CONTENTS Declaration Manifesto Abstract Objective
1 2 3
INTRODUCTION Raising Concern Identifying Issue
M8 MOTORWAY Transportation
Addressing the Primary Factor Plausible Mitigation
PRECEDENT & STUDY Stationsplein Bicycle Parking - Utrecht Superkilen - Copenhagen Highline - NYC Cycling Experiment Surveying Cycling, Park & Ride
4
APPROACH Phase 1 - Phase 2 - Phase 3 - Conclusion Design Archive
Submerging M8 Repurposing M8 Introducing MEight Bike Transit Hub
Department of Architecture
Declaration AB965: Design Studies 5B MArch/Pg. Dip Advanced Architectural Design MArch Architectural Design International Declaration “I hereby declare that this thesis project submission is my own work and has been composed by myself. It contains no unacknowledged text and has not been submitted in any previous context. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of information, text, illustration, tables, images etc. have been specifically acknowledged. I accept that if having signed this declaration my work should be found at Examination to show evidence of academic dishonesty the work will fail and I will be liable to face the University Senate Discipline Committee.�
Name:
Kwok Seong Tan
Signed: Date:
1st May 2018
Department of Architecture Level 3, James Weir Building 75 Montrose Street Glasgow G1 1XJ
t: +44 (0) 141 548 3023/3097/4219
Head of Department
e: architecture@strath.ac.uk
Prof. Ashraf Salama
MANIFESTO /manɪˈfɛstəʊ/ noun a public declaration of policy and aims, especially one issued before an election by a political party or candidate.
ABSTRACT noun /ˈabstrakt/ a summary of the contents of a book, article, or speech.
Aiming to revitalise and reunite Glasgow into one green, healthy and vehicle-free city, MEight (pronounced ‘Mate’) sets out to encourage Glaswegians to cycle more by repurposing the M8 motorway which currently pierces through the city. Glasgow isn’t and hasn’t been known as a cycle-friendly city and there are many contributing factors to that statement; challenging terrain, absence of bike routes and poor bike facilities just to name a few. Therefore with the MEight repurposing and revitalising project, it bridges the gap by providing a more seamless cycling experience, from transitioning commutes to getting around the city altogether. Reclaiming the M8 brings about many advantages to the community, first and foremost is the removal of the virtual wall separating the City Centre and the West End of Glasgow, hence reuniting the once divided city. Besides that, important landmarks along the motorway such as the Mitchell Library gain new means of accessibility and functionality. Lastly, it also diminishes the amount of vehicle from coming into the City Centre, thus achieving lesser traffic congestion and a safer cycling experience. To successfully stitch all these qualities together, the MEight Bike Transit Hub is introduced just along River Clyde and by the Kingston Bridge. Cars that used to dominate the M8 are now moved underground in a tunnel that runs parallel to the original M8. The tunnel features state-of-art technologies such as NO2 filtration and kinetic energy harvesting. The tunnel also connects drivers directly into an automated carpark in which is underneath the MEight Bike Transit Hub. Drivers can then seamlessly transition into using a bike and utilise the wide connectivity and facilities provided by the MEight Bike Transit Hub. The MEight is believed to be the answer to a greener, healthier and more connected Glasgow.
OBJECTIVE /əbˈdʒɛktɪv/ noun a thing aimed at or sought; a goal. a purpose or intention; a desired outcome.
This thesis project sets out to address one of Glasgow’s greatest challenges which is to significantly improve Glasgow’s Air Quality. Having failed The World Health Organization (WHO) test on fine sooty particles linked to heart disease and premature death, 16 micrograms of the particles per cubic metre of air (exceeding the 10 micrograms safe limit), Glasgow must address her air quality issue as soon as possible. With immense research and design ideas, Glasgow’s air could be greatly improved through various architectural responses.
1
INTRODUCTION RAISING CONCERN IDENTIFYING ISSUE
GLASGOW
IS BREATHTAKING
UNITED KINGDOM’S MOST AIR POLLUTED CITIES
2
M8 MOTORWAY TRANSPORTATION ADDRESSING THE PRIMARY FACTOR PLAUSIBLE MITIGATION
GLASGOW IS CONGESTED
UNITED WE STAND, DIVIDED WE FALL. Aside from the fact that the M8 Motorway has contributed a significant amount of harmful emission such as NOx and NO2, into Glasgow city, there are a couple more drawbacks that come with the existence of the M8 Motorway. The infamous M8 motorway, more explicitly the Glasgow section, has been criticised for its unusual pattern in which it directly serves (and bisects) a large urban area, whereas most other UK motorways bypass such conurbations. The central Glasgow section is elevated above much of the surrounding area on a concrete viaduct, including several incomplete constructions such as several pedestrian overpasses and adjoining arterial roads (the infamous “ski-jump� at Tradeston), and has slip roads that enter and exit from the passing (righthand) lane. It also contains one of the busiest river crossings in Europe at the Kingston Bridge which further solidifies the M8 being a major contribution to toxic gases and also city traffic congestions. The daily traffic is said to be approx.150,000 vehicles. Having a massive motorway run through a city had created a segregation within the city. Community not only suffer from an inconvenience to walk/cycle to the west end from the city centre (and vice versa), the community also face certain amount of social tension. There is a subtle disunification between the Glaswegian communities where one does not necessarily share the same sense of belonging though both may have originated from Glasgow.
Hence by removing the M8 motorway, countless potential possibilities can be gained such as connecting two of the major green parks within Glasgow, which are the Kelvingroove Park and Glasgow Green. But to execute such an ambitious task, many factors had to be taken into consideration. For instance, since the M8 motorway is the busiest motorway in Scotland and connects the country’s two largest cities, Glasgow and Edinburgh, it plays too vital of a role to be taken away from Scotland. Therefore, numerous studies have taken place to understand and explore various alternatives in improving Glasgow’s current struggle with the M8 Motorway.
3
PRECEDENT & STUDY STATIONSPLEIN BICYCLE PARKING - UTRECHT SUPERKILEN - COPENHAGEN HIGHLINE - NEW YORK CITY CYCLING EXPERIMENT SURVEYING CLYCLING, PARK & RIDE
STATIONSPLEIN BICYCLE PARKING UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS
Client: ProRail / NS (Dutch Rail) Location: Utrecht, Netherlands Site area: 17,100 m2 Capacity: 12,500 bikes Architect: Ector Hoogstad Architecten Stationsplein Bicycle Parking is located on the Jaarbeurs side of the city centre and, once complete, will be made up of five parking lots all located close to station entrances and owning the title of world’s largest bicycle parking lot. The parking is open 24 hours, seven days a week. The facility was introduced in order to make the railway and bus station, which is the largest public-transport hub in the Netherlands, more accessible. The parking lot is the only manned and monitored bicycle parking where indoor cycling is permitted. Cyclists enter and exit the underground space on a one-way system of ramps that circle the central parking spaces. Cyclists are guided to free spaces by a digital system and park using a public-transport chip card. Parking is free for the first 24 hours, and cyclists have access to a service point for repairs, maintenance, parts and accessories.
Source: dezeen.com/worlds-largest-bicycle-parking garage-opens-utrecht-netherlands architecture-news
SUPERKILEN PARK
COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
Client: Copenhagen Municipality, Realdania Location: Nørrebro, Copenhagen / from Norrebrogade to Tagensvej Site area: 30,000 m2 / 750 m long public space Architect/Artist: BIG, Topotek1, Superflex Superkilen is a half a mile long urban space wedging through one of the most ethnically diverse and socially challenged neighbourhoods in Denmark. It has one overarching idea that it is conceived as a giant exhibition of urban best practice – a collection of global found objects that come from 60 different nationalities of the people inhabiting the area surrounding it. Saperated into 3 zones, a patchwork of pink rubber blankets the ground and covers the sides of buildings in the first zone, and the designers have planted maple trees with matching red leaves. The second zone is conceived as an “urban living room” where locals play board games beneath the shelter of Japanese cherry trees and Lebanese cedar trees. Grass plains and hills comprise the third zone, which contains areas for sports, sunbathing and picnics.
Source: dezeen.com/superkilen-park-by-big topotek1-and-superflex
HIGHLINE
NEW YORK CITY, USA
Client: New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Location: Manhattan, New York City / from Gansevoort St to West Side Yard Site area: 233 km long Landscape Architect: James Corner Field Operations The movement to save the High Line was catalyzed by iconic photographs taken by Joel Sternfeld in 2000, nine years before the park would open to the public. These images captured the wild beauty of the selfseeded landscape that grew along the tracks when the trains stopped running. Naturalised plantings and views of the city like the Hudson River are some of Highline’s attractions. Converting each section of the High Line from an outof-use railroad trestle to a public landscape entailed not only years of planning, community input, and work by some of the city’s most inventive designers, but also more than two years of construction per section. The High Line’s planting design is inspired by the self-seeded landscape that grew on the out-of-use elevated rail tracks during the 25 years after trains stopped running. The species of perennials, grasses, shrubs and trees were chosen for their hardiness, sustainability, and textural and color variation, with a focus on native species. Many of the species that originally grew on the High Line’s rail bed are incorporated into the park’s landscape. “By opening the paving, we allow the plants to bleed through,” said landscape architect James Corner, “almost as if the plants were colonizing the paved areas. There’s a sort of blending or bleeding or suturing between the hard paving, the surface for people to stroll on, and the planting ... “ The Highline highlights the many possibilities a long stretch of land can potentially be and the many positive outcome it could bring to a city. Sources: thehighline.org dezeen.com/high-line-park-phase-three final-section-opens-new-york/
FIRST HAND CYCLING EXPERIMENT HANDS-ON STUDY
SURVEYING GLASGOW CYCLISTS FEEDBACK
To better understand what cyclists in Glasgow face while they cycle within the city, a survey was conducted. A total of 23 participants took the survey and gave their feedback. Their thoughts towards the Glasgow cycling community, cycling facilities and most importantly, their cycling struggles were recorded and strongly considered as the project progresses.
CAN GLASGOW CITY BE CAR-LESS?
BIKE FACILITIES PARK & RIDES Bicycle Support
Park & Ride
Glasgow possesses an adequate amount of bicycle facility to support a cycling community in the city. There are several cycling communities found within Glasgow, for instance, CyclingScotland, Play On Pedals and Bike For Good.
Glasgow currently has 3 main Park and Ride stations around the perimeter of Glasgow City Centre. The stations and their capacity are as follow:
From the figure on the left, no bike services were found near/ along the M8 Motorway. This is by no means unreasonable as bicycles are not permitted on the motorway as stated by traffic law.
Bridge Street: Subway-based, CCTV, 159 parking spaces Kelvinbridge: Subway-based, CCTV, 150 parking spaces, disabled parking
But while looking at the National Cycle Network, a small section underneath the M8 motorway is an official trafficfree route which then links to the other bicycle route which runs along the Clyde.
Shields Road: Subway-based, CCTV, 800 parking spaces, disabled parking, shop/snacks, cycle storage, realtime information
There seems to be a need for bike facility along Anderston Quay and Broomielaw. Glaswegians should not be hindered from cycling due to lack of facilities.
Total parking combined: 1109 parking bays Clearly more parking bays are needed in order for Glasgow to see a significant change in traffic congestion and air quality improvement.
4
APPROACH PHASE 1 - SUBMERGING M8 PHASE 2 - REPURPOSING M8 PHASE 3 - INTRODUCING MEIGHT BIKE TRANSIT HUB
PHASE 1
SUBMERGING M8
TURN THAT FROWN UPSIDE DOWN
LOCATION PLAN GLASGOW, SCOTLAND
SITE PLAN Section Kingston Bridge
EXISTING
PROPOSED
CONCEPT
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
CONCEPT EXECUTION
PHASE 2
REPURPOSING M8 TURN OVER A NEW LEAF
Area 1
M8 Motorway
now dubbed the MEight
Area 2
Area 3 (Phase 3)
SITE PLAN
M8 submerges
AREA 1
AREA 2
POTENTIAL REUSE/ TYPOLOGY AREA 1
Prominent building: Mitchell Library Type: Civic & Public Potential reuse: Urban Square
AREA 2
Prominent building: St Patrick’s Roman Catholic Primary School Type: Private & Educational Potential reuse: Outdoor Learning Sports Multipurpose Space M8 submerges
AREA 3 (PHASE 3)
AREA 3
Prominent building: MEight Bike Transit Hub Type: Public & Community Potential reuse: City Icon Tourist Attraction Connectivity
AREA 1
URBAN SQUARE STUDY
AREA 1
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
AREA 1 PLAN
AREA 2
RECREATIONAL STUDY
AREA 2
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
AREA 2 PLAN
AREA 3
PHASE 3 INTRODUCING
MEIGHT
BIKE TRANSIT HUB
BIKE TRANSIT HUB MISSION AND BELIEF
The MEight Bike Transit Hub, also known as BTH, is Glasgow’s first major Cycle Hire centre which incorporates the true concept of zero emission. Serving as the bridge (figuratively) between two ambitious ideas which are the Underground M8 (phase 1) and the MEight (phase 2), the BTH features a core which allows drivers to surface from the massive automated park and ride onto the MEight effortlessly. MEight Bike Transit Hub mainly operates as a transition terminal ranging from: • car-to-bike • foot-to-bike • train-to-bike and vice versa Aiming to initiate an emission-free transportation system that could connect Glaswegians across the city centre, the BTH must provide commuters a seamless transition and hasslefree experience. Cycling convenience is key in designing the BTH. With the largest, most advanced automated Park and Ride in Glasgow right below the BTH, it is absolutely ideal for drivers to leave their car and hoop on a bike, making car-to-bike as simple as it could be. Understanding that investment and commitment in a daily commute (bicycle, scooter etc) may not be ideal for each individual, the BTH prominently features a Bike Rental service which is attached to the core of the building. This is also ideal for tourists who wish to ride around the city for just a day or two. Out of sheer convenience, commuters may also choose to store their own personal bicycle with BTH and pick it up whenever they are in town. This service is particularly exemplary for train-tobike commuters. As cyclists, be it professional or casual, bicycles should be frequently checked and maintained. A Bike Workshop is featured on the west-side of the BTH. Cyclists can consult bike mechanics and gain professional advice on maintenance. Tools and space can be rented to work on your personal bike as well. This allows the cycling community to better bond and socialise. Ample outdoor space on the workshop front is available for bike testing and weekend family activities as well.
The Workshop is intentionally placed away from the Bike Rental area as the Bike Rental centre is believe to accommodate many fast-moving users, in and out in a matter of minutes whereas the Workshop will accommodate users who are there to stay, spending a day working away on their bicycles, hence both areas should not be too close together. Having cyclist frequently pass through the building, the location naturally becomes a business strategic area. Other than having retails and food & beverage on the ground floor, which also act as a buffer zone between the Bike Rental & Workshop, the Bike Transit Hub features a Ridethru Market which is truly one of its kind on the intermediate floor. Cyclists need no get off their bikes to shop on this area; cyclists simply take a ramp up onto the intermediate floor from one of two ramps that is present by the workshop and in the Bike Rental Shop itself. The ride-thru market is also accessible from an existing bicycle path/bridge from across the street of Stobcross. Lastly, cyclists can conveniently cycle onto the MEight from the intermediate level as well, in which strengthens the ties between the MEight and the surface level along the Clyde. Each facility present on the MEight Bike Transit Hub is designed solely with the convenience of a cyclist in mind, as this is believed to be the first step towards a bigger, greener picture. With such seamless transition, it is believed to be able to switch up the status quo and skew away one’s reliance on a car. Connecting Glasgow the green way.
LOCATION PLAN GLASGOW CITY CENTRE
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT & RESPONSE
SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Having the Kingston Bridge cropped off, a stunning look-out spot became available. The sheer height and space of the MEight allowed the glass look-out deck to be a truly one of its kind deck and a city icon.
a stunning overview of Glasgow cityscape
GLASS LOOK-OUT DECK
The round about, which is formed around the automated carparking structure beneath, acts as the Bike Transit Hub’s main gathering area. The ‘circle’ is intended to be utilised like a public civic square by visitors and commuters alike.
an urban ‘circle’
ROUND ABOUT
The bike rental facility allows commuters to rent, store or purchase bicycles. This facility plays a vital role in the whole Meight Bike Transit Hub scheme as it serves as a supersized ‘park and ride’. This helps ease the transition process and encourages more people to cycle.
a place for commuters to transition
BIKE RENTAL
The workshop provides the community a place to maintain/repair their daily commute while socialising with friends and family.
a place for people to come together to learn and play
WORKSHOP FRONT
The market provides cyclists a convenient way to shop in a quick “grab and go” fashion. The market is favourable and effective as it allows for casual exposure towards passer-by cyclists.
a market designed to be quick and easy
RIDE THROUGH MARKET
The Bike Transit Hub possesses a welcoming facade that allows cyclists and commuters to seamlessly navigate through the building. Having located by the MEight, the Underground M8, Anderston Railway Station and Anderston Quay Bus Station, the BTH is believed to revolutionise the way Glaswegians commute.
a view of the Bike Transit Hub along Anderston Quay/River Clyde
MEight: BIKE TRANSIT HUB
CONCLUSION /kənˈkluːʒ(ə)n/ noun a judgement or decision reached by reasoning.
Glasgow is believed to be struggling with overcoming her air quality crisis over the years. Having failed The World Health Organization (WHO) test on fine sooty particles linked to heart disease and premature death, 16 micrograms of the particles per cubic metre of air (exceeding the 10 micrograms safe limit), Glasgow must address her air quality issue as soon as possible. While vehicles are found to be the primary contributor to toxic gas emissions, methods in addressing air pollution became clear. Reducing cars from entering the city and encouraging Glaswegians to cycle seem to be the perfect solution. Only problem is Glasgow has been taking action and been doing exactly that for the past few years, yet Glasgow’s air hasn’t seen significant improvement. What seems to be the issue? With careful research and study, the MEight Bike Transit Hub (BTH) is believed to be the answer to this air pollution crisis. Firstly, our attention should be drawn towards the M8 Motorway since it is where the bulk of vehicles and traffic congestion starts. By submerging the motorway, nasty emission can be captured and filtered. Careful tunnel design also help harvest renewable energy (kinetic energy) and prevent traffic build-up. A massive and advanced automated Park and Ride system that is directly attached with the Underground M8 eases the process of leaving one’s car out of the city centre. A reclaimed stretch of the M8 Motorway now repurposed into a park. Similarly to NYC’s Highline and Copenhagen’s Superkilen, the repurposed M8, now dubbed MEight, will bring a new light to healthy lifestyle and greener connectivity. Lastly, the MEight Bike Transit Hub, which sits nicely between the Underground M8 and the MEight, fills in the void and brings these ambitious ideas into fruition. Understanding that Glaswegians mainly rely on their cars due to convenience, there is reason to believe that by providing a seamless commuting transition, it will greatly encourage Glaswegians to switch up their status quo. The MEight Bike Transit Hub, other than being situated in strategic location, features facilities that truly allow for a hassle-free transit. The MEight Bike Transit Hub goes hand-in-hand with the action plans of the Glasgow City Council and is sure to be favoured by the community. The BTH is strongly believed to effectively be the stepping stone towards a greener Glasgow by influencing a green lifestyle. The BTH stays true to its mission that is ‘Connecting Glasgow the Green Way’.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GREEN
REFERENCES
AEA Technology, The London Low Emission Zone Feasibility Study. A Summary of the Phase 2 Report to the London Low Emission Zone Steering Group (2003) AEA Technology (AEA), Nitrogen oxides as NO2 (2004) http://www.naei.org.uk/pollutantdetail. php?poll_id=6 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Medical Management Guidelines (MMGs) for Nitrogen Oxides (NO, NO2, and others) (2004) http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/ mmg175.html Andrews, Ashely. (2017). Can The SNP Really Extend The Glasgow Subway? https:// athousandflowers.net/2017/04/30/can-the-snp-really-extend-the-glasgow-subway/ Baird, Stuart. (2017). Glasgow Motorway Archive. Retrieved from: http://www.glasgows-motorways. co.uk/ BBC News. (2017). Glasgow more polluted than London, WHO says. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc. co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-41816722 BBC News. (2017). Edinburgh and Glasgow top UK list of green space cities. Retrieved from: http:// www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-38522414 Casella Stanger, Action Plan Appraisal Checklist (2004) http://www.casellastanger.com/jointprojects/ detail.asp?id=13&jointprojectid=10 Davies, M. (2016). DailyMail. Is your town a pollution hotspot? Worst places for dirty fumes revealed - raising risk of lung cancer, stroke and heart disease. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/ article-3586327/Is-town-pollution-hotspot-Worst-places-dirty-fumes-revealed-raising-risk-lungcancer-stroke-heart-disease.html Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions, UK Integrated Transport white paper, A New Deal for Transport: Better for Everyone (1998) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), the Scottish Executive and the Welsh Assembly Government, Local Air Quality Management: Technical Guidance LAQM.TG(03) (2003) Department for Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), Part IV of the Environment Act 1995. Local Air Quality Management: Technical Guidance LAQM.TG(03) (2003) Department of Health, Quantification of the effects of air pollution on health in Great Britain. Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (1998) Department For Transport, Future Vehicle Emission Standards – 2010 and Beyond (2003a) Department for Transport, Road Fuel Gases and their Contribution to Clean Low- Carbon Transport (2003b) Derek Halden Consultancy/Scottish Executive Central Research Unit, Review of Research on School Travel (2002) Dublin Corporation/ Dublin Bus, Quality Bus Corridors (2002) http://www.eltis.org/studies/leda.htm
Environment Act 1995. Frearson, A. (2012). Superkilen by BIG, Topotek1 and Superflex. Dezeen. https://www.dezeen. com/2012/10/24/superkilen-park-by-big-topotek1-and-superflex/ Frearson, A. (2014). Third and final stretch of New York’s High Line opens. Dezeen. https://www. dezeen.com/2014/09/22/high-line-park-phase-three-final-section-opens-new-york/ Glasgow City Council, Access & Walking Strategy – Connecting Glasgow (2003) Glasgow City Council, Car Free Day (2004) http://www.mobilityweek-europe.org/page. php?page=information_participation&lang=en&country=15&city=56 Glasgow City Council, City Plan (2004) Glasgow City Council, Glasgow City Council’s Public Transport Fund Bid 2003/2004 (2002) Glasgow City Council, Keep Glasgow Moving, A Local Transport Strategy 2001 – 2004 (2000) Glasgow City Council, Local Air Quality Management Stage III (2001) Glasgow City Council, Local Air Quality Management Stage IV (2003) Glasgow City Council, Local Air Quality Management Update & Screening Assessment (2003) Glasgow City Council, Quality Bus Corridors Home Page (2004) http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/ landservices/qbc.htm Glasgow City Council, The aim of Glasgow access and Walking Strategy (2004) http://www. connectinglasgow.com Glasgow City Council, The M74 Completion: Developing Proposals (2002) Glasgow City Council, The M74 Completion: Environmental Statement (Main Statement) (2002) Glasgow City Council. (2010). Scottish Planning Policy. Go Safe Glasgow. (2017). Road Safety - The Big Issue. Retrieved from: http://www.gosafeglasgow. com/ Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR), News from ippr: In: national congestion charge (2004) Out: road tax. http://www.ippr.org.uk/press/index.php?release=258 Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR), Putting the brakes on climate change (2003) MVA Ltd, East End Regeneration Route, Transport Assessment Report (2003) Morris, A. (2017). World’s largest bicycle parking garage opens in Utrecht. Dezeen. https://www. dezeen.com/2017/08/22/worlds-largest-bicycle-parking-garage-opens-utrecht-netherlandsarchitecture-news/ National Planning Policy Guideline NPPG17 http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library/nppg/npg17-00. htm National Society for Clean Air (NSCA), Air Quality Management Areas: A Review of Procedures & Practice for Local Authorities (2001a) National Society for Clean Air (NSCA), Air Quality: Planning for Action. Part 2 of the National Society for Clean Air’s Guidance on the Development of Air Quality Action Plans and Local Air Quality Strategies (2001b)
Registers of Scotland. 10 Year Property Market Report. https://ros.gov.uk Rolande, J. House Buy Fast. Most Polluted Cities in the UK. (2017) https://housebuyfast.co.uk/blog/ most-polluted-cities-in-the-uk/ Russell, Jennifer. 2017. Three Glasgow streets found to be among the most polluted in Scotland. Retrieved from: http://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-streets-found-amongmost-12456672 Sabrina Santos. 2017. Netherlands Competition Winner Turns Parking Garage Into a “Lego Set”. Retrieved from: https://www.archdaily.com/869314/netherlands-competition-winner-turns-parkinggarage-into-a-lego-set Scottish Executive, Evaluation Framework for its applications for Park and Ride in Scotland (2001) Strathclyde Passenger Transport (2004a) http://www.spt.co.uk/About/index.html Strathclyde Passenger Transport (2004b) http://www.spt.co.uk/Microsites/Crossrail/index.html Strathclyde Passenger Transport (2004c) http://www.spt.co.uk/microsites/Larkhall/index.html Strathclyde Regional Council, City Centre Millennium Plan, Transport Strategy (1995) Structure Plan Joint Committee, Glasgow and Clyde Valley Joint Structure Plan: Collaborating for Success (2003) Sustainable Glasgow Project. Air Pollution Map of Glasgow (2013) http://www.sustainableglasgow. co.uk/news/category/air%20pollution The City of Edinburgh Council, The Integrated Transport Initiative for Edinburgh and South East Scotland - Proposed Congestion Charging Scheme Statement of Case (2004) The Guardian. Jan (2017). How green is your city? UK’s top 10 mapped and ranked. https://www. theguardian.com/cities/gallery/2017/jan/05/green-space-uk-largest-cities-mapped TheHighline.org. (2018). Friends of the Highline. http://www.thehighline.org/ The Stationery Office, Travel Choices for Scotland - The Scottish Integrated Transport White Paper (1998) Transport Scotland. (2017). Key Reported Road Casualties Scotland 2016. UK Commission for Integrated Transport: Congestion Charging. http://www.cfit.gov.uk/ congestioncharging/factsheet/need/index.htm United States Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Environmental Impacts of NOx (2004a) http:// www.epa.gov/urbanair/nox/hlth.html United States Environmental Protection Agency, Sources of Indoor Air Pollution – Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) (2004) http:// www.epa.gov/iaq/no2.html
APPENDIX
DESIGN ARCHIVE
GREEN
WORKSHOP WEEK 1-4
EXPLORATION OF SPATIAL ALLOCATION AND ALTERNATIVES
DESIGN ARCHIVE
WAX
represents carbon footprint
BALANCE
represents renewable energy
BAKING
represents building footprint
SKETCHES
SKETCH IDEA
A building that is attached to the inner ring road. It acts as a station for pick up & drop off and also bring people straight to the underground subway system
MONTAGES