BUILDING SERVICES PROJECT 1

1.1

Introduction

Sing Mee Co. is a tiling shop with humble beginnings in Singapore and its roots has grown in Malaysian since opening along Jalan Pudu in 1945. Originally a pioneer in selling terrazzo, now sells over a hundred varieties of tiles from ceramic to mosiac. Founder Chua Chok Joo has now passed down three generations to current chairman Tay Theng Huang. The current headquaters is suited along Jalan Cheras with several branches spread around Kuala Lumpur.

Cheras Leisure Mall, located along Jalan Cheras, opened in December 1994 and has since grown in tandem with the thriving township that is home to more than half a million residents.

The landmark shopping center is owned and managed by PPB Group Berhad, keeps pace with development and ever mindful of changing trends, the centre reinvests itself consistently. The Mall with its approximately 300,000sqft plays host for integrated retail and leisure/entertaiment facilities to suit modern lifestyles with more than 170 tenants.

1.2 Abstract This report aims to give an in depth analysis of building services and its components present in Sing Mee Company (M) Sdn Bhd and Leisure Mall. Building services are necessary systems installed to provide occupants with a comfortable, functional, efficient and safe environment. These services often includes; water, electrical, sewerage, sanitary, drainage, mechanical transportation, mechanical ventilation, air--conditioning and fire protection systems. Experiential learning introduces us first hand to the fundamentals of a buildings' systems and how such services adhere to the Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) and other Malaysian Standards.

ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM LOW TZE HOU 0316113

2.1 Electrical Supply System 2.2 Literature Review 2.1.2 Electrical Components

Figure 2.1 Basic Structure of the Electric System

Electrical supply system mostly divided into two, which are on--site power system and off-- site power system. On site power systems usually contains transformers, auxiliary power supply, cables and emergency power supply. The power systems basically contain the grid, generators, transmission and distribution system.

Normally, there are two different of supply of electricity which contributes by Tenaga National Berhad which are hydroelectric and thermal power plant. They are connected by transmission lines, substations and distribution lines. Thermal power plant is basically producing power by using the conventional stream turbine and steam generator principally fired by coal, oil or natural gas which is known as steam power plant, gas fired or diesel--fired open cycle gas turbine generators, and gas--fired or diesel--fired combined cycle turbine generators. Hydroelectric power generation is the utilization of energy of energy from flowing water as it descends from a height and potential energy is converted to electrical energy. This requires the means of conveying water to produce a huge amount forces to spin a turbine linked to an electric generator. Usually, this is worked with a conduit such as a pipeline or tunnel to a turbine generator which is spun by the passing water.

Figure 2.2 Electric Power Plant

Electricity is generated at the power plant so that distributing power to substations via high voltage transmission lines. There is a rotating machine that converts the mechanical energy to electrical power nearby the center of all power stations by creating relative motion between magnetic field and a conductor. Most of the power station burns fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas to generate electricity. However, for Malaysia, there are two different ways to generate electricity.

Figure 2.3 Electrical Pylon

The electricity is transporting to a step up transmission substation that receiving from electric power plant and a large power transformer is being used to increase the voltage for transmission to distant locations. A substation can have circuit breakers that are used to switch generation and transmission circuits in and out of service as needed or for emergency shutdown of power circuit of redirection of power.

The power is then being transferred by the transmission line to electrical pylons. An electrical pylon usually is a steel lattice tower to support an overhead power line, which is used in electric power transmission and distribution to transmit electrical energy in a long distance.

Finally, the power will be transferred into substation and transport into commercial building or residential.

2.3 Introduction 2.3.1 Info and function To ensure a building can be functioned properly, electricity is the major form of energy to be used in the building. It provides electrical power for any mechanical equipment such as electric outlets, artificial lightings, HVAC equipment, communications equipment, transport systems, and fire systems. Hence, electric power is playing a very important role in the building as well as safety when the building was in a danger situation.

2.3.2 Component of system • • • • • •

High Voltage Room (TNB substation) Transformer Low Voltage Room and Main Switch Board Capacitor Bank Circuit breaker Distribution Board (DB)

2.3.3 Operation of system

Figure 2.4 Major Components of Electrical Distribution System.

The major components of a building electrical system can be categorized into three groups which are wiring and raceways, power--handling equipment and utilization equipment.

Conductors and raceways of all types are in the first group, transformers, switchboards, panel boards, large switches and circuit breakers are in the second group, actual utilization such as lighting, motors, controls are in the third group.

2.3 High Voltage Room (TNB substation)

Figure 2.5 View of TNB substation from outside street.

The High Voltage Room received the electricity from the transmission cable in electrical pylons. The higher voltage need to be reduced to a lower voltage with the step down transformer room to provide the voltage that need to be distributed to the whole building.

This room allows the high voltage current to step down from 11kV to 415V by transferring energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.

Switch gear room is required to have vacuum circuit breakers with the current up to 6300A. This allows preventing overload of current usage by cutting of power. There is another circuit breaker such as air circuit breaker could be used but vacuum circuit breaker has a longer life span.

As Sing Mee Co. (M) Sdn Bhd is a commercial building, it normally requires more energy to be functioned while comparing with other residential building. Basically this substation is locked and it is prohibited to enter this room except the technicians from Tenaga National Berhad.

2.4 Low Voltage Room (in the building)

Figure 2.6 Location of Low Voltage Room in the building

2.4.1 Main Switch Board

Figure 2.7 Main Switch Board in Low Voltage Room

Main switch board is usually stored in the low voltage room. It has a function of directing the electricity from one or more sources to the several smaller region of usage. The switch board allows the division of current supplied into smaller currents for further distribution.

There is also a control for the supply of electricity to the switch board, which is frequency control of AC powers and load sharing controls. Residual current devices (RCD) or breakers with current protection can be found in the main switch board.

Hence, the current from low voltage room is transferred to rises on each particular floor.

2.4.2 Capacitor Bank

Figure 2.8 Capacitor Bank in Low Voltage Room

Capacitor bank (CB) is a grouping of several identical capacitors interconnected in parallel or in series with one another. These groups of capacitors are typically used to correct or counteract undesirable characteristics such as power factor lag or phase shifts inherent in alternating current AC electrical power supplies. The most stable reading is 1.00 and it is considered good as well if the reading is 0.85. If the reading is below 0.84, there will be a penalization from Tenaga National Berhad.

2.4.3 Distribution Board

Figure 2.9 Distribution Board in Low Voltage Room

Figure 2.10 Distribution Board at 3 rd Floor

Distribution board is a component of an electricity supply system which distributes the electrical power into subsidiary circuits. A distribution board normally is a smaller panel board that has a similar function with a switch board. However, for distribution board, it acts like a sub division of electricity from the switch board that supply for only a specific floor in the building. Usually, the board will divide the electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit.

Normally, a distribution board will be installed in every 3 levels in the building. Hence, the particular levels will not be affected if one of the distribution board had any maintenance in any electrical related matter. Each switch in the distribution board will be fitted with a fuse, so the electrical appliances will not be damaged if any power surge. For the case study building, the distribution boards are normally installed nearby the emergency exit.

Figure 2.11 Distribution Box which is located at Ground Floor.

RCC RCD RCD MC

Figure 2.12 RCD and RCCB

Figure 2.13 RCD and MCB

Figure 2.14 Schematic Diagram of Distribution Box at Ground Floor

Isolation Main Switch

Figure 2.15 Residual--current device

Figure 2.16 Residual--current Circuit Breaker

Isolation main switch has the function of cut off all voltages to the whole of an electrical installation or to a complete circuit. It consists one or more residual--current devices (RCD) or residual--current circuit breaker (RCCB).

Circuit Breakers

Figure 2.17 Componets in ELCB

Figure 2.18 Schematic Diagram of ELCB

A circuit breaker an electromechanical device which is installed in the board to operate on overload to break the connected circuit from damage. It is able to detect a fault condition or interrupt current flow. Type of circuit breaker being used in this building is Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB). ELCB has two types which are current control and voltage control. ELCB has the advantage of less sensitive to fault conditions, so it can be arranged to protect against cable damage only, and it will not have any faults in down line installations.

Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)

Figure 2.19 Miniature Circuit Breaker

Figure 2.20 Components in MCB

Miniature Circuit Breaker is an electromechanical devices which to protect an electric circuit from an over current. The over current may result from short circuit, overload or faulty design. The rated current of MCB is not more than 100 A and it has a Trip characteristics but not adjustable. The advantage of the circuit breaker is there is no wire or cartridge to replace and the operation of a switch is all that is needed.

2.4.4 Electrical meter base

Figure 2.21 Electrical Meter Base in Low Voltage Room

Electrical Meter Base, also known as an electrical meter. It is basically has a function of measuring how much electric used in a building and charges will be applied the amount usage of electric. It is calibrated in kilowatt--hours (kW/h), which is the amount of electric energy required to provide 1000 watts of power for a period of one hour.

The most common of the usage of electrical meter is the electromechanical induction meter.

For the most domestic electrical meter, it is usually enclosed in a glass case which contains a revolving disk which in turn rotates a series of numbers or dials. When the electric current passes through the meter, the disk rotate to measure the exact amount of kilowatts used whenever there is electric current that pass through the meter.

2.5 Lightings

Figure 2.22 Lighting Distribution

Figure 2. shows the distribution of electric to the lightings in the ground floor plan of Sing Mee Co (M) Sdn Bhd. The type of the light bulb that being used in the building are PLC down light and fluorescent light bulbs. Most of the commercial building prefers these bulbs as they have a longer life span, low maintenance and high energy efficiency in term of task lighting.

From the Figure 2., it can be seen that the lighting points are distributed along the path after calculation of distance and the range of coverage. Hence the lights in the building are sufficient to distribute in the spaces to provide a better comfort level to the occupants.

2.6 Uniform Building by Law (UBBL)

Part VIII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS Section 240. (1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square meters shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to relevant floor or zone served.

(2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman’s switch specified in the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.

Section 241. In places where there are deaf persons and in places where by nature of the occupancy audible alarm system is undesirable, visible alarm signals shall be incorporated in addition to the normal alarm system.

In addition, according to Electricity Supply Act 1997 [Act 447] P. U. (A) 38/94 Electricity Regulations 1997, it mentioned, Regulation 15, Apparatus, conductor, accessory, etc. Any conductor or apparatus that is exposed to the weather, water, corrosion, under heating or use in inflammable surroundings or in an explosive atmosphere shall be constructed or protected in such a manner as to prevent danger.

Regulation 16, Switch, switch fuse, fuse switch, circuit breaker, contractor, fuse, etc. Any fuse or circuit breaker shall be: (1) Constructed and arranged in such a manner so as to break the current when it exceeds a given value for such a sufficient time to prevent danger.

(2) Constructed guarded or placed in a manner as to prevent danger or overheating, arcing or from scattering of hot metal or other substances or enclosure.

2.7 Analysis and Conclusion

The electrical supply system in Sing Mee Co (M) Sdn Bhd complies to all Uniform Building

By Law (UBBL) as well as Electricity Supply Act 1997 [Act 447] P. U. (A) 38/94 Electricity Regulations 1997. Every single electrical component is being taken into consideration in term of safety. Hence, the risk caused by electrical short circuits and malfunction of machines can be minimized. In addition, the low voltage room is located away from flooding area so the room will be safe if any flooding happened.

During the site visit to this building, distribution board can be observed at every floor and the board is located nearby the emergency staircase. The switches are all similar with what Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations specified. However, visible indicator alarm signals could not be found in this building. Hence, local authority should consider OKU people to avoid any danger to them when they are in the building.

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM ALVIN ANAK SIMON 0316378

3.1 Water Supply System 3.2 Literature Review

Water supply system is the infrastructure for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage, and distribution of water for homes, commercial establishments, industry, and irrigation, as well as for such public needs as fire fighting and street flushing. Of all municipal services, provision of potable water is perhaps the most vital. People depend on water for drinking, cooking, washing, carrying away wastes, and other domestic needs.

Water supply systems must also meet requirements for public, commercial, and industrial activities. In all cases, the water must fulfil both quality and quantity requirements.

Within Malaysia, there are multiple water supply companies which function to provide potable water to needing consumers. Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor (also known as SYABAS) is a dominant water supply association which was incorporated on 8 July 1996 under the Malaysian Companies Act, 1965 to undertake the privatisation of water supply services in the State of Selangor and the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya.

SYABAS is responsible for providing a safe and dependable water supply system to consumers within Selangor, Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. Raw water from natural sources is pumped into treatment plant and is then treated by going through multiple processes such as aeration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and conditioning. The water supply by companies such as SYABAS is to comply with international standards of quality. In general, water supply must be clean, odourless, colourless, and free from suspension along with harmful bacteria.

3.3 Introduction Water supply systems are infrastructures engineered to collect water from different sources and to process them so that it can be safely used by consumers. Water from the ground, known as ‘ground water’ is the main source of water, where no additional treatment is required apart from adding chloramines and chlorine. The reason for this is that the soil and natural rocks will filter the ground water to a maximum purity level.

Apart from ground water, water is also sourced from rivers, lakes, seawater and also rainwater.

Water is collected and stored in reservoirs and dams so that it can be utilised in times of water shortages. To ensure it is safe for consumers, raw water is put through a clarification process at water treatment plants to be filtered and purified, after which it is then filtered through the rapid sand filter. This type of filter is widely used to remove smaller substances such as sand particles. Through this process, other harmful particles such as germs are extracted and removed. After that, the water is then pumped under high pressure into a service reservoir where it is kept as storage for the processed water. After being filtered, the treated water is then disinfected before finally being distributed to consumers for safe use.

Figure 2.1: Water supply system

3.4 External Distribution System

The choice of type of distribution system to be used depends on three major factors: • Topography • Location and extent of the distribution area • Elevation and site conditions • In general, there are three different types of water distribution systems, mainly: • Gravity system • Direct pump system • Pumped and gravity combined system

GRAVITY SYSTEM • Suitable when source of water is at suflicient height • Most reliable and economical source of distribution

DIRECT PUMPED SYSTEM • Treated water is pumped directly into the distribution main • High lifts pumps are required • If power supply fails, there will be a complete stoppage of water supply

COMBINED GRAVITY & PUMPED • Most common system used

• Treated water is pumped and stored in an elevated distribution reservoir • Water is then supplied to consumers through grabity system • Excess water during low demand periods are stored in the reservoir and supplied during periods of high demand

Figure 2.2: Table comparing different distribution systems

3.4.1 Gravity System The gravity system (Figure 2.3) is advisably used to draw the water out when the source of water is at a sufficient height. Because of this, pumps are not required for this system as it utilises gravitational forces to allow the water to flow downwards from the reservoir or dam. It is the most economical and reliable distribution system when compared to others.

Figure 2.3: Gravity water distribution system

3.4.2 Direct Pump System Pumping systems (Figure 2.4) require high lift pumps to draw water under a very high pressure before supplying to the consumers due to the height differences between the source of the water and the service area. Treated water is directly pumped into the distribution main without storing, also named as pumping without storage system. This type of system is seldom used, mainly because it is not very reliable. In the case of a breakdown in power supply, the distribution of water will be stopped completely.

Figure 2.4: Direct pump system

3.4.3 Combined Gravity and Pump System Combining both pumping and gravity system (Figure 2.5) is the most widely--used system to supply water. This is especially the case when there is a high and low point of water flow or demand. Water that is already treated is pumped and stored in an elevated distribution tank or reservoir before being supplied to the consumers. Under certain topographical conditions, this system is the most reliable and economical water distribution system.

Figure 2.5: Combined gravity and pumped distribution system

Figure 2.6: SYABAS water storage tanks

3.5

Components

Figure 2.7: External to internal distribution system

Figure 2.8: Schematic diagram of water supply system in Sing Mee

3.5.1 Supply Main After the treated water is distributed from the SYABAS storage tanks, the water continues flowing through the grid networks until it reaches the water supply main. The supply main is a principal pipe used in the distributing the water up until the water meter.

Figure 2.9: SYABAS water supply main

3.5.2

Water Meter

A water meter is a device that measures how much water you use. It is similar to your gas or electricity meter. Water suppliers use readings from the meter to calculate how much to charge consumers for their water and sewerage services. Some people regard meters as the fairest way to charge for water and sewerage services. This is because consumers pay for how much water they use.

Figure 2.8 Water meter installation diagram

Figure 2.9: Water meter outside Sing Mee

3.5.3

Shut--off Valves

Ball valve When this type of valve is tripped, the flow of water supply is stopped immediately and an indicator disc lets the operator know that the electrical circuit has been opened by a failure somewhere in the system. After the system failure has been fixed so that the circuit is closed once again, the valve can be opened by the action of the hand lever. However, if the system failure has not been corrected properly, the circuit will remain open and moving the hand lever will not open the valve, because the valve stem remains disengaged from the handle.

Gate valve

Figure 3.0: Shut--off valves connected to pump

3.5.3.1 Gate Valves

A gate valve functions with a wheel that moves a gate up and down. When the gate is set to its lowest position, it blocks the supply of water; and when the gate is at its highest position, it allows water to pass through freely. Gate valves are prone to corrosion, which sometimes causes problems opening and closing fully. A badly corroded stem could even break, making the valve useless Gate valves won’t create water hammer because they open and close slowly.

They should be used only in the fully open and fully closed positions. A gate valve that is partially opened will cause it to vibrate and may cause it to break.

Figure 3.1: Sectional diagram of a gate--valve

3.5.3.2 Ball Valves Ball valves are greatly valued because of their longevity and ability to be used even if left untouched after a long time. Inside a ball valve, a sphere usually made of brass, chrome-plated brass, or stainless steel has been drilled through from one end to the other. Connected to the top of a sphere is a lever, which is only able to make a quarter turn. When the lever is positioned parallel to the pipe, the opening in the sphere aligns with the water flow. When the lever is positioned perpendicular to the pipe, a solid section of the sphere blocks the flow.

The flow of water can be controlled by adjusting the lever between 0째 and 90째.

A partially open ball valve, however, can leave the silicone or PTFE seats on either end of the ball susceptible to deformity due to uneven pressure.

Figure 3.2 Section of ball valve

3.5.4

Pump System

Usage of water among multiple components will cause the pressure to drop, therefore decreasing the amount of water able to be pumped out. Booster pumps are required within the building to help generate enough pressure to allow it to be pumped up into the water storage tanks. With constant pressure pumping systems the water pressure will always remain steady and constant regardless of how many components are using the water supply.

The selection of the type of pump used depends on many factors, including the yield of the rate of a well, the daily flow needed by the users, the size of the storage or pressure tank used, and the total operating pressure tank used, and the total operating pressure against which the pump works. Reliability, maintenance and first cost are also factors, as is the energy used by the pump. In cold climates, a pump and water supply system must be protected from freezing.

Figure 3.3 Booster pump used in Sing Mee

The pump system used in Sing Mee is a constant pressure pump system. It is a combination of pump and a motor. A small diaphragm pressure tank, pressure sensor and high--tech CPU Controller, are all incorporated into one constant pressure system.

The water pump stabilises the water flow during operation. It automatically turns "off" when the taps are turned off. Without water supply, the pump will switch off within 30 seconds. It will automatically detect the water supply every 30 minutes until water supply is resumed.

From the main service pipes, the water supply comes in at ground level, where it is required to be stored in the water storage tank on the roof level. The lack of pressure to bring it to the storage tank means that the booster pump is required to generate enough pressure to pump the water up 3 storeys onto the roof level to be stored within the water tanks.

Figure 3.4 Schematic diagram of booster pump

On the roof top level of Sing Mee, more water pump systems are found. They are placed there to help distribute water from the overhead storage tanks. The pressure from the gravity system alone might not be enough to provide free flowing water, therefore pump systems are required to generate enough pressure to supply water throughout all the floors below.

Figure 3.5: Water booster pumps on roof top level

3.5.5

Water Storage

Due to differences in culture, climate and economic wealth, water demand varies significantly between countries (Smith and Ali, 2006). The demand for water also changes over the 24--hour period. Because of this, the storage capacity required for the building can be determined from pressure in mains, hours of supply, and fire storage requirements.

In Sing Mee, the water storage compartments are divided into two: Ground Floor Reserve Tank: This water tank is placed on the ground floor and holds enough water in case of any water shortages or emergencies. The water is pumped straight from the supply main.

Overhead Storage: Two water tanks are placed on the roof top to allow the gravity distribution system to be used. This is the main water storage system as most of the appliances in the building receive their water supply from these two tanks.

Figure 3.6: Reserve water tank on GF

Figure 3.7: Overhead water storage tanks

Installation of water storage units must adhere to certain requirements: •

• • • • • •

Tanks that are installed on bases above ground level, platforms where the tank is being located at is designed to bear the weight of the tank when it is filled to maximum capacity, without unnecessary alteration taking place.

Metal tank are to be installed with a membrane of non--corrosive insulating material between the support and the underside of the tank.

Tanks must be supported so that no load is transmitted to any of the attached pipes.

Tanks are located somewhere accessible for inspection, repairs, maintenance and replacement.

Tanks must be provided with a cover, designed to prevent the entry of dust, roof water, surface water, groundwater, birds, animals or insects.

Insulation from heat and cold should also be specified.

Tanks storing potable water should not be located directly beneath any sanitary plumbing or any other pipes conveying non--potable water.

3.5.6 Cold Water System

The water supply is pumped up directly from the supply main with the help of the pump system up to the water tanks on the rooftop level. From the domestic tanks, located on the rooftop, the cold water is then distributed throughout the building with the help of water pump systems that ensure there is enough pressure. The building has 3 floors to distribute water to, and since the domestic pump is located above all the floors, gravity is used to distribute the water to the lower floor levels.

Figure 3.8: Gravity internal water distribution system

3.5.7 Piping and Fittings

Water distribution piping varies according to its particular usage and functionality when supplying water to their designated areas.

Each pipe size and material correspond to their respective distribution outlets in order to provide the necessary pressure for the usage of the users.

The material with which a pipe is manufactured often forms as the basis for choosing any pipe.

Common materials used for manufacturing pipes include:

Figure 3.9: Pipes and fitting elbows

• • • • • • • •

Carbon Steel (CS) Impact Tested Carbon Steel (ITCS) Low Temperature Service Carbon Steel (LTCS) Stainless Steel (SS) Malleable iron (malleable iron) Non--Ferrous Metals (Inconel, Incoloy, Cupro--nickel etc.)

Non--Metallic (ABS, GRE, PVC, HDPE, tempered glass, etc. ) Chrome--molybdenum steel (Alloy steel) — Generally used for high temperature service

The bodies of fittings for pipe and tubing are most often of the same base material as the pipe or tubing being connected. However, any material that is allowed by the plumbing, health, or building code (as applicable) may be used, but must be compatible with the other materials in the system, the fluids being transported, and the temperatures and pressures

inside and outside of the system. Fire hazards, earthquake resistance, and other factors also influence choice of fitting materials.

3.5 Water Supply System By--Law (UBBL) 1984

Some by--laws that are required to be considered and adhered to during construction: • Under UBBL by--law 84, suitable measures should be taken to avoid penetration of dampers and moistures into the building. • UBBL by--law 89, a chase made in a wall for pipes and other service facilities shall leave the walls at the back of the chase, with not less than 100mm thick in the external walls and not less than 100mm thick in party walls and shall not wider than 200mm. • UBBL by--law 123, allowing adequate accommodation for pipes, stop cocks to enable repairs and access openings to ducts or enclosures.

3.6 Observational Analysis The Sing Mee showroom is not a very large building, therefore the water distribution systems are not as extensive or as complicated as ones found in larger buildings. The water pump which transfers the water supply from the main to the rooftop water storage units are much smaller than water pump systems found in larger buildings. The successful integration of a combined gravity and pump distribution system ensure that there is a constant and reliable water supply within the building.

The cold water system used within the building is the most efficient choice of system, as it allows for water to be stored in main and reserve tanks, allowing for use of water on a regular day--today basis and also backup water supply from when there is a shortage. The system is also very economical and reliable.

3.7 Conclusion

After researching and studying the water distribution systems in Sing Mee, it is found that the system implemented is suitable for the building as it has 3 floors to distribute water to, therefore using a combined gravity and pump system is sufficient and also efficient in handling the water demands of the consumers within the building.

Two main water storage tanks on top of the roof provide the building with constant water supply, while a reserve tank holds sufficient amounts of water in case of any shortages or emergencies.

The current systems used for water distribution in Sing Mee is already suitable and up to date. One consideration that could be taken to improve the system is that the building should have a rainwater collection tank for sanitary services which would reduce even more usage of water from the water mains.

SEWERAGE, SANITARY & DRAINAGE SYSTEM JEREMY TAY EUJIN 0312228

4.1 Sewerage, sanitary & drainage system 4.2 Literature Review Sewerage and Sanitary system Humans create a great deal of solid and chemical waste, therefore buildings are critical links in ensuring that all sewage are mitigated of their harmful effects before returning to back to the environment. Sewage typically travels through a building’s plumbing into huge underground pipes called sewers or into various on site sewage facility.

Indah Water Konsortium (IWK) is responsible for 72% of Malaysia's public sewerage planning and rationalizing, which is a critical component to society, by removing effluent still rich in organic material which can create potential public health and environmental problems particularly in urban areas.

Figure 4.1 (a) : Overview of Sewerage system

Drainage Precipitation is defined as any natural substances fall from the sky, be it rain, snow or hail. Malaysia experiences one of highest amount of annual rainfall of 2000mm due to its proximity in the equatorial region. Precipitation that flows on the surface is classified appropriately as surface runoff. Surface runoff must be properly channel into storm water drainage as per UBBL by law, to avoid flooding.

4.3 Introduction In this section, waste management in Sing Mee Co. (M) is analysed.

Unwanted by products have to be properly routed out of a building to maintain a healthy environment. Sanitary ware allows for hygenic defecation, while sewerage is the removal of waste. Drainage is hugely important in rainy country such as Malaysia, as it removes percipitation to maintain a dry interior climate.

4.4 Pipework Pipework in a building includes the water supply distributing pipes,the fixture,the fixture traps,the soil,waste and vent pipes,the building drain,the building sewer,the storm water drainage with their device,appurtenances and conncetions within the building and outside the building within the property line.

There are three types of basic pipework systems available in Malaysia,namely one--pipe system,two--pipe system and single stack system.

4.3.1 One--pipe system The one--pipe system has been applied in Sing Mee. In this system,all the soil and waste water are discharged into one common pipe and all branch ventilating pipes into one main ventilating pipe. This system largely replaces the two pipe system and lent itself very well to use in multi--storey developments. It is far more economical than the two pipe system and also flexible for the appliances layout.

Figure 4.3.1 (a): One pipe system (https://law.resource.org/pub/za/ibr/za.sans.10400.p.2010.html)

Figure 4.3.1 (b) : Schematic Diagram of Sewerage and Sanitary system in Sing Mee

4.3.2

Components

4.3.2.1 Types of pipe 1) Vent pipe

Figure 4.4.1 (a) & Imagw 4.4.2 : Vent pipe

Vent pipe is the pipe above waste pipe or soil pipe that allows gas to escape from the system. A vent is open at the top and bottom of the pipe,to facilitate exit of foul gases. It is carried at least one meter high than the roof level. Every plumbing fixture must have a trap and every trap must be protected with a vent pipe.

Material: UPVC

Size: 50mm

2) Anti--siphonage pipe

Image 4.4.2 (a): Anti--siphonage pipe

It is a pipe that is conjuction with a trap in the sanitary fitting to prevent unsealing of the trap by siphonage or back pressure.

Connecting soil pipe : 50mm Connecting waste pipe: 40mm

Figure 4.4.2 (a) :Showing direct outlet connection of different fixture through the common waste pipe and then to soil pipe.

3) Waste pipe A pipe that conveys only liquid waste free of fecal matter from a sink,bathtub,shower to a drain. A waste pipe is generally smaller than a soil pipe because of the nature of matter being discharged into the system. A waste pipe may be connected directly or indirectly depending on the type of fixture.

Material : UPVC Horizontal : 30--50mm Vertical : 75mm

4) Soil pipe A soil pipe is a pipe which human excrete flows. The soil pipe is often made a larger size through the attic space and above the roof with open end in order to increase the upward flow of air through it.

Material : UPVC Size : 100mm

4.3.2.2 Traps Traps are depressed or bent sanitary fitting at the end of soil/waste pipe which always remain full of water (water seal). It helps to prevent foul gases coming out from the pipes.

There are many requirement for a good trap design,such as it should capable of being easily cleaned,and easily fixed with drain. Other than that,it should also possess self cleansing property. It should posses adequate water seal to fulfil the purpose of installation. It should also be free from any inside projection which are likely to obstruct the passage of flow of sewage. The internal and external should be of smooth finish.

There are different types of trap which are being used in Sing Mee.

1)P--trap As the name suggests,the p--trap vaguely resembles the letter ‘p’ when turned on its side. P-- traos exit into the wall behind the sink.

2)S--trap The ‘S’ shape traps water so that odours from the sewer don’t come up through the drain. A second and only slight benefit from the shape is that it can trap heavier objects,such as rings,that fall into the drain.

3)Q--trap This trap is used in toilet under water closet. It is almost similar to S trap and is used in upper storey other than ground floor.

4) Floor Trap

Figure 4(a) : Floor Trap details in Sing Mee Image 4(b) : Floor Trap grating in Sing Mee

Floor trap is provided in the floor to collect waste water from washbasin,sink,etc. The floor traps in Sing Mee are made of UPVC and it has a removing grating (JALI) on top of the trap,collar,gulley body,internal container and also a gulley outlet. The minimum depth of water seal should be 50mm.

Image 4(a) : A ‘P’ Trap is connected to floor trap below the ground in Sing Mee

Figure 4(c) : Detailed drawings of floor trap in Sing Mee

5) Gully Trap The function of this trap is to form an obstacle to the passage of foul gases from the interior of the drain or waste to the outside and thus prevent the surrounding air being polluted by sewege gas. These are deep seal traps,the depth of water seal should be 50mm minimum. It also prevent the entry of cockcorach and other insects from sewer lline to waste pipes carrying waste water.

Figure 5(a) : Detailed drawing of Gully Trap in Sing Mee

Image 5(b) : Typical Gully Trap

6) Bottle Trap Bottle Trap is provided that receives wastes from washbasins,kitchen sinks and other appliances where the appliances do not have built in traps in it. Bottle trap is the most common trap in this building beacause you can find it almost under every sink. It works similarly like ‘P’ Trap, ‘S’ Trap, and Gully Trap. Bottle trap is very important as it will prevent the gases built from the waste from escaping.

Image 6(a) : Bottle trap under water basin trap in Sing Mee

Figure 6(b): Internal system of botte (http://www.diydoctor.org.uk)

Drawings above shows the location of toilet in Sing Mee

4.3.2.3 Sanitary Fittings Sanitary Fittings are used for collection and discharge of waste matter and soil. All sanitary appliances are made of non--absorbent,no--corroding,long lasting,smooth and easily cleaned material. For example,ceramic ware,vitreous enameled cast iron,stainless steel,plastics( thermosetting and thermoplastic). Sanitary fittings can be categorized into two groups,which is soil appliances and water appliances.

1) Soil Appliances

Image a (1) : WC in Sing Mee

Image a (2): WC in Sing Mee uses ‘P’ Trap

a. Water Closet The water closet also known as WC is an appliances that allows people to eliminate waste and then flush it away through a series of pipe. The water closet is designed to maintain a 50mm minimum water seal. The following diagram shows the standard measurement of a water closet.

Diagram a(3) : Standard meausrement of water closet (http://www.duravit.com)

Image b(1): urinal in Sing Mee

b. Urinal Urinal is deisgned to accept and dispose of liquid human waste only. There are three types of urinals available on market,which is slab urinal,stall urinal and bowl urinal.

The type of urinal they used in Sing Mee is bowl type urinal. The installation of ceramic bowl--type urinal gives less fouling area than the slab and stall urinals.

Diagram b(2): Standard measurement of urinal (http://www.duravit.com)

2) Water Appliances a) Wash Basin

Image a : wash basin in Sing Mee toilet

Many wash basin designs are availabe,ranging from surgeon’s basin to small hand basin.

They can be obtained to fit into a corner of the room and may be supported on brackets,a pedestral or by a ‘built in’ corbel.

The wash basin they installed in Sing Mee is ceramic above counter basin and it has a single faucent hole. The dimension of this basin is 500(w)x600(l)x172(h)mm.

b)Sink

Image b: Sink at the pantry area

Sink of all types are in wide use in a multitue of different applications,such as service sinks,lavatories sinks,bar sinks, etc. The sink that they used in Sing Mee is sink that set into contertop and it is made of stainless steel.

4.3.2.4 Manhole

Diagram 4.3.2.4 Location of manhole at Sing Mee

Manholes (MH) are the largest chambers providing access to buried pipes for maintenance and inspection. Manholes are usually used for connecting two or more sanitary sewer lines which can come with different diameters.

The minimum internal dimensions of a manhole are 600x900mm and they can be of any depth,althought most modern manhole tends to be at least 1 meter deep with inspection chambers used for shallow depths. The sizing of manholes also includes the thickness of the walls.

Manhole design should be flexible enough just in case there will be pipe--szie changes or any alterations during and after construction. There are two main design criteria for manholes.

Firstly,manholes must be large enough to house the highest intersecting pipe size.

Secondly,the minimm structural length between adjacent pipe openings in a manhole should be maintained frquently.

Image 4.3.2.4 Manhole cover and manhole (http://cookcountyrecord.com)

4.3.2.5 Septic Tank In Malaysia, communal septic tanks, Imhoff tanks and oxidation ponds are the primary sewage treatment method, although large urban areas utilize vast numbers of Individual Septic Tanks (IST). 38% of Malaysia's public sewage treatment plants consists of mechanical plants which operates using mechanical equipment that accelerates the break down of sewage. Almost all waste treatment rely on bacteria to anaerobically decompose waste discharged into a tank, whether it be for an individual household (IST), a community (CST) or city (Oxidation ponds).

A septic tank is a key component of the septic system, a small--scale sewage treatment system common in areas with no connection to main sewage pipes provided by local governments or private corporations. Other components, typically controlled by local governments, may include pumps, alarms, sand filters, and clarified liquid effluent disposal methods such as a septic drain field, ponds, natural stone fiber filter plants or peat moss beds.

In Sing Mee (M) Shd Bhd, all the excrement from the building’s occupants leads to an underground communal septic tank.

Diagram 4.3.4 Septic Tank

4.4 Rainwater Disposal System

Diagram above showing how the rainwater on the roof goes to gutter.

Rainwater collected from the gutter is channelled away from the building and is diverted into the rainwater downpipe and then into the drain. Sing Mee does not store the rainwater or reuse it. This system makes sure that the rainwater does not accumulate on the roof .

4.4.1 Gutter & Downpipe

Image 4.3.3.1 (a) red box above indicate gutter in Sing Mee

Image 4.3.3.1 (b) Downpipe

A rain gutter is a narrow duct forming a component of roof system that collects and diverts rainwater away from the roof edge. The main purpose of a gutter is to protect building’s foundation by channeling water from its base. It also helps to protect painted or stained surfaces by reducing exposure to water. The gutter in Sing Mee is a box gutter,it is concealed within the structure of the roof. When the water collected by gutter is fed,it will flow into the downpipes,from the roof edge to the base of the building where it is discharged. The types of downpipe that Sing Mee used in this system is 100mm UPVC pipe.

Image 4.3.3.1 (c) : Disposal of rainwater into this drain

4.5 Uniform Building By--Law 1984 Under UBBL By Law 1984, Section 43 In all buildings, the size of latrines, water closets and bathrooms shall be : (a) in the case of latrines or water closets with pedestral--type close fittings, not less than 1.5metre by 0.75metre. (b) In the case of water closets with fittings other than pedestral--type close fittings, not less than 1.25metre by 0.75metre. (c) In the case of bathrooms, not less than 1.5 square metres with a width of not less than 0.75metre (d) In the case of bathrooms with close fittings, not less than 2 square metres with a width of not less than 0.75metre.

Sewerage System By--Law : Laws of Malaysia Act 133,Street,Drainage and Building Act 1974 Under laws of Malaysia Act 133,no water pipe, stack pipe or down spout for conveying water from any premise shall be used or be permitted to serve or act as a ventilating shaft to any drain or sewer.

Under water Service Industry Act 2006 No.35, it shall be the duty of every facilities license to construct, refurbish, upgrade, maintain and repair its water supply system and sewerage system and all other assets in relation to the system such that the facilities license is and continue to be able to meet its obligation.

Water Supple By--Law Street Drainage And Building Act 1974 No 56, rain water pipe not to be used as soil pipe. No pipe used for the carrying off rain water from any roof shall be used for the purpose of carrying off the soil or drainage from any privy or water closet or any sullage water.

4.6 Observational Analysis By study each component in depth in relation to the relevant laws, Sing Mee Co (M) safely follows all protocol necessary. The systems implemented are rather simple, by having all toilets located on the far corner of each floor, allows for easy drainage. Most of the sewerage system could not be seen and is typically so but there has not been a problem since its opening. However, in order to have any form of maintenance work on the septic tank, the manhole is cover by rear tar road, which could be troublesome.

4.7 Conclusion All in all, this case study has shown me how proper waste planning can make a big difference.

Sing Mee Co (M) relies on a simple but proven efficient system to relief and remove waste.

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM TAN WEN YEE 0315155

5.1 Fire Protection System

5.2 Literature Review Fire is a type of oxidation known as combustion that has a triangle of needs: fuel, oxygen, and high temperature. If any of these needs are deprived, building fire can be extinguished.

Common source of ignition are chemical, electrical, and mechanical. Products of combustion such as fume and heat are extremely dangerous which can cause serious burn, dehydration, heat exhaustion and fluid blockage of the respiratory tract. But the most abundant and deadly product of combustion is the smoke and gases such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, it causes most of the fire deaths in buildings.

There are different types of fire, classified by the types of fuel they burn.

Image 5.1.1 : Types of Fire

There are four universal rules to prevent fire that should be applied to architectural design.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Control or stop sign of ignition.

Control or abolish combustible materials.

Minimize use of combustible materials.

Selection and use of low fire load materials.

Fire protection system plays a crucial role in a building and serves many purposes.

One of the purposes of fire protection system is to protect building occupants from fire by providing sufficient and safe evacuation routes. Besides, it needs to protect building structures from severely damage within specific time. Fire protection system must also protect building properties such as furniture and equipment from totally damage. Last but not least, to avoid fire from spreading out within the building or to another building.

5.3 Introduction This chapter will review the fire protection systems in Sing Mee.Co (M), divided into active and passive systems, each feature and component will be discuss in detail with the function, purposes, and location with the aid of diagrams and photos.

5.2.1 Case Study The fire protection system of Sing Mee. Co (M) features both active and passive systems for fire detection, evacuation and extinguishing.

5.3 Active Fire Protection

Active fire protection is basically the manual or automatic fire protection system, such as fire alarms, detectors, rising mains, hose reels, sprinklers etc, to give a warning of an outbreak of fire & the containment & extinguishment of fire. The provisions of adequate and suitable facilities to assist rescue & fire suppression operations are also within the active fire defense strategies.

5.3.1 Fire Detection System Fire detection and alarm systems are designed to provide warning of the outbreak of fire and allow appropriate fire fighting action to be taken. The fire detection and alarm systems must be specially designed to meet the requirement of each building. The detection is divided into two groups, which is manual and automatic.

Diagram 5.3.1 (a) : Summary of Fire Detection System

5.3.1.1 Automatically actuated devices Smoke Detector

Diagram 5.3.1.1 (a) : Location of smoke detectors in Sing Mee

Smoke detectors are devices that are designed to detect smoke from the fire in early flame stages. It usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is powered with a battery backup.

1. Optical chamber Image 5.3.1.1 (b) : Smoke detector in Sing Mee

2. Cover 3. Case Moulding 4.Photodiode (detector) 5.Inrared LED

Diagram 5.3.1.1 (c) : Components of optical smoke detector

Sing Mee.Co (M) has 6 smoke detectors in each floor and it is evenly installed in every space. Smoke detection is a detection system that alerts and warns the building occupants of the occurrence of a fire, thus providing them an early warning to escape from the building.

The type of smoke detector they used in this building is optical smoke detector. This type of detector is more sensitive to smoldering fire. The range from transmitter to the receiver is from 9 to 92 meters. Units are spaced 9 to 15 meters apart.

Diagram 5.3.1.1 (d) : Optical smoke detector( Winsorfire. 2013)

The detector is designed with a large opening in the bottom that leads to the detection chamber up above. An invisible, infrared light beam shoots across the chamber from a light--emitting diode or LED to a photocell.

The photocell is an electronic light detector that generates electricity for as long as light falls on it. Normally, when there is no smoke about, the light beam shoots constantly between the LED and the detector. An electronic circuit detects that all is well and nothing happens. The alarm remains silent. But if a fire breaks out, smoke enters the chamber and interrupts the beam . Because no light is falling on the photocell, it does not generate an electric current anymore. The circuit spots this straight away, realizes something's amiss, and triggers the shrill and the alarm.

5.3.1.2 Manually actuated devices Break--glass call point Break glass call point is designed for the purpose of raising an alarm manually once verification of a fire or emergency condition exists.

Image 5.3.1.2.(a) : break--glass call point

Diagram 5.3.1.2(b) : application diagram of call point

In Sing Mee, break--glass call point is installed in every floor in order to identify the exact location of the fire break out. The manual electrical fire alarm system is operated from the break--glass call point and once it is operated, the alarm will continue to sound automatically, arousing attention and helps evacuates occupants from the building. The user has to break the glass of the call point and press the button and complete the circuit that will trigger the alarm.

The call point in Sing Mee is mounted at a height of 1.4m from the floor. It is easily accessible and well illuminated.

5.3.1.3 Alarm System

Image 5.3.1.3 (a) : Alarm connected to break glass call point in Sing Mee

1. smoke alarm 2. ceiling or wall 3.power connector 4.wire nut 5.junction box 6.neutral wire (white) 7.interconnect wire (orange) 8.hot wire (black)

Diagram 5.3.1.3 (a) : Parts of the alarm

Alarm bell also named as alarm sounder functions when the smoke detectors or the break glass call points are activated. It will operate to alert other in the building there may be fire and to evacuate. It may also incorporate remote signaling equipment, which would alert the fire brigade.

5.3.1.4 Fire Control Panel The fire control panel acts as the middle verification mechanism when the signal is sent from either automatic smoke detectors or manual call points.

The control panel in Sing Mee (ground floor) is used in conjuction with the fire detection and alarm system to control the safe evacuation of the occupants. It is called addressable fire alarm control panel. Addressable Fire Alarm Control Panel employ one or more Signaling Line Circuits -- usually referred to as loops or SLC loops. Each device on a SLC has its own address, and so the panel knows the state of each addressable input (initiating) device such as smoke detectors, manual call points that are connected to it. Once fire is detected, the alarm will be activated, and the fire panel is able to identify the location where the signal is sent, allowing action to be taken almost immediately. This system has greater sensitivity to fire with greater immunity to false alarm.

Image 5.3.1.4 (a ) & (b) : Control panel on ground floor

Image 5.3.1.4 (c) : Location and state of every smoke detector

Diagram 5.3.1.4 (d) : control panel system

Image 5.3.1.4 (e) : Digital alarm communicator mounted beside control panel and its components

Besides, there is also a communicator that linked directly to Jabatan Bomba. Hence if a fire break out occurs in the building, the system will contact the fireman automatically without human manipulating manually. It is located at the ground floor, right beside the control panel.

5.3.2 Fire Control System 5.3.2.1 Fire Extinguisher

Image 5.3.2.1 (a) : Components of fire extinguisher

Image 5.3.2.1 (b) : Fire extinguisher colour code

Sing Mee has installed total of 3 fire extinguishers in each floor, 2 are located near the emergency exit and there are two types of them, which is ABC powder and carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide extinguisher contains 2kg of gas whereas the ABC powder is 9kg. Every fire extinguisher is mounted on the wall 27cm above floor level.

Diagram 5.3.2.1 (c) : Showing fire extinguishers located near emergency exit and main entrance

Dry powder fire extinguisher is the most versatile fire extinguishers available. It is ideal for areas with multiple fire hazards as it is effective on Class A (Carbonaceous material such as paper and wood), Class B (Flammable liquids), & Class C (Flammable gas) fibres. Only fires involving flammable metals such as magnesium and sodium should be avoided.

Carbon dioxide (CO ) is effective on Class B (flammable liquid) and Class C (flammable gas) 2 fires. It is electrically non conductive and does not leave any residual after discharge into fire, most suitable for fire fighting fire on electrical equipment.

For every fire extinguisher in Sing Mee, there will be a cabinet. These cabinets are made with 0.8mm thickness of stainless steel or mild steel with epoxy powder red paint, and the wall--mounted cabinets are built to last. It is available in several sizes to accommodate various types of fire extinguishers.

Image 5.3.2.1 (d) : Dry Powder and Carbon Dioxide fire extinguisher in Sing Mee

5.3.2.2 Hose Reel System Hose reel system is designed for the occupants to use during the early stages of the fire.

The hose reel system normally serves as an initial fire fighting aid.

(Source

Diagram 5.3.2.2 (a) : Fire hose reel system components http://dynoklang.com.my/site/data/images/item/img_49_Hose%20Reel%20System.JPG)

A hose reel system comprises of hose reel pump, hose reels, water storage tanks, pipe works and valves.

According to Torrential Firefighter (P) Ltd.(n.d.),the fire hose reel system is a pressurized system with a sole purpose of fighting any fire that might occur until the fire is being put off. The hose reel includes a drive motor which rotates the reel in a direction to wind a hose onto the reel and a clutch which permits the reel to freely rotate when the hose is payed out.

The water supply for hose reel system in Sing Mee comes from the pump room that located on the ground floor. There are 2 types of pumps required I a hose reel system which is duty pump and standby pump. The standby pump will operate automatically due to the failure of duty pump.

There are a total of 4 units of hose reel in Sing Mee, 1 unit on each floor. The hose of hose reel is wound on to a drum, which is called drum holding hose (Chadderton, 2000). The drum holding is 30meters long, the hose reels in Sing Mee use reinforced hose, which is up to 22mm internal diameter.

Image 5.3.2.2 (b)&(c) : Fire hose reel in Sing Mee.Co

Image 5.3.2.2 (d): Instruction of hose reel

Diagram 5.3.2.2 (e):Components of a hose reel (source:Chadderton,2000)

5.3.2.3 Fire Pump Room It’s a must for every building to have its own fire pump room in order for the fire fighting system to work during a fire breakout. A fire pump room is where all the system pumps and water storage tanks are located.

Fire pump is part of hose reel system in a building and can be powered by diesel, electric or steam. The pump room consists of all the pumps and pipes (duty and standby pump) needed for hose reel system during a fire.

Duty and Standby pump When the pressure in pipe goes down, duty pump takes the lead and supply enough pressure of water to maintain the system in running order. However, if this pump fails to run due to some defaults, standby pump is activated automatically by the system and it works exactly the same as the duty pump. Duty pump can be switched off manually from the control panel in case of necessity.

Image 5.3.2.3 (a) : Duty and Standby Pump control panel

Image 5.3.2.3 (b) : Duty & Standby pump (air--cooled diesel engine)

Diagram 5.3.2.3 (c ) : circulation of system showing how the standby pump automatically starts when the main pump fail

Image 5.3.2.3 (d) : Fire pump pipework

5.3.2.4 Water Storage Tank This water storage tank is to supply water only for hose reel system. It is located on the ground floor in the fire pump room to allow it to be accessible for fire brigade that conforms to UBBL law. The figure on the level indicator cannot be less than 6 for the building and it will be checked once every 4 days to ensure that the water level and pressure in the tank is adequate to supply for the hose reel system during fire emergency.

Diagram 5.3.2.4 (a) : schematic drawings of hose reel system

Image 5.3.2.4 (b): storage tank level indicator

Image 5.3.2.4(c ) : water storage

5.3.3 Uniform Building By-- Law 1984 FIRE ALARM,FIRE DETECTION,FIRE EXTINGUISHING AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS Fire Detection Section 225 (1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting extinguishing fire and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with illuminated as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these by laws.

Section 237 (1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these by laws.

Section 155 (1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

Fire Control Section 227 (1) Portable fire extinguisher shall be provided in the building in accordance with code of practice, and shall be located in prominent positions on exit route,visible from all directions.

Section 244 (c) (1) Stipulates standard requirement for portable extinguisher.

Water Storage Section 247 (1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire fighting system and installation shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-- laws.

(2) Main water storage tanks within the building shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connection accessible to fire appliances.

5.4 Passive Fire Protection Passive fire protection is basically a planning matter and must be considered at the planning stage in the building design in terms of mitigation of fire hazard and fire risk.

Effective passive fire precautions represent good planning, good design & sound construction, which could complement other basic functions of a building. Passive fire protection design and the incorporated fire protection materials contributed in protect life, secure the building structure, protect assets and etc. It does not rely on the operation of any mechanical device in order to be activated.

Diagram 5.4 (a) Circulation of passive system

5.4.1 Compartmentalisation Fire compartmentalization is one of the vital part of any fire safety design.

Compartmentalisation is referred in many different ways such as fire ceiling, fire wall (floors), fire separation, corridors /stairs etc. It is basically the division of a building into the cells, using construction materials that will prevent the passage of fire from one cell to another for a given period of time. The most common feature of compartmentalization that we all use and see on basis is fire door. Sing Mee consists of fire rate ceiling, fire rated walls and floors, last but not least fire door.

5.4.1.1 Fire rated ceiling To ensure the building structure is able to withstand heat during excavation, these safety measures must be taken into consideration in early stage of design and construction, especially the choice of materials used.

In Sing Mee, the materials that they used for ceiling is plaster. By using endothermic material like plaster, it makes the ceiling possess fire resistance rating. It has 30min resistance to incipient spread of fire thus giving more time to the occupants to escape from this building.

Image 5.4.1.1 (a) : Plaster Ceiling in Sing Mee

5.4.1.2 Fire rated wall and floor Ceramic tiles are completely fireproof at any temperature due to a non--combustible composition. They do not burn, or gives off smoke or toxic fumes. The floor and some walls in Sing Mee are covered by ceramic tiles, it ensure the fire do not spread from one room to another.

The rest of the walls in Sing Mee are made of concrete. Concrete is a natural resistant to fire and heat. Therefore, it forms a highly effective barrier between rooms within the building that prevents the spread of fire through the building while withstanding the extremely high heat from the period for a long period of time.

Image 5.4.1.2 (a): ceramic tile floor in Sing Mee

Image 5.4.1.2 (b): concrete wall and ceramic tile floor

5.4.1.3 Fire door Buildings are compartmentalized to delay the spread of fire from one area to another. These compartments are usually linked by fire doors to allow the flow of traffic around the building.

Basically, fire doors have two main functions during a fire breakout. When it is close, it will form a barrier to stop the fire from spreading. When it is open,it provides a means of escape. These doors in Sing Mee are tested to an approved 1--hour (60 minutes) and 2--hour (120 minutes) fire rating. The dimension of fire door in Sing Mee is 90cmx200cm.

Image 5.4.1.3(a) Fire Door in Sing Mee

Fire door has an automatic door closer such that in the event of evacuation, the door will remain shut when no one is entering. This is to prevent fire from spreading into the area when occupants are escaping through the escaping route such as staircase.

Diagram 5.4.1.3 (b) Automatic Fire Door Closer (Connevans limited, 2014)

Image 5.4.1.3 (c) Fire Door Closer in Sing Mee

5.4.2 Fire escape Means of fire escape is the structural means or design whereby a safe route is provided for person to travel from any point of a building to a place of safety beyond the building without outside assistance.

5.4.2.1 Fire Escape Staircase

Image 5.4.2.1 (a)(b)(c) Fire Escape Sign and Fire Escape Staircase in Sing Mee

Fire escape staircase is the most important element of the fire escape route. This is because it allows occupants to run from the upper level to the safe open area on ground level. The staircase in Sing Mee is made of natural fire resistant materials, which is ceramic tiles. It can prevent fire from entering and spreading into this area, thus providing security to the occupants when they use this route to escape.

There are many requirement to design a escape staircase, such as : 1. The flight of stairs must be more than 3 risers.

2. Tread not less than 255mm,riser not more than 180mm.

3. Depth of landing cannot be less than the width.

4. Tread and riser dimensions must be constant to prevent user from tripping or falling in the event of fire.

5. Width of staircase cannot reduce along its path.

6. Winders are not used in fire staircase.

7.

Diagram 5.4.2.1 Vertical Escape

Floor plan above showing emergency exit in Sing Mee on second floor

There are two emergency fire escape staircases in each floor in Sing Mee,leading to different exit on ground floor. And the stairs consists of 9 steps before it reaches the landing which is 190cmx110cm .

5.4.3 Signage and Lighting 5.4.3.1 Emergency exit sign

Image 5.4.3.1 (a) KELUAR signage

During the cut down of electricity, the ‘KELUAR’ sign will be lightened up to lead the occupants to the emergency exits. Above of every emergency exit in Sing Mee, there will be a ‘KELUAR’ sign.

5.4.3.2 Emergency exit light Emergency lighting is the lighting for an emergency situation when the main power supply fails. The occurrence of fire may cause a disruption of electricity supply. Emergency lighting is normally used to give lighting so that person of all ages can escape safely because it emergency lighting has the backup electricity to give luminance once the power has cut.

There are two types of emergency lighting in this building, one is LED emergency light, the other one is energy conserving emergency lighting luminaire. Sing Mee has installed them near every emergency exit and emergency staircase.

Image 5.4.3.2 (a) LED Emergency Light

Image 5.4.3.2 (b) Energy Conserving Lighting Luminaire

5.4.4 Uniform Building By-- laws 1984 FIRE REQUIREMENTS Compartments Section 147 (1) Construction of Separating Walls to be on Non--Combustible Materials

Fire Door Section 164 (1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire ropes and weight types in the case of sliding door.

Fire Escape Section 166 (1) Not less than two separate exits shall be provided and the exits are readily accessible at all times.

Section 174 (1) Arrangement of storey exit shall give direct access to a final exit, a protected staircase leading to a final exit and an external route leading to a final exit.

Emergency Signage and Lighting Section 172 (1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishing or any equipment.

(3) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

5.5 Observational Analysis

In the event of an actual fire emergency, it is noticed that cleaning appliances hinders the active fire protection systems. This may cause difficulty in proper deploying the system during a panic situation. The recommendation would be to have fire protection systems and maintenance storage clearly separated for easy access.

Other than that, Sing Mee has fulfilled most of the UBBL requirements to ensure the safety of the occupants in the building and it has a sufficient fire protection system.

However, the management should solve the issue above immediately, to minimize the risk when there’s an emergency.

5.6 Conclusion In conclusion, both active and passive fire protection system plays an important role in protecting the building against and eventual fire breakdown. The main goals of fire protection system are to protect lives, assets and property. The architects and designers must design a building compliance with the Uniform Building By--Law (UBBL) and fire code.

Although the possibility of fire occurring may be minor, the building should maintain and examine all the fire protection system and equipment regularly to ensure all of them work perfectly fine during an emergency. It is vital to know that fire protection system within a building relies on all of its components.

MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM VENDY WILLIAM 0316944

6.1 Mechanical Transportation System 6.2

Literature Review

Nowadays, vertical transportation has becoming one of the most important components of the high rise buildings and skyscrapers. The development of technology has brought us easy access to transport passengers from one vertical floor to another inside the building.

There are 3 types of mechanical transportation in tall structures, such as the elevators, escalators and travelators.

Not different with all the shopping complexes, Cheras Leisure mall makes use of mechanical transportation which is elevators and escalators to provide easy access. On the other hand, the arrangements of the mechanisms and standardization have been taken into proper consideration and finish during the design process. Material of chosen also will affect the cost of maintenance.

Mechanical Transportation systems also allow elderly and disabled people to move within floor without using stairs. Other than that, it also enables for structures to build higher as the construction and movement are easier to move in the structures.

7.2

Elevators

A lift or an elevator is a transport device used to move goods or people vertically within a structure. Elevators are required in all buildings over three--storey high.

In general, elevators are powered by electric motors that are work together with traction cables and counterweight system. The type of elevators that Cheras Leisure mall use is “Geared Traction Elevators�, which the wheel attached directly to the motor. This is one of the old style elevators.

6.2.1 Components

Elevator Components. Source: (Electrical KnowHow, 2013)

Basic components of standard elevators: 1) Car. 2) Hoistway.

3) Machine/drive system.

4) Control system.

5) Safety system.

It is a necessity to have an elevator if your building has more than three storeys, with a maximum distance of 45meters to and between each lift lobby. The positioning of the lift has to be easy access from any given location in the structure.

7.2.1.1 Operation of system Designing an elevator also need a proper consideration, the first thing that need to take into account are the size of the lift and the design of it.

The size of the lift itself depends on estimated usage of mechanical transport systems, floor space and car capacity can be based on area of 0.2 m2 per person.

Various speeds of Lift: Type of Lift

Car speed (m/s)

Passenger, up to 4 floors

0.3--0.8

Passenger, 4--9 floors

0.8--2.0

Passenger, 9--15 floors

2.0--5.0

Passenger, over 15 floors

5.0--7.0

Passenger, Paternoster

Up to 0.4

Goods, to any height

0.2--1.0

Possibilities of lift grouping arrangements:

Elevator groupings. Source: (Electrical KnowHow, 2013)

When designing the lift, the floor space needs to take into consideration for disabled users, especially those who are using wheelchairs. Therefore, the space of the car needs to provide ease of movement for wheelchairs.

7.2.1.2 UBBL Requirements Under UBBL 1984 Section 153: Smoke detector for Lift Lobby.

1) All Lift Lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

2) Lift not opening into smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo--detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.

Lift lobby should be large enough to allow traffic to move in two directions. Referring to UBBL 1984 clause 124, a lift shall be provided for non--residential building which exceeds 4 storeys above or below main entrance. It is also essential in building less than 4 storeys if access for elder or disabled is required. Minimum walking distance to lift shall not exceed 45m. Lift should be sited in the central area of a building to minimize the horizontal travel distance.

7.2.1.3 Observational Analysis There are six elevators in Cheras Leisure mall, four of the lifts located in the main building, while the rest located in the other building (from first floor plan). However, there is only one fire lift available in this mall. The photos below are the floor plans of the Cheras Leisure mall and the positioning of the elevators highlighted in colour.

From my analysis, there are not specific grouping for the elevators. As we can see from the floor plans, the lift itself only has 2 units in a group and with some of the lift doesn’t have safety staircases. In front of elevators, approximately 3m space given to make sure enough space for people to go in and out, and also waiting.

The limited numbers of elevators affects the quality of service in Cheras leisure mall. The positioning of the lift is very bad, barely too seen and didn’t follow UBBL rules.

The minimum service quality of an elevator car should be able to support 12 persons per car. Each elevator in Cheras Leisure mall can carry 20 passengers with the maximum load 1350 kilograms. In conclusion, the service quality is above average level.

7.2.2

Geared Traction Elevator

Geared Traction elevator is one of the type of elevator design that actually similar with the other design from exterior. This is the common type of elevators since 1900. There are a few different types of elevators, such as, Gearless traction elevators, Hydraulic elevator, and the latest is Machine room--less elevator.

Normally, Geared Traction elevator serves mid--rise buildings with speeds around 200-- 500 feet per minute. The design of the geared machine is with connected the drive sheave to the motor through a gear train. The power of the motor itself is transmitted to the drive sheave through reduction gears. The advantage of Geared traction machine is more prone and tear rather than Gearless elevators. The machines have a bronze spiral worm gear and it’s connected to the hoist motor to drives the gear and the gears mesh at very high tolerances.

Maintenance is very critical for Geared traction to maintain the gears tolerances and if bearing fail or wear, the gears will affect too. This will causes heat, pitting, rumbling, friction, and noises. To solve this problem, this gear wear will result in reduction of speeds to avoid more damage.

Geared Traction motor in Cheras Leisure mall

7.2.2.1 Components

Geared Traction diagram. Source: (BPE)

The difference between Geared traction and Machine room--less elevator is the positioning of the motor and control system. In Geared traction, the motor is located on the top of the floor. On the other hand, MRL is located above the lift car and attached to it.

7.2.2.2 Operation of System Geared Traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors. As the name implies, Geared machines use “worm gears” to control mechanical movement of elevator cars by rolling “steel hoist” ropes over a drive sheave which is attached to a gearbox driven by high speed motor. These elevators typically can operate up to speeds 500 ft. per minute and maximum carry loads is 13,600 kilograms.

Historically, AC hoist machine were used in residential buildings and low traffic commercial applications. Due to cheaper price, this machines gives variable speed of AC motors that can be used, with using the older motor-- generator based systems that have a very good efficiency.

.

Counterweight system. Source: (Barkand)

Less motor house power is required when the elevator car is ascending with the help of the counterweight adds accelerating force and when the elevator car is descending, it provides a retarding effort. The counterweight is a collection of metal weights that is take weight 45 percent of its rated load. A set of chains is looped from the bottom of the counterweight to the underside of the car to help maintain balance by offsetting the weight of the suspension ropes.

Guide rails run the length of the shaft to keep the car and counterweight from swaying or twisting. To keep maintain smooth travel inside the lift, rollers are attached to the car and the counterweight along the guide rails.

7.2.2.3 Observational Analysis Cheras Leisure mall elevator considered very old elevator and need to be maintenance every 2weeks. Usually, normal elevator only need to maintenance monthly. During the maintenance, all the lift will stay in the lower ground floor with pressing fireman’s toggle button and also a button on the top of lift frame.

Button to stop lift operation in Cheras Leisure mall to do maintenance

Fireman’s toggle button in Cheras Leisure mall

7.2.3

Elevator Car

One of the most important part of an elevator is elevator car. As we know, without elevator car, we cannot travel within floors. Elevator Car is the vehicle that looks like a boxed cage with some of fire resistant materials supported in structural frame that can travels between the different elevators stops carrying passengers and/or goods, it is usually a heavy steel frame surrounding a cage of metal and wood panels.

There are three standard elevator car/cabin types, classified according to the number of entrances and their positioning of their openings. These three types are “Normal Cabin”, “Open through Cabin”, “Diagonal Cabin”.

Elevator cabin types. Source: (Electrical KnowHow, 2013)

Elevator Car in Cheras Leisure mall

To prevent overloading of the car, the available area of the car shall be limited and related to the nominal/rated load of the elevator. Most of the elevators using alarm when the elevator is over--weight and the door won’t be closed. Every design of the elevator system will be different in a case of maximum loads.

Load requirement is one of the things that need to be put into consideration when designing an elevator. Illustration below shows the standard car sizes related to the elevator nominal loads.

Elevator car sizes and nominal loads. Source: (Electrical KnowHow, 2013)

7.2.3.1 Components

Components of an elevator car. Source: (Electrical KnowHow, 2013)

Main components of an elevator car: 1.

Car Sling, a metal framework connected to the means of suspension, 2.

The elevator cabin,

3.

Mechanical accessories which are: -- Car door and door operator.

-- Guide shoes.

-- Door Protective Device.

7.2.3.2 Operation of System As I stated before, the function of an elevator car is to transport people or passengers vertically from one level to another level. Therefore design consideration is needed to ensure safety to not collapse while in use. In order to ensure this, it’s required for elevator car to have a load rating for the maximum number of passengers. The maximum number of people could be obtained by using this formula: Number of passengers = rated load /75 Where 75 represent the average weight of a person in Kg, the value obtained for the number of passengers shall be rounded to the nearest whole number.

Each components in an elevator car plays an important role to ensure safety and efficiency.

First of all is Car Sling, a metal framework connected to the means of suspension.

Elevator car diagram. Source: (Traction elevator diagram)

The function of Car Sling is load carrier element as well as isolating vibrations due to movements of the elevator. The width of the sling depends on the platform width and the height of the sling depends on the cab height. Cross head as one of the components of car sling has an important function to support an elevator car, the cross head comprising a header and the header comprising a door hanger assembly for supporting one or more slidable elevator door panels, a door operator assembly for driving one or more elevator doors panel to between an opened position and a closed positions.

The next important element is Car floor. Car floor is also known as elevator cabinet, which is the interior of the car where people are transported. Elevator cabinets shall be completely enclosed by walls, floors and ceiling, the only things that can be open are the car door, emergency trap door and ventilation apertures.

Elevator Car floor. Source: (Electrical KnowHow, 2013)

Car floor should well designed to have sufficient mechanical strength to sustain forces which will be applied during normal operation, safety gear operation and impact of the car to its buffers. The size of the floor is the same as the elevator car and will be recessed and covered

by PVC covering or marble stone or granite and it can be also customized according to client requirements.

However, the ceiling is only designed to support two persons during maintenance. The ceiling should have an emergency trap door, blower fan to get enough ventilation while inside the car cabinet and also balustrade.

Elevator car ceiling. Source: (Electrical KnowHow, 2013)

Lastly, Car operating panel or COP is a panel inside the car containing the car operating controls, such as, door open and close, alarm emergency stop, call register buttons, and floor buttons.

Car operating panel. Source: (Electrical KnowHow, 2013)

7.2.3.3 Observational Analysis The elevator cars in Cheras Leisure mall are using standard model made by GoldStar. Each car could carry 20 passengers with the maximum load of 1350 kg. The cars considered small for 20people, and from my analysis, the maximum is only for 14passangers.

Elevator car model in Cheras Leisure mall

Minimum dimension of elevator cars. Source: (ADA, 2012)

The average size of an elevator car for passenger lift is 1.55x2 metres, but because of the finishing and handrails built, it slightly reduced the space inside the elevator car.

7.2.4

Elevator Door

There are 3 common types of an elevator door as illustrated below:

Types of elevator door. Source: (Electrical KnowHow, 2013)

Cheras Leisure mall using two speed side opening, consist of two power operated panels that are geared together. One of the doors moves two times faster rather than the other door, so that both doors will meet in the open position.

Type of Elevator door in Cheras Leisure mall

7.2.4.1 Components The component of car door is door operator, a motor--driven device on the elevator car that has function to open and close the door.

Other than that, Elevator door also contain guide shoes that used mainly to guide the car and counterweight along the path of the guide rails. They also need to assure that the lateral motion of the car and counterweight is kept at a minimum as they travel along the guide rails.

Roller guides in Cheras Leisure mall

Cheras Leisure mall using this roller guides as the guide rails. Not only roller guides, they also make use of photoelectric device (safe ray) to ensure the door stop closing when got people want to enter the car.

7.2.4.2 Operation of System Firstly, elevator doors are normally opened by a power unit which located on top of the elevator car. Second, the power unit moves the car door open or closed when an elevator car is level with a floor landing. Then, A pick--up arm contacts rollers on the hoist way door which releases the door latch on the hoist way door. Lastly, the power unit opens the car door which in turn opens the hoist way door.

7.2.5

Elevator Shaft

Elevator shaft known as "Hoistway” or “Hatch” is a space enclosed by fireproof walls and elevator doors to travel within floors. The shaft terminates at the underside of the overhead machinery space floor.

Elevator Shaft in Cheras Leisure mall

7.2.5.1 Components

Elevator Shaft components. Source: (Griffin, 2004)

Components of Hoistway: 1. Guide rails for both the car and counterweight.

2. Counterweight.

3. Suspension (Hoisting) Ropes (Cables).

4. Landing (Hoistway) doors.

5. Buffers in the pit.

7.2.6

Elevator Cables

Elevator cable is a suspension for car and counterweight, and the material of it is steel wire ropes. Usually used in Traction systems, the cable attaches to the crosshead and extend until machine room looping over the sheave on the motor and then down to the counterweights. The cable itself arranged from 3 to 6 in number and 1/2� or 5/8� in diameter.

The arrangement of cables supporting the elevator:

Elevator roping systems. Source: (Zhao, 2008)

7.2.7

Elevator Counterweight

Elevator Counterweight is a tracked weight that is suspended from cables and the movement is within its own set of guide rails along the shaft walls.

There are two main functions of counterweight. Firstly, is to keep the balance of the mass of the complete car and a portion of rated load, and it will be equal to the dead weight of the car plus about 40% of the rated load. Other function is reducing the necessary consumed power for moving the elevator.

Elevator Counterweight in Cheras Leisure mall

7.2.7.1 Components

Elevator Counterweight components. Source: (Electrical KnowHow, 2013)

The counterweight composed of steel frames that can be filled with cast iron fillers above one and another until get the required loads and it’s usually composed by; First of all, for the Top Part consists of main bent sheet metal 4mm and hitch plate 8mm thickness.

Secondly, Bottom part consists of two halves made of steel 4mm, the two halves screw connected using vertical profile with buffer plate and welded. Thirdly, the vertical profile consists of U--shaped, bent sheet metal components and it screw connected to the upper and bottom parts, and for the filler can be inserted through the side cut in the vertical profile.

Fourthly, filler weights are made of cast iron and there are standard length of it depend on the counterweight size and gauge. Lastly, the counterweight has guide rails to keep it running without twisting and avoid it from colliding with car or other lift components.

7.3

Escalator

An escalator is essentially a moving staircase. One of the type of mechanical transportation device for carrying people between floors of a building. The device driven by a motor-- driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.

Escalators can be used to move large numbers of people, and usually installed at locations whereby the elevators will be used massively in public area or commercial building. There is no waiting interval for escalators, and most of escalators are weatherproofed for outdoor use.

Unlike the others mechanical transportation, escalator still can be used as a normal staircase when it is not functioning, whereas many other conveyances become useless when they break down.

Escalators are often powered by constant--speed alternating current motors and move at approximately 1–2 feet (0.3–0.6 m) per second. Most of inclination angle of an escalator is 30 degrees to the horizontal floor level with a standard rise up to 18 m. Modern escalators operated by personnel and installed with motion sensors, so they only will move when a user steps into the platform in order to make it move.

An Escalator in Cheras Leisure mall

7.3.1

Components

Escalator components. Source: (Electrical KnowHow, 2013)

Basic components of an escalator : 1.

Landing Platforms.

2.

Truss.

3.

Tracks.

4.

Steps.

5.

Handrail.

6.

Escalator Exterior (Balustrade).

7.

Drive system.

8.

Auto--Lubrication System.

9.

Braking system.

10.

Safety devices.

11.

Electrical & Control Systems

Escalator safety components. Source: (oran)

7.3.2

Operation of system

An escalator moves because of a pair of chain that is located right in the core of escalator, looped around a pair of gears. This basic system worked inside the truss, a metal structure extending between two floors. The chain loops (similar to a conveyor belt), moves in series of steps other than a flat surface. The direction of the escalator can be permanently the same or be controlled by personnel according to the time of day.

Components inside landing platform in Cheras Leisure mall

7.3.3

Observational Analysis

In Cheras Leisure mall, the escalators are arranged in crisscross configuration, where a set of two escalators going up and down by “stacking�. This configuration also helps to minimize structural space.

Escalator in Cheras Leisure mall

Crisscross escalators diagrams. Source: (Paul, Hay 2011, Conveyance systems)

Cheras Leisure mall has 11 sets of escalators and 7 of the escalators are crisscross escalators and the rest are parallel escalators. The position of the escalators in cheras Leisure mall considered strategic because of the placement near the entrance and also near the most crowded place.

7.3.4

Escalator Landing Platform

Escalator landing platform is the two platforms that is located on the top and bottom before we step into the escalator and also after we reach the lower level of the escalator which houses the curved sections of the tracks, as well as the gears and motors which drive the escalators. The top platform contains the motor and the main drive gear, while the bottom holds the step return idler sprockets. These also anchor the ends of the escalator truss.

The platforms also serve to hold a floor plate which provides a place for passenger to stand before stepping into the steps. This plate is flush with the finished floor and it is removable to allow easy access to the machinery below for maintenance. The platform also has a comb plate installed which is the piece between the stationery floor plate and moving step. In order to minimize gap between the stairs and the landing, this design is very important to prevent objects from getting caught in the escalator gap.

Cheras Leisure mall escalator landing platform

7.3.4.1 Component

Landing Platform components. Source: (Oran)

Main components of landing platforms: 1. Combplates also known as walk on plates are the entrance and exit for the passengers to the steps. It provides mounting for the comb segment switch actuator.

2. Comb segments are replaceable sections, the width usually range 6� to 8� with teeth that mesh into the step treads. A left hand, a right hand, or a middle section comb segment can be identified by the pattern of the combs on their sides and by the width or number of combs.

3. Access covers used as an access to the pit area for inspection, maintenance, and repairs.

The lower landing access cover plates provide access to the reversing station and step removal. The upper access cover plates may provide an access to the driving machine, bull gear, and sometimes the controller.

4. Comb lights are an optional safety device used to illuminate the area where steps and comb segments meet, mounted at the upper and lower landing. They are from a different power source that stays on always even if the unit is not running.

7.3.5

Escalator Truss

The escalator truss is a hollow metal structure that connected the lower and upper landings.

It is the structural frame of an escalator and composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom and just below the top. An escalator truss consists of three major areas, “The lower section”, “Incline section”, and “Upper section”.

Each ends of the truss are attached to both sides (top and bottom) landing platforms using a steel or concrete support system while it carries all the straight track sections connecting the upper and lower sections. The truss system designed to prevent from collapsing and also to carry the entire loads of the escalator equipment and also the users. The structure of the truss is rigid enough to maintain close operating tolerances but will allow for building shift and vibration with a built--in systems of shift--plates and Teflon pads.

Escalator truss. Source: (Griffin, 2004)

7.3.6

Escalator Steps

Escalator steps are solid, one piece, and made of die--cast aluminium or steel. To indicate the edges, usually they added yellow demarcation lines.

A continuous metal chain are connected to the steps to forms a closed loop. The front and back edges are linked to the wheels. The position of the tracks controls the orientation of the steps.

Escalator steps in Cheras Leisure mall

7.3.6.1 Components

Escalator step components. Source: (Schueller, 2009)

Escalator steps components: 6.0 Step plate (Tread) is the surface area of the step people step on and made of an aluminium plate.

7.0 The step riser is the vertical cleat cast into the front of a step.

8.0 The demarcations are yellow stripes around the steps to visually locate the steP separation and visual contrast between the steps and the combs.

9.0 Frame (Yoke) is the main supports for riser, step tread and step wheels.

10.0 Trail wheels are used to guide the step and support its load.

11.0 Step Hook used to activate the step up thrust safety device.

7.4

Conclusion

From Cheras leisure mall, I learnt some of good and bad designed of Mechanical Transportation systems in a way how you positioned the transportation and also some design consideration. Even though, we couldn’t get any drawings from Cheras Leisure mall because of the security purposes, but we still can look around and learnt from one of the technician there. After got the information that we need and with the help of our own researched, we have grasped a good understanding of the building services systems and now able to include in our building design.

MECHANICAL VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM NICHOLAS LAI KEN HONG 0317435

7.1 Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning System 7.2 Literature Review Ventilation plays an important role within a building as air flow and quality is crucial to maintain health and thermal comfort of occupants within the building structure. With the hot and humid climate in Malaysia, wind flow is highly welcomed to cool down the temperature and to bring out the hot air from an enclosed space. It is highly dependable on the building, location, and site context to decide appropriate definition comfort levels manipulated by ventilation. Efficient ways of ventilation are sought to ensure a comfortable and safe environment to carry out daily activities. In spaces and locations that natural ventilation becomes the limiting factor, mechanical ventilation and air conditioning plays an important role for the thermal comfort and safety of occupants.

Mechanical or forced ventilation is used to control indoor air quality. Excess humidity, odors, smoke, and contaminants can be extracted out and replaced with a cleaner outside air. Most of the basement car parks adopt mechanical ventilation instead of natural ventilation. This is due to the number and circulation of occupants and vehicles. Mechanical ventilation tends to remove heat, smoke, and carbon monoxide to the exterior surrounding more efficiently compared to natural ventilation. Jet fans and smoke exhaust ductworks are largely used as the primary source of mechanical ventilation in basement car parks. They are used for channeling smokes out from the building mainly for the aid in firefighting purposes.

Kitchens and bathrooms generally have mechanical exhaust to control odors and humidity.

Kitchens have additional problems to deal with such as smoke and grease, thus the number of exhaust in kitchen is more than the number of air supply devices. In big public buildings such as malls, hotels, and airports, smoke spill system plays an important role for the safety of occupants and to aid in firefighting.

Air conditioning on the other hand serves the main purpose of controlling the indoor air temperature. It is also a mean of ventilation which controls humidity, air cleanliness, air movement and heat radiation in mechanical means. Factors of air conditioning uses are such as to provide comfort thus enhancing the performance of workers or certain machines, maintain healthy level of surrounding atmosphere and also to cool down machines that generate heat during operation. Several types of air conditioning are such as air cooled air conditioner, water--cooled air conditioner, and split units.

The types of air conditioning systems used are based on the building type and contextual climate. Large buildings require a centralized air conditioning system instead of standalone air conditioning system. Centralized system is used as it is able to fill the entire building with cool air through networks of pipes and ductworks. It is also more economical as the system is automated. Large spaces is required to accommodate large mechanical equipment such as chillers, cooling towers, air handling unit (AHU) and on. Split unit air conditioners are used for smaller scale or smaller buildings. The spaces are more compact and the temperature can be adjusted easily. Functionality, efficiency, and cost effective are the factors affecting the selection of air conditioning system for specific spaces.

7.3 Introduction Cheras Leisure Mall consists of 2 buildings, old wing and new wing, connected with pedestrian walkway bridge. The old wing consist sof 2 floors, 2 basement level car park, and a roof level. Whereas the new wing consists of 4 floors and a roof level. This mall uses water cooled centralized air conditioning system. Both of the buildings has air handling units room (AHU room) and cooling towers, but only the old wing accommodates the chiller room with 4 operating chillers to supply air to both of the buildings.

7.4

HVAC System Diagram

7.4.1 Schematic Diagram

Figure 7.3.1: Schematic diagram of the chilled water centralized system.

Source: http://www.seedengr.com/Cent%20Vs%20Decent%20AC %20Systems.pdf

7.4.2 Graphical Diagram

Figure 7.3.2: Graphical diagram of the centralized air conditioning system.

Source: http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~jortiz/gridos/site/modeling.html

7.4

Cooling Tower

7.4.1

Introduction and Function

Figure 7.4.1(a): Cooling tower on the roof top of Cheras Leisure Mall Cooling towers are heat removal devices for industrial processes. They are defined as any open water recirculation device that uses fans or natural draft to draw or force air to contact and cool water by evaporation. Cooling towers minimize the thermal pollution of natural water heat sinks and allow the reuse of circulating water. The use of evaporation is the primary advantage of cooling towers as a type of heat removal equipment. They are used to provide significantly lower water temperatures than those achievable with air-cooled or dry heat removal processes. (Globalspec.com) In Cheras Leisure Mall, there are 3 cooling towers situated at the roof top of the building.

They are also a level above the chiller room thus minimal ductworks length are used.

Since the cooling tower is above the chiller room, motorized pump is required to pump water to the cooling tower from the chillers situated below.

Figure 7.4.1(b): Cooling tower model used in Cheras Leisure Mall. Source: http://www.truwater.com.my/product/tx- -series--s--class/

The cooling towers used in Cheras Leisure Mall is manufactured from TRUWATER速 Company. It is an induced draft cross--flow, film filled, FRP multi--cell rectangular cooling tower designed for the equipment cooling, industrial process cooling and air conditioning applications. (Truwater.com.my)

Figure 7.4.1 (c): Plan view of the cooling tower

Figure 7.4.1 (d): Side view of the cooling tower

Figure 7.4.1 (e): Front view of the cooling tower

Figure 7.4.1 (f): Piping and sump details of the cooling tower

7.4.2 Components of Cooling Tower

Figure 7.4.2(a): Components in the cooling tower. Source: http://www.truwater.com.my/product/tx- -series--s--class/

The figure above shows all the components that are installed into the cooling towers.

The main components are:

1. Fans – The fans used are propeller--type, incorporating heavy--duty blades of aluminum alloy. (Truwater.com.my)

Figure 7.4.2 (b): Fans on top of cooling towers

2.

V--belts – The V--belts are made of rubber with fabric impregnated able to withstand adverse ambient conditions of 50°C and 100% Relative Humidity.

(Truwater.com.my)

Figure 7.4.2 (c): Belts in the cooling tower. Source: http://www.baltimoreaircoil.com/english/parts- -services/bac--parts/parts--reference-materials/belt--tensioning

3. Infill – The infill used is vacuum--formed film type, rigid, corrugated PVC sheets.

(Truwater.com.my)

Figure 7.4.2 (d): The infill of the cooling tower

Figure 7.4.2 (e): The infill installed and operating in cooling towers

7.4.3 Operation of Cooling Tower

Figure 7.4.3 (a): Schematic diagram of the operation of cooling tower. Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crossflow_diagram.svg

The operation of cooling tower begins when hot water pumps up to the top of the cooling tower. The hot water is then poured and filled the distribution basin which is located on the top of the cooling tower.

Figure 7.4.3 (b): The distribution basin on top of cooling tower

The operation continues as the hot water flows down through gravitational pull onto the infills. During this process, the propeller fan on top of the cooling tower draws in outside air to come into the cooling tower through the gap between the infills. The air is then extract up to the top and out to the exterior surrounding. This process is crucial to cool

down the water as the infill increases surface area. Slows water descent to encourage evaporation and heat transfer between the air and water. (Globalspec.com)

Figure 7.4.3 (c): Water flowing down the infills in the cooling tower

The water is collected at the base of the cooling tower in a collection basin. The water is also recirculated through the system via pumps. (Globalspec.com).Besides that, water is also being treated here. Make--up water, which is controlled by flow meter are channeled into the collection basin via pipe. This water is treated with chemicals. Thus, the water that are accumulated in the collection basin contains concentrated mineral salts. That explains the foam formation on the collection basin, as when as on top of the distribution basin when water recirculates from the collection basin to the top.

Figure 7.4.3 (d): Foams of the water in cooling tower.

The chilled water at the collection basin is then transferred out from the cooling tower into chiller via pipes. The flow of water can be controlled with the aid of valve.

Figure 7.4.3 (e): Pipework underneath the cooling tower

Figure 7.4.3 (f): Pipework connecting the cooling towers

From figure 7.4.3 (e) and 7.4.3 (f), Green pipes are the supplying pipe, which supply water from chiller, while the yellow pipes are the extracting pipe, which extracts water out from the cooling tower into the chiller. Valves are used to control the water flow in the pipework.

The location of the cooling towers on the rooftop is flanked by an A/C water storage tank and a water purifier. The water that flows from the storage tank is filtered and purify in the water purifier before entering the cooling tower.

Figure 7.4.3 (g): A/C water storage tank

Figure 7.4.3 (h): A/C water purifier

Grey pipe Figure 7.4.3 (I): Grey pipe

The water channels out from the water purifier and enters the cooling tower from the distribution basin on the top through a grey pipe shown in the figure above. Hence, the water flowing cycle continues.

7.5

Chiller Plant System

7.5.1

Introduction and Function

Figure 7.5.1(a): Operational chiller plant in Cheras Leisure Mall

Chillers are devices that remove the heat gathered by the recirculating chilled water system as it cools the building. The selection of chillers depends largely in the fuel source and the total cooling load. Chillers include both absorption and compressive refrigeration processes in a wide range of sizes. (Grondzik) The chiller room is located at the 2nd floor of Cheras Leisure Mall. There are a total of 4 operating chillers and 2 smaller chillers that serves as backup purposes. Figure above shows the chiller plant that are operating. The chillers used in this mall are manufactured

by Carrier速. The type of chiller used is a water--cooled type with centrifugal compressor.

Figure 7.5.1 (b): Front view of smaller backup chiller

Figure 7.5.1 (c): Side view of smaller backup chiller

7.5.2 Components of Chiller Plant

Figure 7.5.2 (a): Carrier centrifugal chiller components. Source: http://www.pro--vibe.com/id59.html

Figure 7.5.2 (b): Assembly of chiller components. Source: http://weh.maritime.edu/campus/tsps/manual/aircond.htm l There are 4 main components in the chiller that aid the refrigerant cycle, they are: 1. Evaporator -- The evaporator is a heat exchanger that removes the building heat from the chilled water lowering the water temperature in the process. The heat is used to boil the refrigerant changing it from a liquid to a gas. (Energy--models.com). The evaporator contains a coil of pipe where the refrigerant inside it is vaporizing and absorbing heat.

Figure 7.5.2 (c): Section of evaporator. Source: http://www.lce.com/pdfs/07- -Trane--Centrifugal--Water--Chillers--145.pdf

2. Condenser -- Like the evaporator, the condenser is a heat exchanger. In this case, it removes heat from the refrigerant causing it to condense from a gas to a liquid. The heat raises the water temperature. The condenser water then carries the heat to the cooling tower where the heat is rejected to atmosphere. (Energy--models.com)

Figure 7.5.2(d): Section of condenser. Source: http://www.lce.com/pdfs/07--Trane--Centrifugal--Water--Chillers--145.pdf

Figure 7.5.2 (e): Schematic diagram of condenser. Source: http://weh.maritime.edu/campus/tsps/manual/aircond.html 3. Compressor – Compressor compresses the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator and pumps the refrigerant throughout the system. Refrigerant vapor enters the compressor through the suction valve and fills the cylinder. This refrigerant is cool but it absorbs heat in the evaporator.

Most of this heat is absorbed while it was changing state from liquid to a vapor. The compressor compresses this vapor, causing it to become very warm and pumps it to the condenser.

Figure 7.5.2 (f): Section of compressor. Source: http://www.lce.com/pdfs/07-Trane--Centrifugal--Water--Chillers--145.pdf

Figure 7.5.2 (g): Section of centrifugal compressor. Source: http://www.lce.com/pdfs/07--Trane--Centrifugal--Water--Chillers--145.pdf

4. Expansion Valve -- After the refrigerant condenses to a liquid, it passes through a pressure reducing device. This can be as simple as an orifice plate or as complicated as a electronic modulating thermal expansion valve.

Figure 7.5.2 (h): Section of expansion valve. Source: http://www.lce.com/pdfs/07- -Trane--Centrifugal--Water--Chillers--145.pdf

7.5.3 Operation of Chiller Plant

Figure 7.5.3 (a): Schematic diagram of the operation of chiller plant.

Source: http://www.ebah.com.br/content/ABAAAfsDUAA/19xr- -4ss--port? part=2

Figure 7.5.3 (b): Refrigerant cycle. Source: http://www.chenahotsprings.com/geothermal--power/

Figure 7.5.3 (c): Temperature readings of the chiller plant

These are the steps in how the chiller operates based on figure 7.5.3 (b) and 7.5.3 (c): Step 1: Hot water enters the evaporator at 55.3F. After the hot water runs through the evaporator, it is returned to the geothermal reservoir via injection pump and injection well system.

Step 2: The evaporator shell is filled with R--134a, a common refrigerant found in many air conditioning systems. The 55.3F water entering the evaporator is not hot enough to boil water, but it is hot enough to boil the R--134a refrigerant. The evaporator is a giant heat exchanger, with the hot water never actually coming in contact with the refrigerant, but transferring heat energy to it. The R134a begins to boil and vaporize.

Step 3: On initial system startup, the vapor bypasses the turbine and returns directly to the condenser via a bypass valve. Once there is adequate boiling/evaporation of the refrigerant, the bypass valve closes and the vapor is routed to the turbine.

Step 4: The vapor is expanded supersonically through the turbine nozzle, causing the turbine blades to turn at 13,500rpm. The turbine is connected to a generator, which it spins at 3600rpm, producing electricity.

Step 5: Cooling Water enters from the cooling tower located right above the chiller room in the mall. Cold water (46.7F) is siphoned out of the cooling tower and supplied to the chiller plant condenser at a rate of 1500gpm.

Step 6: The cooling water entering the condenser and recondenses the vapor refrigerant back into a liquid. As in the evaporator, the condenser only allows heat transfer to occur between the refrigerant (in the shell) and the cold water (in the tubes within the condenser). The two liquids never actually come in contact.

STEP 7: The pump pushes the liquid refrigerant back over to the evaporator, so the cycle can start again. By doing so, it also generates the pressure which drives the entire cycle.

7.5.4 Pump and Pipeworks

Figure 7.5.4 (a): Pipeworks and mechanical pumps in chiller room.

There are 4 different pipes that are similar in appearance but different in function.

These 4 pipes are color coated and labelled accordingly.

1. Light blue colored pipe: Chilled water supply (CHWS) pipe. Hot water channels through this pipe and enters into the evaporator of the chiller plant.

2. Dark blue colored pipe: Chilled water return (CHWR) pipe. Excess hot water channels out through this pipe from the evaporator of the chiller plant.

3. Green colored pipe: Cooled water return (CWR) pipe. Cooled water from cooling tower enters the condenser of the chiller plant.

4. Yellow colored pipe: Cooled water supply (CWS) pipe. Excess cooled water channels back to the cooling tower through this pipe from the condenser.

2 of the pipes are connected to pumps during the water transferring process: 1. Light blue colored/CHWS pipe. Water that enters into the chiller room requires additional pressure to channel into the chiller plant to aid in the process of evaporation.

Figure 7.5.4 (b): Chilled water pump (CHWP)

2. Yellow colored/CWS pipe. Water that are supplied back into the cooling tower requires a large amount of pressure as the cooling tower is located at the rooftop.

Figure 7.5.4(c): Cooled water pump (CWP)

7.6

Air Handling Unit (AHU)

7.6.1 Introduction and Function

Figure 7.6.1 (a): Schematic diagram of air handling unit (AHU). Source: http://www.yuvaengineers.com/wp--content/uploads/2010/05/air- -1.jpg

Air handling unit (AHU) serve an important role in air conditioning system. It functions for heating, cooling, humidifying, filtering, and distributing air to the entire building through ductwork. Besides distributing air, it also recycles some of the returned air from the building itself.

AHU functions mainly for the air cycle process. As mentioned above, air cycle is a process to distribute treated air into the room that needs to be conditioned. Latent heat inside the room is removed when the return air is absorbed by the evaporator. The medium to absorb the heat can be either air or water. Distribution of air in Cheras Leisure Mall is through ductworks. In the end, the heat inside a particular room is removed and the internal air gradually becomes cooler.

Clean air intake from the outside is crucial in this system. Clean air is needed to renew the contents of air to be distributed. This is because the air that has been distributed which contains heat and dirt will be returned. Thus, some of the return air will be removed to the air while some will be mixed with the fresh air for distribution. This will improve indoor air quality and comfort of the occupants.

There are a maximum of 5 AHU rooms scattered around one floor of Cheras Leisure Mall, both the new and the old building.

Figure 7.6.1 (b): Location of AHU rooms in Cheras Leisure Mall (highlighted in yellow)

7.6.2 Components of AHU Air handling unit (AHU) consists of several components which 3 of them are the main components that plays a significantly important role in this system: 1. Air filter – Air filter serves the important role of cleaning the air, both outdoor fresh air and returned air from the building before they are being distributed. It is able to reduce the quantity of dust released into the building.

Figure 7.6.2 (a): Air filter in AHU

2. Blower fan – Blower fan is used to propel the air for distribution. A centrifugal fan is used in the AHU of Cheras Leisure Mall as it can move a small or large quantity of air efficiently.

Figure 7.6.2 (b): Blower fan in AHU

3. Ductworks and diffusers – Ductworks and diffusers are used to distribute the air from AHU to the rooms that need to be air--conditioned. The ductwork are usually hidden inside the suspended ceiling. Diffusers are placed at the end of the ductwork where the air comes out from the ductwork.

Figure 7.6.2 (c): Ductwork and diffuser. Source: http://www.egerproducts.com/Details- -1.aspx?xid=129

7.7 Air--cooled Split System

Figure 7.7 (a): Ductless split system diagram. Source: http://www.carrier--comfort.com/heating--and--cooling--101/

The split system used in Cheras Leisure Mall are ductless split system. Although the mall is dependent on the centralized air--conditioning system, some of the rooms in the mall are using air--cooled split system or standalone air--conditioning system.

Ductless split systems are, as the name implies, systems that are capable of heating and/or cooling without using any ducts at all. Instead, like central air conditioners, they have a condenser/evaporator unit that’s located outside, but instead of running ducts, they pipe the refrigerant directly to the rooms you want to cool, and cool the air inside a small blowing unit mounted to the wall which lowers the temperature on demand.

(Carrier--comfort.com) The cinema in this mall uses ductless air--cooled split system. There are 4 condenser for the ductless split system located at the rooftop, corresponds to the 4 cinema hall in the top floor of the mall.

Figure 7.7 (b): Split system condenser in Cheras Leisure Mall

7.8 Carpark Ventilation System

Figure 7.8 (a): Diagram of car park extract ductwork system in Cheras Leisure Mall

The basement car park of Cheras Leisure Mall is mostly natural ventilated. Thus, the use of jet fans is absent in this mall. To implement a better and more efficient way to remove unwanted smoke in the car park, mechanical ventilation is still used in the car park as natural wind flow might be a limiting factor to drive out the smoke and dust. The mechanical ventilation system used in the basement car park is the extract ductwork system.

The components of this ductwork system are mainly consist of: 1. Ductwork – The medium in channeling the smokes and dust.

2. Filter – To reduce the amount of impurities before releasing them out to the exterior surrounding.

3. Fire Damper – In occurrence of fire, to avoid the fire from spreading from one room to another. It is usually placed at compartment wall.

4. Propeller fan – Used to absorb smoke and dust into the ductwork to be channeled out.

Figure 7.8 (b): Car park ductwork (horizontal component) in Cheras Leisure Mall

Figure 7.8 (c): Car park ductwork (vertical component) in Cheras Leisure Mall

Figure 7.8 (d): Car park ductwork from a plant room in Cheras Leisure Mall

Figure 7.8 (e): Filter of the car park ductwork in Cheras Leisure Mall

7.9

Kitchen and Toilet Exhaust System

7.9.1 Kitchen Exhaust System

Figure 7.9.1 (a): Schematic diagram of kitchen exhaust system. Source: http://electrical--engineering--pics.blogspot.com/2014_12_01_archive.html

Exhaust system in kitchen and restaurants plays an important role in removing the smoke and odor. As there are a lot of restaurants in Cheras Leisure Mall. Thus the exhaust system should be well positioned and in sufficient amount in both kitchen and dining area of the restaurant.

Figure 7.9.1 (b): Extract ventilation to a commercial kitchen. Source: Building services, technology and design (1997)

Figure 7.9.1 (c): Diffuser and ductwork in a restaurant in Cheras Leisure Mall

Figure 7.9.1 (d): Kitchen exhaust in Cheras Leisure Mall

7.9.2 Toilet Exhaust System As a private space, toilets that are more enclosed requires an exhaust system to extract odor. In Cheras Leisure Mall, both gents and ladies toilet have ceiling grille, but only the ladies toilet have the additional wall grille. The toilet exhaust system is crucial as windows are absent for natural ventilation.

Figure 7.9.2 (a): Schematic diagram of toilet exhaust system.

Source: http://www.antonelectricinc.com/Services- -Electrical.aspx

Figure 7.9.2 (b): Ceiling grille in the toilet

7.10 Smoke Spilled System The Building Regulations emphasize the need for the provision of life safety systems such as smoke control in shopping centres. A well designed smoke extract ventilation system should be able to maintain smoke free escape conditions at all occupied levels to allow the building to be evacuated with minimum risk of smoke inhalation, injury or death. (Coltinfo.co.uk)

Figure 7.10(a): Diagram showing smoke distribution in an enclosed space. Source: http://hpac.com/fastrack/State--of--the--Art--Atrium--Smoke--Control

Based on figure 7.11 (a), when a fire occurs, smoke rises in a plume. As the plume rises, it pulls air from the surrounding space, which causes the plume's mass flow to increase and its temperature to decrease.

When the plume reaches the ceiling, it spreads out, forming a layer. An atrium smoke-control system exhausts smoke from that layer, providing a relatively smoke--free environment. (Hpac.com) In Cheras Leisure Mall, there are 2 ways in which smoke is controlled and removed from the building if fire occurs. On the lower floor, smoke extraction grille can be found everywhere near the ceiling. This allows smoke to be removed from the building fast and easily.

Figure 7.10 (b): Smoke extraction grille in Cheras Leisure Mall

On the upper floor of the mall, floor to ceiling distance increased resulting a double volume atrium. At the top of the mall, smoke extraction grille can be found in a larger scale.

Figure 7.10 (c): Smoke extraction grille at the top of the ceiling in Cheras Leisure Mall.

Figure 7.10 (d): Smoke exhaust at the rooftop of Cheras Leisure Mall.

7.11 Uniform Building By--Law 1984 Requirement Under UBBL 1985 Section 39: Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning 1. Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of local authority.

2. Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half-an-hour of the air conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into enclosure during the period when the air conditioning system is not functioning.

3. The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

4. Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water closets, bathrooms or corridors.

7.12 Observational Analysis The chiller room is big and wide enough to accommodate 4 operating chillers and 2 backup chillers, operational switches and control panel, and even an air handling unit (AHU). Technician and workers are able to monitor all the chillers and AHU at the same time. Smoked extraction grilles scattered all over the mall ensures the safety of occupants in case of fire. The car park exhaust ductwork is well allocated in the area of the car park when natural ventilation is a limited.

However, there are a lot of AHU rooms scattered all over one of the floor in the mall. Based on figure 7.6.1 (b), some AHU rooms are placed close to each other. The AHU rooms can be merged into one to save space and to minimize confusion of technician and workers as they need to walk from an AHU room to another for check out and maintenance.

7.13 Conclusion The mechanical ventilation and air--conditioning systems play a significantly important role in the contribution of thermal comfort and the health and safety of occupants.

According to the UBBL requirement a regulation (UBBL 2012, Amendments on EE and MS 1525), each mechanical ventilation system (supply and/or exhaust) shall be equipped with a readily accessible switch or other means for shut--off or volume reduction when ventilation is not required. The control switch in the chiller room proved the UBBL requirement mentioned above has implemented into Cheras Leisure Mall. According to the MS1525 year 2007, air--conditioning and mechanical ventilation system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction of energy use. Shutting down the equipment during periods of non--users for example, is a method of energy saving.

Besides air--conditioning, the mechanical ventilation systems such as the exhausts and smoke spilled system that scattered all over the mall in sufficient amount, is able to control and regulate the indoor air quality well by removing smoke, dust, odor, carbon monoxide, and impurities.

Overall, the selection of air--conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems are appropriate to the size of building and number of occupants. Energy efficiency, cost saving, and indoor air quality are well balanced with the selection of systems and equipment in Cheras Leisure Mall.

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