EPIDEMICS AND PANDEMICS OVER TIME: THE GROWING IMPORTANCE OF A HEALTHY DWELLING Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire) Roman Empire
395 - 1453
Industrial Revolution
1543- 1687
1760 - 1840
1796-1815
962 - 1806
395 - 476 AD
431 - 404 BC
1803-1815
XVII - XVIII cent
Hundred Years’ War
Thirty Years’ War
1337 - 1453
1618- 1648
Romantic period XVIII - XIX cent
Modern Age
Medieval Age
until 476 AD
Napoleonic Wars
The Enlightenment
Peloponnesian War Greco-Roman Civilization
Napoleonic Age in Italy
Holy Roman Empire
Western Roman Empire
27 - 395 AD
Scientific Revolution
Contemporary Age
1492 - 1789
476 - 1492
1789 - ongoing
MEXICAN SMALLPOX
5 - 8 million 1520
2nd CHOLERA PANDEMIC
1st CHOLERA PANDEMIC
1827-1835
1817-1824
LONDON PLAGUE 1665 -1666
541 - 549 AD
430 - 427 BC
165 - 180 AD
400 BC
300 BC
200 BC
100 BC
0
100 AD
CULT OF ASCLEPIUS
200 AD
300 AD
2 million
JAPANESE SMALLPOX
NORTH AMERICA SMALLPOX
~11.000
400 AD
500 AD
600 AD
700 AD
800 AD
900 AD
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1750
RURAL DEPOPULATION
REFORM HEALTHCARE
2- in terms of religion, devotion to healing gods and dream’s interpretation of the infected ones had a substantial importance.
People ceased working, all shops closed, agricultural fields were abandoned, rural depopulation occurred.
Galen approach
1800
1810
1820
1830
1788
1798
1834
A System of Complete Medical Police
Smallpox vaccination
Poor Law
ED
allowed the entrance to people with a health pass only
In 1838 he drew a parish map, Bethnal Green, showing the mortality from four different disease and distinguishing the houses of weavers, labourers and tradesmen.
Johann Peter Frank gave recommendation on hygiene of the individual and that of the houses,
1590
QUARANTINE
the food and water supply control,
Health Boards became permanent and enlarged their control with the aim of preventing the invection rather than treating it. They supervised the hygienic conditions of private dwellings and public places, checking the overcrowding inside the houses, the domestic waste disposals and the urban sewage system.
1377
isolation
the street layout, the improvement of living and working condition and the possible interventions of the governments in order to prevent
discipline and physicians gained a professional status by graduating from “university”
MO D EL
U S ED
L AT ER
Edward Jenner introduced
the spread of diseases.
smallpox vaccination for the first time: the previous technique was that of inoculation but Jenner’s discovery would then become
In order to improve the hygienic conditions of the population, the governments introduced sanitary services for the population:
LAZARETH 1423
I TA LI A N
1790
by sanitary cordons which
pandemic
PUBLIC HOUSING IN MILAN
1780
the cities’ gates were controlled
First lazaret constructed on an island of Venice Laguna to better isolate the infected people; this became the place where quarantine was spent.
epidemic
1793-1798
SANITARY CORDONS
medicine emerged as a
He studied the human body and understood its complexity: it was composed of fluids and spirits that conveyed inside organs and tissues
1770
1760
1348 In Italy, the first steps of a health policy occurred: - markets were monitored - guards controlled the city gates - temporary Health Boards were established - first isolation measures were adopted for infected people.
Romans tried to fight the plague with two approaches:
It was the best-known healing method: the sick person would go to the god’s temple and perform ritual sacrifices and bathing, and after would fall asleep; dreams and visions would give a direct heal or directions on an appropriate manner such as bathing, rest, diet or drug assumption.
YELLOW FEVER
1775-1782
735 - 737 AD
1- in terms of medicine, changes in diets, baths and rest were recommended;
From these beliefs the Hippocratic tradition stemmed
1770 -1772 50.000 - 100.000
1346-1844 ~80 million
5 - 10 million
ANTONINE PLAGUE
RUSSIAN PLAGUE
1720 - 1722 ~100.000
1629 - 1633 ~1 million
2nd PLAGUE PANDEMIC
~100.000
PLAGUE IN MARSEILLES
ITALIAN PLAGUE
1346 - 1353 ~75 million
540 - 767 AD 25 - 100 million
251-270 AD ~1 million
PLAGUE OF ATHENS
BLACK DEATH
1st PLAGUE PANDEMIC
PLAGUE OF CYPRIAN
75.000 - 100.000
~100.000
75.000 - 100.000
JUSTINIAN PLAGUE
mandatory as a mean of
English governments deve
prevention.
city-planning program:
- the re-work of the sew
- the paving of the stree
1- they created a sanitary police with the aim of controlling the quality of the environments, foods and air; 2- they spread rules and legislations of public health.
I N
- the enlargement of th
- the creation of public p
- minimum hygienic req
houses, such as a bathro
E U R O PE
CENTRALITIES AND HOUSING PROGRAMS A. Former caps factory | Urban Village | co-housing B. Milano Student House | co-housing C. Social Housing Via Consenz D. Camplus Bovisa E. ERP Via Tartini F. ERP Via Imbonati G. ERP Viale Jenner
C 3 D
1. PoliMi Campus Bovisa La Masa 2. Istituto Mario Negri 3. Spirit de Milan 4. PoliMi Campus Bovisa Durando 5. Library Dergano - Bovisa 6. Church “Santa Maria” 7. School Complex 8. Church “San Nicola” 9. School Complex 10. Rob de Matt & L’Amico Charly 11. Church by Figini & Pollini 12. School Complex 13. Bodio Center 14. Fernet Branca Distillery 15. School Complex 16. Maciachini Center
4 A 5
B
E 1 8
7
16
6
The rise of public housing interventions in Italy took place
9
2
at the end of the 19th century and largely characterized
F 10
the 20th-century architectural developments . The city
15
of Milan boasts a great variety of wide areas of interven-
12
tions and many remarkable public housing complexes. The map above shows all the public housing realized in
11 G
13
the city. Although the city’s periphery was the preferred
14
ground for most of those developments, in the analyzed area of Bovisa-Dergano there are only few punctual interventions. This area is mostly characterized by regular residential housing, severely lacking of subsidized housing, social housing and controlled price housing.
Legend centralities social housing student housing ERP
FORMER INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN MILAN
Scale 1:10.000
RENOVATED INDUSTRIAL AREAS
6
8
1 7
10
9
11
5 2
3
19 4
The area under analysis is known for being one of the largest
20 12
former industrial district of Milan, as it is visible in the city’s scale map. Between the 19th and 20th century, with the de-
13
velopment of the inf rastructural network, many factories
17
moved to the area and established their production there.
18
16
The industrial character that area gained and maintained
14
is still present nowadays thanks to the works of re-use of previous factories: by the late 20th century, the buildings’ factories were renovated into open spaces, residential com-
15
plexes, buildings for public use such as schools and off ices. Legend urban voids public functions open spaces residential buildings
Scale 1:10.000
POLITECNICO DI MILANO School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering Master of Science in Architecture and Urban Design Academic Year 2019 - 2020
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1
Italian Republic
Kingdom of Italy
1946 - present
1861 - 1946
THYPOID FEVER
1914 - 1918
1939 - 1945
7th CHOLERA PANDEMIC
~17.000
1961-present
AIDS
~1 million
1839-1856
World War II
~20.000
1850-1920
3rd CHOLERA PANDEMIC
World War I
4th CHOLERA PANDEMIC
~600.000
1863-1875
~800.000
1889-1923
1881-1890
~40 million
1981-present
6th CHOLERA PANDEMIC
5th CHOLERA PANDEMIC ~300.000
EBOLAVIRUS 2014-2016 ~12.000
SMALLPOX 1870-1875 ~500.000
RUSSIAN FLU
SPANISH FLU
1889-1890 ~1 million
1918-1920 50 - 100 million
3rd PLAGUE PANDEMIC ~13 million
1840
1870
1860
1880 1868
1851
1890 1890
Società Italiana d’igiene
Housing of the Working Class Act
they included directions on how to to clean food and water and recommendations on how to sanitize the living spaces and furniture of the house
Cities were overcrowded by the working class and there were no regulations on construction. This led to the construction of low-budget housing for the low-income classes.
Public Health Act
parks,
quirements for
H YG I EN IC
He designed a district with a uniform density and uniform roads. As a basic unit he used a block from 100 to 200 meters long and 50 meters wide, 4 storeys high and with an enclosed garden. He kept the streets wide enough to allocate the center for the heavy traffic and the sides for the slow traffic that serves the houses.
The main guidelines of his town plan were: providing a great variety of connections in order to join the part of the city external to the walls with the inner part of the city; designing a system of city expansion due to the increase in population and industrial activities; and improving the existing settlements so as to give a proper structure for a great and healthy city.
M OVE M E N T
1950
1968-1969
1938
Testo Unico
IACP (Institutions of Council Housing) were established and were in charge of constructions. 1922
Human shelters housed microbes and the aim was to free architecture from bacteria. Architects believed that architecture needed to be cleansed and to become cleansing machines themselves. The typology of the sanatoria was thought to be implemented in every other type of building for preventing disease as well as for curing them.
CIAM II existenzminimum The aim was to define the concept of minimal dwelling as a starting point for the design of subsidized housing. The characteristics of the minimal dwelling were redefined: they agreed with the hygienists that the surface of the apartments could be reduced in favor of giving more space to lighting, ventilation and sunlight.
1980
1990
Introduced the principle of unitary planning, and reorganized bodies and entities through the IACP and the institution of CER (Comitato Edilizia Residenziale). Within the public housing system, term that replaced the previous economic-council housing, there where three
MERS
2002-2003
2012-2015
774
935
2000
urgent need of re-use of existing buildings and urban tissue
Urban Redevelopment Programs (PRiU) 1992
Integrated Intervention Programs (PIN) 1992
Urban Recovery Programs (PRU) 1993
PRU RUBATTINO
1978 - 1988
District Contratcs (Contratti di Quartiere)
BOOKLETS For the first 7-year program, the two booklets provided a set of regulations for housing design and put attention on the planimetric arrangement of buildings and on their relationship with the surroundings. For the second 7-year program, the two booklets contained urban planning regulations and guidelines for the design of collective equipment.
QUARTO CAGNINO 1967 - 1973
every intervention should aim to solve particular the public and to serve for future interventions as a model
MO D ER N
MOVEMENT
2020
Ten-Years Plan for Public Housing
1949 - 1963
problems as well as should be easy to communicate to
2010
the slowing down of building’s growth but more relevant was the
- subsidized housing; - assisted housing; - contracted housing.
INA-Casa Plan
SARS
Starting from the 90s, the problem of housing had taken into account
“Legge per la Casa” FORTE QUEZZI 1956 - 1968
~1 million
~300.000
1971 The houses’ designs of this experimental district in Stuttgart marked, for the first time, a coherent method of the Modern Movement to the public.
2019-present
2009-2010
1970
1960
COVID-19
SWINE FLU
1-4 million
WEISSENHOF DISTRICT
Second Werkbund Exhibition
1929
Luzzatti Law
working-class housing in London
room per house.
BERLAGE’S PLAN 1902
1903
BERUTO PLAN 1889
1940
1927
Dutch Law
Sanitary Reform Crispi - Pagliani Law
1848
1930
1901
1888
wage system,
1920
S T R U C T I ON R E C O N -
behave in every situation, advices on how
P R O G R A M S U R B A N
BOOKLETS
1910
adjoined all the sanitary laws with the low-income housing laws
Haussmann’s Renovation of Paris 1852 - 1870
1900
1878
Labourers’ Dwelling Act
DWIN CHADWICK
ets,
1957-1958 1-4 million
R E - U S E
Slum 1866 Clearance Artisans’ and Act
International Congress on Public Hygiene
he streets,
HONG KONG FLU
1855-1960
1850
eloped a
ASIAN FLU
GesCal Plan 1963 - 1973
EVO LUT IO N
O F
PU B L IC
H O U SIN G
IN
ITA LY
Redevelopment projects promoted by the Municipalities and intended for degraded neighborhoods. The new characteristic is the urban mixitè which overcame the monofunctional and typified modernist program by proposing rich and varied spaces.
BIG URBAN VOIDS
VOIDS OF THE URBAN TISSUE
Although the interventions of re-use were undertaken for years, both the city overall and the area of Bovisa-Dergano still present a large quantity of urban voids, mainly deriving f rom abandoned ex industrial areas. In both maps, the “good” voids, the green spaces, and the “bad” voids, the grey areas, are highlighted in contrast. In the analysized area, the “bad” voids of the urban tissue, highlighted in grey, take a large quantity of ground, especially
Legend
the ones that are inaccesible. This makes the area, an interesting ground for possible future urban interventions.
urban parks green of public services other types of green grey voids unaccessible voids
Scale 1:10.000
OPPORTUNITIES FROM THE VOIDS
FUTURE INTERVENTIONS A. Area destined to ERS B. Vivi Bovisa | Normal Housing C. Broglio21 | Normal Housing D. Area destined to Student Housing E. Former Factory | Residenze Gutemberg Normal Housing F. Former CEM Company | Normal Housing G. Panoramical Living | Normal Housing F. Tower Garden | Normal Housing
B A
C
D
H
With no doubt, urban regeneration of most of the city’s voids has been planned awhile ago. In fact, with the PGT
F
of Milan 2030, the municipality is planning to enlarge the
G
metro system, re-open part of the Naviglio crossing the
E
city center, renovate the seven dismissed railway yards and designing different big urban voids. In Bovisa-Dergano area, the opportunities f rom the existing voids are several: while the wide areas are part of the PGT, there are smaller punctual voids that would be strategic for the de-
Legend
velopment of social housing complexes. This stems out
existing green areas
f rom the lack of social housing in the area, mentioned
voids opportunities
before, together with the fact that the on-going con-
planned green areas
struction sites do not involve any social housing as well.
planned green boulevards planned residential buildings
Scale 1:10.000
POLITECNICO DI MILANO School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering Master of Science in Architecture and Urban Design Academic Year 2019 - 2020
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MASTERPLAN 1:1000 At urban level, the project meets the PGT 2030 directions of turning many secondary streets into 30 km/h streets favoring the increase of slow mobility. For the same purpose, all the typical industrial narrow sidewalks are widened to 2 meters and a bike path along the new 30km/h streets is designed. In addition, an urban plaza is designed serving the commercial ground floor.
6
MASTERPLAN STREET SECTIONS 7
1. Via Carnevali
5
1. Via Carnevali
2
4 2. Via Guicciardi1. Via Carnevali
2. Via Guicciardi1. Via Carnevali
1. Via Carnevali
2. Via Guicciardi 3. Via Besozzi
1. Via Carnevali
3 2. Via Guicciardi 3. Via Besozzi 1. Via Carnevali 2. Via Guicciardi
4. Via Bonomi 3. Via Besozzi
2. Via Guicciardi
AXONOMETRIC VIEW 4. Via Bonomi 3. Via Besozzi
2. Via Guicciardi
3. Via Besozzi
4. Via Bonomi 5. Via Ciaia
3. Via Besozzi
4. Via Bonomi 3. Via Besozzi 5. Via Ciaia 4. Via Bonomi
5. Via Ciaia
6. Via Tartini
4. Via Bonomi
6. Via Tartini
4. Via Bonomi 5. Via Ciaia
5. Via Ciaia
6. Via Tartini 7. Via Abba
6. Via Tartini
5. Via Ciaia
5. Via Ciaia
7.6.Via ViaAbba Tartini
7. Via Abba 6. Via Tartini
6. Via Tartini 7. Via Abba
7. Via Abba
7. Via Abba
7. Via Abba
MASTERPLAN DIAGRAMS Re-stitching Re-stitching of the Re-stitching heights of Re-stitching the of heights the heights of the heights
Current situation Current Current situation Current situation situation
ImprovingImproving the public Improving the space Improving public the public space the space public space
Introducing Introducing a slow-mobility Introducing aIntroducing slow-mobility network a slow-mobility a slow-mobility network network network
4-meter-high 4-meter-high 4-meter-high 4-meter-high barrier barrier barrier barrier park
unaccessibleunaccessible unaccessible unaccessible urban void urban void urban void urban void
park
park
park
barrier removal barrier removal barrier removal barrier removal
wide sidewalks wide sidewalks wide sidewalks wide sidewalks
school
school school
bike path
school
bike path bike pathbike path
30 km/h streets 30 km/h30 streets km/h 30 streets km/h streets park
park
park
park
public square public square public square public square
POLITECNICO DI MILANO School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering Master of Science in Architecture and Urban Design Academic Year 2019 - 2020
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VIEW OF THE URBAN PLAZA
GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:200
GROUND FLOOR PROGRAM
The post-pandemic social housing is based on
Nursery School
4 main areas of intervention, analyzing peoOffice Rooms
ple’s needs since Covid-19 arose. The f irst sphere
Kids Play Area
is that of the urban space, the ground floor serves for the people of the area, considering
Meeting Rooms
what the neighborhood was lacking of. These
Conference Room
spaces can expand outside onto the square
Laundry Room
Medical Clinic
Co-Working Space FabLab
Elderly Center Grocery Store
when there is a necessity of social distancing. The second sphere analyzed is that of the common spaces for the dwellers. The rest of the ground floor serves for the resident as places to work, study, play, train and relax. All the spaces are characterized by the use of folding glass partitions that def ine the size of the rooms according
Restaurant and Bar
to the dwellers’ needs or to the social distancing situation they are experiencing. The aim of the use of glass is to still give the idea of being together while being physically separated by the partitions.
POLITECNICO DI MILANO School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering Master of Science in Architecture and Urban Design Academic Year 2019 - 2020
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VIEW OF THE PATIO
UNDERGROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:200
SOUTH FACADE 1:200
POLITECNICO DI MILANO School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering Master of Science in Architecture and Urban Design Academic Year 2019 - 2020
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THE TERRACE SYSTEM
Fragaria
Salvia Rosmarinus
Ocimum Basilicum
Citrus Limon
Relaxing Terrace
Playground
Public Plaza
Kitchen Garden
Patio
Orchard
Top Roof with Solar Panels
Prunus Tomentosa
Prunus Armeniaca
Training Terrace
FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1:200
The third sphere is that of the exterior common spaces for the dwellers; they are the terraced placed on each floor of the building, the walkways serving all apartment entrances and the apartments’ balconies that mainly look on the inner elevated patio. These are the spaces where all the leisure activities take place. The terraces hosts places for growing a kitchen garden and an orchard, for training, playing and relaxing. They are all designed respecting the distances that the pandemic introduced and allowing, in some cases, movable furniture to organize the space based on the sanitary situation. The walkways, 2-meters wide, are f ree to organize: dwellers can furnish them with seats, tables, plants, making these spaces not a mere connection but an actual space of interaction.
EAST FACADE 1:200
WEST FACADE 1:200
POLITECNICO DI MILANO School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering Master of Science in Architecture and Urban Design Academic Year 2019 - 2020
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VIEW OF THE WALKWAYS
PERSPECTIVE SECTION 1:100
NORTH FACADE 1:200
POLITECNICO DI MILANO School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering Master of Science in Architecture and Urban Design Academic Year 2019 - 2020
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THIRD FLOOR PLAN 1:100
APARTMENT LAYOUT D2
+20.80 m
D2 A C
+17.50 m
B1 C
A C +14.20 m
B2
C
B2
B1 C A
+10.90 m
B2
D1 A
C
B2 D2
A A
A A
+7.60 m
C B2
D1 A
C
B1
B2 A
A C
+4.30 m
B2
Apartments have different layouts depending on the size: +0.00 m
A - 35 sqm B1 - 55 sqm B2 - 60 sqm C - 80 sqm
A: 35 sqm one-room apartment
D1 - 95 sqm
B1: 55 sqm two-rooms apartment
D2 - 100sqm
B2: 60 sqm two-rooms apartment
C: 80sqm three-rooms apartment The fourth sphere is that of the interior space of the apartments; they are designed in order to be adaptD1: 95sqm three-rooms apartment able to any situation that occurs throughout the day. Living room, kitchen and bedrooms are divided by D2: 100sqm four-rooms apartment folding walls with the aim of enlarging spaces for
-2.70 m
family activities or closing into smaller spaces for individual necessities. In addition, bedrooms are furnished with folding blocks of bed and desk so that each room is able to transform considering the different needs throughout the day of the single individual.
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APARTMENT MODULES A - 35 SQM
B1- 55 SQM
B2 - 60 SQM
one-room apartment
two-room apartment
two-room apartment
C - 80 SQM
D1- 95 SQM
D2 - 100 SQM
three-room apartment
four-room apartment
four-room apartment
DAILY FLEXIBILITY work
play
relax
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SECTION DETAIL 1:50
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7 8
7 8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
23
23
23
24
24
25
25
24
26 27
26 27
25
28
28
26 27
29
29
30
30
1 2 3 4 5
FACADE DETAIL 1:50
6 7 8
9 10
11 12 13 14
15
16 17
18
19 20
21
22
28 29 30
1. parapet 1. parapet cladding cladding 2. gravel 2. gravel 3. rainproof 3. rainproof membrane membrane 4. vapor 4. barrier vapor barrier membrane membrane 1. parapet cladding 5. insulation 5. insulation layer layer 2. gravel 6. reinforced 6. reinforced concrete concrete slab slab 3. rainproof membrane 7. gypsum 7. gypsum plasterplaster 4. vapor barrier membrane 8. reinforced 8. reinforced concrete concrete exteriorexterior wall wall 5. insulation layer 9. inner9.wall inner wall 6. reinforced concrete slab 10. steel 10.door steel door 7. gypsum plaster 11. plant11.holder plant holder 8. reinforced concrete exterior wall 12. concrete 12. concrete block block 9. inner wall 13. concrete 13. concrete panel panel 10. steel door 14. cavity 14. cavity 11. plant holder 15. three-sash 15. three-sash slidingsliding window window 12. concrete block 13. concrete panel 14. cavity 15. three-sash sliding window
16. window 16. window 17. wooden 17. wooden slidingsliding louverslouvers 18. steel 18.hand-railing steel hand-railing 19. interior 19. interior pavingpaving 16. window 20. external 20. external pavingpaving 17. wooden sliding louvers 21. lightweight 21. lightweight concrete concrete floor with floor modular with modular 18. steel hand-railing formwork formwork in recycled in recycled propylene propylene 19. interior paving 22. glazed 22. glazed facadefacade 20. external paving 23. sheat 23. sheat 21. lightweight concrete floor with modular 24. screed 24. screed formwork in recycled propylene 25. acoustic 25. acoustic insulation insulation 22. glazed facade 26. reinforced 26. reinforced concrete concrete 23. sheat 27. thermal 27. thermal insulation insulation 24. screed 28. igloo 28.50x50x30 igloo 50x50x30 25. acoustic insulation 29. foundation 29. foundation slab slab 26. reinforced concrete 30. concrete 30. concrete underground underground layer layer 27. thermal insulation 28. igloo 50x50x30 29. foundation slab 30. concrete underground layer
POLITECNICO DI MILANO School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering Master of Science in Architecture and Urban Design Academic Year 2019 - 2020
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