

' 0000 ''''''''''' 000000 ' 00000 '

000

' 000 •'~'' 00000 '

0000000

••ooooooooooooooouooo••ntooouoooooouoooooooooonoooooooouuoooooooouoooooooooooouoooooooooooouoouuooooo

"Tense" 8. Alcoholic drinks contribute lots of calories to our diet.

9. There was no ~vidence to implicate her with the crime. ,,,,o,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,_,,,,,P••••••••••••o•hoooo•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

10. We should clean the floor before somebody gets into an accident.

11. The Prime minister announc~d that the parliament was

dissolved. · 0000

oooooooooooooooouuoouoooooooooooouooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooiooooooooouoouoouooo•ooooo•oooooooooooooouoooooouoouooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

12. The election will be held on tije third of July.

•••••••••••••••ooooooouoooooonoooouoooooooooooooooooooonooooooonoooouooouuooooooojonoooooonoooooooouoooouoouoouoooooooooo:ooooouoooooooooooooooooooouooooo

172

EN322

~e1l'n~n,.1 ...... ~ .........................................................................,..;'aU1:t1t1'1.............................. "Indefinite and relative pronouns" 13. Nobody can violate the law even though he is somebody of importance.

14. What you have said is reasonable.

15. Will you please put it on the other side?

"Words in context" 16. We hardly saw him coming outside the house.

17. Doctors told him later that he nearly had a heart attack.

18. The sudden weather change affects people's health.

19. Most people are pleased when they get a

compliment.

20. He was uninterested to follow his parents' wishes.

21. There were landslides when it rained for two successive days

EN322

173

22. Mr. Chuan Leekphai is one pfthe decent political figures.

"Phrasal verb" 23. One cup of coffee can keep her 11p all night .

....................................................................................,........................................................................................ 25. Chinese always keep 11p theit ancestors'.traditions. ..................................................................................."'"........................t .....................................................

26. I appreciate that };OU do not easily g;,e up ..

..................................................................................... ...................................,................................................... ~

27. It is not easy to crack down on illegal imported products. '

......................................................................................t ......................................................................................

"Idioms" \

28. It is uneasy to work with someone who always finds fault with you. .......................................................................................,................................................................................... .

29. That child was born with a silver spoon in his mouth. ........................................................................................ .................................................................................... ~

30. His friend told him to give hU,. tl ring when he reached home . ...................................... ........................................,........................................................................................... ;;

174

EN322

"Connectives" 31.-35.

According to.the prime minister, the election, which will happen soon, will offer a good chance to people since they can choose a new leader. He has hoped that the political situation will be better and the nation will be united. Even though the MPs still transfer from one party to another, the situation will become static .Then Thai people can make their decision.

"a\t~ 2 utJa,YWa\1\te~nqv "Passive voice"

EN322

175

37.

'.r

.,~

.P.

11\l~ntl1'C11J\l'tlltnfUftiiR1

oooooouou•••••••u••••••••nuoo"o••••noooouoouuo•••u••••••••••••••oonuno·~••••••ouou•••o•n"•••••uouoooooouoooooooooonuuoooouuoouoounooooouooooono

·····················································································~················::······

...,............ .............................................. ~

"Words in context"

" ' 40. ,,,a1J;;~,uul1o~nln

..................................................,...................................."......................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... ........................................ ~

l 4 3• 11111Qflfl11"lt111JIUfNfJlmt"l111 ftll •

........................................................................................."...................................................................................

........................................................................................."!' ..................................................................................

.......................................................................................... .................................................................................. ~

176

EN322

"Articles" 46.-.50. U'm1su7run\~mnsa1\Ju.U~fu1u,=Ku111111'11R ,,m,.,,t\'nd'mJ1n1J1liLW111nm1u'li~fufllliifltrl&rfli'

LL'ftdVindlan

.................................................................................... .................................................................................... '

................................................ ..................................... ....................................................................................

....................................................................................

EN322

177路