The Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde
The Viking Ship Hall
The five Viking ships The Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde is the Danish museum for ships, seafaring and boatbuilding culture in ancient and medieval times. The Viking Ship Hall, the oldest part of the museum, was opened in 1969. It was designed as a large showcase to display the five Viking ships found at Skuldelev. The hall also houses special temporary exhibitions and a cinema, where a film about the excavation of the ships is shown. The Viking Ship Hall was designed by Professor Erik Christian Sørensen. In 1997, the hall was designated a 2
listed building, a preservation-worthy example of late modernist architecture. The architectural style, characterised as Japanese-inspired brutalism, expresses a definite attitude to the historical perspective. Visitors to the museum are not led back in time – on the contrary, the building ushers cultural history into the present. This attitude is reflected in the museum’s self-perception and in the approach taken to the work performed at the museum. It also explains why museum staff do not wear Viking Age clothes.
Museum Island and Harbour
Boatyard and boat collection An extension to the museum, Museum Island, was opened in 1997. The museum boatyard, where visitors can watch shipwrights at work, is located on the island. The Activity Centre, where the School Service is housed, and the Archaeological Workshop, where ship finds from throughout Denmark are measured and recorded, are also found here. The large collection of traditional Nordic wooden boats and Viking ship reconstructions is berthed at the harbour on Museum Island. Many of
the vessels were built at the museum boatyard, where they are also continuously maintained. Nine vessels from the Viking Age and Middle Ages were found during the construction of Museum Island. Together with the ships from Skuldelev, this find, known as the Roskilde ships, is one of the most important ship finds to have been made in Denmark. During the summer season, the museum arranges boat trips on Roskilde Fjord in traditional Nordic vessels. 3
Skuldelev Roskilde
The Skuldelev ships Towards the end of the Viking Age – in late 11th century – a system of barriers was established in Roskilde Fjord to protect the important market town of Roskilde from attack. The five ships on display in the Viking Ship Hall were scuttled to form a barrier in the Peberrende, a natural channel in Roskilde Fjord near Skuldelev, some 20 km north of Roskilde. Initially, three old ships were sunk across the channel. Shortly after, the barrier was strengthened when a further two ships were scuttled 4
at the same spot. Before its excavation, the barrier was discernible as an underwater ridge of stones and boulders. It was well known by those who fished the fjord, and according to local hearsay it contained a ship scuttled on the orders of Queen Margrethe I of Denmark († 1412). It was only after investigations by the Danish National Museum in 1957-59 that it became clear that the barrier in fact dated from the Viking Age and contained several ships.
Excavating the ships In 1962, iron sheet piling was driven into the sea floor around the barrier and the site drained. In less than four months, the five ships were successfully excavated from the mound of stones and the thousands of fragments were salvaged. Timber from the wrecks was taken to the Conservation Department of the Danish National Museum in Brede where it underwent lengthy
treatment. As the water-logged timber could not withstand being dried out, it was necessary to fill all pores in the wood with polyethylene glycol, a water-soluble synthetic wax. The find contained five different ship types which together provide a unique insight into Viking society and the wide range of boatbuilding skills possessed by the Vikings. 5
Material: Length: Breadth: Draught: Displacement: Cargo capacity: No. of oars: Crew: Sail area: Average speed: Top speed: Dating: Place of building: Preserved:
pine, oak and lime 16 metres 4,8 metres without cargo 0,6 metres, loaded 1,3 metres max. 36 tons (including 24 tons of cargo) 20-24 tons 2-4 6-8 men approx. 90 m2 approx. 5 knots approx. 13 knots ca. 1030 Western Norway approx. 60%
Skuldelev 1, the ocean-going trader Wreck 1 is a sturdy, ocean-going trading vessel possibly of the type known as “knarr�. The ship and its cargo may have been owned by a chieftain, who used it to sail on trading expeditions with his followers, or cooperatively by a group of merchants, who sailed in it to trade at the markets. The ship was built of stout pine planks at Sogne Fjord in Western Norway and was later repaired at Oslo Fjord and in Eastern Denmark. The ship had decks fore and aft and open holds amidships. Traces of an arrow shot 6
into the uppermost plank can be seen towards the prow. The crew would have consisted of 6-8 men. The ocean-going vessel could have been sailed all over the North Sea and the Baltic as well as on the North Atlantic. With a favourable wind, it probably maintained an average speed of about 5 knots. Saga Siglar, a reconstruction of the ship, has sailed at twice that speed under extreme weather conditions. Ottar, the reconstruction of Skuldelev 1 built at the Viking Ship Museum, is on display at the Museum Harbour.
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Material: Length: Breadth: Draught: Displacement: No. of oars: Crew: Sail area: Average speed: Top speed: Dating: Place of building: Preserved:
oak approx. 30 metres 3,8 metres 0,9 metres approx. 25 tons (fully equipped) 60 70 - 80 mand approx. 120 m2 approx. 6 knot 15-20 knots 1042 Dublin, Irland approx. 25%
Skuldelev 2, the great longship Wreck 2 is an ocean-going warship, possibly of the type known as “skeid�. With a crew of 70-80 warriors, it must have been the ship of a chieftain, a vessel like those whose praises have been sung in sagas and ancient scaldic verse. The ship was built of oak. An analysis of annual growth rings in the timber has shown that the ship was built in the vicinity of Dublin about 1042. Vikings settled in Ireland at an early date and founded several towns as fortified bases along the Irish coast. Dublin soon 8
became the most important of these and the Vikings established themselves here as merchants, mercenary soldiers and shipbuilders. The long, narrow shape of the ship meant that it could sail at great speed. With 60 men at the oars, an average speed of 5 knots could have been held over long distances. Much greater speeds could be achieved under sail in favourable winds. A reconstruction of Skuldelev 2 is on display at the Museum Harbour.
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Material: Length: Breadth: Draught: Displacement: Cargo capacity: No. of oars: Crew: Sailarea: Average speed: Top speed: Dating: Place of building: Preserved:
oak 14 metres 3,3 metres 0,9 metres 9,6 tons (including 4,6 tons of cargo) 4,6 tons 5 oarholes 5-6 men approx. 45 m2 approx. 4 knots approx. 8,5 knots approx. 1040 Denmark approx. 75%
Skuldelev 3, the costal trader Wreck 3 is a small, elegant trading and transport vessel, possibly of the type known as “byrding”. It may have been used when a farmer and his followers had to travel to the “thing” or to market. The ship was built of oak somewhere in Denmark. It had decks of loose planks fore and aft and an open hold amidships with room for about 4 tons of cargo. The ship had a crew of 5-6 men. The ship was well adapted 10
for sailing in Danish coastal waters and in the Baltic. Wind was the most important means of powering the ship, but the oars could be used when manoevering or when travelling short distances in calm weather. An average speed of 4 knots could be held in favourable winds. Roar Ege, a reconstruction of Skuldelev 3, has sailed at a top speed of 8.5 knots. Roar Ege is on display at the Museum Harbour.
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Material: Length: Breadth: Draught: Displacement: No. of oars: Crew: Sail area: Average speed: Top speed: Dating: Place of building: Preserved:
oak, pine, ash and alder 17,3 metres 2,5 metres 0,5 metres 6 tons (fully equipped) 26 approx. 30 men approx. 45 m2 approx. 6 knots approx. 15 knots approx. 1040 Denmark approx. 50%
Skuldelev 5, the small longship Wreck 5 is a smaller warship, possibly of the type known as “snekke”. The ship was built of oak, ash and pine, partly by reusing timber from other ships. It was probably built and maintained as a military obligation by farmers from the neighbourhood of Roskilde. With 13 pairs of oars and about 30 warriors, it belonged to the 13-sessers, the smallest longships in the military fleet. The ship had removable stem-tops and along the edge 12
of the gunwale can still be seen fragments of the shield rim, on which shields were placed. The ship was ideal for sailing in Danish coastal waters and in the short, choppy waves of the Baltic. Cruising speed on longer voyages would have been about 6 knots in favourable wind, with a top speed of about twice that. Helge Ask, a reconstruction of Skuldelev 5 is on display at the Museum Harbour.
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Material: Lenght: Breadth: Draugth: Displacement: No. of oars: Crew: Sail area: Average speed: Top speed: Dating: Place of building: Preserved:
pine, birch and oak 11,2 metres 2,5 metres 0,6 metres 4,7 tons 14 12-14 men approx. 27 m2 approx. 5 knots approx. 10 knots ca. 1040 Western Norway approx. 70%
Skuldelev 6, the fishing vessel Wreck 6 is a combined rowing and sailing vessel probably built for fishing and whaling/sealing, possibly of the type known as “ferja”. The ship was built of pine planks at Sogne Fjord in Norway and at some point in time its sides were raised by the addition of an extra plank, perhaps a “plank of avidity” as is common on fishing boats when fish are plentiful. During alteration, the original rowlocks 14
were removed and the number of oars reduced. The conversion presumably meant that the ship was used more for transport and less as a fishing vessel and that it sailed with a smaller crew. The bottom of the hull had been repaired with oak planks before the ship was scuttled. Kraka Fyr, a reconstruction of Skuldelev 6, is on display at the Museum Harbour.
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The ships of the Vikings The term Viking ship does not describe a single ship type but is a collective designation for the vessels built from the end of the 8th century to the beginning of the 12th century in accordance with common Nordic boatbuilding traditions. The five Skuldelev ships date from the latter part of the Viking Age. From the late 8th century, Europe experienced a wave of Viking excursions. These began as sporadic attacks, but gradually became more organised and resulted in, among other things, the conquest of large areas of the British Isles. The magnificent longships of Viking chieftains were supplemented by specialised trooptransport vessels and by ships built as a military obligation by farmers. The growth of market towns led to a need for trading and cargo vessels specially designed for carrying heavy and bulky goods such as building materials and foodstuffs. At the same time, 16
a need for ocean-going ships arose from the settlement of the North Atlantic region. The developments that occurred during the Viking Age were dependent on good, safe means of transport. On land, journeys were made on foot or horseback, or in horse-drawn carts. Wide expanses of forest and large areas of bog were significant barriers for travellers. In many areas, it was best to travel during winter when the ground was frozen and lakes and rivers could be crossed on foot or using skis and sledges.
1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10:
keel keelson mast step keelson knee floor timber biti cross beam stanchion biti knee vertical beam knee
11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18:
horizontal beam knee stringer gunwale plank trenail stringer plank land iron nail clenched over a square rove
During summer, the open sea, inland fjords and navigable rivers provided the best travel routes. Oceangoing vessels could cross open seas carrying many tons of cargo, and thanks to their low displacement, the ships could be sailed close in to the shore. Carried by the wind, driven by oars, or pulled by horses, slaves and their crew on land, ships could transport goods or warriors to most inhabited areas of the country. Ships thus provided the fastest and most widespread means of transport during the period, and they were a basic
factor – a precondition in fact – for the considerable developments that characterise the Viking Age; expansion, town growth and nation building. Viking ships were open, clinker-built vessels with a side rudder and a single mast. They were powered by oars or driven by the wind using a square sail. Their hulls, which had a light and flexible design, were held in shape by lateral timbers (floor timber, cross beams and knees) and by longitudinal reinforcements (stringers and keelson). 17
Boatyard The five Skuldelev ships have provided a cornerstone for the work on Viking Age maritime culture carried out at the museum. Since 1982, traditional research at the museum has been supplemented by a living process; the building of full-size reconstructions of the ships. The work has been carried out at the museum boatyard and involves shipwrights, smiths, tar burners, rope makers, textile craftsmen and many others. 18
Skuldelev 3
Recreating a ship Recreating a Viking ship is a complex process. The starting point is an archaeological ship find. The shape and lines of the ship are recreated on the basis of the material found. Missing pieces are reconstructed on the basis of the type of ship found, depictions and accounts from the time, and the general features of other ship finds and traditional clinker-built boats. The ship is then recreated using the same materials, tools and methods that were used to build the original ship. During the work, the shipwrights must often return to the original ship to study specific details. All aspects of the work are thus carefully reevaluated throughout the reconstruction process, and the finished ship therefore resembles the original ship
as much as possible. During the entire process, the objective is to create a functional ship that can be put to sea. A warship, for example, that can sail to Dublin with a crew of 80 men, or a trading vessel that can cross the North Atlantic with a 20-ton cargo. At all stages of the project, it is necessary for the shipwrights to identify with the conditions experienced by the shipbuilders at the time. How did they obtain the necessary materials? How was the work organised? How were timber and iron processed? It is thus the building of the ships, just as much as the ships themselves, that provide us with new information on the past, and decide how we ask questions, think and work. 19
Timber Viking ships were built of fresh timber. They had a light, flexible design that placed considerable requirements on material quality. As a basic principle, the natural structure of the timber was exploited in order to create elements that were light, flexible and strong. Planking was cleaved from straight trunks and hewn with axes, while inner sections were fashioned from compass timber that had already grown into more or less the correct form. The timber used in the reconstructions is carefully selected to ensure that the species, quality 20
and grain correspond as closely as possible to that used in the original ships. Many questions arise while the ship is being built: Which species of tree were used in the original? What was the direction of the grain? Were the strakes laid with the top of the tree towards the bow or the stern? Were fast or slow-growing trees used? Where can similar trees be found today? Which construction principles are most important when designing missing parts? Which tools were used to prepare the materials?
The timber of the original ships can often provide the answers, but just as often, good advice must be sought elsewhere. Shipwrights trained in traditional Nordic boatbuilding methods can still be found in Scandinavia. Their knowledge of tools and the importance of growth conditions for timber quality and usefulness is of great importance for the reconstruction work. 21
Tools The ships are built using replicas of Viking Age tools; axes, planes, chisels, spoon augers, hammers, etc. Although saws were known at the time, and were used for working bone and other materials, no saw traces have ever been found on Viking ships. The tools used have been reconstructed on the basis of archaeological finds, tool marks in the original timber, and depictions and accounts from the Viking Age. During reconstruction work, marks in the wood made by the tools are compared with marks found on the original ships. 22
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Sails and rigging No Viking ship has yet been found with well-preserved rigging and sail. These must therefore be reconstructed on the basis of marks found on the original ships, finds of ropework, tackle and textile remnants, and depictions and accounts from the time. Help in interpreting these sources of information can often be found in the open, clinker-built vessels of North and West Norway, the North Atlantic and the Baltic where square-sail traditions have been maintained to the present day. The Viking ship reconstructions have a single mast and square sail woven from wool or flax. Woollen sails are treated with a mixture of grease, tar and ochre in order to seal the surface and make the sail wind-proof. The rope is hand laid from materials that were known and written about in the Viking Age; linden bast, horse hair and walrus skin. 24
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The Vikings as shipwrights The Vikings were skilled shipwrights who, on the basis of experience and traditions, could build ships that were adapted for particular purposes and specific seas. Ship finds have shown that there was considerable difference in the care taken when selecting and preparing shipbuilding materials depending on whether they were destined for a modest transport vessel or for a longship that could make its chieftain 26
owner proud. Building a Viking longship or oceangoing trading vessel was a considerable task. Obtaining and preparing all the necessary materials must have involved most of the households in the area. The work spread over the surrounding countryside, and effective organisation was required to ensure that the end result meshed smoothly at the boatyard.
Olav Trygvasson’s saga tells of the many people involved in the building of the longship called Long Serpent. A master shipwright had the overall responsibility. Beneath him, a prow smith was responsible for laying the prows and keel, while shipsmiths built the ship. The saga also describes the many people who felled trees, cleaved and hewed strakes, transported timber to the shipyard and hammered in nails. The same working process can also be seen at the Bayeux Tapestry from c. 1070 AD. 27
The boat collection The Viking ship reconstructions are part of the boat collection on display in Museum Harbour. There are 40 vessels in the collection, making it the largest collection of Nordic, clinker-built, wooden boats in Denmark. In addition to the Viking ship reconstructions, the collection contains original working vessels, which have been restored to pristine condition, and traditional boat types, which have been built at the museum as part of exhibitions or documentation projects. The boats demonstrate the way in which Viking Age boatbuilding traditions have survived for more 28
than 1000 years among boatbuilders in the Nordic countries. The purpose of the collection is to investigate Nordic boatbuilding culture and to put it into historical perspective. A further purpose is to preserve maritime craftsmanship traditions through the building, maintenance and use of the vessels. It is thus the knowledge and culture surrounding the boats, as much as it is the vessels themselves, that is in focus. During the summer season, the vessels are used for boat trips for museum visitors.
Sea trials provide new knowledge Sea trials with Viking ship reconstructions have confirmed the claims of written accounts; that Viking ships were extremely seaworthy and well suited to the seas for which they were built. They possessed outstanding sailing properties; they could beat to windward, and warships could be powered by oars in calm weather or against headwinds. Roar Ege, the museum’s reconstruction of Skuldelev 3, the small coastal trader, can sail at 60 degrees to the wind with a leeway of some 5-6 degrees. The ship can hold an average speed of about 4 knots over long distances, a speed similar to that achieved by small, sail-powered trading vessels shortly after the First World War when such vessels became obsolete. Viking warships were
powered by a combination of oars and sail. Helge Ask, the museum’s reconstruction of Skuldelev 5, was therefore tested both under sail and under oars. A top speed of 14 knots was recorded in fresh to strong wind. When beating to windward, an angle of 60 degrees to the wind was best, giving a leeway of about 10 degrees in light winds and of up to 22 degrees in heavy winds. Using oars alone, a top speed of 5.5 knots was achieved. Against a direct headwind, it was fastest to lower the mast and row. Helge Ask could be rowed three times faster than she could beat to windward under sail. It is precisely this possibility to choose between various forms of propulsion depending on weather conditions that made Viking longships formidable warships. 29
Favourable wind
Kaupang
Unfavourable wind
N
E
W
S
N
E
W
Ribe York
Voyages under sail The progress made when travelling by ship under sail depends entirely on the strength and direction of the wind in relation to the intended course. Calm weather, headwinds and gales can delay the progress made by sailing vessels indefinitely. It is therefore difficult to generalise on the duration of voyages in the Viking Age. In northerly winds it could take a Viking ship up to a month to cover the 235 nautical miles (435 km) northwards from Roskilde to the market at Kaupang at the coast of Oslo Fjord. The situation was somewhat different in southerly winds. Sailing trials with Helge 30
Roskilde
S
Hastings
G
U
Ask have shown that, under favourable conditions, the distance could be covered in 50 hours, or just over two days. In the 11th century, Adam of Bremen wrote that “with a favourable wind, it takes three days to sail to England” (probably from the Danish town of Ribe). However, the 300 nautical miles (560 km) of open sea could not always be covered so quickly. Seafarers might have to wait weeks for a fair wind, or “byrr” as it was called by the Vikings, before they could set sail westwards from Jutland.
Favourable wind Unfavourable wind
N W
E
S
Gunstig vind Ugunstig vind
While it was possible to shelter close to shore while waiting for a “byrr” on short voyages, it was quite a different matter on long hauls across the North Atlantic. The weather could change several times during the time taken to cover the 1360 nautical miles (2520 km) between the west coast of Norway and the east coast of Greenland – and there was nowhere to seek shelter en route. All that could be done was to try and maintain position or perhaps gain a little ground by beating to windward until conditions improved and the wind turned. A voyage to Greenland could
therefore take anything from two weeks if luck was with the seafarers to most of the summer if conditions were bad. In 1984, Saga Siglar, a reconstruction of Skuldelev 1, sailed from Norway to Greenland. Between the Shetlands and the Faeroes, the ship struggled against a fresh headwind. Beating to windward, it took the ship 24 hours to cover 30 nautical miles. Between Iceland and Greenland, the wind turned and Saga Siglar easily covered 140 nautical miles a day. If this speed could have been maintained for the entire journey, the voyage would have taken only 10 days. 31
Archaeological Workshop Reconstructions are possible thanks to the work carried out at the Archaeological Workshop where ship finds are cleaned and recorded. Ship fragments must be documented before the timber is conserved as this is the only time at which the fragments can be accurately measured. Wear marks and tool marks are recorded, and the type of wood used for individual parts of the 32
ship determined. This gives a better idea of how the ships were built and used. Since its opening in 1997, one of the important tasks carried out at the Archaeological Workshop is the documentation of the Roskilde ships, the nine vessels dating from the Viking Age and Middle Ages which were excavated in connection with the construction of Museum Island in 1996-97.
The Roskilde ships – blockade or shipwreck? During the Viking Age and Middle Ages, the area in which the Roskilde ships were found was under water. The ships were anchored there, and they sank as a result of bad weather, an accident or their poor state of repair. There is nothing to suggest that they were scuttled in the same way as the Skuldelev ships were. Roskilde 2, a cargo vessel, tells the story of a shipwreck. It had been recently launched when it sank. The bottom of its hull and one of its sides were ripped from
the keel. This damage may have been caused by the ship taking in water during bad weather, heeling over, and beating one of its sides against the bottom of Roskilde Fjord. Roskilde 2 and its crew had probably come to Roskilde to trade at the market. Perhaps they managed to salvage some of their goods before being forced to watch their ship – and means of existence – being crushed by the waves. 33
Nine different vessels The nine Roskilde ships fall into three distinct groups; a Viking Age longship, four large cargo vessels from the late Viking Age and early Middle Ages, and four small cargo vessels from the Middle Ages. Roskilde 6, the longship, is dated to about 1030. With its 36 metres, Roskilde 6 is the longest Viking ship yet found anywhere in the world. The ship was built for warfare and troop transport and was crewed by about 100 men. This large crew suggests that the ship belonged to a wealthy chieftain, a nobleman, or maybe even Cnut, king of Denmark, England and Norway. Roskilde 2, 3, 4 and 5 were built between 1060 and 1200. They are large car go vessels that carried goods and materials to the expanding town of Roskilde. The discovery of these ships proves that the fjord was deep enough to allow large cargo vessels to sail right into Roskilde. The find also shows that Roskilde was an important, enterprising port in the early Middle Ages. Roskilde 1, 7, 8 and 9 date from the period 1170 to 1340. They are smaller vessels that were used locally for cargocarrying or trading purposes. Roskilde 1 illustrates the way in which various boatbuilding traditions could be combined in one and the same vessel. The ship is very similar to Nordic Viking ships, but the vessel is also reminiscent of the cog, a type of cargo vessel that became widespread later in the Middle Ages. 34
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“Denmark�, 7000 B.C.
A world beneath the sea It is estimated that there are at least 20,000 Stone Age settlements and an equal number of listed shipwrecks in Danish territorial waters, which cover an area of 62,000 km2, one and a half times that of Denmark itself. The Viking Ship Museum, together with the Danish National Museum, is responsible for maritime archaeological contingency plans to ensure that the cultural heritage found on the sea floor is not lost. Most of what is now Danish territorial waters was once dry land. Large areas were submerged after the last Ice Age. At that time, most people lived along the coast, and that is why there are thousands of submerged Stone Age settlements on the sea floor. The sea floor contains many other archaeological finds. Denmark consists of numerous islands and peninsulas and is traversed by many long fjords. Ever since the Stone Age, a widespread use of ships ensured that people and goods could be transported from place to place. The existence of an effective naval power was also a precondition for the unification of 36
Denmark as a single nation during the Viking Age. In addition, the only sea route from the Baltic to the North Sea runs through Danish territorial waters. These waters are therefore rich in wrecks, dating from almost all periods of history. Submerged wrecks and Stone Age settlements are often exceptionally well preserved in comparison with archaeological finds on dry land as a result of the protective qualities of the sea floor. Furthermore, artefacts can often be found on the sea floor that are seldom or never preserved on land. Together with other museums, the Viking Ship Museum carries out investigations before civil engineering projects are commenced or when the forces of nature uncover items of historical interest on the sea floor. Archaeological finds are documented at the Archaeological Workshop on Museum Island using digital technology. Information on maritime archaeological finds throughout Denmark is collected and stored in the museum archives. 37
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Activity Centre
Office Shop
Cinema / Toilets Special Exhibitions Entrance
© The Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde, 2003. Reprint 2015. Text and editing: Tinna DamgårdSørensen & Martin Brandt Djupdræt Translation: Douglas McCall Assistance: Birthe Borch, Britt Baillie, Jan Bill, Max Vinner & Rikke Johansen Photographs: Werner Kerrasch, The Viking Ship Museum & The National Museum of Denmark Drawings: The Viking Ship Museum & The National Museum of Denmark Water colours: Flemming Bau Layout: Malene Ladum Print: Clausen Grafisk ISBN: 87 851 80 51 3
The Viking Ship Hall Photography is permitted in the Viking Ship Hall provided it is not for commercial purposes. Please do not walk on the stones or touch the exhibits. A film on the excavation of the five Skuldelev ships is shown several times a day in the museum cinema. The film is available in Danish, English, German, French, Spanish and Italian. The museum shop sells books in many languages, replica jewellery from the Iron Age, Viking Age and Middle Ages, amberware, glassware, etc. Restaurant Snekken adjoins the museum. During the summer season, boat trips on the fjord and guided tours of the museum are arranged each day. The museum booking service will be delighted to arrange guided tours or boat trips for private parties. 39
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1 Ticket Office & Information
7 Toilets
13 Cinema
2 Summer Caf茅
8 Viking Ship Museum
14 Museum Harbour
3 School Services / Historical Workshop
9 Viking Ships
4 Archaeological Workshop
10 Exhibitions
5 Boatyard
11 Ticket Office
6 Course Centre
12 Museum Shop
15 Restaurant 16 Administration
Vindeboder 12 路 DK-4000 Roskilde
17 Youth Hostel
Telephone: (+45) 46 300 200 Fax: (+45) 46 300 201 E-mail: museum@vikingeskibsmuseet.dk www.vikingshipmuseum.com Opening hours: 10-17
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