Group of Monuments of Portilla (Basque Country, Spain). A project about comprehensive management of heritage J.L. Solaun Bustinza, U. Gaztelu Onaindia & L.A. Ortega Universidad del País Vasco (University of the Basque Country), Spain
J. Rodriguez García View arkitektura S.L.P., Bilbao-Bizkaia, Spain
A. Morillo Navarrete Qark S.L., Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
A. Abecia Jiménez de Aberasturi Mayor of Zambrana-Álava, Spain
ABSTRACT: The progressive deterioration in which the Group of Monuments of Portilla is, its complexity and the historical value are the reasons to undertake a restoration Project. A value chain is proposed for its development, an idea of the Cultural Heritage management in its whole that stands up for an interdisciplinary nature. It guarantees that the rehabilitation work is based on a previous knowledge, real and complex. Complex because of all the disciplines that take part on it, the information management created and the socializing and broadcast of it, essential dynamics to make the work full of sense. The discovery during archaeological work, graphic material or chemical analysis have given new knowledge about the site, information that will be available to the public after an architectural intervention together with other disciplines. The architectural intervention takes advantage of all this information to make it coherent, after it has gone through the sieve of previous deep study and citizen participation, essential to stand a project thoroughly connected to society.
1 INTRODUCTION The group of monuments of Portilla is located in the town of Zambrana, in the south east of the historical territory of Alava (Basque Country, Spain). Although it is relatively close to the main communication ways it is not a very known and walked through place due to its location among the sheer cliffs of the north face of Txulato Mountain. It is precisely this elevated and mountainous characteristic that explains its origin as a stronghold, which can also be seen in its toponym “Portillo” (narrow path between two heights). The group was recently protected by the Basque Government as a “Qualified Cultural Good” (in the Group of Monuments category); however, the whole place remained in ruins and in need of a project to carry out a complete restoration. In such context, the Town Hall of Zambrana and the Built Heritage Research Group of the University of the Basque Country (Grupo de Investigación en Patrimonio Construido de la Universidad del País Vasco)1 began a “Restoration and research project for the Group of Monuments of Portilla” with funding from the Culture Department of the Basque Government; its first phase is being carried out in 2013-2014. The main objective of the research group was to begin the restoration of the most outstanding historic sites in the Basque Country, whose spread in cultural routes does not have the place it should have.
1
From now on GPAC.
FIGURE 1. Location map of the Group of Monuments of Portilla.
Indeed, although the site has traditionally been named as “The Castle of Portilla�, it is a much wider and complex historic site which needs an ambitious research and management strategy with some scale analysis. Therefore, it has been decided to choose the Value Chain, defined as the sequence of bodies involved in the study process and management of Cultural Heritage; in our case, the Group of Monuments of Portilla. This is, the value chain is a perception of the cultural heritage comprehensive management that advocates for cross-discipline. That is the reason why this work is signed by professionals in architecture, archaeology, geology or engineering, and also endorsed by a potential institutional representative for each of the aforementioned value chain links.
FIGURE 2. Value chain of heritage.
2 IDENTIFY AND PROTECT The objective of the first link in the chain is to identify the heritage elements that may be studied and managed. The existing data so far show a wealthy heritage beyond the territory limits defined in the administrative register of the Group of Monuments as a result of the action and interaction of different factors both natural and human. The following main heritage elements can be named as follows: 1.The castle. Up of a steep, narrow and extended crag of 780 m high, it makes it look ship shaped. Many structures can be seen in the summit and its surroundings that show the complex poliorcetic articulation of a unique fortress organized in different height levels. It has been mentioned since the 11th century A.D., it had an active military role in the battles between the kingdoms of Castile and Navarre. However, its origin and its later construction evolution are unknown. 2. The Villavieja. At the castle’s feet, in the north, the old medieval village of Portilla of Ibda (known as Villavieja) can be found, protected by vertical limestone stone strata in the east and walls in the west. Inside its approximately 17 000 m2 there is a pronounced slope to the east that created terraces with the terrain. Nowadays it is depopulated and inside only the primitive church and some cropland built after it was abandoned can be found. As with the castle, the written history of Villavieja appears in the 11th century AD., although its occupation is far beyond, before the protohistory.
FIGURE 3. Overview of the castle (above, on the left) and Villavieja (down, on the right) before the intervention.
3. Miranda-TreviĂąo-Urbasa Synclinal. This geological structure is widely spread through Alava. In the immediate surroundings of Portilla the presence of this structure is apparently disguised as a monoclinal relief in which the almost vertical strata dip takes on a dramatic tone. Abundant bars and hog-baks are part of the dramatic landscape, critical to understand the location of the castle and the ancient village of Portilla.
4. The arrabal (The outskirt). This is the current town of Portilla, 500 metres down Villavieja. When it was abandoned the villagers went to live in the arrabal, this is the reason why it was divided into two different neighbourhoods with different jurisdictions until the 19th century; one by the lords of Velasco, who already had jurisdiction in Villavieja, the other, the lords of Gauno. Its urban framework shows the duality: the farm (caserio) divided by the main street which parted the two cores of the town, one to the north east and the other to the south east. 3 DOCUMENT AND RECORD In the second link, the information generated in the heritage site will be documented and recorded; therefore, specific record and management techniques will be necessary. As the project in Portilla (and its continuity in time) is singular and complex, it is necessary to create a Monument Information System (MIS), essential to manage the information quickly and efficiently to reach an optimization of the system’s resources. A priority in such systems is for all information and data recorded to be available for a direct enquiry. After the experience in St. Mary’s Cathedral in Vitoria-Gasteiz (Koroso, 2013) a data base that gathers different works from the site (archaeological, environmental, architectural …) will be created, and also a cartography to carry the data base so the created documentation will be easy and intuitive to manage. Therefore, a thorough geometrical documentation of the Group of Monuments is being carried out and also an update of the work done in 1999 by the Architectural Documentation Team of the University of the Basque Country. In rough outlines, the work was to create a polygonal area with 17 bases that covered the village, radiate all the points with a singular terrain morphology so that later, in the office, a digital model of the terrain (DMT) would be created and, thus, have a reference of the current terrain state. From this main polygonal other square polygonal were built inside it in order to document all the structural elements of the Group of Monuments of Portilla.
FIGURE 4. Village overview and castle of Portilla with documented tachymetrical procedures and volumetry.
The stratigraphic unit (SU) has been settled as an initial reference unit (to structure and homogenize all the information in MIS). This SU can be defined as the least identifiable action in a building, and it can be positive (construction elements and coatings) or negative (cuts, destructions, degradations…). Each of them will have a unique constructive homogeneity, precise lim-
its and its own spatial position in the buildings stratigraphic sequence (Escribano, Sánchez, Solaun, e.p.). With the SU the building is provided with the synchronic approach; it is studied as a stratified object, a consequence of a complex historical transformation process in time (Latorre, 1995). Nevertheless, as the SU does not allow to identify some information unambiguously (such as specific wounds in specific points of the SU), a second reference level has been used with the constructive unit (CU), this is the group of architectural elements that can become independent in a constructive system that has specific functional features (brickwall, joists and slabs,..). The CU gives the building the “synchronic” approach, as it is a reference to its current setting as it is from the past (Ibidem). Finally, (as a third reference level) the universal (or relative) coordinate position can be used as a reference point. Therefore, each piece of information in the MIS will always be referenced by the SU, it could also be referenced by the CU, and, as a third step, by its spatial position. These three information capture layers allow the desired precision for each element, and it allows the cross-study of the information, makes its localization and a trans-disciplinar reading of the site easier, and assists the interaction and understanding of it. 4 ASSESS AND IMPLY This is one of the most important tasks in the project; in this stage the heritage value (material and immaterial) of the group is assessed. In the 20th century some archaeological actions were taken that showed the site was occupied from the End Bronze to the Late Middle Ages; however, it is an almost unexploited site, to be explored, with an unique opportunity to face a whole analysis of the landscape, if it is understood as a geographical and social reality, a result of the constant historical evolution of the place. Therefore, three analysis levels have been used: micro, half-micro and macro (Clarke, 1977: 9). These levels needed different disciplines; among them the archaeology had a leading role. The half-micro analysis scale studies each element of the group of monuments separately, it bears in mind that each element can be formed by sub-elements (micro analysis). The third scale, at a macro level, conceives the group as a system formed by a lot of heritage elements that interact among themselves, so they create a global coherent discourse; this is, by different key elements to understand the memories gathered by the place. In this case, due to the synthetic character of the work, we will focus on the half-micro analysis only. 4.1 Archaeological interventions in the castle and Villavieja a.- Castle of Portilla. One of the objectives of the project in the Group of Monuments of Portilla was to prepare an accessibility system to the castle that allowed future archaeological and architectural works, as well as touristic and recreation use. As it will be mentioned in the “Intervene and preserve” section, it was planned to restore the primitive corridor to access the castle from the north crest of the rocky headland. For its execution, it was considered necessary the digging beforehand of the route and the stratigraphic reading of the castle’s elevations (architecture’s archaeology), to document the entire route and understand the construction evolution of the fortress. The research showed a poliorcetic articulation in three levels: - Lower level. From the south part of the rocky headland a hill can be seen where a hall was standing (A). The roughness of the slots and the different opened putlog holes in the rock indicate a ligneous building with double or triple heights from which the fortified tower high up the east scarp could be accessed (B), which created at the same time a vantage point. Additionally, the building had access to a corridor (C) that went through the northern face of the headland to connect with the middle area. Its construction technique, focused on gaining usable space beneath the rocky headland, is simple but effective. The builders began to carve in
the rock a narrow corridor about one metre wide and barely two metres long, protected by a square shaped contiguous small fortified tower. From this point on, the headland did not allow enough width to go through it and the rock was carved into a lower height (at some points more than a metre), it was mortised in a series of steps and so a masonry wall was lifted over the created beds. This wall, together with the rocky headland made by stone and earth inside, formed a corridor of about 1.5 metres wide and 30 metres long. The trench showed that around the 16th and 17th centuries the corridor was given some earth made of rubbish and construction materials from the plundering done in the main castle structures at that time. - Intermediate level. Through the corridor previously described and with a ramp on the western side (now hidden by the grown vegetation) the intermediate terrace of the defensive complex could be accessed. The terrace (D) had a good quality ashlars sustaining wall and made the access to the upper enclosure from the east possible. In this same terrace, but on its western side, there was also the fortress tank (E) which was also partially carved in the rock. - Upper level. The upper level of the castle was first thought as a squared platform around 60 metres long and 8 metres wide maximum, surrounded on the perimeter by a stone wall (F) with different thickness that increased the limited usage of the crag. This “upper areaâ€? of the fortress had the main defensive and protective structures, as well as the rooms of the castle, which were separated in five different spaces. The first one (G) was a layout hall half-carved in the rock with access from the intermediate terrace and connected with two other side spaces. One of them in the east with a small room (H) partially carved in the rock with a forge for making knives and other similar tools in, at least, the 14th century (FernĂĄndez Bordegarai, 1991). It is also known that later (still to be established) the space had a half-circle fortress tower (L), that was detached to room H and was used, without a doubt, for defensive tasks. Regarding the amount preserved in the second fortress (LL) akin to the one on the western, it must have been a manufactured structure, with at least one floor and small loophole windows.
FIGURE 5. Overview of the castle of Portilla before the dig (with the village at the background), the different levels and rooms mentioned in the text can be seen. The tank E and the terrace D (as most of the walk-through corridor C) cannot be seen as they are located to the north, not visible in the picture.
The structures that stand out can be seen to the west. First, the tower (I), over a rocky scarp, which makes this room the highest in the fortress. Despite its bad preservation it is possible to establish that there was a stunning square-shaped building there with at least two floors; the lower with two opposite accesses in the east and west. In the west of the tower a moat (J) was built with considerable size and carved carefully in the rock. Its finish still preserves the notch support sleepers over the bridge that overcame and had access to the last room (K) in the western side. b.- Villavieja As with the castle, the archaeological intervention in the medieval village of Portilla de Ibda had as its objective the “knowledge” before the “intervention. It was decided to act in the high wall in the west, on its western route, and hidden by earth and stone from the wall’s destruction because the wide extension of the village (around 17 000 m2) and because of the preservation of the different structures. After all the fillings were removed more than 30 metres of wall were discovered. Although barely two metres of the elevation were preserved, the primitive access portal to Villavieja and the two defensive fortress towers stood out. With the data it was established that the wall had a total of around 113 lineal metres and 8 metres of height, marked regularly with five half-circle fortress towers; two of them protected the open door on its south with the classic scheme of the portal with fortress towers documented in some medieval villages of the area. These structures are not present from the 18th century, as by the end of that century the cartographer Tomas López described the western wall of the village (already depopulated) with “three fortress towers or cubes”; this is, he does not mention the two cubes unearthed during the archaeological dig. The importance of such discoveries is even bigger, as it was wrongly thought (also from at least the 18th century) that the door to the village was on the northern side of the wall, where a large hole is now, due to the wall’s plundering. The archaeological dig allowed to know that the destruction of the walls happened around the 16th century, in order to get enough stones to make the old village into cropland. At the time the walls were disassembled, terracing walls were built and big amounts of organic earth were dropped to create croplands that are still there.
FIGURE 6. Wall discovered in archaeological excavations.
5 INTERVENE AND PRESERVE 5.1 Gateway to the castle Taking into account the previous archaeological works and without disrupting the natural character of the place, a gateway has been designed to improve the accessibility to the castle enclosure. To the archaeological conditionings the ones from the place itself, the difficult access and the intrinsic dangers when working in such exposed locations must be added. In order to face
these circumstances a design is proposed; on the one hand, it will improve accessibility and, as for security, it will use all knowledge from the archaeological work and will focus the attention of the users on the really important elements (archaeological remains and environmental wealth). On the other hand, the intervention must be reversible, light and with industrialized assembly; the assembly works should only be carried out on site. It should be light in order to reduce the consumption of material to the minimum and because the site forces to carry the materials by hand to its final location, so rocky or concrete materials will be avoided and masses that forge may be a problem to remove in the future, thus, a sustainable life cycle could be closed. It should be reversible, so the planned project can be disassembled with the same cost as assembling it, with the least impact to the terrain, embedding will be avoided and isostatic behaviour of the structure will be boosted. Our proposal is that it should also be industrialized. The industrialized construction allows some systems (methods) from the industrial production to be applied to the whole construction process, from conception and design to implementation and later maintenance. The industrial production of construction elements entails a streamlined and efficient process execution process with industrial techniques that make operations easier and that reduce the incidence of labour, as well as a modular project coordination to facilitate assembly with the use of catalogue items and finally an industrialized production process of spatial units, which are assembled on site. The gateway design is thought from the need to work with a BIM format after scheme mapping the place; each spatial unit recorded from the archaeologists while research was carried out would be identified. The cad work in 3D allows to manage in the workshop the execution of the structure and the choice of the precise sliding for its support, so that the transport of unnecessary material and waste on the site would be reduced, and the labour while cutting would be reduced as the future work quality would be improved. Intervention works with three materials. Wood sets the structure and pave; steal, eases ironwork and precise moorings; and rope, sets volumetries and defences, it is easy to carry, place and it is a visual link to the construction systems used during the period in which the site was in use. The choice of the reunion and observation points are connected with the old construction position, this allows to see the spatial units discovered while digging. The gateway will structurally find support in the primitive line where the masonry wall with the terraced path went along. It is formed with gantries that make up the vertical plane of the old walls and create a support plane for the pave that will have the necessary height to improve access to the upper plane. The route that goes through just along the original finds in each direction change the optimal moment to explore the connection with the surroundings and give the visitor information. The execution of the structure proposed eases the accessibility and comprehension in a surrounding with great historical and landscape value. This accessibility helps spread and comprehend the historical legacy and at the same time the preservation of it when removing the previous barriers.
FIGURE 7. Proposals, working in BIM forma; a) Gateway to the castle; b) The high wall of the Villavieja.
5.2 The high wall of the Villavieja As opposed to the intervention of the castle, the intervention on the high wall of the Villavieja outlines the restoration of an already lost memory. After the archaeological dig new data was obtained, the most significant was the discovery of the primitive access portal to the Villavieja, two defence fortress towers and more than thirty metres of wall in very bad condition due to the plundering, weather and flora. The mortars analysis has identified that all the studied correspond to lime mortars and have several common characteristics. They present a relationship binder/arid close to 30/70 and as a general rule is observed the presence of aggregates of siliceous and carbonate. Within carbonated aggregates appear fossil of a different nature, circumstances suggesting the presence of different sources of supply for the arid and perhaps different works or construction phases. Moreover, the magnesian nature of the mortars suggests that the carbonates used to develop lime correspond well to the magnesian limestones or dolomites from nearby environment. The solid wall elements exposed in the open air channel to severe damage, mainly the deterioration of the poor mortar in the core of the walls. Based on the awaken interest of watching the remains in situ, an initial consolidation work has been outlined, this would fix the walls so they do not collapse. Besides, in the points (not entire wall) where possible to cover the original mortar and not losing information (according to the archaeologist supervisors), an intervention to “rebuild” or re-joining with mortar of pure natural hydraulic lime will be carried out. In any of these situations the original information must be preserved and must allow reversibility at reasonable costs. The aim of the intervention is that, once the vegetal layer removed by the archaeological dig is replaced, the fortress towers and the wall (lost in some parts where only the first two lines of height is kept) may be seen, and recall the primitive access door to the enclosure. The proposal to the restoration of the memory of the old access is subject to the acceptance of the social agents that take part in the project and anyhow takes over the criteria of reversibility. This work is different to the original due to its treated flatness and geometry, as well as the thick re-joining that would level the surfaces and make it different from the own texture of the remains. The reconstruction of the height will be the necessary so the trace of the wall can be recognizable over the terrain. Every new wall, in this case the masonry reparations and the lime mass over the wall heads, will be duly separated from the original work with fibreglass mesh, so that its limits can be clearly identified and the contribution material removed easily if disassembling is necessary. 6 SPREAD AND SOCIALIZE Spreading and socializing are the cornerstones in any scientific programme, as it makes the assets a social resource to be appreciated and made profitable for the community. Besides, they spread knowledge and values created around them. With this conviction in mind (together with local, territory and autonomic authorities), an activity programme has been launched towards valuing the Groups of Monuments of Portilla, strengthening the self steem/identification of the local population with the cultural heritage and ,at the same time, creating a touristic and cultural focus of attention. These are the activities carried out so far: 1. Citizens’ participation forum. Since 2012 a process of interaction with the local population has been established, it allows getting the understanding of the group of people who know the place best (or who are more emotionally engaged to it). On the other hand, it contributes with organizational matters (management planning), economic strategies to be developed and social consequences or conditionings. For such a purpose Open Days to the site were organized, as well as informative sessions about the work carried out and an online information channel (http://www.castillodeportilla.com/index.php/participacion-ciudadana), where citizens have information about the project and allows, at the same time, to submit comments, suggestions,…(forum and citizen mailbox).
2. Visit planning: monument route. A self-visiting route (Monument Route) is in process, it would show the history of the Group of Monuments of Portilla (and its entire region) through the pictures and reconstruction of its social landscapes and farming. The cultural route is expected to be a sustainable proposal (not like museums with high maintenance); it would be based on the traditional net of roads to grant access and movement. The project puts together different solutions to promote the territory (cultural tourism, TIC and social networks); visitors would enjoy a free and autonomous visit with their smartphones and tables, which would make their experience one of a kind that could be shared with thousands of potential visitors. 3. Cultural events. The Town Hall of Zambrana wants to establish, together with the county administrative board and cultural associations, different cultural events to approach the Group of Monuments of Portilla to the citizens. These events can be highlighted as follows: • “Gazteluen eguna” or the day of the castles. A day of the castles is made official with different events: a route on foot with visits staged in the castles of Portilla and Ocio, a brotherhood lunch prepared by a famous cook from Alava, children activities and music concerts. • Night theatre. On the day of Our Lady of the Rosary, in 2013, a night theatre festival is held in the light of fire, in the scenery of the walls and the Villavieja church. • Cultural gymkhana. This fun game will allow to enjoy the Monument Route in a different way, especially for families and student groups led by a tutor.
FIGURE 8. Spread and socialize. Activities.
4. Courses and conferences. Another major objective of the programme is to transfer the results through courses, congresses and publications, as it is with our participation in the Curso “Patrimonio Cultural y Futuro” 2013 (Course on Cultural Heritage and Future) by CSIC (Madrid), the 7th International Symposium “14C & Archaeology” 2013 (Gante, Belgium) or the REHAB 2014 (Tomar, Portugal). 5. Web page. A web page about the project has been created (www.castillodeportilla.com), to promote and spread it online. It is defined by its contents regarding the project and is a platform for citizen participation too, apart from providing the information of the Group of Monuments and its process of enhancement. 6. Project for a site-school. One of the most important handicaps with the Cultural Heritage is due to the difficulties students have to start working in this field (carpentry, archaeology, architecture, topography …) in order to gain some experience and practical skill for their professional career. To address this lack the GPAC and the Town Hall of Zambrana consider a priority to start up a site-school in Portilla to actively help in resolving this situation and contributing to the en-
hancement of the Group of Monuments. In 2014-2015 its appropriateness will be studied, a specific project will be carried out with the selection of physical place, definition of objectives, contents and economic evaluation. 7 ECONOMIC IMPACT The heritage is not only a support for collective memory or a necessary tool for historical knowledge, but also an essential resource for cultural tourism: a socio-economic resource. This may be the most important aspect and the reason for many heated debates in the past years. Concepts that only two decades ago would make people blush, such as the profitability of heritage, are now essential ideas of the management in cultural heritage (Azkarate, 2009). Not to forget are the risks of commercialization, as mentioned by YĂşdice (2002), it is impossible not to get culture as a resource, even for alternative projects to recover urban “ghettosâ€?, or like Portilla, to bring it out from the oblivion and strengthen a rural county economically deprived. And, although it is still too soon to talk about an economic profitability, it is a matter to take into consideration in not a far future. 8 CONCLUSIONS The project of intervention in the Group of Monuments of Portilla has resorted to the Value Chain of the Cultural Heritage because it expresses better than no one the "process" idea. Consequently, it makes possible an integral diagnosis of the management of the Cultural heritage. In the same way, it provides a critical view of the excessively reductionist day-to-day practice that tends to settle only in some of the links of this chain, forgetting the comprehensiveness of the process (Azkarate, 2011). In this context, our project has a transdisciplinar character, wherein the curricular personal interests remain subject to the fulfillment of objectives previously agreed by the director team. This team is integrated by a management group (Council of Zambrana), a technical Group (University of the Basque Country) and a group of citizen participation (cultural associations, neighborhood representatives and citizens). The results presented here are the fruit of such transdisciplinary work, in which the decisions are always made collegially, democratizing the entire process of restoration and enhancement of the site. First of all, it becomes necessary to develop a Monumental Information System (MIS), which is essential to manage in a coordinated manner the information generated by the different teams involved (topographers, geologists, archaeologists, architects, etc). To present, this MIS is composed of a database and a cartography. This latter serves to visually identify all the information contained in this database, optimizing the record, the search, the analysis and the planning of the diverse works that are been carried out in Portilla. During the later execution of the project, the historical-constructive analysis of the castle and of the town of Portilla constituted a crucial chapter at the time of proceeding to the architectural intervention. This intervention involves the construction of a walkway that will improve accessibility to the castle and the consolidation of the high wall of the town. According to the the philosophy of the project it is necessary to "know" before to "intervene", so both interventions are made on the basis of the previous archaeological works. Finally, the effort done in several dissemination and participation activities has enabled that this heritage asset can be socialized into a social resource for the cultural and, where possible, economic development. This latter, the economic impact, constitutes a link that has hardly been developed in the current work process. This fact should not be understood as a weak point in the project, but as a milestone to perform in the near future, as soon as we get the first reliable indicators on the impact of the Group of Monuments of Portilla in the economic structure of the region.
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