COLD WAR International System Changes and New World order Victorino Morales, Ph. D.
End of Second World War… The Axis | The Allies
Allies until 1947 How did the enmity started?
Cold War beginning Ideological confrontation: 1947-1991 -> Capitalism vs Communism
The Long Telegram Written by counselor in American Embassy in Moscow, 1946: Russian tsars sought to expand their territory throughout the centuries; therefore, Soviets may want to expand.
Containment Policy “to help free peoples in their struggles against totalitarian regimes, who are resisting attempted subjugation by outside pressures.”
-Truman 1947
Implementation Containment Policy
02
01
Greece & Turkey Participation in conflicts supporting anticommunist resistance
Marshall Plan Economic aid to reactivate Western Europe
03
04
TIAR
NATO (OTAN)
Reciprocal Assistance in America -> security
To protect Europe in case of invasion
COLD WAR
01
02
SPACE RACE
ARMS RACE
First Satellite: Soviets First man in the moon: US
Accumulation of nuclear arsenal:
03 IDEOLOGIES EXPANSION Communism - state control Capitalism - liberalism /individualism
Cold? Pivot Wars Vietnam Corea
Conflict Cuba
Vietnam North with USSR vs. South with US Result: Total losses: 4,249,494 (both sides) North Vietnam/USSR won Communist regime in whole Vietnam Consequences of chemical weapons used by US
Korea
North with USSR vs. South with US Result: Total losses: +3 million Divided into 2 countries 38th Parallel Still in war
Cuban Missile Crisis Oct 1962 - Cuba with Fidel Castro ally of USSR. US planes flying over Cuba discovered ballistic missiles on a launching site. J. F. Kennedy had to take a decision:
Negotiate US have to remove missiles in Turkey Compromise not invade Cuba - remove Castro
To invade Cuba Possible WWIII -> nuclear war: destroy eventually all the humanity.
What about Mexico and Canada?
Mexico Political nuance, more than militar Anticommunism -> de facto policy in Avila Camacho and Aleman administrations Tried to be neutral & independent ->Mexico was not part of Security Council during Cold War ->Approach to No-Aligned Movement ->Never supported US in a war
Part of TIAR (Inter American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance)
Tensions Mexico - US During 70’s, Mexico and US had tensions respect to support in Central America In Nicaragua & El Salvador Mexico with (Portillo, de la Madrid), supported left-wing “guerrillas” Vs. US supported right-wing dictatorships
Canada “It is as important to our security to protect Canada as it is to protect California. Canada is the most logical avenue of attack on the US.” -Memo of the State Department, 1950
From allies to vital allies
1949 Founding member of NATO
1948 Exchange of Military Personnel with the US
1958 Creation of NORAD
References Krebs, R. R. (2015). How Dominant Narratives Rise and Fall: Military Conflict, Politics, and the Cold War Consensus. International Organization, 69(4), 809–845. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24758258 Blakemore, E. (2021, 4 mayo). Cold War facts and information. Culture. Recuperado 6 de marzo de 2022, de https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/cold-war Burns, D. (2022). Cold War Conflicts Outside Europe. Frameworks for America’s Past. Recuperado 6 de marzo de 2022, de https://www.fasttrackteaching.com/ffap/Unit_11_Cold_War/U11_Col d_War_Conflicts.html