STUDIO AIR ALGORITHMIC SKETCHBOOK VERITY WELLS 2
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Architecture Design Studio: Air Student: Verity Wells 2017 Tutorial Group: 2 Tutor: Matthew McDonnell 2 SKETCHBOOK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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WEEK 1: DESIGN FUTURING/LOFTING/ SKETCHBOOK TASK: VASE
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WEEK 2: DESIGN COMPUTATION/ SKETCHBOOK TASK: TABLES
12 WEEK 3: COMPOSITION/GENERATION/ SKETCHBOOK TASK: WALL-MOUNTED STORAGE 16
WEEK 4 VIDEO EXERCISES/ PARAMETER SPACE, DATA TYPES AND FUNCTIONS
20 WEEK 4: PARAMETRICS/ SKETCHBOOK TASK: FRACTALS 22 26
B.2 CASE STUDY 1.0 - ‘PATTERNING’ VIDEO TUTORIAL EXERCISES
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PART B: RESEARCH AND GROUNDING
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PART C: CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT, PRECEDENTS AND SKETCHES
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PART C: GABION CELL PROTOTYPES
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PART C: CONCRETE MATERIAL TEST
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PART C: PLASTER PROTOTYPE MODEL PROCESS
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PART C: PLASTER PROTOTYPE MODEL
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PART C: DIGITAL DESIGN ITERATIONS
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PART C: FINAL SKETCH MODEL
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PART C: FINAL DETAIL MODEL
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REFERENCE LIST - SKETCHBOOK
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WEEK 1: DESIGN FUTURING Sketchbook Task: Vase/Lofting
(RIGHT) Three-Curve Loft.
(RIGHT) Four-Curve Loft with altered direction. Murray the goldfish for scale/ potential contents (goldfish waiting room?)
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(LEFT) Vase of immense Scale/Alternate green wall. (ABOVE) Attempt at creating a ‘section’ within Rhino, with colour to indicate void/vase space; Grasshopper definition.
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WEEK 2: DESIGN COMPUTATION Sketchbook Task: Tables
ABOVE: TABLE # 1: Loft with offset and surface OPPOSITE (ABOVE): Table # 1 Elevation; OPPOSITE (BELOW): Table #1 Section.
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(CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT) Table # 2; Wire-frame base geometry, Grasshopper definition, Mesh Grasshopper preview on mesh geometry, Wire-frame displaying morphing geometry with iteration of integer.
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(ABOVE) Table # 2 Iterations of form using a changing integer input.
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Table # 3: Point-Divided Surface with corner points bought to XY plane, extruded, and rendered with ‘Beech’ timber option in Rhino.
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Table # 3: Alternate View + Bad Photoshop
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WEEK 3: COMPOSITION/GENERATION Sketchbook Task: Wall-Mounted Storage
ATTEMPT 1: Perspective screen-capture of live Grasshopper modelling Following along with the Week 3 video modules “Rutten Webinar - Lists + cull pattern / using cull pattern to delete items conditionally”, and testing the novelty of inputting a photograph. The resulting forms made me think of a sort of shelving unit for rolls of drawing paper, brushes; the things that don’t really fit in conventional/orthogonal shelving. I am attempting to do more in grasshopper, rather than cheating at the end out of frustration and extruding things directly in Rhino. . . but I was not able to achieve this and complete the tasks in time. I feel like I get or am close to getting the general concept of data, and placing/analysing/re-ordering points, but actually performing the actions is difficult. At this point, I do still return to ‘fudging’ things, or needing to go back and physically sketch geometry to explain what I want, which is contrary to the aims of this course - hopefully skill level grows quickly.
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Case/Shelf # 2: Following video tutorials (LEFT): Shaded perspective view; (ABOVE): wire-frame section.
Looking at this example, I am thinking again of both oddly-shaped items, and the gap between what I want to have the program run for me and what I am able to plug in/tell it to do. Ideally more translation/even some spiralling along the edges of the ‘shelves’ would be fitting, or attempting a run of values with extremes of translation to look over and select from.
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Case/Shelf #3: Surface Box Morph Attempting to allow for modular “barnacle” units projecting from a curved surface to approximate the form of an oddly shaped room.
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WEEK 4 VIDEO EXERCISES: Introducing parameter space, data types and functions.
TRIG CURVES AND LISTS
SPIRALLING
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FRACTALS
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REVISIT video 3.02 - Patterning Lists - to help with SECTION B.
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WEEK 4: PARAMETRICS Sketchbook Task: Fractals.
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(OPPOSITE PAGE, ABOVE) Attempt at MIRRORING and ORIENT components in Grasshopper., including collages and (ABOVE) pulling apart geometry to try and understand the problem. I need to find the edge or face of the core piece of geometry, perhaps, maybe finding them using points outputted in the list.
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B.2 CASE STUDY 1.0 - ‘Patterning’ OMA IIT McCormick Tribune Campus Center 1997 - 2003
Fig.1: Interior view of OMA’s IIT McCormick Tribune Campus Centre
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Interim outcome from ‘Case Study 2.0’ - an overlapping pattern:
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Fig.2 Cy Twombly Panorama 1955 (undated) 254 x 340.4 cm; oil based house paint, wax crayon, chalk on canvas
Fig.3 So Kanno and Takahiro Yamaguchi Senseless Drawing Bot (2013)
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WEEK 5 VIDEO EXERCISES
(ABOVE, LEFT) Perspective and (RIGHT), Plan, Following Video ‘04a.01 Evaluating Fields’ (LOWER LEFT) Perspective and (RIGHT), Plan, Following Video ‘04a.02 Graphing Section’
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(ABOVE, LEFT) Plan and (RIGHT), Plan, Following Video ‘04a.03 Graph Controllers’ (LOWER LEFT) Perspective and (RIGHT), Plan, Following Video ‘04a.04 Image Sampling’
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GROUP B - CONTEXT as part of Interim Presentations/Group Research for “Host+Growth’ Project.
pre | ‘Merri Merri’ “very rocky” in Wurundjeri-willam.
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Merri Creek x Yarra River bend a significant clan meeting place Possible site of the contested 1835 treaty (later annulled) meeting between John Batman and a number of nearby leading clan-men Area of Headquarters for the “Native Police Corps” 1842-1844.2
| post (convent site) 1838 - land subdivided + sold (surrounding areas used as grazing lands) 1850 - property sold to Sisters of the Good Shepherd accommodation for women and children, farming with lace-making and laundry services to generate income 1975 - sold, subdivided into Collingwood Children’s Farm, primary school, La Trobe University site. 1997 -> wrestling between Public, Government and Private (developers) to use/save site. Funding provided for repairs, artists residencies installed. Growing community cultural hub with permanent and temporary studios, works, events. Maintenance + Repairs ongoing.3
CLIFTON HILL QUARRY A conference between the Melbourne City Council and Collingwood Council to discuss the disused Melbourne City Council quarry at Clifton Hill was suggested at the Collingwood Council last night. Councillor Marshall moved that the council invite representatives of the Melbourne City Council to meet representatives of the Collingwood Council to discuss the question of the future use of the disused quarry land at Clifton Hill. He said that the Melbourne City Council had a chimney stack and building on the land which could be used, and he suggested that the Melbourne City Council might cooperate In installing a community tip. The motion was agreed to.4
‘Treaty - The Aboriginal History of Yarra’ <http://aboriginalhistoryofyarra.com.au/4-treaty/> [accessed 27 April 2017] ‘Wurundjeri’ <http://www.mcmc.org.au/about-merri-creek/wurundjeri> [accessed 27 April 2017] 3 ‘Timeline · Abbotsford Convent’ <http://abbotsfordconvent.com.au/about/history/timeline> [accessed 27 April 2017] 4 ‘Clifton Hill Quarry’, The Argus (Melbourne, 16 August 1938), p. 9 <http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12468765>.
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Polaroid film images from a number of locations along the merri creek/ from Convent site to Ceres.
“The present evidence therefore suggests that the universe will probably expand forever, but all we really can be sure of is that even if the universe is going to recollapse, it won’t do so for at least another ten thousand million years, since it has already been expanding for at least that long. This should not unduly worry us: by that time, unless we have colonized beyond the Solar System, mankind will long since have died out, extinguished along with our sun!”5
*NIKOLA TESLA - DESTROYED (IF THEY EXISTED AT ALL) DESIGNS FOR FREE, CLEAN, UNLIMITED ENERGY FOR ALL
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Stephen W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes (London: Transworld Publishers Ltd., 1990) P. 49-50 SKETCHBOOK 29
Investigating science fiction films for architecture and atmosphere of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;higher beingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and utopian or dystopian futures. Fig.4 (ABOVE) Digital image still from Priest (2011), featuring the dystopian future built environment that is the result of a walled city, controlled by a totalitarian/Christian regime (Similar to Equilibrium, 2002.) Fig.5 (BELOW) Digital image still from Midnight Special (2016), featuring an utopian architecture built parallel to human endeavours by some other (higher) species.
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Fig.6 (ABOVE) Digital Image Stills from a sketch in The Eric Bana Sketch Show. A politician elects to â&#x20AC;&#x153;cheaply and superficiallyâ&#x20AC;? solve the homeless/housing cricis by installing VR stations throughout the city. (BELOW) State of the arts post-2016 Budget night.
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SPECULATIVE (NEAR) FUTURE THEME/SITE: ART/ABBOTSFORD CONVENT In the near future ... not much will change. Government funding of the arts will continue to decrease to nothing. Private philanthropy will fall short. Arts workers cannot work for free. All falls to ruin. Technology will continue to advance and become cheaper, so that people can walk around experiencing digitised versions of high points in past cultures.
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PART C: INITIAL CONCEPT PROMPTS Group members: Jan Julian, Self.
mass
(tesselation)
If we were to come across a mound in the woods, six foot long by three foot wide, with soil piled up in a pyramid, a somber mood would come over us and a voice inside us would say, “There is someone buried here.” That is architecture.6
death
- Adolf Loos
performance finite lifespan -> as a performance
bacteria
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(decay/game of life)
Adolf Loos, ‘Architecture’, in On Architecture: Studies in Austrian Literature, Culture and Thought (Riverside: Ariadne Press, 2007), p.84. SKETCHBOOK 35
PART C: CONCEPT Mass/Death/Time Concept prompts and precedents / generating grounding.
(Fig.7 ABOVE, LEFT:) Treasury of Attreus, Mycenae - elevation and sections; (Fig.8 RIGHT) Tourists’ photograph of interior antechambre. (Fig.9 BELOW, LEFT:) Ġgantija Temples in Xagħra, Gozo (Malta): photograph of mass tesselating stacking at back and (Fig.10, BELOW, RIGHT) entrance portal
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(ABOVE) Fig.11 Cenotaph for Newton, Etienne-Louis BoullĂŠe, c1784. (RIGHT) Fig.12 Image stills from Christian Marclay, The Clock, 2010.
We were immediately drawn to death and the passage of time as a concept and design prompt, and looked at architectures and art works that also looked at this area in some way, or that we felt represented it to us.
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PART C: CONCEPT Growth + game of life + planned obsolescence (design for decay)
(ABOVE) Image taken from footpath near to site. (BELOW, LEFT) Sketch of porous material / growth over time. (BELOW, RIGHT) Animation frame from Game of Life simulation.
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Ultimately, there was a little too much in the initial ‘brainstorm’ and we needed to par it back - we were going to see if we could use a game of life script to predict bacteria colony patterns on the surface of the design. We looked into a few options for a game of life definition that ran in three dimensions (four with time), one animation frame in Fig._ that possibly could have informed the final form instead of just applying pattern to it, but it was difficult to bring it together with the core ‘tessellation’ concept. Additionally, I was only able to make this by copying and later splicing together other people’s definitions and programs, so it would not have really been our own work. (BELOW: documented growth on-site.)
So, growth. The only seed we managed to germinate was a single pearl barley grain, and we had some luck keeping alive transplanted ‘weed’ seedlings ‘Blackberry Nightshade’ (a sort of wild relative of tomatoes) and a couple of kinds of moss. Keeping anything alive on parts of bricks was not terribly successful, though on reflection trying to imitate thirty years of growth in three weeks wasn’t very realistic. The mosses which stayed alive on a test segment of brick did prove that it might work, though. We looked at specifying porous materials, for example limestone, but as we’d decided to work from a hypothetical recycling future looked instead at rough aggregates, deep mortar troughs, or Gabion walls with some reservoir for humus to collect.
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CONCEPT MONTAGE - SACRED HEART COURTYARD 2047
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PART C: CONCEPT Archetype: Greek/Roman Amphitheatre.
Partly due to the ‘uncertainty’ of the site in our hypothetical future, we had to consider a public space archetype that could function without predictable access to electricity. Open-air theatre/cinema was considered, but then we looked further back to the Amphitheatre.
(Fig.13 (ABOVE)): Plan of an ancient Greek amphitheatre (Fig.14 (OPPOSITE)) Odeon of Herodes Atticus, Athens, Greece, c170-170BCE.
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PART C: CONCEPT Archetype: Religious Spaces - Cathedral/Mosque
Fig.15 (BELOW) Aimens Cathedral Plan.
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Fig.16 (ABOVE) The remains of a burned and decaying cathedral in Manila, Philippines.
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PART C: CONCEPT Materiality/Process
Fig.17 A detail of Ningbo History Museum, 2012, by Wang Shu and Lu Wenyu, featuring a combination of materials (and a combination of the traditional and technological). We were hoping to use and cannibalise from the site,incorporating the gravel and bluestone footings of the buildings on site that we theorised would be in ruin.
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PART C: CONCEPT Decreased Funding to ‘The Arts’.
(LEFT) The time-line created was not a reaction against (or a vote for) any particular political party or nostalgia for any era. It may bleed across the page a little too much, but I was fortunate enough to study visual art at a public university in Western Australia, during the peak of the mining boom. Things were good, and we were encouraged to start ARIs (Artist-run initiatives) and travel and be bold; but I didn’t (nobody I knew did, really) take any steps to make sure there was a future for us. I think we all assumed that the way things were was the way things would always be - but we had all studied history (if not economics) and we should have seen it coming. And I don’t believe things are terrible now, but there is a sinister trend - in my opinion first visible in the performing arts - that pushes people out of the arts, and it starts with money. Without financial help (especially in addition to lack of societal support, lack of familial/personal/moral support), pursuing any further training or education in the arts would be impossible.
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PART C: CONCEPT Grassroots Activity
In addition to the Abbotsford Convent Coalition and the Friends of Merri Creek / Merri Creek Management Committee (OPPOSITE), we looked at the communal activities at Drop City (Fig.18, ABOVE) and The Untergunther, particularly the act of clandestine restoration of the Wagner clock at the Pantheon (Fig.19 (RIGHT) illustrating this act) , which lead to a bemusing court case in 2007. Members of the group worked with a clockmaker to restore the clock before it was completely rusted and irreparable. The administrator, on being notified of the restoration, ordered it be broken again (though the hired clockmaker refused, instead removing a part so that the clock would remain in tact but unmoving)6.
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6 Christine Murray, ‘The Case of the Panthéon Clock.’, Architects’ Journal, 227.7 (2008), 47–49 <https://ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/ login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=vth&AN=31328287&site=eds-live&scope=site>.
Jordan Timm, ‘Paris’s Guerrilla Restorers.’, Maclean’s, 120.48 (2007), 46 <https://ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/login?url=https:// search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=27799225&site=eds-live&scope=site>. SKETCHBOOK 49
PART C: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Drawings to the left: Exploring, in section, the option of having apertures through the wall form - voids which could be entered and explored by the people visiting our design, and to project images through. Ultimately the idea of projecting film was abandoned, in part due to the timeline and our concern of reliable power to site to have a cinema season. In part, also, after 30 years of no art or film being made, would we be watching cat videos from youtube, or Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb still? (BELOW) Still considering the Cenotaph for Newton.
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Drawings to the left:
Quick sketches (in plan) considering circulation around the site and design, seating, but also - where would this slouching wall be located, and how much of the site would it occupy?
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Fig.20 (ABOVE) Shop Architectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Mulberry House 2014
One iteration of the design (OPPOSITE) was a stacked massing aggregate structure, and it was suggested we look at Mulberry House (Fig._) for the undulating surface and brick pattern that resulted.
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(LEFT and BELOW) Exploring how the form would work in plan; would it be completed before â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;openingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and use, or could we have it be a slowly additive form that each user would contribute to and form in some way. (OPPOSITE, ABOVE) A developing Grasshoppermodelled stair/stepping/ground plane. (OPPOSITE, BELOW) Options for seating location, form, direction - would the audience face each other in a circular or v formation, or straight-on to the screen/stage?
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Precedent: Destruction.
Fig.21 Gordon Matta-Clark, Conical Intersect, 1973.
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(ABOVE) As well as utilising a fallen vertical barrier (or, barrelling through a wall, depending on the size of the author’s ego), could we scoop or gouge or gouge into the horizontal/earth plane also? Perhaps we managed to negate everything about an ‘Air’ themed studio. One precedent for deliberate destruction or opening-up-ofspace was the work of Gordon Matta-Clark, particularly the installation ‘Conical Intersect’ as there was some interest in the installation of a ‘spyglass’ form into an existing building7, and also in the process occurring over time. (OVERLEAF) Quick section and elevation sketch of something closer to the final design form.
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Bruce Jenkins, Gordon Matta-Clark: Conical Intersect (London: Afterall Books, 2011). p. 13-14.
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PART C: CONCEPT Patterning: Sunflower/Fibonacci + Pressure Phosphenes.
Fig.22 (ABOVE, LEFT) Muquarna; Fig.23 (ABOVE, RIGHT) Simplified Sunflower Graphic Fig.24 (BELOW) Elevation and ground plan of a Gothic cathedral canopy support.
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Fig.25, (LEFT) A diagram of the location of the position of phosphenes in the visual field. Phosphenes are the lights that you see in your eyes when they’re closed, and ‘pressure phosphenes’ are the lights and patterns caused when pressure is applied to your eyes. It is medically inadvisable to deliberately press on your eyes, so to anyone reading this please take my word for it (or, do some research). Imagine that you did it; slowly spots, then television static, then some bright spirals and patterns appear and begin to move about. The diagram of points in building the algorithm reminded me of this experience. Initial sources of patterning inspiration were the internal form of the Muquarna, the spiral within a sunflower seed layout, and the geometry and layout of cathedrals (Particularly Gothic cathedrals).
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PROTOTYPES: Gabion cell prototype_1
GABION CELL: Approximating a rhino-baked single cell form in a quick model. We very quickly abandoned these materials.
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Prototypes: Gabion cell prototype_2
(ABOVE) Workshop joy at a physical model sketch fitting together in some way. (LEFT and BELOW) Gabion cells modeled after this wedge-shaped-cell we were exploring.
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PROTOTYPES: Concrete Cell Prototype + Material Testing (THIS PAGE) Casting process for the concrete version of the wedge-shaped cells. From template to mold preparation and casting. (OPPOSITE) concrete models after release.
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(ABOVE) Trials of the concrete wedge-shaped cells once released from the mold. (BELOW) Arch in concrete.
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PROTOTYPES: Plaster casting in CNC-milled formwork
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(CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT) To achieve the block shape we wanted ,the moldCNC board had to be manually dismantled piece by piece, then reassembled to retain the ordering system.
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ITERATIONS OF THE GRASSHOPPER DESIGN
(RIGHT) Primary iteration of the design with tight divisions and low grouping.
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(RIGHT) Iteration with a lower first division factor
(RIGHT) The onion dome iteration with stressing of the divisions that inform cell width and height.
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(RIGHT) Iterations with â&#x20AC;&#x153;Roterationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, attempts at spinning the cells on individual central axes.
(RIGHT) Iteration with attempt at spinning each tier one factor laterally across the top of the tier below, without the staggering/boolean difference to allow each block to set into the one above.
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(RIGHT): Iteration with extreme extrusion
(RIGHT) ‘Reinforced concrete’ iteration
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(ABOVE) Iteration that settled our spacing between cells, staggering of cells, and height requirements.
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SKETCHED-ON SKETCH MODEL (SITE)
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(ABOVE) and (BELOW): how would light move through the design, and what would the shadows and reflections be like? (OPPOSITE) The photography studio within the MSD workshop had been studented in the final weeks, and we were given sheets of perspex by the (surprisingly patient) FabLab staff to make do with.
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(ABOVE) Detail of the 3d printed surface in the cell/bricks and (BELOW) Detail of the seating/stepping as laser-cut in MDF. (OPPOSITE) The full final model in approximate plan
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REFERENCE LIST: Texts ‘16 Aug 1938 - Clifton Hill Quarry - Trove’ <http://trove.nla.gov.au/ newspaper/article/12468765> [accessed 21 April 2017] ‘Australia Council Cuts Six-Year Funding in Wake of Brandis Budget Cuts, Dance Protests Planned’ <http:// www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/australia-council-cuts-sixyear-funding-in-wake-ofbrandis-budget-cuts-dance-protests-planned-20150521-gh7694.html> [accessed 3 June 2017] Hawking, Stephen W., A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes (London: Transworld Publishers Ltd., 1990) Jenkins, Bruce, Gordon Matta-Clark: Conical Intersect (London: Afterall Books, 2011) Loos, Adolf, ‘Architecture’, in On Architecture: Studies in Austrian Literature, Culture and Thought (Riverside: Ariadne Press, 2007), pp. 73–85 Murray, Christine, ‘The Case of the Panthéon Clock.’, Architects’ Journal, 227 (2008), 47–49 <https://ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login. aspx?direct=true&db=vth&AN=31328287&site=eds-live&scope=site> ‘Timeline · Abbotsford Convent’ <http://abbotsfordconvent.com.au/ about/history/timeline> [accessed 27 April 2017] Timm, Jordan, ‘Paris’s Guerrilla Restorers.’, Maclean’s, 120 (2007), 46 <https:// ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?di rect=true&db=a9h&AN=27799225&site=eds-live&scope=site> ‘Treaty - The Aboriginal History of Yarra’ <http://aboriginalhistoryofyarra. com.au/4-treaty/> [accessed 27 April 2017] ‘Wurundjeri’ <http://www.mcmc.org.au/about-merri-creek/wurundjeri> [accessed 27 April 2017]
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REFERENCE LIST: Images Fig.1 [Unknown Photographer] OMA, ‘IIT McCormick Tribune Campus Centre’ <http://oma.eu/ PROJECTS/IIT-MCCORMICK-TRIBUNE-CAMPUS-CENTER> [Accessed 7 April 2017] Fig.2 Twombly, CY, Panorama 1955 (undated), Cy Twomply: Catalogue Raisonne of the Paintings Volume I 1948 - 1960, Ed. by Heiner Bastian (Munich: Schirmer-Mosel, 1992) p.99 Fig.3 Kanno, So, and Takahiro Tamaguchi Senseless Drawing Bot, 2013 <http://kanno. so/senseless-drawing-bot/> [ACCESSED 20 APRIL 2017] Fig.4 Stewart, Scott, Priest (U.S.A.: Sony Pictures, 2011) Fig.5 Nichols, Jeff, Midnight Special (U.S.A.: Roadshow Films (Australia), 2016) Fig.6 “Virtual Housing” The Eric Bana Sketch Show (Australia: Kaleidoscope Film and DVD, 1997) Fig.7-8 ‘Brian Wildeman’s Art History Lab Egypt - Treasury of Atreus Flashcard’ <http://people.ucls. uchicago.edu/~bwildem/art_hist_laba/myceneaen/beehive.html> [accessed 8 May 2017] Fig.9-10 ‘Ġgantija Temples - Archaeology - Malta Culture Guide’ <http://www.maltacultureguide. com/index.php?page=article&article_id=30> [accessed 8 May 2017] Fig.11 ‘Cenotaph for Newton‘ Lemagny, J.-C. (1968). Visionary architects: Boullée, Ledoux, Lequeu. Houston: University of St Thomas, Houston, Texas. Fig.12 ‘The Clock’ Gavin, Francesca, ‘Christian Marclay’, AnOther Magazine (London, 2010), p. 198 Fig.13 ‘Plan of an ancient Greek amphitheatre’ Smith, William, ‘Early Theatre: Greek, Roman and Medieval’, 1875 <http://www3.northern.edu/wild/th100/chapt11.htm> [accessed 5 June 2017] Fig.14 ’Odeon of Herodes Atticus’ ‘Athenes: Interieur de L’amphitheatre de L’odeon Atticus’, 2005 <http://merdier. canalblog.com/albums/les_photos_de_bruno/photos/654861-resize_of_dsc02156.html> [accessed 5 June 2017] Fig.15 Fletcher, Banister, ‘Gothic [French Plans]’, in Sir Banister Fletcher’s A History of Architecture, ed. by John Musgrove, 19th Editi (London; Boston: Butterworths, 1987), p. 404 Fig.16 (untitled) Julian, Jan, Photograph of cathedral interior. Personal communication, 2017. Fig.17 ‘Material Masters: The Traditional Tiles of Wang Shu &amp; Lu Wenyu | ArchDaily’ <http://www.archdaily. com/638948/material-masters-amateur-architecture-studio-s-work-with-tile> [accessed 4 May 2017] Fig.18 ‘Drop City’, ‘About Drop City’ <https://www.dropcitydoc.com/about?lightbox=i14mb> [accessed 4 May 2017] Fig.19 ‘Untergunther - Restoration of the Pantheon Clock’ <http://urbanresources.net/untergunther.html> [accessed 4 May 2017] Fig.20 ‘Mulberry House’ Shop Architects <http://www.shoparc.com/projects/mulberry-house/> [accessed 11 May 2017] Fig.21 ‘Conical Intersect’ Jenkins, Bruce, Gordon Matta-Clark: Conical Intersect (London: Afterall Books, 2011) p.2 86 SKETCHBOOK
Fig.22 ‘10 Amazing Examples of the Ottoman Mihrab in Istanbul - Magazine | Islamic Arts Magazine’ <http:// islamicartsmagazine.com/magazine/view/10_amazing_examples_of_the_ottoman_mihrab/> [accessed 11 May 2017] Fig.23 ‘Sunflower’ in ‘Fibonacci Numbers of Sunflower Seed Spirals – National Museum of Mathematics’ <http://momath.org/home/fibonacci-numbers-of-sunflower-seed-spirals/> [accessed 6 June 2017] Fig.24 Von Simpson, Otto, ‘Gothic Form’, in The Gothic Cathedral: Origins of Gothis Architecture and the Medieval Concept of Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), p.15 Fig.25 Brindley, G. S., and W. S. Lewin, ‘The Sensations Produced by Electrical Stimulation of the Visual Cortex’, The Journal of Physiology, 196 (1968), 479–93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1968.sp008519>, p.67 Images used in Photomontages: Image of ‘coffee cup’ used in Table render, page 11, <https://clipartfest.com/categories/view c2c9027d5faff91ed86bbb041868a6dada614220/coffee-cup-transparent background-clipart.html> [Accessed 7 April 2017] VR Figures used in ‘Speculative Future’ montage: VIRTUAL REALITY IMAGE - WALKING MAN ‘Virtual Reality Is About to Change the World | Time.com’ <http://time.com/3987022/why-virtual-reality-is-about-to-change-the-world/> [accessed 21 April 2017]
VIRTUAL REALITY IMAGE - 1/2 WOMAN ‘Now Is the Time to Care about Virtual Reality | MNN - Mother Nature Network’ <http://www.mnn.com/green-tech/gadgetselectronics/stories/now-time-care-about-virtual-reality> [accessed 21 April 2017]
Brick walls: ‘Brick Building Under Demolition Stock Photography - Image: 17853392’ <https://www.dreamstime. com/stock-photography-brick-building-under-demolition-image17853392> [accessed 6 May 2017] ‘Bricks DEMOLITION | Apk Download’ <http://apkdownloadget.blogspot. com.au/2016/06/bricks-demolition.html> [accessed 6 May 2017] Figures: ‘Nonscandinavia’ <http://www.nonscandinavia.com/> [accessed 5 June 2017] ‘Faceless Politician Composite’: ‘Cambodia Very Credible to Deal with: Dutton’, 2008 <http://www.abc. net.au/am/content/2015/s4164905.htm> [accessed 8 May 2017] ‘Gillard to Front Inquiry to Respond to Slush Fund Claims’, 2014 <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014- 09-10/gillard-to-respond-to-slush-fund-allegations-at-royal-commission/5732268> [accessed 8 May 2017] ‘Malcolm Turnbull Honours Australian of Year Finalists’ <http://www.news. com.au/national/politics/malcolm-turnbull-honours-australian-of-year-finalists/ news-story/688d0a27950d1dfdef814c3b0fb494f9> [accessed 8 May 2017] Graffiti: ‘Family Film: Bee Movie | National Library of Australia’ <https://www .nla.gov.au/event/family-film-bee-movie> [accessed 6 June 2017] Prototype, page 67: ‘Digital Image Still’ from Kubrik, Stanley, 2001: A Space Odyssey (UK, USA: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), 1968)
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