History
The History of Writing By Catherine Rose
December brings with it one of the biggest annual tasks – sending out our Christmas cards! But while you are busy penning your festive wishes to friends and family, you are also taking part in one of humankind’s greatest achievements: communication through the art of writing. Writing has only been in existence for around five thousand years. It was invented a long time after spoken language, which developed tens of thousands of years ago. What is astonishing is that all written languages, although very different in appearance, can be traced back to common origins and a lightbulb moment in writing’s development known as the Rebus Principle. Universally amongst human cultures, history has always been passed down verbally over time through songs, poetry and stories. The human impulse to be creative has also led to expression through art, and the earliest forms of written communication were through pictographs and pictograms: drawings of objects and illustrations of a concept the artist wanted to communicate. Illustrations like this can be seen in the oldest cave paintings. Early pictographs were also used as accounts, such as listing belongings that were to be traded or sacrificed; for example, a sheaf of wheat or a cow. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics famously used a variety of pictograms. However, people quickly found that pictograms alone were not always enough to convey complex ideas, so they were adapted to not only represent what they were, but to additionally stand for
4
spoken sounds. Words could then be built up using images that did not necessarily relate to the objects themselves but could be sounded out to obtain another meaning. This was the Rebus Principle – rebus meaning ‘by things’ in Latin. It meant that people’s names could be written down, as well as their possessions and transactions. As an example, ‘sun’ and ‘son’ have different meanings but because they sound the same, they could be represented by the same symbol. The earliest form of writing using symbols – or phonograms – to represent sounds is known as ‘cuneiform’. It was invented in ancient southern Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq) by the Sumerians in order to facilitate trade. Cuneiform used a system of triangular marks made with a reed that were impressed on wet clay tablets. Examples can be seen in the British Museum. At the same time in China, etched and (later) calligraphically painted characters, which had originally depicted objects, evolved to represent more complex words and ideas. As there are many sounds in Chinese language that are the same but mean entirely different things, extra marks or qualifiers were added to the written characters to explain the correct context of the words. The earliest examples of Chinese writing have been found on oracle bones. These were animal bones on which a prediction or question was etched. The bone was then heated and the way it cracked could be read by a diviner to confirm the prediction or answer a question.
Please mention The Villager and Town Life when responding to adverts
