The Khirki Interface by Varun Bajaj

Transitional development for conservation and promotion of urban heritage

Khirki Village, Delhi, India

Varun Bajaj A/2014/2008 Vth Year Section A School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi

The Khirki Interface

Guided by: Shri. Satish Dabral Shri. Anuj Mehta Thesis Coordinator Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE (Deemed to be a University)

CANDIDATE DECLARATION 22nd May, 2013 The thesis titled ‘The Khirki Interface: Transitional development for conservation and promotion of Urban Heritage’ has been carried out by the undersigned as part of the Bachelors Program in the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi – 110002, India under the supervision of Shri. Anuj Mehta and Shri Satish Dabral The undersigned hereby declares that this is his/her original work and has not been plagiarized in part or full from any source. Furthermore this work has not been submitted for any degree in this or any other University.

__________________________ (Varun Bajaj) Final Year, B. Arch, A/2014/2008 School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi - 110002

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE (Deemed to be a University)

CERTIFICATE This thesis was carried out during the January â&#x20AC;&#x201C; May 2013 semester in the Department of Architecture. Thereafter, based on this declaration by the candidate, the thesis was placed in front of the External Jury held on 1st and 2nd May 2013. For this work the candidate was awarded the following marks: 1. Internal Evaluation during the Semester: ________ out of 300 marks. 2. External Jury Evaluation: 3rd and 4th May 2012: ________ out of 350 marks. On successful completion of the Bachelor of Architecture Course by the Candidate the undersigned hereby accepts the Thesis Report on behalf of the Department, so that it may be placed in the Architecture Library.

_________________________ (Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover) Thesis Co-ordinator 2013 Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi - 110002

Acknowledgments The process of doing this thesis has been extremely enriching thanks to discussions, critiques and interviews with a lot of people. I’d like to thank my guides Shri. Anuj Mehta and Shri. Satish Dabral for their invaluable inputs and Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover for some great advice and encouragement. I’d like to express my gratitude to some eminent professionals, discussions with whom have helped me add greater value to my thesis. • Ar. Ashok Lall (Head architect for the Khirki project by KHOJ) • Ar. Nalini Thakur (Head of Department of Architectural Conservation, SPA) • Ar. Aishwarya Tipnis (Conservation Architect), • Ar. Poonam Dewan (Head of Landscape, DDA) • Ms. Nayantara Roy (Legal consultant with INTACH) • Mr. Janhwij Sharma (Head of Conservation, ASI) • Mr. Daljit Singh (Head of Museums/Delhi Circle, ASI). I’m indebted to Ar. Pratap Talwar for constantly mentoring me and helping me shape my thesis at every stage. Finally, I’d like to thank my friends and family for some truly inspiring discussions and constant support. The INTACH library and SPA library (planning as well as architecture) have been very valuable resources and treasuries of information.

Contents Synopsis

PART-1

Chapter 1 Proposition Introduction Need Identification Hypothesis Proposal Assumptions Chapter 2.1 Research Primary - Architectural intervention in a heritage context Secondary - Urban villages: morphology and evolution Tertiary - Urban renewal and gentrification Chapter 2.2 Case Studies Primary Ghat ki Guni HUDCO Bazaar August Kranti Marg Citra Niaga Secondary Karol Bagh Arpora Night Market Lodhi Nursery Seoul River Redevelopment

9 Chapter 3 Understanding the Site and its Context History Ecology Morphology Landuse and Economics People and Culture Traffic and Parking 12 Site Plan and Photos

Chapter 4 Area Program Proposed schemes over the years Needs and Potential functions Area Program Implementation and byelaws Chapter 5 Functional Derivations SWOT Analysis Assumptions Urban Responses Site Responses

PART-2 Chapter 6 Concept

91 Chapter 7 Design Progression Chapter 8 The Design

63 References

116

Bibliography

117

List of Figures

118

List of 79 Tables

122

Synopsis

This thesis project is one which is born out of its site. In essence, it deals with the juxtaposition of heritage and a unique urban morphology, in this case being remnants of the Tuglaq city of Jahanpanah and the modern urban village of Khirki.

The hypothesis which forms the basis of this exploration is that by developing in an integrated way that actively conserves and promotes its urban heritage, one can trigger a process of urban renewal and truly redeem the value of our heritage.

The primary objective of the project is to connect Khirki and Satpula along the erstwile wall of Jahanpanah and create a public spine which appeals to multiple users and has multiple functions, so that it is active. In doing so, it tries to respond to local conditions of Khirki village solving issues like lack of proper usable open space, lack of parking and need for a community center.

The intended effect of the scheme is that it will generate money for the area, leading to better upkeep of monuments and improved facilities for Khirki Village. It will also act as a catalyst for further development along with some amount of gentrification. This gentrification will benefit the original residents of Khirki, while the tenants can find ample housing in the stretch from khirki extension to Hauzrani.

The thesis process has been one of constant zooming in and out, constantly making sure that it remains relevant in the larger urban context. Infact, the project aims to be of regional importance, acting like the district center it neighbours, and reaching out to a larger user-base. If the potential is tapped properly, the Satpula lake complex can be made into a truly public space for the city that eventually plugs into the South Delhi Greenway Scheme.

The approach that needs to be adopted is an integrated one, which aims at a transitional development with overlapping functions which cater to the commercial, institutional and community realms, and are dependant on the edge conditions of the village, so as to respond sensitively all around. The following report documents the journey, right from the initial research to the final project.

सारांश

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Part I Design Investigation

Chapter 1 Proposition Introduction

Urban villages in Delhi have a unique character. The Laldora which was drawn when urbanity engulfed them from all around, represents a solid distinction between a planned or ‘organized’ fabric to an organic, often haphazard one. This is nothing but a reflection of the laws that govern building related activities. On one hand, you can build without any legal constraints within the laldora but limitations of structural safety, small size of plots and access decide the grain of development. On the other hand, municipal byelaws make it impossible for traditional and possibly more viable built forms from coming up. As a result, what we often see is a dichotomous relationship between the urban village and its surroundings, wherein the village becomes a hub for cheaper housing at the cost of basic facilities and its immediate surroundings are in complete contrast with it. Add to this a layer of heritage and the problem becomes althemore complex. Heritage is not just concerned with built monuments - it encompasses the social, physical, natural,cultural and economical aspects of a place. For instance, the settlement at Khirki, has been there since the 13th century city of Jahan panah, and has constantly reinvented itself, specially after the farmlands were acquired. Hence, this village, its people and its culture, even if not ‘a

The Khirki Interface

100 years old’ form a part of our urban heritage, which is not dead and limited to monuments but is alive and buzzing. However over the years, both the built and the natural heritage of the village have suffered. The Khirki Masjid, though protected is neglected and forgotten. Even the reservoir in front of Satpula dam, has vanished thanks to the disruption of natural drainage patterns due to haphazard construction. The legal resort for conservation in India has typically been to ‘freeze’ everything in and around the monument. But just like the insensitive, generalized byelaws applicable to these areas, the AMASR Act 2010 too, does not recognize that it is dealing with a thriving settlement which aspires to grow with the market forces that are tugging at it, and which should be allowed to grow and merge with its surroundings as long as it happens sensitively. The question is, how does one establish a relationship between an urban village of historical significance and the city, in a way that conserves the urban heritage, while still being relevant to the significance of the village in the city today?

- Why Khirki?

While Khirki Village might not have retained most of its traditional houses or crafts, it still contains the landmark Khirki Masjid (and is near the forgotten Satpula Dam), which if left as it is, will definitely become lost heritage. There is an urgent need to reclaim them. Also, while the typology and density of housing have changed, the grain of development is still small and self-organization, which adds a unique character to the village. Finally, the proposal of the South Delhi Greenway scheme, to the east of the village, and the presence

Hypothesis

It is important to realize that only an integrated development approach, spanning multiple functions and jurisdictions is going to be effective in weaving the village with the city seamlessly. Leaving the situation as it is, with sporadic development is not going to solve specific issues like parking, encroachment, disuse etc.

Monuments + Surrounding Village

Neglected Monument

Haphazard Development Total Disconnect

Urban Village

Integrated Development

The Premise

The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;interfaceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; between an urban village of historical significance and the city should be developed in an integrated way that actively conserves and promotes its urban heritage through transitional activities by attracting visitors and locals alike, while it extends the existing grain of development in a sensitive manner, which would lead to a gradual process of economic regeneration and urban renewal.

of the highly popular Saket malls makes the factors acting upon Khirki village very interesting, with potential for developing an edge which is both locally as well as regionally significant.

Laldora Drawn

Need Identification

Conservation of Heritage + Development of Village edge

Fig 1: Diagram - Hypothesis The Khirki Interface

Proposal The Khirki Interface Transitional development for the conservation and promotion of Urban Heritage

The primary objectives of this development are as follows:

The architectural program has components which have local as well as regional significance:

• To establish a strong connection between Khirki Masjid and Satpula, along the erstwhile wall of Jahanpanah, to aid their revitalization

Retail Budget hotel Plant nursery Heritage Interpretation Center Tourist Information

• To establish a connection between the village and the proposed Satpula lake complex so that it plugs into the larger link of open spaces • To address the issue of parking in Khirki village, which is the biggest problem of the area

Community Center Potter’s Collaborative Space for hafta bazaar Dispensary

Local + Regional

Local

• To create a transitional building typology which combines multiple uses in a way that it becomes a truly public space which caters to a diverse range of user groups i.e. locals, shoppers, parkgoers and tourists • To respond to the economic demands of the area while being very sensitive to the heritage

Assumptions

The Khirki Interface

Since the proposed development is along the fringe of the village, the sites for intervention are varied, with different jurisdictions and landuses. Also, the presence of protected monuments in the vicinity and legal disputes over certain sites pose their own set of problems. Hence, the project is being proposed under the following assumptions: • ASI’s 100m blanket law would be exempted for small plots around khirki masjid which are not visible from it.

•

ASI’s 100-300m regulated area near Satpula does not have heritage byelaws yet, hence they will be formulated by the author based on byelaws for similar areas • The DDA would enter into a public-private joint venture with interested developers to allow this project to take place. • The Jhuggi Jhopdi cluster currently under litigation will be regularized. 11

Chapter 2.1 Research The research looks at various tangible and intangible aspects of a proposed intervention of this sort, which need to be understood in order to have a holistic view of how the proposal should or could interact with its context.

Architectural Intervention in a Heritage Context (Primary) • • • •

Urban Villages : Morphology and Evolution (Secondary)

$ The Khirki Interface

Understanding ‘heritage’ International charters on architectural conservation Hostage to heritage Heritage byelaws - an approach for infill development

• Evolutionary pattern • Jurisdictions and ambiguity • Transition space and activities between urban villages and the city • Comparison of self organized morphology with planned development • Example 1: Shenzen • Example 2: Shahpur Jat

Urban Renewal and Gentrification (Tertiary) • Gentrification as a regenerative tool • Dichotomy (Rent vs Quality) • Why Khirki will not go down the Hauz Khas path

Architectural Intervention in a Heritage Context (Primary)

Understanding Heritage

Urban Heritage In the proposed Delhi Heritage Bill, ‘Heritage’ refers to ancient and historical Monuments, Archeological Sites and remains, Protected areas, and Protected Monuments. However when viewed in the context of Delhi’s architectural heritage, these terms are rather limited. In an urban setting, everything ranging from the people, their culture and activities, ecology, morphology and so on, add character and value to a built context. Without the presence of all these factors, this ‘protected heritage’ can easily lose its significance. When we see all these factors as contributors to the value of heritage, they can be called ‘urban heritage’. Therefore, the Bill also needs to define and incorporate many more terms and put them in a logical system of so as to encompass the complex and diverse range of the architectural heritage of Delhi. We need to broaden our vocabulary when it comes to heritage, by using terms such as ‘Historic Place’, ‘Historic Precinct and Urban Area’. Value - looking beyond historicity Based on redefining of Delhi’s heritage, the Bill needs to clearly spell out and enumerate the various criteria which determine the significance of the heritage components. The proposed Bill uses terms such as ‘historical’ , ‘archaeological’ or ‘ artistic’ interest which has been in existence for not more than hundred years, to determine significance. This is absurd, as even Lutyen’s Delhi is not 100 years old, but that doesn’t mean we don’t protect it.

The Khirki Interface

Similarly in the case of Khirki Village, apart from the monuments, the social fabric, relationships within the village, the water draining pattern towards Satpula a n and the small grain of self organized development, all come together to for an urban heritage which has definite value, and which needs to be conserved. The people, their economic realities and lifestyles are not ‘a 100 years old’ but that doesn’t make it any less special. Preservation Vs Active conservation Based on the definition of heritage and their cultural significance, various types of interventions need to be listed and defined. The sole intervention mentioned in the proposed Heritage Bill for Delhi is ‘maintenance’ and that too limited in its scope to include fencing, covering in, repairing and cleaning of protected monument. Interventions might be needed to revitalize the area and actually make it significant to its context. We need to understand that conservation is merely another model for development, it is not always a freeze and preserve strategy. There is a cogent need to adopt strategies which involve Integrated conservation, Conservation plans, Heritage zone plan and other such active conservation measures

International Charters on Architectural Conservation

ICOMOS, the International Council on Monuments and Sites, is a global non-governmental organization associated with UNESCO. It was formed as an outcome of the Venice Charter in 1964, which dealt with heritage landscapes and moved beyond the Athens Charter of 1931, which talked merely of preservation. Under ICOMOS, international guidelines and charters are formulated which deal with all aspects of conservation - preservation, restoration, reuse, facadism, infill development. Burra Charter 1999 This charter looks at cultural significance as a concept which helps in estimating the value of places. The places that are likely to be of significance are those which help an understanding of the past or enrich the present, and which will be of value to future generations. Some of the guidelines for new construction in heritage contexts as given in the Burra Charter are as follows:

Elevation

Plan Fig 2: Modern byelaws do not conform to historic proportions

• New work such as additions to the place may be acceptable where it does not distort or obscure the cultural significance of the place, or detract from its interpretation and appreciation. • New work may be sympathetic if its siting, bulk, form, scale, character, colour, texture and material are similar to the existing fabric, but imitation should be avoided.

The Khirki Interface

• The new work must be distinguishable from the existing work, so that it can be read clearly that it belongs to a different time period. (ICOMOS, website)

Fig 3: Glasgow’s Hope Street - Infill development 14

Hostage to Heritage

Heritage Byelaws A model for infill development The Khirki Interface

AMASR Act The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment and Validation) Act, 2010 says: “Areas upto 100 meters from the protected limits and further beyond it upto 200 meters near or adjoining protected monument have been declared to be prohibited and regulated areas, respectively for purposes of both mining operation and construction. Any repair, addition or alteration and construction/ reconstruction within these areas need prior approval of The Archaeological Survey of India (National Monument Authority and Competent Authority).” (ASI, website) While the basic act has been there since the 1958, it is only in 2010, during the commonwealth games construction, and amid gross violations of this act by the government itself, that PILs were filed and the act was made into a law. Hence, since 2010, 300m regulated zones around all ASI protected monuments have technically been frozen, with most areas not even allowing repairs to existing buildings. The areas within the prohibited zone are at an even greater disadvantage as they cannot even seek approval for modifications, unlike the regulated zone. Disconnected with reality The flipside is that the law is still being flouted, especially in denser, poorer areas like urban villages. In such areas, which still abide by the Laldora, the common perception is that the ASI act does not apply to them as they are within the Laldora. This

Need for change The law was a quick fix solution to freeze things as they were to prevent damage, but as a result, it holds a large part of the city’s development to ransom. There has been a lot of criticism of this law by citizens, architects and planners alike since 2011, leading to a new proposal by the National Monument’s authority, which has appointed INTACH to come up with specific heritage bylaws for each and every protected monument across the country. These byelaws would facilitate not only the maintenance of existing buildings, but also new (infill) developments in both, the prohibited as well as regulated zones (depending on the context). The model byelaws for 2 such protected areas of Delhi have been discussed here.

Fig 4: Times of India’s special report in March 2013 talks about the law holding the city’s development to ransom 15

Heritage byelaws Shershah Suri Gate + Khair-ul-masjid Fig. 5: Elevational Studies

i) The permissible height for building in the Regulated Zone: RZ-1: maximum 7.5 mtrs. This is in consonance with existing development. RZ-2: maximum 30 mtrs. This is to ensure that future buildings are behind the tree line as viewed from the monument. Some of the existing buildings are 30 mtrs in height and no future construction should be more than 30 meters in height. RZ-3: maximum 3.5 mtrs. This will ensure that any public amenities that ASI may propose in this area are kept at a low height. RZ-4: as per prevailing Building Byelaws. This area consists of private housing, if they are developed as per the existing Municipal Building Byelaws, then they will not disturb the ambience of the monument. (INTACH, 2013) Protected Area Fig. 6/7: > Demarcation Prohibited Area of regulated and prohibited zones Regulated Area The Khirki Interface

ii) The regulation of height as above should restrict the FAR as per the Building Bye-laws and Master Plan for Delhi 2021.

x) The colour and building material on the exterior of the building within Regulated Area should be in harmony with existing developments.

iii) The open spaces shall be appropriately landscaped to integrate the visual image and experience of the influence zone of the monument.

xi) The premises shall be used for prescribed purposes only and no negative trade or usages like godown, warehouse etc., shall be allowed which may affect adversely the ambience around the site.

iv) Uniform signage as approved by ASI to be provided in the influence zone of the monument. v) No construction of any type or nature shall be allowed in prohibited area of 100 metres from the protected monument in contravention to the AMASR Act and Rules and any temporary or permanent structure already constructed shall be removed forthwith. vi) No encroachment on public land of whatsoever nature shall be allowed. vii) No unauthorized or illegal activity of whatsoever nature shall be allowed in the prohibited or regulated area. viii) No dustbin (Dhalao), hoarding or vending - even authorized shall be allowed within 100 meters of the protected area especially on Shershah Suri Marg and Mathura Road.

Fig. 8: Khair-ul Manazil The Khirki Interface

ix) The roofs are to be designed in such a manner that water tanks, pipes, cables and other structures are not unaesthetically exposed.

xii) The development within the High Court Complex is currently very chaotic and disturbs the ambience of the monument. The development of this complex should be rationalized to remove temporary structure, vehicle parking etc. and appropriately landscaped to positively contribute to the ambience of the monument. The existing Mosque within the High Court campus should be conserved and the area around it appropriately landscaped after removing the parking of vehicles in its vicinity. xiii) All new construction in the Regulated Zone and any proposed reconstruction should be as per the provisions of MCD Act and MPD 2021 and the Heritage Bye-laws. xiv) Support and cooperation shall be extended in all activities and programmes of ASI, GNCTD, which are helpful in the preservation, conservation, security, upkeep and maintenance of the protected monument. (INTACH,2013)

Heritage byelaws Begumpur Masjid + Bijay Mandal RZa

(These byelaws are still to be released formally by INTACH, as of April 2013. Therefore, no original information is listed. This is a summary): • Construction is allowed in the prohibited zone near the village, where construction already exists • No basements in prohibited zone • Height restrictions 9-12m in prohibited area, 12-15m in regulated area • Water tanks to be hidden behind parapet walls • No elevational control as monuments themselves are very plain • No hoardings • No mention of FAR and setbacks The Khirki Interface

PZa

PZb

RZb

Fig. 9: Demarcation of regulated and prohibited zones for Begumpur

Fig. 10: Demarcation of regulated and prohibited zones in South Delhi 18

Formulating tentative heritage byelaws: Khirki + Satpula

Table 1: Heritage byelaws for Khirki and Satpula

The following byelaws are derived by the author on the basis of parameters followed by both the model cases in the previous pages. Since Khirki Village is much closer to Begumpur in terms of typology and morphology, those byelaws have been heeded to a larger extent. The byelaws being defined here are only for PZ1, RZ1 and PZ3 as they directly affect the site for this thesis:

Parameters

PZ1

RZ1

PZ3

PZ1 RZ1

PZ3

PZ4 PZ2 RZ2

Fig.11: Visual axis from Khirki Masjid Fig.12: Demarcation of regulated and prohibited zones at Khirki

The Khirki Interface

Inferences

The Khirki Interface

• Conservation is nothing but an alternative approach to development. Sometimes, just preserving and freezing can lead to loss of heritage. • There is a need for integrated development which works in tandem with heritage and • Blending in rather than standing out in case of institutional buildings, as heritage is to be highlighted • Incase of commercial/ private development, achieving maximum FAR, keeping costs low become a priority, which usually stands out as different in a heritage context - needs sensitive design. This is often due the way our modern byelaws are formulated. • Heritage byelaws must be site specific, with each zone around a monument having its own set of laws which make sense in that context.

Urban Villages : Morphology and Evolution (Secondary)

Evolutionary Pattern

The Khirki Interface

During the transformation process from rural to urban villages, village enterprises are established to promote village industries as an alternative livelihood given the loss of farmland. However, the villagers soon find that property rental (i.e. constructing industrial buildings for lease) to be more profitable than conducting industrial activities by themselves. Therefore any shift to the property development business relying on developing dedicates low-cost industrial space to attract investors and make profit. In the meantime, the population of migrant tenants dramatically increases and greatly exceeds the indigenous population. Consequently, a greater demand for commercial and service facilities is generated. For instance, the daily lives of the residents begin to require more personal and professional services, such as shops, hair salons and clinics, their children need to be taken care of in kindergartens and schools. Catering for such markets has enabled the development of various commercial and service facilities to flourish. Cheap products and services in the villages meet the local demand and may even attract customers from outside the villages. As migrant housing, employment and services all develop, the villages become a niche location for the migrants to enjoy an 'urban lifeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. These developments thus result in the great land use diversity of these urban villages. (Hao, 2012)

Fig.13: The life of an urban village

Role of an Urban Village

Inferences

In Delhi, urban villages emerge when a village is stripped off its rural land and is marked by a ‘Laldora’ wherein the farmers are given monetary compensation and allowed to build without the need to follow building byelaws. Therefore, such settlements are self organized. Their morphology is unique and is strongly connected to cultural systems and now, economy as well. Today, when most urban villages have been urbanized since decades, they have taken on a different role. Many of them have become sources of migrant housing. As the city grows, the increasing number of urban villages and their own physical growth dramatically increase the city's overall capacity to provide housing and services, especially for low-income groups. In villages like Khirki and Shahpur Jat, Owners live on the ground floor, while all 3 to 5 floors on top are given out on rent. Rents are lower as the areas are crammed and are generally derelict.

Fig.14: Behaviour of a self organized system overtime, where it tries to veer towards an equilibrium The Khirki Interface

1863

• A large plot model of development cannot really fit into a small grain development like an urban village, atleast according to the existing byelaws • The commercialization pattern does vary, but usually the periphery of the urban village is always commercialized. • A significant role of the urban village today is to provide low-rent housing to semiskilled workers closer to their place of work. If the village gets cleaned or better beyond a certain degree, then the rents increase this problem needs a solution.

1947

1983

Fig.15: Evolution of Khirki village over time 22

Urban Renewal and Gentrification (Tertiary)

Gentrification as a tool

Usually we look at gentrification as a negative, saying that it causes haphazard growth. However this is not entirely true. Also, by revitalizing derelict areas, one can curb unmanageable urban sprawl. Some reasons to employ gentrification as a tool are: • Existing heritage structures in derelict areas can regain lost value • Money brought in to upgrade existing infrastructure • Scope for comprehensive integrated development. (Inamdar, 2005) Derelict Area

Gentrification

Improved urban setup Displaced poor income class

Fig.16: Can the chain be completed?

Dichotomy of rent vs quality

Urban villages remain cheaper housing options because they are in a bad condition. As a result of haphazard development, there are many issues in urban villages: Lack of sanitation Improper services Narrow width of road - no fire tender access Minimal parking Therefore, It’s a trade off which does not seem fair from any side. Hence, urban renewal or preservation, both can be argued.

The Khirki Interface

(+)

Gentrification

• Land within city getting freed, prevents sprawl • More money and footfall better upkeep of monuments • Exploiting full economic potential of what the place has to offer in terms of its uniqueness • Promotes new urbanism • Increased local fiscal revenue • decrease in crime

(-)

• Displacement of poor, living on rent due to loss of affordable housing • Eventual displacement of land owners due to increased property taxes • Increase in vehicular traffic • Dilution of original community ties/ culture

In case of Khirki village it is important to remember that the original villagers are no longer poor. They earn a sizeable rent from tenants and own cars as well. They definitely want improvements in their surroundings, which would mean higher rents for them. Also, they have their roots here and would not just sell and leave, but would rather rent out. Hence there is a benefit to promoting development in the area. Infact, it is possible that this happens without significant displacement or homelessness of tenants. 23

Will Khirki go the Hauz Khas way?

Probably not.

Inference

• More money and footfall means better upkeep of monuments • In a large urban village like Khirki, the displacement of the poor will never be as drastic as Hauz Khas. • Commercialization and gentrification happen more along the edge, due to the presence of a major road and around the periphery of the masjid. • Capitalizing on local resources to mitigate the negative effects of gentrification

Fig.17: Comparison of Delhi’s urban villages

Hauz Khas The Khirki Interface

• While Hauz khas is like a small island, almost fully gentrified today,Khirki and its extensions, just like Shahpurjat, are much larger for this gentrification to permeate much deeper than its periphery

Shahpur Jat

• With heritage byelaws coming in, there will be a check on haphazard development within Khirki itself. Infact, it is already almost saturated. Thus the over flow demand can easily be serviced by Khirki extension and Hauzrani. Infact, this would help those areas indirectly as well.

• Rehabilitating potters • Cashing in on heritage value • Subsidized rental for new retail development to landowners to augment their income • More service jobs created for tenants

Khirki + Extensions 24

Chapter 2.2 Case Studies

The three primary that have been chosen are of varied scales and functions, but are similar in the sense that they are responding to transitions in their surrounding fabric.

The three secondary case studies look at specific aspects of the proposed programs, so as to give a point of reference when it comes to designing them.

Since the area program of the proposed project is so diverse and site specific, it is not possible to draw parallels as a whole, from another project. However, different aspects of it can be compared to different projects, having certain similarities.

Primary

Secondary

1. Ghat ki Guni Jaipur, India Indian heritage context |Diverse area program |Tourism oriented development |Urban conservation

Karol Bagh Delhi, India Parts of it exist as mixed use, 4 to 5 floors

Arpora Saturday Night Bazaar Goa, India Weekly market spread over stepped platforms offering a wide variety of activities

Lodhi Nursery Lodhi Gardens, Delhi, India Small nursery as a part of a larger park, open to public

Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project Seoul, South Korea Recreational are along reclaimed storm water drain

2. HUDCO Bazaar - August Kranti Bhawan Commercial development |Next to urban village and old mosque| Modern construction with an attempt to respond physically 3. Citra Niaga Samarinda, Indonesia Urban renewal|Market place design|Economically inclusive development |Positive gentrification

Community + Ecology Retail + Mixed Use Heritage + Tourism The Khirki Interface

Ghat ki Guni

Jaipur, India (Scheme in 2009, work ongoing) Architects: DRONAH, Virasat Foundation Jaipur History • Ghat ki Guni is a corridor with buildings of the Rajputana style on either side. It used to connect the Galta springs and Agra with the kingdom of Dhoondar. The corridor was mostly developed in the 16th century. • In the 18th century, Sawai Jai Singh built various pleasure gardens and summer palaces along the area, which had come to serve as the gateway to the city of Jaipur. • In modern times, The corridor became heavily used and abused by traffic, raising concerns about damage to the heritage and loss of character due to increasing noise and air pollution. • Proposal was made to divert traffic from the corridor by building a tunnel on an alternative route in 1995 by the Government of Rajasthan. Objective Ghat ki Guni project was initiated for tourism development, with the main focus of developing it into a heritage tourist zone with emphasis on revitalization of the area through conserving its heritage character and enhancing its historical setting. Conceptual Underpinnings The main idea is to develop the area as ‘Destination Ghat ki Guni’. The main attraction of Ghat ki Guni is its uniqueness, which should be showcased aptly to visitors. • Natural Setting and Adventure Trails • Royal Garden Palaces as Leisure Spaces • The Guni or Street Stretch as a day or night Cultural Haat The Khirki Interface

^ Existing > Proposed

Fig.18: Plan of Ghati ki Guni 26

Table 2: Area Program - Ghat ki Guni (Data including existing restored structures and additions) A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Proposed Usage Garden Restaurant, AV Show Café, Art Gallery Theme Restaurant Temple, Residence Residence Guest House Museum/Gallery, Terrace restaurant

A7 A8 A9 Visitors Facilities, toilets A10 Information booth FAR

B1 Temple (retained) B2 Gardens with light and sound B3 show B4 B5 Temple, Shops B6 B7 Temple B8 Temple, Residence B9 Temple, Residence B10 Temple, Residence B11 Temple, Residence B12 Residence B13 Guest House B14 Garden Café B15a Crafts emporium, Gallery B15b Crafts emporium, Gallery B16 Crafts Gallery, Shops B17 Crafts Gallery, Shops B18 Guest House, Shops B19 Guest House, Banquets B20 Garden Restaurant, Banquets FAR

The Khirki Interface

Site Area

Built Up Area 22198 1720 278 200 10750 1301 1551 1301 244 244 281 434 773.5

461

638 143 37009.5 0.17

638 143 6289

2020

395

6815

183

912

890

125 174 701 534 534 147 263 1405 880 435 468 938 835 788 1185 19159 0.32

43 243 473 281 281 126 263 0 880 435 257 441 500 212 244 6147

56168.5

12436

Area Program • Adventure Trail Camping sites Nature park Rock-climbing and watchposts • Pleasure Gardens Walking arcades Cultural shows Garden restaurants Banquet spaces

• Cultural Haat Street as marketplace Interpretation Center Galleries Museum Crafts emporium • Tourist facilities Guest houses Hotels

Site Conditions • Located within the Aravali range - highly undulating with a unique topography • Connects Jaipur to Agra and Galta • The hills are rich in quartzite which is abundantly available • Water table is approx. 50m below ground level Climate • Climate is semi-arid; hot during the day, cool at night

Fig.19: Google Earth plan

Fig.20: Performance area

Activity Generation Roopniwas mahal and its gardens are being reactivated by renting them out for banquets, building a garden restaurant and setting up an Audio-Visual show as well. A stage is being developed for performances. Adaptive Reuse + Construction Pila Mahal, a haveli, is being converted into a gallery with an open air cafe. While the facade would remain similar, internal walls and openings would be suitably modified.

Fig.21: Interpretation center

The Khirki Interface

Fig.22: Site Section

The proposal for the project not only talks about the buildings, but also looks at all the smaller details which are extremely important in a conservation project. Signage The signage for streets, monuments and utilities had been carefully designed so that the character of the area is uniform.

Utilities • Proper signages have been designed for toilets, restaurants and other facilities, in the same style. • Dustbins have also been designed in order not to jar. • The street furniture like benches and lamp-posts have veen designed using local stone, with attention to detailing. The Khirki Interface

Fig.23: Signage

Fig.24: Dustbin

Phasing The project is being carried out in the following phases: • Phase 1 (2009-10) • Phase 2 (2010-2011) • Phase 3 (2011-12) Finance Strategies • The re-vitalization project will essentially involve a phased development path. spread over an identified period (5 years). • The essential condition would be a Public-Private Partnership. A clear understanding of the expectations from both the public (Urban Development and Housing / Tourism Department) and private entrepreneur must be made. • The government would basically act as a facilitator, wherein it would identify those areas which are to be developed by private developers and negotiate with them separately. A common body would be formed by the government, which would coordinate all the projects, whether public or private, to ensure that the overall plan is being implemented as per the proposal. • Various joint venture models have been used like BOT (Build Operate Transfer) and construction by government and operation by private party. Inferences • A great example of a framework for a proposal relating to conservation and heritage • Validation of proposed area program, as similar functions have been proposed here, and have been known to work. • Looking at the aspect of integrating in terms of architectural expression • Attention to detail to make a richer, more holistic scheme (eg. signages, branding etc) 29

HUDCO Bazaar August Kranti Bhawan

Fig.26

Delhi, India Architect: Ranjit Sabhiki History • This commercial center was built by the Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) In the 1980s. • It was meant to house a large variety of shops and offices • The spaces have been reserved for the public sector due to which as of today it most of it is in disuse. Concept and Objective To create a commercial complex which provides for a range of shop and office sizes and responds adequately to its context, vis-a-vis Mohammadpur village and Bhikaji Cama Place

East Elevation

Fig.25: Stepped Profile

Central Plaza The Khirki Interface

View of masjid 30

Climate • Humid subtropical climate • Average temperature ranges from 19 - 32 degrees Celsius depending on the season • Summers are hot, Winters are quite cold, most amount of rain during monsoons.

Main courtyard with eateries

Built form stepping down

Dome on arcade

Site Conditions • The site has the main road (Africa Avenue) running along the east side, which also acts as the main access for the site. • The Bhikaji Cama Commercial Complex flanks the north of the site. • Mohammed pur masjiid and the urban village lie just south of the site, separated by a small road. • Since the building is in Bhikaji Cama Place, it is

courtyard with pergolas Mosque Mohammadpur

Fig.27:Google Earth Image Response The architecture of the HUDCO Bazaar tries to mediate the scale and activity between Bhikaji Cama Place and Mohamadpur Village. While the side facing the Bhikaji Cama Place contains large shops and offices in three storied stepped buildings, the building edge joining Mohamadpur Village with its lower height and shaded pergola areas for informal and other service activities, is more sensitive to the character of the village. Also a dome has been incorporated in the arcade area to mirror the dome of the mosque. The Khirki Interface

Mohammadpur

Mosque

HUDCO Bazaar Fig.28:Schematic Section 31

Program • The building has been developed to suit the requirement of variety of commercial space users. While the ground floor primarily accommodates large number of shops, the upper three floors are designed mainly to accommodate independent office units, most of which are provided with attached toilet. In addition there is an exclusive unit developed and constructed as a super market • With commercial and office spaces varying in size from about 5 sqm. to 136 sqm. the building has a total carpet area about 12215.75 sqm. which also includes carpet area of electric metering room, common toilets etc. the carpet area of exclusive commercial space is 11827 sqm

Fig.29: Southern Elevations

Structure and Services • The proposed development has a basement and four floors above it. The basement of area 18819 sqm, goes down to a level of only -1.5m to be used for parking and services. • The basement accommodates about 170 car parking slots, and area of 475 sqm. for scooter parking and service areas like DG set room, AC plant room, electric sub-station, pump room, P&T room and store room etc. • The complex is done in column and beam RCC construction with sand stone cladding and jaalis

The Khirki Interface

Fig.30: Ground Floor Plan Vehicular Entry Pedestrian Entry Stair Core Lift Core

Fig.31: Ground Floor Plan - entries and cores The Khirki Interface

Retail Informal Sector Supermarket

Surface Parking

Central area OAT Gallery Eatery Court

Inferences • The response in terms of built volumes and articulation of open spaces towards the village is sensitive and can be applied for Khirki as well. • Presence of the boundary wall, however porous to look at, definitely weakens the response and should be avoided in a transitional scheme atleast. • The whole place is almost dead today, thanks to being a government market with reservations and subsidies. Public private partnerships seem like a much more viable solution. • The facade treatment is interesting, with modernist Jaalis in red sandstone - a contemporary response to a traditional setting • The vehicular circulation is non existant within the site, making it completely pedestrian friendly • Central plaza as a major public space is a great binding technique, which attempts to directly connect the village with the rest of Bhikaji Cama place on the north

N Fig.32: Plan Analysis The Khirki Interface

Citra Niaga

Objective To make a mixed use integrated development for the urban renewal of the city precinct, where the rich and poor can live in mutual co-existence.

Samarinda, Indonesia (1986) Architects: PT Grivantara Architects, Pt Triaco Widya Cipta & Antonio Risianto History • Samarinda is the capital of the East Kalimantan province. • The population of the city increased majorly in the 1970s and 80s leading to the mushrooming of many squatter settlements. • Street hawkers, who had grown from 1,000 in 1983 to 5000 in 1985, posed a major problem for the municipal authorities. • In 1985, the municipality of Samarinda began to consider special programmes to tackle the problem of street hawkers who were choking the city’s roads. • The Citra Niaga project was the first of these special programmes. The Kainpung (urban slum) improvement schemes had been going on since 1975, but the Citra Niaga project was the first commercial (i.e. non-housing) rehabilitation programmes undertaken in the city. Conceptual Underpinnings • To understand real cost benefit analysis and to create a profitable business and yet include the usually ignored and forgotten social and ecological cost. • Using local indonesian architectural vocabulary The Khirki Interface

Fig.33: All three typologies - shophouses, shops and informal markets - along with the tower.

Fig.34: neighburing buildings at the back with small shops in the front

Fig.35: Shophouses see from the road 35

Climate • Samarinda has a heavy rainfall, 1’850 mm annually • average tem perature of 20 - 30 degrees Celsius • 85% humidity. • The sky is always partially cloudy and you never know when it may rain. Puddles of water stand in all the slum areas. Site Conditions • The site is flat and surrounded by commercial urban development on all sides, generally two floors high and gradually gives way to four- floor concrete structure as land values rise. • The project’s presence has transformed this area and it is now undergoing redevelopment from double storey to four floors of concrete. • The site is surrounded by vehicular roads that are crowded with the enormous variety of mobile apparatuses that one sees in most parts of the third world. • Immediately to the south is the Niaga Sekan dual carriageway created at the time of the project.

The Khirki Interface

Fig.36: Location

Structure and Services 1. The foundations use mostly wooden piles, which was the common local practice and it is most appropriate to the relatively swampy soil conditions. 2. The super structure of most buildings is made of concrete columns and beams system. For the street hawker’s stalls, it was made of ulin hardwood. 3. Most of the roofs are made of concrete tiles. For the street hawker’s stalls, the roofs is made of wooden shingles. A special roof system at the corners of the shophouses complex and the entrances of the plaza uses plexiglass supported by metal pipes. 4. The infill exterior walls are made of fire burned bricks and the interior walls of the residential spaces uses plywood partitions. 5. Some of the floor system are concrete and some are wood. 6. The sanitary system uses double chamber septic tanks. Most open spaces such as the plaza and parking use concrete block pavers in which partial rain water can be returned to the soil through natural seepage. The entire building technology is local as are the building materials.

Fig.37: Elevations

Table 3: Area Program - Citra Niaga Usage Built up Area Shophouses 16870 Kiosks 1443

The Khirki Interface

Informal Sector

1800

Total Built Up Total Site Area

20113 27000

Fig.38: Site Plan 37

Phasing

It can be seen that the informal sector was given its facility in one go in the second phase. Also, it can be seen that the developer was willing to wait to get his final returns until phase III where the ratio of commercial sale is high. Of course it was a risk but he said that it would pay off handsomely because property values have gone up and phase III sale rates will be higher than phase I sales. In addition to the retail outlets, the other facilities provided are as follows: 1. A tower for symbolical reasons to act as a focus and identification of the site from the rest of the town. 2. Public Toilets. 3. Bale-Bale - an open space to gather in the evenings. 4. Space frame - a performance space that is covered. 5. Car parking space. 6. A new traffic road between phase II & phase III portions.

Finance Strategies • The project commenced with an initial investment from the developer. From the outset three basic social and economic groups were targeted - the first group was the pavement hawkers, who were to be given a free space. They were required to register in the coo operative and this entitled them to a built-up space to carry on trading. • The second group were the shop-owners who are the middle level retailers between the pavement hawkers and the big shop owners. The commitment from the developer was to let them have a shop at cost price without profit for the developer. Not many units in this category (26), but it was essential as a component of the mix of the market. • The third group were the big shop-owners who were sold a shop and a house at a commercial rate prevalent in the town. The logistics of the project were based on a system of using the commercial price bor the big shop-keepers to subsidise the construction of the public areas and the pavement-hawkers.

Inferences • Similar economic and cultural conditions as Khirki • Successful joint venture financial model • Economically inclusive development - can be applied towards integrating street hawkers, shop owners and boutique owners in the proposed project • Allocation of land vs. built-up area to the different economic classes • marketplace/retail space design strategies The Khirki Interface

Fig.39: Areal View

Karol Bagh Delhi, India Mixed Landuse Within each block, the outer layer is commercial while the inner layer is predominantly residential Gueshouses and small shops on ground level exist in the residential core Sectionally, the ground and first floors are devoted to retail, while the higher floors are occupied by offices, especially for professionals such as chartered accountants etc.The number of floors varies betwe en 3 to 5, with 4 being the most common. Commercial uses: • Wedding shopping • Wholesale retail • Food outlets • Guesthouses/Small hotels The Khirki Interface

40%

60%

90% Fig.41: Landuse Plan

Fig.40: Street Morphology Inference • Given the trend, the periphary always tends to develop as commercial space, thanks to better access and visibility. The core remains residential with some amount of mixed use. • The ground coverage on the plots might have originally been as less as 40% but today, with growing demands, almost full plots have been covered up. This basically shows that in a thriving commercial area, one needs to build for maximum possible built up, as it would happen sooner or later anyway. Fig.42: Typical lane with parking on both sides

Arpora Saturday Night Market

Fig.43: Types of shops in hafta bazaars Thela

Patta

Stall

Goa, India Architects: self organized Plot Area 7.5 acres Builtup Area Landscaped are with steps etc. Approximately 500-800 Stalls, depending on season Program • Lower field with kiosks • Center field with F&B • Upper field with boutiques

• Visually very interesting as one sees rows after rows of stalls, that too at different levels • Levels help segregate different types of stalls • Owners of the land charge a nominal rent to the shopkeepers on a per season basis, and provide electricity points and dedicated areas for setting up stalls in return • The whole bazaar has the stall typology, sometimes even bigger tents with seating

Parking Dedicated parking lot outside, but disconnected. Mostly for tourists, hence lots of taxis. The Khirki Interface

Fig.44: Stalls at Night

Inference While the layout is interesting and the variety and activity really keep the place alive, the market is completely aimed at tourists and not the locals. It does not cater to daily needs, unlike the bazaars in Delhi.

Fig.46: Stall arrangement

Fig.45: Google Earth

Lodhi Nursery Delhi, India Architects: NDMC Plot Area 5 acres ~ 20245sqm

Inference • This nursery forms a part of Lodhi Gardens, and is open to visitors during the day, which is an interesting functional overlap • Architectural response is not historical, but rather modernist with special attention to materials. The use of stone on he facade makes the building fit better in its context. • Construction is single storey, so as not to hinder with the landscape

Builtup Area 192 sqm + Storage sheds (4 sheds, approx 100sqm Fig.47: Plan each) Program Greenhouse area 2 Offices (no shop) Store Raised planter beds Compost Pit Sheds (fabric roof) Parking 1 watering truck 1 tree ambulance 2 small tempos/cars Serves not only the gardens, but also other NDMC landscape requirements in the area. Fig.48: Entrance to the greenhouses The Khirki Interface

Fig.49: Visitors to the park sitting next to the nursery 41

Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project Seoul, South Korea Architects: Between 2003 and 2005, an elevated highway covering Seoul’s Cheonggyecheon River was demolished to improve the area’s environmental and aesthetic condition. The restoration project was thus intended to recover the flow of the river, to encourage biodiversity back to the area, and create a space where people and nature could interact. The project would also rehabilitate significant historical and cultural sites, and encourage a centre for business and finance, uplifting the area while restoring the balance of development between north and south Seoul.

Inference • With proposals of roads covering nallahs in places like Defence colony and even chirag dilli, such a project provides an alternate point of view where we should try to purify the water and of our nallahs make them attractive public spaces. • Waterways make great transitional spaces, as is demonstrated here. The presence of a vitalized nallah and lake at Satpula could tap into similar potential The Khirki Interface

Fig.50: The stream after restoration

Fig.51: Publication of scheme 42

Case Study Matrix

Table 4:

Parameters

Ghat ki Guni

HUDCO Bazaar â&#x20AC;&#x201C; August Kranti Bhawan

Location

Jaipur, India

Delhi, India

Samarinda, Indonesia

Year of completion

Scheme in 2008 (Ongoing)

1980

1986

Ranjit Sabikhi

PT Grivantara Architects, Pt Triaco Widya Cipta & Antonio Risianto

Commercial Complex

Slum Redevelopment,Urban Regeneration Public-Private Partnership, Self-financing, Profitable

Architect

DRONAH, Virasat foundation, Jaipur Development Authority

Project Type

Conservation, Adaptive reuse, Intervention

Citra Niaga

Finance

Public-Private Partnership

Public Sector

Plot Size Built up Area FAR Ground Coverage

56169 12436 0.22 Approx 20%

18830 18,823 1.00 Approx 40%

Parking

2 Dedicated parking areas

Program

Guest houses, night haat, crafts shops,heritage interpretation center, musum and craft gallery, Shops, offices raging from banquet spaces, garden 5sqm to 136sqm restaurants

Shops, Shophouses, Stalls

Central road, access to each pocket directly

3 plots with roads on all sides

The Khirki Interface

Site planning

27000 20100 0.75 61% Peripheral parking 1 Basement parking 170 cars Easily accessed by mobile + 475sqm for scooters transport

Road on 3 sides

Program

center, musum and craft gallery, Shops, offices raging from banquet spaces, garden 5sqm to 136sqm restaurants

Site planning

Central road, access to each pocket directly

no. of vehicular access points Servicing

Structure and services

Impact Concept and Objectives

The Khirki Interface

Shops, Shophouses, Stalls

3 plots with roads on all sides Road on 3 sides 2 main vehicular accesses, 1 a separate access for Vehicular drop off to every building (Approximately 30) 8 basement Every building has frontage all shops have road frontage From basement Mostly restored buildings, simple All services are located in the Services are provided easily loadbearing construction as basement. Building is G+3 as structures are G+1 in heights are low with RCC construction and most cases coffered slabs for longer spans. Revitalization of historical zone Commercial center should Used to be dilapidated slum which is currently underused and have ideally activated the - Now, new urban center threatened by heavy traffic area, but remains dead as movement most shops are unoccupied. A faliure in terms of implementation, though the design is sensitive and responsive. To create a commercial To create a place where the To establish technical, complex which provides for rich and the poor can live in environmental, social, economic a range of shop and office mutual co-existence. and financial viability of the To innovate complex project envisaging development sizes and responds of the hill area surrounding Ghat adequately to its context, vis- financing schemes through a a-vis Mohammadpur village mixture of “cross subsidy”, KI Guni. and Bhikaji Cama Place “self finance”, “self generating funds” and “resource financing”. To create a mixed use/integrated development scheme consisting of housing, commercial and other recreational facilities. 44

Ghat ki Guni Institutional

Retail

Residential

HUDCO Bazaar Mixed

Circulation

Carpet

Shophouses

Kiosks

Informal Sector

1800, 9%

1350, 11%

1443, 7%

2594, 21% 3493, 28%

Citra Niaga

4999, 40%

6607, 35% 12215. 65%

16870, 84%

Fig.52: Case study comparison

The Khirki Interface

Conclusions Programmatic • The uses that have been adopted in the Ghat ki Guni project are very similar to the ones that are proposed in this thesis. This validates the fact that such functions work in heritage settings which need to be revitalized • The presence of budget accommodation and eateries in a dense market like Karol Bagh also provides a template for the proposal in Khirki • The study of Lodhi nursery has helped in understanding the actual requirements within a nursery vis-a-vis parking, storage, pits etc. Area Requirements • The number of entries/exits and the parking requirements for HUDCO bazaar are similar to the thesis proposal, which makes for a good comparison. • The nursery area program has also been derived from the Lodhi nursery by proportionately scaling down • The amount of circulation, especially in HUDCO bazaar is more than the average standard of 30%. This shows that a public building which needs to have porosity might need to have extra circulation space Design Cues • Both Citra Niaga and HUDCO bazaar have informal and formal markets in the same vicinity and both have been dealt with similarly. There is a clear difference between the formal and informal areas, and they cannot really mingle, if they are to be successful. However, one noticeable difference between the two approaches is that while the informal markets happen on the periphery in HUDCO Bazaar, they happen inside incase of Citra Niaga. • The newer development in Ghat ki guni is in accordance to the traditional building typologies and materials. Some of the buildings have been treated interestingly, by retaining elements from the traditional architecture. • The layout and character of the Arpora Night Market has influenced the design of the hafta bazaar area in the proposed scheme

The Khirki Interface

Chapter 3

Understanding the Site and its Context

Site Location

Fig.53: Satellite map of Delhi with drains marked Fig 54: Masterplan

Delhi, India 28°36′36″N 77°13′48″E

Fig 55: Bing Map The Khirki Interface

Khirki Village + Satpula Lake Complex Press Enclave Marg, Saket 47

Precinct

Panchsheel

The area has many urban villages like Hauzrani, Khirki, Chirag Dilli and Sheikh Sarai which also more or less lie on the proposed South Delhi Greenway which could make them all accessible by pedestrians Malviya Nagar metro station in the closest, about 1Km from the site. A new metro station is proposed at Chirag Nursery, again a similar distance.

Sheikh Sarai Market

Chirag Dilli

Various hafta bazaars exist in the area i.e. at Sheikh Sarai and Pushp Vihar. Upmarket south Delhi colonies and malls surround the villages and provide opportunities for employment The BRT corridor is also close enough, making the area quite accessible. Khirki Extension Shivalik Hauzrani

Panchsheel Vihar

Khirki

Saket District Center

South Delhi Greenway

College

Jahanpanah City Forest

Saket District Courts

Fig 56: Google satellite image The Khirki Interface

Neighbourhood and Surroundings

50m Fig.57: Bing map satellite image The Khirki Interface

100m

0m 25m 49

Neighbourhood and Surroundings

50m Fig.58: Site Plan The Khirki Interface

100m

Site Plan 1:2000

0m 25m

History Mohammed bin Tughlaq, constructed the city of Jahanpanah between 1326 and 1327 by encircling the earlier cities of Siri and Lal Kot with 13 gates. It is considered as the 4th city of Delhi. Some of the structures which have survived partially are the Bijay Mandal, Begumpur Mosque, Serai Shaji Mahal, Lal Gumbad, Baradari, Khirki Masjid and the Satpula weir which formed a part of the rubble masonry city wall.

The Khirki Interface

Fig.59: Artistâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s impression of the older cities of Delhi 51

Ecology Topography Khirki Village itself was built on a mound as is obvious from te contours on site. The masjid was always in lower area. Satpula and the area around it is low lying Hydrology The flow of water is directly towards satpula lake and onto the Chirag Dilli Nalah. Soil Contouring site with high bedrock and defined water slopes towards the Satpula lake. Trees and Flora North Eastern part of the site is very rich in vegetation. Some of the trees which are more abundant are Keekar, Peepul and Mulberry.

Fig.60: Drainage pattern in Delhi The Khirki Interface

Fig.61: Old cities of Delhi 52

Diagrammatic Watershed Analysis

Fig.62: Existing drainage pattern The Khirki Interface

The Satpula reservoir has been dry for the past few years, possibly due to irresponsible building activity in the area, as well as overconsumption of groundwater through borewells. DDA appointed IIT Delhi to come up with a solution to purify the water in Chirag Dilli Nallah and redirect a part of it to recreate Satpula Lake. The proposed Decentralized purification system is represented to the left. Apart from this, if ground water recharge points are made more purposefully in nearby areas, the water table might rise again, instead of going on to the road, which just leads it back into the drain

Fig.64: Nallah system in the vicinity of Satpula The Khirki Interface

Fig.63: Proposed DEWATS system

Fig.65: The water in Satpula has completely subsided within 3 years 54

Fig.66: Sunpath

Fig.67: Wind Direction

Fig.68: Temperature and precipetation The Khirki Interface

Morphology

Earlier the village depended on agriculture and was known for the quality of its produce. After the declaration of the master plan in 1962 some parts of the village agricultural land where acquired for urban development. The press enclave road and the area to its south became definite edge with the Masjid and the Satpula along side south of this road are becoming major district level facilities Over the years the agricultural land between Hauz

Khirki Extension

• Khirki extension has been developed as a “colony”. Plots sizes are generally 100sqm+ and streets too are 4-6 m wide. • Buildings are often four stories high, built to edge with small shafts for ventilation of inner spaces. • Some families have moved their homes to Khirki extension. Most plots have been developed for sale as apartments.

Khirki Village (Laldora)

• In the Lal Dora area of Khirki most plots are between 70-120 sqm in size and of varying geometries according to location. • Building are built to edge around small courtyards. • Due to sub division of ancestral properties as they where handed down to successive generation some plots are of much smaller size and are often only one room wide in width.

Rani, Malviya Nagar and Khirki was colonized and has now become a dense residential colony known as Khirki Extension. Some land of the village towards Satpula remains unoccupied. The village like character remained even till the late 1990s. However in the last decade or so the fabric has totally changed from single or double storey courtyard houses, to 4 to 5 storey common wall, RCC

Fig.69: Khirki’s unique morphology The Khirki Interface

Landuse Village and Khirki Extension have stayed predominately residential but change of use for institutional and Commercial purposes is now growing. The buffer zone (â&#x20AC;&#x153;greenâ&#x20AC;?) reserved along press enclave road is at present under utilized and degraded.

Economics

Most of the original villagers are well off, but their main source of income s rent, which they get by leasing out the higher floors to tenants, who often work around the area, like in the malls etc. Rent for a one bedroom apartment is approx. Rs.5000 Fig.70: Landuse Plan The Khirki Interface

Traffic and Parking

• Parking is possible only along the peripheral road of the settlement and along the wider lanes of Khirki Extension. • Access to fire tender is also limited to the periphery. • The inner lanes of the settlement can not have cars access. • Parking spaces are not organized and whatever parking capacity exists along vehicular road

is saturated. It is now becoming necessary to park in the buffer zone along side Press Enclave Road. • The growing through traffic between Press Enclave Road and Malviya Nagar is becoming • Hazardous as it goes through the community hub. It is also causing congestion and blockages along its northern end.

Fig.71: ‘Park and Walk’ Strategy • The DDA has made a proposal to convert the entire buffer zone from the West of Khirki Masjid to Hauzrani, along Press Enclave Marg, into a surface parking zone. This shall relive some pressure from the current situation that the village is grappling with. • A similar ‘Park and Walk’ scheme can be implemented through this thesis proposal The Khirki Interface

• The possibility of sharing parking with the malls and having an underground connection is also there

People and Culture

The houses in the lal dora area continue to be occupied by the original communitieseach community group occupying a particular part of the village (eg, Chauhans, Jats etc.). The village has predominantly been a Jat one, and the villagers refer to the masjid as the qila, refusing to accept that it was ever a mosque. Infact till the earlier part of the 20th century, people were squatting inside the masjid, which was quite conducive to living, as it is shaded.

Traditional crafts of pottery, weaving etc. have pretty much died within Khirki, though potters do squat all long the press enclave road frontage of the village. As of today, most of the older villagers spend their time playing cards in the open.

Fig.72: Potterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s along the lake complex wall

Fig.73: Khirki Masjid without the boundary wall made by ASI The Khirki Interface

Fig.74: Village elders playing Cards and Chaupad 59

10830

36510

1584

9890

4100

770

44 21

13290

39610

31660

18380

26510

21890

16140

2580

2210

25900

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29180

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18560

20030

100000

1450

36190

854 0

135

208

781

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2240

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16190

4469

0 2511980 24

23970

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22160

9417

3969

994

7190

8290

Fig.75:

12580

10860

3590 10510

50m

3440

The Khirki Interface

100m

0m 25m

Site Plan 1:2000 60

Site Edges Fig.76: View of the MGF mall across the road and the proposed site for landscaping

Fig.77: View form Khirki masjidâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s roof - one cannot see Satpula, or even the chosen siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s for intervention, from here

Fig.78: Site B (orange building is an existing hanuman temple)

Fig.79: Baba Bhumiya temple The Khirki Interface

North Khirki DDA Apartments to the north (planned development) West Low Jhuggi Jhopdi cluster, extension of village, case by DDA still in court. Main Village lies this side, with a Hanuman temple lying in between. East Satpula Damn and a low lying area which is to be developed as a lake. South Press enclave road across which lie the Saket malls and district courts.

Fig.80: Near DDA flats, northern edge of site

Fig.81: JJ cluster butting into the site on the eastern edge 61

Fig.82: Looking southwards, towards District Center

Fig.83: Inner courtyard, Khirki Masjid

Fig.84: The ruins of Satpula

Fig.85: Eastern edge of Khirki

The Khirki Interface

Fig.86: Southern entrance of Khirki 62

Chapter 4 Area Program

Since the proposal is a transitional development, it is imperative that the program emerges from the site and not the other way around. This chapter elaborates on the functional derivition of the program and specifies the detailed areas for each function.

Scope

The project deals with issues which are at an urban scale. Therefore, it would be incomplete without the suggestion of some urban level strategies. However, the focus of the project is the development of the village edge with respect to the Saket district center and district courts to the south and the Satpula lake

complex to the east. Design detailing is limited to this fringe development and the landscaping necessary for establishing the connection with the lake. In a larger context, the scheme will plug in to the proposals made by the DDA for the lake complex.

References

This proposal has been modelled on similar propositions made by various bodies for the same site. While the premise for development has been different for all, the functions that have been proposed are similar and are based on studies and assessed needs of the village. These validate the need and relevance of my proposal as well.

â&#x20AC;˘ DDA Development Plan for Khirki (1983) â&#x20AC;˘ Urban Villages Study, Proposal for Khirki Village, DUAC (2006) â&#x20AC;˘ South Delhi Greenway Scheme by OASIS Designs for DDA (2010)

The Khirki Interface

Previously Proposed schemes

Positives • Use of ‘buffer’ zone for something productive • Need identified for Community hall, Medical center, school and convenience shopping

DDA Development Plan for Khirki (1983)

Fig.87: Proposed plan by DDA in 1983 The Khirki Interface

Negatives • The plan prepared by the DDA for Khirki village in 1983 does not appear feasible or appropriate in the present situation. • The proposed wide road connection on the west of the village is not advisable as it would divide the community apart from create from traffic hazards. • The location police post and community center will occupy a very beautiful garden which is the pride of the RWA • No provision is made for parking needs. 64

Urban Villages Study, Proposal for Khirki Village, DUAC (2006)

Fig.88: Proposed plan by KHOJ Positives Provision of adequate parking which is easy to access and usable. Planning for commercial activity to activate the buffer zone and identifying the needs of the village by providing banquet facility and medical center Usable playground The Khirki Interface

Negatives Complete disconnect from satpula thanks to the new road that has been proposed No reflection of contours and elevational difference on design Maximum built up area in a place which has the highest density of trees on site, with access 65

Fig.89: Sectional studies

Fig.91: Parking Strategy

Suggested Byelaws Construction of up to 3.6 storeys high buildings ( which results from 2.75 FAR and 75% ground coverage) provides an appropriate vertical scale as well as the enjoyment of view of the Masjid roof from upper stories

Fig.92: Suggested byelaws The Khirki Interface

Fig.90: Part Plan 66

South Delhi Greenway (2010)

Clients Delhi Tourism & Transport Department Delhi Development Authority Municipal Corporation of Delhi Concept & Design Oasis Designs Incorporated Wastewater Treatment & Storm Water Management IIT Delhi • The South Delhi Greenway shall be 30km long safe, vehicular free pedestrian and cycling trails system, connecting various neighbourhoods along the 12.5 km storm-water drain flowing from Saket to Nizamuddin. • New theme attractions like the Aquatic Ecological Park with an Underwater Tunnel Aquarium, Bird & Butterfly Aviary, Linear Botanical Gardens, waterfront promenades with sidewalk cafes and open deck waterfront restaurants. • Main tourism spine of the city by showcasing our rich built heritage. Five of the seven ancient cities of Delhi shall be connected by the Greenway trail network. Various other historic sites like the Mehrauli Archeological Park, Qutab Complex, Satpula etc. • Being planned as a Rs. 500 crore Public-PrivatePartnership the South Delhi Greenway shall also have three commercial canal walks, with waterfront shops, cafes, restaurants, boutiques etc., which shall help generate the revenues to maintain and operate this one-of-its kind project.

The Khirki Interface

Fig.93: South Delhi Greenway network 67

Fig.94: DEWATS plants planned at various points along the drains for purification of water Fig.95: Heritage trail as proposed on the greenway, including Satpula and Khirki The Khirki Interface

Satpula Lake Complex by DDA (ongoing)

Original Landscape

Proposed Design

Fig.96: Existing and proposed development around Satpula The Khirki Interface

Positives • Good location of amphitheater with Satpula in the backdrop • Lake being refilled Negatives • Open space compromised • Not enough activity to bring people here • Restricted access

Fig.97: The Satpula Lake Complex The Khirki Interface

The Proposal A transitional building typology which has multiple uses and function catering to multiple users, being active through the day and night and having adjacencies and activities which are otherwise unusual, and are only possible through a planned intervention. The interdependency of programs is not just in terms of space sharing but also economic symbiosis.

Function Interpretation Center AV room Library Exhibit (Tuglaq water systems) Heritage trail Tourist Info Center Viewing gallery and terraces

The Khirki Interface

Retail + Food Sarai Interpretation Center Community Basement Parking

Fig.98: Functional Massing

4 Types of rooms (Sarai) Single Double Double with kitchen Triple with Kitchen

Plantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Nursery Potterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Collaborative workshop and housing

3 Types of eateries Restaurant Cafe

Community Facilities Baraat Ghar RWA office Medical Center

3 Layers of retail Larger shops on the road Smaller shops on the street Kiosks along the inner edge, merging with the existing fabric

Parking basement parking for complex spots reserved for Khirki residents 71

Time

User-groups Hafta Bazaar, once a week, enlivens the space in the evenings and late into the night. Electricity points and pattas are provided for vendors to set up shop

Local Resident

Park Goer â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;On the wallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; movie projections - AV room of interpretation center opens out to the plaza for free-for-all movie screenings after dark. Shops and restaurants automatically stay open till late.

Tourist

Sports in the park - every morning and evening, especially used by the kids from Khirki and surrounding dense areas, with steps acting as an observation area

Shopper

Typology Transit - tying the outside and the inside, spatially as well as programmatically Definition of space - courtyards Views from space - terraces

Fig.99: View of Satpula from West The Khirki Interface

Visibility - The possibility to observe many activities, at the same time, even though they might be unrelated 72

Rehabilitation housing for potters Tourist Information Center

Villagers

Baraat Ghar

Lawn + Playground

Displaced Potterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Collaborative Shared Facilities Common Outlet

Space for hafta bazaars Small Shops Boutique Shops

Greenhouse Plantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Nursery

Budget serviced accommodation

Satpula Lake Complex South Delhi Greenway

Restaurants/ Cafes

Visitors

from within Delhi

Visitors

from outside

Fig.100: Functional Relationships The Khirki Interface

Proposed Area Programme (Note: The following area requirements were proposed estimates. The final area program differs slightly - please refer to Chapter 8)

Category Institutional + Community 2903 With 30% circulation area 3773.9

Function

Space per Unit

Natural Light req.

Covered/Se mi/Open Public/Private Access

20 10 80 120 100

No No Yes Yes Yes

No No No Yes Yes

Semi Open Covered Semi Open Covered Covered

Public Semi Public Public Public Public

Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Indirect

No No Yes (multipurpose) Yes No No

Covered

Private

Indirect

Covered Covered

Private/Public Public Indirect

Covered

Public

Indirect

130

Yes

Covered

Public

Indirect

60 30 40

Yes Yes Yes

Covered Covered Covered

Private Private Private

Indirect Indirect Indirect

6 6

No No

Covered Covered

Private Private

Indirect Indirect

Built up Area

in sqm ASI Interpretation Center + Conservation Unit Tickets + Information (admin) Cloak Room Reception Area Panels (Exhibit) 12 10 Models (Exhibit) 4 25 20% of exhibit Store space

in sqm

Cinema Screening Hall 100 people Ladies Toilet 3 Toilets 2 Urinals + 1 Gents Toilet Toilet

200

Library

Offices Meeting Room Reception Common Toilet Pantry The Khirki Interface

Units

Plants Nursery Main Office + Sales

1000 books/docume nts 6 Cubicles (including exhibition curator) 14 people 1 Urinal + 1 Toilet

0.7 (+3.25 for free space) 18 people

10 2.5

Table 5:

868

675 60

Yes

Covered

Public

Direct

Common Toilet Pantry

1 Urinal + 1 Toilet

6 6

No No

Covered Covered

Private Private

Indirect Indirect

675 60 90

Yes Yes

No No

Covered Covered

Public Semi Public

Direct Indirect

Yes

Covered

Private

Direct

420 75

Yes Yes

No No

Semi Open Semi Public Semi Open Semi Public

Indirect Indirect

Yes No

No No

Semi Open Public Semi Open Semi Public

Direct Indirect

45 10

No Yes

Yes Yes

Covered Covered

Indirect Direct

Tourist Kiosk Cycle rental + Kiosk Busstop

75 30 75

Yes Yes

No No

Semi Open Public Semi Open Public

Direct Direct

Community Center

805

Direct Direct

Plants Nursery Main Office + Sales Preparation + Store Common toilets and wash basins Propogation Area (Green House) Shipping Area Tourist Information Center (Large) Waiting Area Counters Computer Center/ Internet zone ATM

Baraat Ghar Ladies Toilet Gents Toilet

Kitchen+Service Area Common room Wheelchair accessible Toilet

The Khirki Interface

100 4 nos. 12 Stations + Supervisor 2 Machines

400 people 10 Toilets 5 Urinals + 2 Toilets 20% of banquet area + for pavilion restaurant

Semi Public Public

425 50

Yes Yes

No No

Semi Open Convertible Public Public Covered

Yes

Covered

Public

Direct

180 115

Yes Yes

No No

Covered Covered

Private Public

Indirect Direct

Yes

Covered

Public

Direct

Yes Yes

No No

Covered Covered

Public Public

Direct Direct

Medical Aid Center Checkup Area Dispensary

RWA Office Office area

25 25

Yes

Covered

Public

Direct

Medical Aid Center Checkup Area Dispensary

50 50

Yes Yes

No No

Covered Covered

Public Public

Direct Direct

RWA Office Office area

25 25

Yes

Covered

Public

Direct

Displaced Potter's Collaborative Community Studio + Workshop

Public Toilets near plaza Ladies Toilet Gents Toilet Commercial 3381 With 30% circulation area 4395

275

Including Kiln

275

Yes

Semi Open Private

Indirect

30 15

Covered

Public

Indirect

Covered

Public

Indirect

547 115

Yes

Covered

Public

Direct

4 Toilets 4 Urinals + 2 Toilets

Retail Potter's shop Shop Kiosks Space for Hawkers/Hafta Bazaars Exhibition Gallery Hotel Double rooms Double rooms with kitchenette Single rooms Lobby Staff Quarter Back of house Office Store

The Khirki Interface

(shared space with KHOJ)

Eateries Restaurants (Hotel block)

10 shops 14 shops

32 8

320 112

Yes Yes

No No

Covered Public Semi Open Public

Direct Direct

non builtup

Yes

No No

Open

Public

Direct

16 rooms

Yes

Covered

Private

Indirect

8 rooms 8 rooms

30 18

Yes Yes No No Yes Yes

Covered Covered Covered Covered Covered Covered Covered

Private Private Semi Public Private Private Private Private

Indirect Indirect Direct Indirect Indirect Indirect Indirect

Yes

Covered

Public

Direct

4 beds

240 144 70 150 7.5 7.5

1419 800

Including Kitchen

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No

Yes

1055 320

Yes

Office Store Eateries Restaurants (Hotel block)

Residential 60 With 30% circulation area 78

Pavilion Café Restaurant (Office block) Café

Rooftop Restaurant

Office space Studios Combination Toilets

8 2

45 18

Potter's housing Rooms (toilets common with workshop)

Total Built up Area 6344 sqm

1 1

No No

Yes Yes

Covered Covered

Private Private

Indirect Indirect

320

Yes

Covered

Public

Direct

330

Yes

Semi Open Public

Direct

150 85

Yes Yes

Covered Covered

Public Public

Direct Indirect

170

Yes

Semi Open Public

Indirect

360 360 36

Yes Yes

Yes No

Covered Covered

Private Public

Indirect Indirect

Yes

Covered

Private

Indirect

1055

60 4

Total Built up Area Table 6: Adding 30% (circulation)

8247 sqm

Total Site Area

= 4.4 Acres (15393 sqm)

Average FAR

0.54

The Khirki Interface

7.5 7.5

Including Kitchen without kitchen Including Kitchen Including Kitchen

Figures

Adding 30% (circulation)

6344 Parking Requirements 8247.2

Function ECS Community Hall Exhibition – cum-Fair Ground Hotel Retail + Museums Residential

Table 7:

Max. Max. Maximu Coverage Height Builtup No. of m FAR (%) (m) Area cars 2 0.75 30 20 805 16 2 3

0.2 1.2

20 30

2 1

1.2 1.75

30 33

26 15

1000 1419

20 43

2470 60 Total cars

49 1 129 77

Implementation

ByeLaws

Since all the land which has been chosen for intervention, belongs to the DDA, it could take this proposal up as a Public-Private partnership and carry out the main development. Certain non-profit functions could be headed by the government or by NGOs and profit making uses could be leased out to the developers. This way, even though the sites are small and scattered, the image could be a cohesive one.

Heritage byelaws have been formulated for the site in Chapter 2

Site A - DDA (Nursery + ASI + RWA) - Institutional + Green Site B - DDA leased to private developer - Commercial Site C - DDA leased to private developer - Mixed Site D - DDA - Landscape

FAR (for local commercial center) - 1 Ground Coverage - 40% Setbacks assumed - 6m in front, 3m on sides Basement - For parking and services, free of FAR 10830

36510

The FAR/builtup area requirements are as specified by the MCD byelaws. Heritage byelaws would come into play for criteria like height restriction, facade control and use of materials.

1584

9890

4100

770

44 21

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39610

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18560

50 1337

29180

2150

15820

34770

20030

100000

Out of total site area, 2.5 Acres is being considered as nursery and community areas. The FARs for such plots are exempt.

0 1450

The remainder of the 2 acres has been considered as commercial landuse, with a permissible FAR of 1, as given under the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Community shopping centerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; bracket of the byelaws. This FAR has been achieved fully, but the built mass has been spread over the 3 fragmented sites in a way which connects them into one complex.

4469

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994 0

135

3 208

781

0 2519 0 2418

31720

22160

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3590

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36190

854

6360

9600

2240

15540

8730

9790

10510

3440

The Khirki Interface

Fig.101: Site Demarcation 78

Chapter 5 SWOT Analysis Strength Khirki masjid and Satpula Dam are of great heritage value

Within 1km radius of Malviya Nagar Metro Station and the proposed metro station at Chirag Nursery. Presence of the BRT makes it even more accessible

Table 8:

Weakness

Threat

Opportunity

Accessibility to the site is an issue, with only one side touching the main road

Parking problems are the biggest threat to the area. While leaving the situation status quo is not solving anything, adding new developments means that adequate parking needs to be provided

Right opposite Saket District Center (Select City Walk etc.) Potential for higher footfall on site if this user group is tapped into

The road widening of Press Enclave Marg will take away the buffer between the site and the road

Site can serve as a common, binding space for Saket, Khirki, sheikh sarai as well as Chirag Dilli.

Encroachments are a big problem

Native village crafts like pottery etc throw up possmarkets ibilities of a bazaar. Numerous weekly happening in Khirki, Hauzrani and Sheikh Sarai can act as activity generators

Schemes like the south delhi greenway and the Satpula lake complex are perfect plugin oppurtunities The Khirki Interface

BRT

Urban Responses Outer Ring Road

Satpula Dam

Press

Khirki Masjid

e Road

nclav ress E

e Road

Enclav

• Protection, conservation and popularization of Satpula Lake Complex • Chirag Dilli Nalah revitalization

• Connectivity between urban villages - Chirag Dilli, Sheikh Sarai, Khirki and Hauzrani, with a unifying parkway. • Connectivity between Saket city center and the heritage at Satpula and Khirki

• Easy pedestrian movement • One way Bus Rapid Transit loop from Press Enclave Road to Outer Ring Road near Panchsheel for faster connectivity

Sheikh Sarai

Khirki

Chirag Dilli

Satpula

Saket District Center

Fig.102: Urban strategy diagrams The Khirki Interface

To P anc hsh eel

Proposed Road

Marg nclave Press E

Historical Setting Fig.105

Access Roads

ASI Protected Area (Prohibited) Fig.106

Axes

Fig.103

100m

Fig.104 The Khirki Interface

Site Responses Since Khirki masjid is already surrounded by buildings upto G+3, construction within the 100m radius, but not visible from the masjid is justified, as long as it is low in height

Better visibility for the Masjid from the road supporting landscape proposed The Khirki Interface

Plantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s nursery proposed as a response to the large amount of vegetation in this part of the site

Proposed pedestrian connection between Saket Malls and Khirki village and masjid to increase footfall and reach for both parties

One major access, culminating into a culde-sac to maintain pedestrian nature of

Recreation area around the new Satpula Lake, as proposed by the DDA

Response through landscaping to the new proposed road connection from Press Enclave road to Panchsheel

Fig.107 Strong pedestrian connectivity between Satpula Dam and Khirki Masjid through an activated commercial spine 82

Part II Design Translation

Chapter 6 Concept Evolution The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;interfaceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; between an urban village of historical significance and the city should be developed in an integrated way that actively conserves and promotes

its urban heritage through transitional activities by attracting visitors and locals alike, while it extends the existing grain of development in a sensitive manner, which would lead to a gradual process of economic regeneration and urban renewal.

Looking closely from a distance

The idea of having localized responses along the edge of the development while making the whole scheme relevant as one, with the over-riding purpose of making Satpula and its environs relevant for Khirki village and the city at large.

The Khirki Interface

Ideas and Strategies

Wrapping around Khirki to create a series of experiences for multiple user groups

Emphasizing the water drainage patterns of the area with smart site planning Balancing the traditional and contemporary

Budget Hotel

Budget Hotel Cafe/ Office Retail Retail

Bridging the the gap between planned and unplanned development The Khirki Interface

Mostly a mixed-Use typology with retail on the ground level and a vibrant street atmosphere

Using the roofs of public buildings extensively as viewing galleries, so as to showcase the landscape 85

Zoning

50m 100m The Khirki Interface

0m 25m

Commercial Institutional Utilities Nursery Playground Parking/Road Jahanpanah wall 86

Massing Heights have been kept below 12m from the plinth of Khirki masjid, which means the maximum permissible height for these block is about 15m. Hence the highest blocks are a maximum of 4 floors, The terraced effect right from the highest view point at the bridge to the steps coming down on the north-eastern end has been achieved. The proportions of height to width in the courtyards are according to human scale

The Khirki Interface

To w Sa ard tp ula s

Principles Overlapping functions = unusual adjacencies

Towards Khirki

Nodes as magnets

The Khirki Interface

Water Recharge and drainage as a guiding factor

Architectural Expression

Potter’s Court

The scheme is tied together with a series of ‘courts’ which have multiple functions opening into them. These happen at different levels as well.

Baba Bhumiya

The Northern and Eastern edges are treated with terraces and collonaded pavillions so as to maximize the views of Satpula.

Jhuggi Court Pavillion Court

Street Court

The Khirki Interface

Gravel Court

Public Court

Elevational Derivations

The exploration of materials and elements has involved a large number of combinations of different styles and expressions. White painted exposed brick was found to be the most appropriate choice given the dynamic context of the village.

Option 1

Option 2 The Khirki Interface

Chapter 7 Design Progression

The Khirki Interface

Sketch Design

Design Development I

Positives • Less ground coverage • respecting the axis of Jahanpanah • Initial response to satpula • Basic zoning worked

Positives • Interesting play oh volumes, more responsive to context • Better articulation of street

Negatives • Buildings too fragmented • No identity as a complex • Not responding to immediate context in any way

Negatives • Too spread out • Still not enough connectivity between buildings Adjacencies in terms of function,do not work 91

Design Development II Positives • Importance to temple • Better response to topography • Accentuating the idea of having multiple public terraces Negatives • Too spread out • Still not enough connectivity between buildings • Adjacencies in terms of function,do not work • Raised plaza with parking underneath does not work

Design Development III Positives • Better connectivity between buildings • Compact scheme • Courtyard typology tying together • Better resolution of south blocks Negatives • Weak gesture towards Satpula • Potential to connect back to Khirki on north sidenot tapped • Unsatisfactory response to the Jhuggi area

The Khirki Interface

Given the time frame, the scheme has definitely achieved a certain complexity which is what was intended in the proposition as well. The overlapping of functions and the play of various architectural elements like courtyards, terraces and pavillions brings out a character unique to transitional building typology. With more time, the spaces within the scheme can be articulated better, to a deeper level of resolution.

Pre-Final Positives • Compact scheme • Strong expression of terraces towards Satpula • Host of temporary activities and suitable design responses to bring the whole scheme together • Sensitive response in terms of materiality and building elements like pavillions and chhajjas • Meshing with immediate context • References from Khirki in planning principle The Khirki Interface

Prefinal Model

Negatives • Needs better articulation of courtyards and terraces • Issues with services

Chapter 8 The Design

1:1000 Scale Model The Khirki Interface

1:200 Scale Model The Khirki Interface

Table 9:

Number of People Accomodated Hotel = 64 + 8 AV room = 90 Gallery = 40 Library = 20 Offices =10 Baraat Ghar = 400 (+100) Retail = 28

Eateries= 240 Hafta bazaar = (680sqm) ~ (at 10 sqm per stall) ~ 68 Stalls Total = 1000 people + bazaar crowds

Table 10:

Parking

Parking Requirement = 177 Cars Parking Achieved = 183 Cars (Extra slots used by residents for parking, at night as well) Table 11:

Achieved Figures

Institutional and Community

Total Builtup Area

44%

Potter's Housing 31%

Temporary accomodation (Sarai) The Khirki Interface

Circulation Area

6591 Sqm 2166 Sqm (32% of area)

Commercial

24%

Functional Builtup Area

Total Site Area

8757 Sqm 15393 Sqm = 4.4 Acres

Average FAR (Excluding Site D)

0.57

FAR without Nursery

0.94

Average Ground Coverage

33% 96

12.5m

0m Roof Plan

50m

25m The Khirki Interface

The Khirki Interface Plan at +212.80

Mumty Level

100

50m

25m 12.5m

The Khirki Interface Plan at +210.80

Second Floor

101

50m

25m 12.5m

The Khirki Interface Plan at +208.00

First Floor

102

50m

25m 12.5m

The Khirki Interface Plan at +204.80

Upper Ground

103

50m

25m 12.5m

The Khirki Interface Plan at +202.40

Upper Ground

104

50m

25m 12.5m

The Khirki Interface Plan at +200.00

Lower Ground

105

50m

25m 12.5m

The Khirki Interface

106

Openable shutters Outdoor seating

North Light Projection Area

Green House Exhibit

Village Street

Conservation Unit

Kitchen

Basement I

Shipping Area

Baba Bhumiya Temple Court Basement II

Water Recharge Tank

Lift

Section A1

Community Terrace

Path along green house

Terraces for bazaar

Access

Baraat Ghar

Staircase

Prep Area + Store

Nursery shop

Potter’s court

Potter’s Workshop

Kiln

Baba Bhumiya court

Basement II

Water Recharge Pit

Elevation C1 Elevation B1

Offices/ Studios

Rooms Viewing Gallery

Entry to AV room at night ‘Khirki Village Roadshow’

Restaurants

Cafes

Shops

Pedestrian connection

Ramp to Bhumiya Courtyard

Interpretation Center

Basement I

Office/Studio (Existing buildings, assumed to convert their ground floors into shops)

Office/Studio

Cafe

Sections

Shop

50m The Khirki Interface

25m

0m 12.5m 107

Section A2

A2 A3 A4

Viewing Gallery

Hotel Cafe

Outdoor performance area on terrace

Decks/Corridors

Outdoor dining

Restaurant

Kitchen Exhibit

AV Room

Central Court

Plaza

Common Room

Store

Library

To Khirki

Service Road Baba Bhumiya Court

Pavilion Court

Basement I

Toilets

Nursery Ramp to Basement Basement II

Key Plan Section A3 Viewing Gallery

Outdoor performance area on terrace

Hotel Cafe Decks/Corridors

Outdoor dining

Restaurant

Kitchen Exhibit

AV Room

Central Court

Plaza

Library

Common Room

Store

To Khirki

Pavilion Court

Basement I

Toilets

Baraat Ghar

Nursery Ramp to Basement

Basement II

Section A4

View point Room Suite Room

Restaurant Greenhouse

Path from Khirki

Suite

Common Room

Potter’s Court

Nursery Shop

Potter’s Collaborative shop

Library/store

Baba Bhumiya Temple Court

Service area

Kitchen

Conservation Unit Jhuggis

Baraat Ghar

Restaurant Street

Large shops

Back of house Connection to Pavillion Court

Small Shops

Parking I

Press Enclave Marg

Plaza Service Road

Connection to Courts

Parking II

Section B2 Viewing Gallery

Rooms

Viewing Gallery

AV room (openable panels) Public Core

Reception (Interpretation Center)

Cafe

Potters’ Shop

Gallery

Back of house

Pavilion court Connection to basement 1 and jhuggis

Small Shops

Towards Satpula Basement II

25m 50m The Khirki Interface

Sections

12.5m 108

Lift core 1 (Guest core for hotel)

Lift core 2

(connecting Plaza to viewing gallery directly,

Lift core 3

going down to back of house and parking)

(connecting temple court, exhibit hall and restaurant to parking)

(Circulation along terraces)

Entry from jhuggis

Water recharge tank

Services

Zoning in Section

North Light

Views to Satpula

Jaali

Green House

(Diffused light + wind)

(Insulating the nursery below)

Exhibit hall Pavillion Court Breeze from Lake Water recharge pit

Climatic Response The Khirki Interface

109

Elevational Treatment Structure

• The vertical Jaali can be built on site by using prefabricated foam concrete blocks, giving the design sturdity and

White-Painted Brick Wall

Type of Construction Column and Beam Materials All structural construction in RCC with certain columns in masonry resting on an RCC substructure

Spanning • Grid floors for large spans, like AV room and baraat Ghar • Waffle slab for composite brick and concrete construction • Column grid of 8.1mx8.1m for efficient parking. • Span broken in elevation to respond to the context in terms of morphology and modules.

Dull Sandstone Paving • The jaali screens are placed in a way that allows one window to open and hides the

Light Concrete Jaali

The Khirki Interface

split AC unit

110

Parking Massing

• (99 + 25) cars in basement + 59 cars on surface • Bicycle parking and rental point at bus-stop • Scooter parking in basement (18 spots) and on surface (6 spots)

Cycle Car

Vertical Circulation

Two wheeler Fire Tender Access

Zoning

Built Expression

The Khirki Interface

111

Street • An active spine with directional movement between Satpula and Khirki, accentuated by the covered drain that runs along the Jahanpanah wall line • Small retail shops along the street, which constantly changes levels, though gradually • first floors of the buildings have cafes and restaurants which keep the street alive even after dark. They are easy to access, being on half levels and with multiple ramps and steps • Upper floors are occupied by revenue-generating functions like offices and budget accommodation. • Bridges at the end of the street act as an anchor, towards which people move, till the view of satpula is revealed • On the west, a small courtyard defined by the tourist information center and a tree marked the entry into the main part of khirki village eventually leading to the masjid, constantly marked by the jaali drain cover.

Terraces

• Unhindered pedestrian movement down to the open grounds right from the viewing gallery through a series of steps, ramps and levels. • The viewing gallery has a small cafe which makes it more of a place to hang out • Steps leading down to the roof of the interpretation center can double up as performance area seating, with a stage in front, which can also be projected upon, just like the cinema function below • Terrace restaurant as a permanent activity generator • The upper ground level can be populated by a hafta bazaar once a week where electricity and platforms are provided to hawkers at a nominal cost. This bazaar would go all the way down to the grounds, really tying together the whole place.

The Khirki Interface

112

Transit Court • One of the main entry points for the site, for both vehicles, as well as pedestrians • Developed as a transit hub with a car drop-off, bus stop, cycle rental facility and a tourist information kiosk in front • Courtyard is framed by the L-Shaped viewing gallery bridges happening at the corner. • Option of going in 4 directions - Towards Satpula eastwards, Towards Khirki westwards, down to the pavillion court and the grounds northwards and along the terraces. • Becomes active with the hafta bazaar and the night movie screening in the AV room, which sucks the plaza in.

Pavillion Court • Basically a transitional courtyard with inlets from all directions - The lower ground village street, temple courtyard, from the park as well as two points of entry from the upper ground level - Very open , with pavillions on the east side and offsetted brick masonry columns defining the scale • Can be used by the pavillion cafe for extended open seating • The offices (RWA and ASI’s Conservation Unit) look onto the courtyard as well • Serves the basic function of providing light to all the surrounding spaces

The Khirki Interface

113

Temple Court • Used by villagers to pay respects at the Baba Bhumiya Shrine during important festivals • Can be used as a spill out space for the Baraat Ghar during functions and weddings effectively doubling the capacity of the Baraat Ghar • The Kitchen can extend into the courtyard for indian style outdoor cooking (tandoors etc.) for large gatherings • Service vehicles can drive onto the courtyard to service the kitchen • The bridge acts as a viewing gallery space to look into the courtyard - can be used during ceremonies.

Potters’ Court • This courtyard serves as the gateway into as well as out of the complex on the north side. • The nursery shop looks onto the courtyard which also opens up to the potters workshop, where the potters can sit on the Otla and work, in better weather. • The green house and the pathway from khirki both over look the courtyard as well.

The Khirki Interface

114

Day

Hafta Bazaar

Night

View from Satpula

Jury Comments Ar. Vasanth Kamath and Ar. Surjit Singh Bais, both agreed that it is a good scheme which merges well with its surroundings. Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover was happy with the scheme as well, with some suggestions on how the model could have read better. The Khirki Interface

115

References Unpublished Theses • Regenerating derelict historical precincts, (Inamdar, 2005) Publications & Papers • The Burra Charter - The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance 1999 • Citra Niaga Urban Development (1986) - Report for Aga Khan Award for Architecture • Delhi’s Historic Villages (Lewis, Charles) • Ghat ki Guni - A conservation and reuse proposal - Detailed Project Report (JVF-DRONAH Heritage studio, 2009) • Green Mobility: Linking, revitalizing, connecting derelict areas (Akash Hingorani, 2011) • Intervention at Khirki by KHOJ (Headed by Ashok B. Lall) • Proposed heritage byelaws for Shershah Suri Gate and Khairul Manazil Mosque (INTACH, 2012) • Spatial Evolution of Urban Villages in Shenzen (Hao, 2012) • Times of India, 17-19th March 2013, Delhi - Hostage to Heritage series Websites • www.google.com • www.asi.nic.in • www.snm.com • www.icomos.org

The Khirki Interface

116

Bibliography Unpublished Theses • Continuity and Change in Mehrauli (Talwar, P.R. 1989) • Khirki Village (Narain 1993) • Regenerating derelict historical precincts, (Inamdar, 2005) • Towards a design methodology: A case of chawls in Bombay (Sanyal, 1983) Publications & Papers • The Burra Charter - The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance 1999 • Citra Niaga Urban Development (1986) - Report for Aga Khan Award for Architecture • Continuity and Change: Design strategies for large-scale urban development (MIT, 1984) • Decentralized Wastewater Management – An overview of community initiatives (Er. Ajit Seshadri) • Delhi’s Historic Villages (Lewis, Charles) • Ghat ki Guni - A conservation and reuse proposal - Detailed Project Report (JVF-DRONAH Heritage studio, 2009) • Interfering: Contextual Interventions in Urban Space (Havik, Schutten, 2003) • Green Mobility: Linking, revitalizing, connecting derelict areas (Akash Hingorani, 2011) • Intervention at Khirki by KHOJ (Headed by Ashok B. Lall) • MCD Byelaws 1983 • Planning for interpretation and visitor experience (Division of Interpretive Planning, Harpers Ferry Center, 1998) • Proposed heritage byelaws for Shershah Suri Gate and Khairul Manazil Mosque (INTACH, 2012) • Spatial Evolution of Urban Villages in Shenzen (Hao, 2012) • Times of India, 17-19th March 2013, Delhi - Hostage to Heritage series • Walking into the microcosm of Jaipur (Jain 2006) The Khirki Interface

Websites • www.google.com • www.intach.org • www.akdn.org • www.nma.in • www.asi.nic.in • www.snm.com • www.new-learn.info • www.icomos.org • www.competentauthoritydelhi.co.in • www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com

117

List of Figures Figure no. and Title Fig. 1: Diagram Fig. 2: Modern byelaws do not conform to historic proportions Fig. 3: Glasgow’s Hope Street - Infill Development Fig. 4: Times of India’s special report in March 2013

Source Author Author

Page No. 10 14

www.google.com/images TOI 18th March 2013

14 15

Fig. 5: Elevational Studies

Proposed heritage byelaws for Shershah Suri Gate and Khairul Manazil Mosque (INTACH, 2012) TOI 18th March 2013 Proposed heritage byelaws for Shershah Suri Gate and Khairul Manazil Mosque (INTACH, 2012) Proposed heritage byelaws for Shershah Suri Gate and Khairul Manazil Mosque (INTACH, 2012) Proposed heritage byelaws for Shershah Suri Gate and Khairul Manazil Mosque (INTACH, 2012) TOI 18th March 2013

Intervention at Khirki by KHOJ Author Spatial Evolution of Urban Villages in Shenzen (Hao, 2012) Author

19 19 21

Intervention at Khirki by KHOJ Author Google Earth

22 23 24 26 27 28 28

Fig. 6: Demarcation of regulated & prohibited zones Fig. 7: Demarcation of regulated & prohibited zones Fig. 8: Khair-Ul-Manazil Fig. 9: Demarcation of regulated & prohibited zones at Begumpur Fig.10: Demarcation of regulated & prohibited zones in South Delhi Fig.11: Visual Axis from Khirki Masjid Fig.12: Demarcation of regulated & prohibited zones at Khirki Fig.13: The life of an urban village Fig.14: Behaviour of a self organized system overtime, where it tries to veer towards an equilibrium Fig.15: Evolution of Khirki Village over time Fig.16: Can the chain be completed? Fig.17: Comparison of Delhi’s urban villages Fig.18: Plan of Ghat ki Guni Fig.19: Google Earth Plan Fig.20: Performance area Fig.21: Interpretation center

Ghat ki Guni - A conservation and reuse proposal Detailed Project Report (JVF-DRONAH Heritage studio, 2009)

16 16 17 18 18

Figure no. and Title Fig.22: Site Section Fig.23: Signage Fig.24: Dustbin Fig.25: Stepped Profile

Source Ghat ki Guni - A conservation and reuse proposal Detailed Project Report (JVF-DRONAH Heritage studio, 2009)

Fig.26: HUDCO Bazaar photographs Fig.27: Google Earth Image Fig.28: Schematic Section Fig.29: Southern Elevations Fig.30: Ground Floor Plan Fig.31: Ground Floor Plan - entries and cores Fig.32: Plan analysis Fig.33: All three typolgies Fig.34: Neighbouring buildings Fig.35: Shophouses Fig.36: Location Fig.37: Elevations Fig.38: Site Plan Fig.39: Areal View Fig.40: Street morphology Fig.41: Landuse Pattern Fig.42: Typical lane with parking on both sides Fig.43: Types of shops in hafta bazaars Fig.44: Stalls at night - Saturday Night Market Fig.45: Google Earth Image Fig.46: Stall arrangement Fig.47: Plan Fig.48: Entrance to the greenhouses

Author Google Earth Author Author Ar. Ranjit Sabikhi’s Office Author (base plan from Ar. Ranjit Sabikhi’s Office) Author (base plan from Ar. Ranjit Sabikhi’s Office)

www.sabikhi.com

Citra Niaga Urban Development (1986) - Report for Aga Khan Award for Architecture (www.akdn.org)

Author Author Author Author www.snm.com Google Earth Author Author Author

Page No. 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 33 33 34 35 35 35 36 36 37 38 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 41 41

Figure no. and Title Fig.49: Visitors Fig.50: The stream after restoration Fig.51: Publication of scheme Fig.52: Case study comparison

Source Author www.google.com/images TIME Magazine (15th May, 2006 issue) Author

Page No. 41 42 42 45

Fig.53: Satellite map of Delhi with drains marked Fig.54: Masterplan Fig.55: Bing Map Fig.56: Google Earth image Fig.57: Bing map satellite image Fig.58: Site Plan Fig.59: Artist’s impression of the older cities of Delhi Fig.60: Drainage pattern in Delhi Fig.61: Old cities of Delhi Fig.62: Existing drainage pattern Fig.63: Proposed DEWATS system Fig.64: Nallah system in the vicinity of Satpula Fig.65: The water in Satpula has completely subsided within 3 years Fig.66: Sunpath Fig.67: Wind Direction Fig.68: Temperature and precipetation Fig.69: Khirki’s unique morphology Fig.70: Landuse Plan Fig.71: ‘Park and Walk’ strategy Fig.72: Potters Fig.73:Khirki masjid without boundary wall Fig.74: Village elders playing cards Fig.75:Site Plan 1:2000

www.morphogenesis.org www.dda.org www.bing.com/maps Google Earth www.bing.com/maps Author Intervention at Khirki by KHOJ Intervention at Khirki by KHOJ Intervention at Khirki by KHOJ Author IIT Delhi study - diagram by author www.southdelhigreenway.org Green Mobility: Linking, revitalizing, connecting derelict areas (Akash Hingorani, 2011) www.google.com www.wikipedia.org www.wikipedia.org Author Intervention at Khirki by KHOJ - representation by author Author Author Delhi’s Historic Villages (Lewis, Charles Delhi’s Historic Villages (Lewis, Charles Author

47 47 47 48 49 50 51 52 52 53 54 54 54 55 55 55 56 57 58 59 59 59 60

Figure no. and Title Fig.76: View of malls across Press Enclave marg Fig.77: View from masjid roof Fig.78: Site B Fig.79: Baba Bhumiya shrine

Source Author Author Author Author

Page No. 61 61 61 61

Fig.80: Northern edge Fig.81: JJ Cluster Fig.82: Looking southwards, towards District Center Fig.83: Inner courtyard, Khirki Masjid Fig.84: Ruins of Satpula Fig.85: Eastern edge of Khirki Masjid Fig.86: Southern entrance of Khirki Masjid Fig.87: Proposed plann by DDA in 1983 Fig.88: Proposed plan by KHOJ Fig.89: Sectional Studies Fig.90: Part Plan Fig.91: Parking strategy Fig.92: Suggested byelaws Fig.93: South Delhi Greenway network Fig.94: DEWATS plants Fig.95: Heritage trail Fig.96: Existing and proposed development around Satpula Fig.97: The Satpula Lake Complex Fig.98: Functional massing Fig.99: View of Satpula from West Fig.100: Functional relationships Fig.101: Site Demarcation Fig.102: Urban Strategy diagrams

Author Author Author Author Author Author Author

61 62 62 62 62 62 62 64 65 66 66 66 66 67 68 68 69 70 71 72 73 78 80

Intervention at Khirki by KHOJ

www.southdelhigreenway.org www.southdelhigreenway.org www.southdelhigreenway.org Landscape Dept. DDA Landscape Dept. DDA Author Author Author Author Author

Figure no. and Title Fig.103: Historical setting Fig.104: ASI Protected Area Fig.105: Access Roads Fig.106: Axes

Source Author Author Author Author

Page No. 81 81 81 81

Fig.107: Site responses

Author

(All figures/illustrations/images in Part II of the book have been produced/photographed by the author)

List of Tables Table No. Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: Table 4: Table 5: Table 6: Table 7: Table 8: Table 9: Table 10: Table 11: Table 12:

Title Heritage byelaws for Khirki and Satpula Area Program - Ghat ki Guni Area Program - Citra Niaga Case Study Matrix Proposed Area Program Figures Parking requirements SWOT Analysis No. of people accommodated Parking achieved Achieved figures Final Area program

(All tables have been formulated/produced by the author. Information within the table may be sourced from resources mentioned in the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Referencesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; section)

Page No. 19 27 37 43 74 77 77 79 96 96 96 98