Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets by Vincent Chukwuemeka

Onitsha NIGERIA Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

MA Arch Studio: REDESIGN Prof. Gunnar Hartmann - Thesis Advisor Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar - 2nd Advisor

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent (Matrikelnummer - 4057053) DIA - HOCHSCHULE ANHALT, GERMANY

June, 2014

Onitsha, Nigeria:

Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets MA ARCH STUDIO: REDESIGn

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent Supervisors Prof. Gunnar Hartmann (Thesis Advisor) Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar (Second Advisor)

ABSTRACT Onitsha is a unique city of more than two million residents; in South-Eastern Nigeria with a network of various specialized markets. These markets are thriving alongside with the exponential population increase in the midst of an apparent urban dystopia; with almost zero typical city infrastructure. A city that witnesses an increase; almost a double of itâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s population during the day, and a reset at night. On the one hand, the city has demonstrated an impressive feat of resilience with intensification of trading activities, spread every corner of the city. The aim of this research is to understand and; better describe this phenomenon of Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets. An Analysis and Synthesis of Several Layers of Forces, Material Flows, Urban Conditions and Ethnography on Onitsha was conducted. Combined Research Method was used to explore the networks that has maintained the system. However, the apparent chaos is shaped by the constant struggles between the institutional hierarchy and self-organized mesh. The self organization at Onitsha constantly evolves, and mostly in the form of markets; which is a pure act of survival for the overall system.

PREFACE This Thesis is original, unpublished, independent work by the Author except where due acknowledgement has been made. The work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my utmost gratitude to you, Gunnar for allowing me engage this ‘wild beast’ of a project as you rightly described it. Your teachings and support provided the motivation for this project. You kept asking radical questions that allowed me have different perspectives. Starting from your first lecture in theory of architecture and the excellent seminars! With lots of support, you radically challenged my already ingrained orthodoxies, made me aware of design economies, pushed me to discover green ideas and where they actually came from, strengthened my believe in long term thinking, and most of all, revealed to me how to make better mistakes tomorrow should in case each of my future architectural endeavors is all but a mistake. Thank you! Special thanks to you, Prof. Omar Akbar for your very insightful and strategic guidelines. I still look forward for future conversations and hope to understand when you pose those powerful and critically challenging questions. Special thanks to you, Prof. Arie Graafland. The book ‘African Perspectives (South) Africa’; you generously gave to me introduced me to a whole lot of other authors that have written extensively on Urban Africa. Special thanks to you, Prof. Lars Lerup for the great MidTerm reviews and encouragements. Your comments were like steroids and made me believe that I was spending my energy and resources in the the right direction. Thank you! Special thanks to you, Prof. Ivan Kucina for the support and materials you generously introduced to me. Your insightful questions, guidelines, suggestions, dedicated time and keen interests to discuss the project was immensely helpful I also would like to thank my family and friends for the moral and financial support; most especially to you, Chichi. Lastly, but not the least; I would like to thank my Team at Onitsha; Anyaogu Eucheria, Okuh Chibuike, Ilouno Dubem, Ogoh Callistus, Ifem Obinna, and Obinna Ikenna. Without the prompt site visits, this project would not have been possible within the time frame available for it.

CONTENTS

1 Introduction

Problem

Aim

Research Question

Onitsha

18-19

2 Forces

Introduction

Nigerian Contexts

Political Epoch

28-29

Demographic Epoch

30-31

Commercial Epoch

32-33

Forces

3 Flows

Introduction

International

38-39

Regional

40-41

Urban

42-43

Flows

4 Market

Introduction

Urban Growth

Urban Definitions

Access

Segregation

Distribution

Metabolism

105

By-Products

111

Adapted Typologies

117

Market

122

Self-Organized Wealth

Introduction

Hierarchy and Mesh

Conclusion

131

Conclusion

133

7 Bibliography

125 127 128-129

135

Cited Works

137

Illustration Credits

139

8 Appendix Proxies

140 143

Onitsha wthin African Context

145-147

Concepts

148-149

Onitsha Nodes

150-151

Onitsha Layouts

152-153

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Problem

Aim

Research Question

Onitsha

18 -19

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Figure 1.01 Photograph of Onitsha Markets Ephemerals 14

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

INTRODUCTION

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Onitsha City covers an area of approximately 38 square kilometers, and is situated in South-Eastern political zone of Nigeria. It has a history of trading traced back to the 18th century with the Portuguese merchants before the arrival of the British Missionaries.¹ The city has a strategic geographical location along the River Niger and is inhabited traditionally, by mostly the entrepreneurial Igbo people of Nigeria. Following the settlement of the British Colonials, Onitsha could boast of the biggest market in the whole of West Africa in 1960s as trade further expanded. ² Unfortunately, the Market and the city suffered from the Nigerian Civil War (1967 - 1970) and was politically abandoned by the military dictatorships and political instability that ensued for the next twenty-nine years. (1970 - 1999). Today, there are more than twenty specialized Markets, a population increase from seventy-seven thousand residents in the 1960s to a population of two million residents within the current metropolis; and over four million people in the city during the day.³ Trading has spread everywhere blurring the boundaries between residential, commercial, industrial and administrative districts. On the one hand, the city is plagued with; lack of pipe borne water supply, epileptic electricity supply from the national grid, poor waste management, traffic congestion, uncoordinated and poor internal circulation, security challenges, and illegal settlements. However, there appears to be a very organized networks that run the markets, transportation systems and security of goods; and the city is growing at an astronomical rate. This growth is not in accordance to the institutional framework prepared for the city and is dominated by the emerging markets in almost every corner of the city. The aim of the research is to understand and better describe the market phenomenon and the dynamics that is driving it. Most African cities as Edgar Pieterse writes; are in permanent state of crisis, unfathomable levels of deprivation, cruelty and routine dispossession.⁴ These cities have defiled the conventional laws of planning and with little studies of what constitutes the seemingly similar characteristics and still growing. Onitsha presents an opportunity to explore this phenomenon. Urban theorists and practitioners around the world are presented with the task 16

of thinking through some form of an agenda for urban development of the technically challenged growing vibrant regions of the Global South. Rem Koolhaas acknowledged; in his response to Bregtje Van der Haak interview on the Lagos project; that his initial image of cities in Africa was; - an image of a Continent in perpetual crises; with health gloom; economic gloom; food gloom; political gloom, but he was completely unprepared for the immediacy of the intelligence he encountered when he arrived in Lagos.⁵ This statement also holds true for Onitsha. The difference between Onitsha and Lagos in this case is that Onitsha is sustained by a homogenous activity of trading. A microcosm of a trading center with the utmost degree of intensity more than what Rem Koolhaas witnessed in Lagos. Market in Igbo culture is the core function of the society and has metamorphosed to what is Onitsha today. Before the arrival of the British, the market served as the calendar system of the society as four market days; (Eke, Orie, Afor and Nkwo) makes a week. The market also served as a social, economic, and spiritual public place. This practice is still ongoing till this day and currently, two calendar system is adopted. The English calendar system is for the daily/formal activities and the traditional calendar system serves for cultural and traditional obligations. Most exceptions are the traditional spiritual function which was fractured with the introduction of Christianity; which is by the way, the religion of faith of more than 97% of the Igbo Tribe today. The Markets in Onitsha are very organized according to social institutions with respect to what Manuel Delanda called ‘city distribution systems’.⁶ These social institutions determine how energy flows through a city. In this sense they actually plan or map strategies (of both time and space) that enabled the formation of wider networks. In other words, market space enabled extensive urban complexes to emerge, but these complexes generally vanished after each use.⁷ This is one of the scenarios that was difficult for Rem Koolhaas, in his Harvard Project on the City (Lagos).⁸ There are complex layers of forces acting on each market that comprise of; communication, ethnic, economic, security, administrative, political layers and most of all; the historical dimensions of each of these layers. Laurent Fourchard⁹ and Joseph Godlewski;¹⁰ two

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

major critics of Rem Koolhaas’ Lagos Project actually explained in details of the major issues that he failed to look at while studying Lagos and rightly described his project as an individual architect’s experience with the city, rather than a historically situated documentary about a particular African city. Cities in Africa need ‘transformative interventions’ as was described by Edgar Pieterse¹¹. However, there is no single ‘recipe‘ for these interventions as there are a myriad of different cultures which in most cases has penetrated seeming contemporary city dwelling. I have adopted the phrase; ‘Cities in Africa’ instead of ‘African Cities’ just like Garth Myers rightly pointed out that it may be preposterous to speak about African cities - it is certainly wrong to do so as if there is one type or one theme.¹² In Nigeria alone, there are more than 250 ethnic groups with different languages¹³, and in most cases, each of the Cities in Africa were founded by a particular ethnic group. Onitsha just like Lagos trades with all other parts of the country, and also with the bordering countries of Nigeria in both local languages, Pidgin, English and French. The market is the culmination of the what recent studies has described as ‘African Informal Urbanism’; a term that Angela Mingas addressed as ‘professionals and scholars not having the terminology to talk about these kinds of cities. She even demanded a need for a re-evaluation of culture and language to find words to describe what’s in front of us.¹⁴ My inquisitive journey into Onitsha City in this research will hopefully, present more insights and knowledge to Urban Design and Architecture Discourses. I therefore decided to explore the hidden forces, material flows, ingenuity, creativity, and the energy that is driving Onitsha which I will discuss in the following chapters. So how do these networks function and what are the factors maintaining these networks? What is the logic of organization? What is the meaning of the location? What is the relationship between the market and the city? I used combined research method to carry out this study as there is no specifically single approach that could tackle the complexity of the problem adequately. I set up a team of 5 Architects on site and was communicating dif-

ferently with each of them to help me compare findings. The ethnographic and onsite studies were conducted this way. Google map helped justify the locations of facilities they plotted on the Maps and sent to me. Very importantly, my personal experience with Onitsha after having lived twenty-four years of my life 100km within the radius of Onitsha and several visits helped me interpret to the most part, all the data I have collected. I will start the next chapter by exploring the forces that shaped the flows of materials, that also shaped the physical conditions of Onitsha. These traced the forces back in history under three different epochs which are; political, demographic and commercial epochs. This enabled me to have an overall overview of the ‘pace layers of change’¹⁵ but in an urban and historical perspective. In chapter three, I focused on the Flows of Materials; into, from and through Onitsha. Also in this case traced back in time from the early nineteenth century to the present time. In chapter four, I conducted an urban analysis and mapping of Onitsha, starting from 1937 when Onitsha was designated as a Township Ordinance by the Colonials.¹⁶ These maps revealed the spatial negotiations between planned areas and self-organized areas of the city. Chapter five traces the organizational Hierarchy and Mesh of Onitsha, the social dynamics that has kept the whole system alive and active. The study identifies the different organs of the layer of the self-organized networks and findings show that the unruly and chaotic behavior of Onitsha is a physical manifestation of struggles between the institutional hierarchy and self-organized mesh all acting in opposing directions. The constantly emerging Markets however, are physical phenomena of Onitsha in response to the forces, that shape the flows of materials in Onitsha urban space. With the current situation still in place, the current orthodox urban Design and Architecture Theories and Practice are completely obsolete and hopelessly ineffective for a ‘Rogue City’ ¹⁷ like Onitsha. A term used by Edgar Pieterse to describe the Cities in Africa exhibiting such chaotic tendencies.

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

ONITSHA METROPOLITAN AREA BENIN - ASABA EXPRESSWAY

DELTA STATE

ANAMBRA STATE

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

ASABA

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50M

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IYOWA ODEKPE

DELTA STATE

Figure 1.02 GSEducationalVersion

2km 1mi

ANAMBRA STATE

Fegge Layout

Niger Bridge

ONITSHA: A CITY THAT IS A MARKET (Investigating the Phenomenon of Organized Wealth in a Disorganized Urbanity).

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

River Port

Main Market (Otu Nkwo)

[DIA] MASTER THESIS SS 2014

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1.0 ONITSHA - ENUGU EXPRESSWAY

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ITSHA

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ONITSHA - OWERRI ROAD NOTES: SATELLITE IMAGE | DIGITAL GLOBE TECHNOLOGIES; GIS BASE MAP | THIRD DIMENSION TECHNOLOGIES, NIGERIA

Onitsha Flyover (Clover Leaf)

Nkpor Junction

UKWUEMEKA, CHUKWUEMEKA VINCENT [4057053] NIGERIA

Abandoned Air Strip, Obosi

STUDIO THEME: REDESIGN

Dissolved Boundaries

Intermediate Boundaries

SUPERVISORS: PROF. GÃ&#x153;NNAR HARTMANN; PROF. OMAR AKBAR

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

NOTES

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053) 1. Madu, Izueke Edwin C; Eme, Okechukwu Innocent ‘Urban Planning Problems in Nigeria: A Case of Onitsha Metropolis of Anambra State’, Singaporean Journal of Businesses Economics, and Management Studies VOL_1(No_12) 2013 Accessed 10th March, 2014 http://www.singaporeanjbem.com/pdfs/SG_VOL_1_ (12)/4.pdf 2.Okeke, Chika; ’Onitsha: A commercial City and its middle Arts’, Glendora Review: African Quarterly on the Arts. VOL_2 (No_1). 1997, p.42-50 http://www.worldcat.org/title/onitsha-a-commercialcity-and-its-middle-arts/oclc/38246810 3. For Population Maps of Onitsha 1957, please see; Accessed 18th December 2013 http://www.amightytree.org/oldsite/Waterside_Onitsha/ Waterside_Images.htm For the current Population Projections, please see; National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF Macro. 2009, ‘Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008.’ Abuja, Nigeria, National Populaton Commission and ICF Macro. http://www.population.gov.ng 4. Pieterse, Edgar ; ’Notes towards an Alternative Framework for Urban Development ‘, African Perspectives [South] Africa; City, Society, Space, Literature and Architecture eds. Gerhard Bruyns, Arie Graafland, 010 Publishers, 2012, p.51 5. Koolhaas, Rem; ’Lagos Wide and Close; An Interactive Journey into an Exploding City’, DVD, 2005 http://www.submarinechannel.com/shop 6. De Landa, Manuel; ’A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History’, Swerve Editions, 2000, p.31

9. GODLEWSKI, JOSEPH; ‘Alien and Distant: Rem Koolhaas on Film in Lagos, Nigeria’ Accessed 16th February, 2014 http://iaste.berkeley.edu/pdfs/21.2c-Spr10Godlewski.pdf 10. Fourchard, Laurent; ‘Lagos, Koolhaas and Partisan Politics in Nigeria’ Accessed 16th February, 2014 http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/Capital_Cities_in_Africa_-_Chapter_5__Lagos.pdf 11. Pieterse, Edgar; ’Notes towards an Alternative Framework for Urban Development ‘, in African Perspectives [South] Africa; City, Society, Space, Literature and Architecture eds. Gerhard Bruyns, Arie Graafland, 010 Publishers, 2012, p.53 12. Myers, Garth A; ’African Cities: Alternative Visions of Urban Theory and Practice’, Zed Books, 2011, p.191 13.Roger, Blench; ‘Atlas of Nigerian Languages’, ed.III (revised and amended edition of Crozier and Blench), 1992 14. Angela Mingas ‘Interview with Andres Lepik’, Afriteqture Symposium, Accessed 13th December 2013, ht t p : / / w w w. u n c u b e m a g a z i n e. co m / m a g a z i ne-17-11665397.html#!/page26 15. Brant, Stewart; How buildings Learn: What Happens After They’re Built, Penguin Books, 1995, p.13 16. Madu, Izueke Edwin C, Eme, Okechukwu Innocent; ’Urban Planning Problems in Nigeria: A Case of Onitsha Metropolis of Anambra State’ Singaporean Journal of Businesses Economics, and Management Studies VOL_1(No_12) 2013 Accessed 10th March, 2014 http:// www.singaporeanjbem.com/pdfs/SG_VOL_1_(12)/4.pdf 17. Pieterse, ‘Edgar; Introducing Rogue Urbanism’, Rogue Urbanism eds. Edgar Pieterse, AbdouMaliq Simone, Jacana Media, African Center for Cities, (2013) p.12 - 15

7. Ibid, 8. Koolhaas, Rem; ‘Harvard Project on the City, “Lagos,” in S. Boeri, S. Kwinter, N. Tazi, and H.U. Obrist, eds., Mutations (Barcelona: Actar, 2001)

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

FORCES

Introduction

Nigerian Contexts

Political Epoch

Demographic Epoch

28 -29

Commercial Epoch

30 -31

Forces

32 -33

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

forces_InTRODUCTION This chapter explains the forces that shape the flows, which determines the physical phenomenon of emerging markets and their adapted typologies at Onitsha. The forces also explained why almost all well meaning intentions to ‘fix’ Onitsha by institutional organizations (governments and NGOs) have worked in opposite direction on the most part without any meaningful improve-

ment. I first documented the position of Onitsha within the Nigerian Context, and later grouped the different layers of forces in the different epochs; Political, Demographic, and Commercial. My approach was a translation of gathered data to infographics. This is to allow several other layers of interpretation on the work as it applies to Urban Design and Architecture.

forces_NIGERIAN CONTEXTS Climatic Context - Onitsha lies within the tropical rainforest zone among the seven vegetative zones of Nigeria. This explains the character of vernacular architecture of the city. Geophysical Context - Onitsha is naturally sited on a higher ground along the River Niger and that protects it from getting flooded. More so, the river was the main transportation channel that served the early settlers in the sixteen century.¹ The link between the east and west, with the Savannah zone to the north and the forest and Delta region to the south, enabled Onitsha to develop as an important commercial centre. Linguistic context - Onitsha belongs to the Igbo people of Nigeria. The unity of language and similarity of cultural practices and traditions intensified the trade relationships between the locals and migrants from neighboring villages, and later; the foreign contacts. Religious Context - The traders chose to maintain the historical location without moving across the river due to the buffer from possible religious hostilities. Political Context - The aftermath of the Biafra civil War led to the geographic blockade and surround of the Igbo speaking areas which was supposed to deter them from another secession attempt. This was disguised as a mere creation of more states. This military exercise was later legitimized in the constitution as political zones of the country during the Military era. The implication of this led

to the fragmentation of the network of flows within the regional level and the almost total abandon of Onitsha’s urban infrastructure. Committed efforts have been made by the successive democratic governments to improve the physical conditions of Onitsha since the transition to democracy; but still from the top-down approach which has not been effective as it needs to be. Demographic Context - Onitsha and Lagos are two most common commercial cities in Nigeria that are choice of migration for the Igbo people due to the high testimonies of success. There is high migration from rural areas to Onitsha which makes it very densely populated. It is pertinent to note that population of Onitsha almost doubles during the day due to the influx of people to the various markets and commuters on transit. Kano city on the northern part of Nigeria is another major commercial city but has lesser traders from Onitsha due to fear of religious hostilities. Onitsha however is among the densest cities of Nigeria. Economic Context - During the colonial period, Onitsha was an export-based economy. Palm Oil was the major export product in the 1950s and 1960s. But today; after the post-structural adjustments and the incompetence of the military regimes, it has turned to mostly import-based economy while Crude Oil serves as the primary source of energy for the city. The situation however, intensified the trading actives even more as traders had to come up with other ingenious ways to make profits and earn a living.

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

FORCES_NIGERIAN CONTEXTS

FORCES _ THE NIGERIAN CONTEXTS

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053) ONITSHA _CLIMATIC CONTEXT

ONITSHA_GEOPHYSICAL CONTEXT

Kano

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Figure 2.01 24

ONITSHA - SUN PATH DIAGRAM

800km 400mi ONITSHA: A CITY THAT IS A MARKET (Investigating the Phenomenon of Organized Wealth in a Disorganized Urbanity).

Onitsha,GSEducationalVersion Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

[DIA] MASTER THESIS SS 2014

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3.1 ONITSHA_POLITICAL CONTEXT

ONITSHA_ECONOMIC CONTEXT (1963)

Kano

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NOTE: WEATHER INFORMATION FROM; http://www.gaisma.com

UKWUEMEKA, CHUKWUEMEKA VINCENT [4057053] NIGERIA

STUDIO THEME: REDESIGN

SUPERVISORS: PROF. GÃ&#x153;NNAR HARTMANN; PROF. OMAR AKBAR

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

FORCES_POLITICAL EPOCH The timeline shows the political history of Onitsha from the time of colonials to the present presidential democracy. It also shows the formation of the Onitsha Market Traders Association (OMATA); the Market Union that controls almost everything in Onitsha. It was formed in 1957 as a way to compete and protect their interest against the colonials as the independence talks approached. ² After the independence of Nigeria, there was the Biafra War,³ and thereafter, the marketers went further to esta-

blish another powerful organization; the National Union of Road Transport Workers. (NURTW) to ensure safe transportation of their goods and maintenance of the distribution networks.⁴ The timeline also shows the emergence of Nigerian nation, different states, blockade of the southern access, and the current Anambra State. Each political act over the years decided the material flow of goods and also on the most part, affected the urban condition of Onitsha.

FORCES_DEMOGRAPHIC EPOCH The Demographic Epoch highlights the population surge of Onitsha and how it is compared to that of Lagos and also Nigeria. This is somehow a worrying situation about the future of Onitsha.

similar to that of the traditional religion. It also brought more advanced technologies, new Language skills that gave opportunities with the colonials and also the fracture of the Caste System.⁵

Secondly, the timeline shows the transition from traditional religion to Christianity. Christianity was embraced totally because it sold the concept of Trinity, which was

However, practices of some traditional norms also did not allow for a complete acceptance of the geometric based planning of Onitsha by the colonials.

FORCES_COMMERCIAL EPOCH This Timeline shows the nature of operation of Markets before the arrival of the colonials, where market was basically a social, economic and religious space. The colonials removed the religious aspects of it by the introduction of Christianity, and owned the markets. After independence, the market became the hybrid of the two. Today, market for Igbo people serve traditionally as a public space, a social space, a cultural space, an economic space, a religious space and a calendar for interpretation of time and space. This explains why Onitsha is a city at the same time a market because it is a terminal representation of this world view of the inhabitants. The self-organization is a survival response to cope with the constant struggle to survive 26

the periodical disruptions (both positive and negative) from the conventional institutions’ supposed well intentioned interventions for the most part. A culmination of this disruption is effect of the post-structuralist era.⁶ It is pertinent to note that the ‘Nollywood‘ Movie industry, the second largest in the world,⁷ emerged from Onitsha. This was after a marketer imported large volumes of ready to be disposed VHS Tapes from Asia, and had to come up with the ingenuity of putting motion image in it to be able sell the products. However, Nollywood moved to Lagos as the south was politically marginalized from international access directly. Secondly, Onitsha used to be an educational center for the South-Eastern Nigeria because of the colonial influen-

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

ces. The volume of Publishing at Onitsha was higher than that of Lagos as at 1960. The famous Onitsha Market literatureâ ¸ was huge because of the presence of the Printing Press and related products sold by the marketers. Thirdly, Alaba International Marketâ š was established after the blockade of the South and the marketers could easily clear their Taiwanese goods easily from the Lagos wharf and needed a depot that can also serve as a sales point.

In fact, most of the owners of businesses in Alaba migrated from Onitsha. Alaba Market is actually an extension of Onitsha to a multicultural and international environment for buyers from other Countries. This is because Lagos was the only state that was allowed to have a functioning international gateway for goods in the Southern Nigeria while the Port-Harcourt and Warri Ports were mostly restricted to refined petroleum imports.

FORCES We can see from these sketches, the various forces on different contexts and layers and how they have shaped material flows of goods and people; in and out of Onitsha and as well, through Onitsha. The physical condition of Onitsha is as a result of fractured society on different

levels and the resort to self-survival against the waves of forces acting on the city. We shall see in the next chapter, the details of material flows and how I have attempted to interpret it.

Figure 2.02 Post-Structurally adjusted Nigeria; Sunday Times, February 12, 1989 p. 4 Archive accessed 2nd January, 2014, (http://twitter.com/@toluogunlesi #Nigeria) MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

FORCES_POLITICAL EPOCH

FORCES _ POLITICAL EPOCH

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

AMALGAMATION OF NORTH AND SOUTH NIGERIA

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REGIMES COLONIAL RULE PALIARMENTARY DEMOCRACY MILITARY RULE BIAFRA - CIVIL WAR INTERIM DEMOCRACY PRESIDENTIAL DEMOCRACY

Figure 2.03 28

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets GSEducationalVersion

OMATA ONITSHA AMALGAMATED TRADERS ASSOCIATION

ONITSHA: A CITY THAT IS A MARKET (Investigating the Phenomenon of Organized Wealth in a Disorganized Urbanity).

[DIA] MASTER THESIS SS 2014

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3.1A SEGREGATION OF BIAFRA

BLOCKADE OF IGBO STATES IN DISGUISE OF STATE CREATION

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NEW FEDERAL CAPITAL AND CREATION OF NEW STATES

ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW GEOPOLITICAL ZONES

FEDERAL CAPITAL

NORTH WEST ZONE

SOUTH EAST ZONE

NORTH EAST ZONE

ONITSHA IN THE CONTEXT OF ANAMBRA STATE (2014)

ANAMBRA STATE

NORTH CENTRAL ZONE SOUTH WEST ZONE SOUTH SOUTH ZONE

ONITSHA MUNICIPAL

1963 1967

1960

1976

1970

ONITSHA NORTH & SOUTH

CITY ZONE

1991 1996

1980

1ST REPUBLIC

1990

2014

2000

2ND

3RD

2010

2025

2020

4TH REPUBLIC

NURTW NATIONAL UNION OF ROAD TRANSPORT WORKERS

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

UKWUEMEKA, CHUKWUEMEKA VINCENT [4057053] NIGERIA

STUDIO THEME: REDESIGN

SUPERVISORS: PROF. GÃ&#x153;NNAR HARTMANN; PROF. OMAR AKBAR

FORCES_DEMOGRAPHIC EPOCH FORCES _ DEMOGRAPHIC

EPOCH

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

CHRISTIANITY

IGBO AND ENGLISH

> 97%

50 / 50

200.0 20.0 2.0 (MILLIONS)

100.0 10.0 1.0

76,921

SECOND CENSUS

18,084 FIRST CENSUS 1 UNIT 8-DAY/4-DAY MARKET

1 UNIT 4-DAY MARKET

40.0 4.0 0.4 20.0

2.0

0.2

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

RELIGION TRADITIONAL RELIGION

Figure 2.04 30

(FEGGE LAYOUT)

(ODAKPU LAYOUT)

CHRISTIANITY (CATHOLIC, ANGLICAN, PENTECOSTAL >98%) + MINORITY

ONITSHA: A CITY THAT ISand A MARKET (Investigating the Phenomenon of Organized Wealth in a Disorganized Urbanity). | GSEducationalVersion Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth Emerging Markets

[DIA] MASTER THESIS SS 2014

3.1B

> 2,000,000 > 4 MILLION PEOPLE DURING THE DAY

ONITSHA

OFALA FESTIVAL

NEW YAM FESTIVAL

ANNUALLY IN HONOR OF OBI OF ONITSHA

ANNUALLY

NIGERIA LAGOS

561,000 2006 CENSUS

350,280 1991 CENSUS

4 UNITS DAILY MARKET

12 UNITS OF DAILY MARKET

30+ UNITS OF DAILY MARKET

2025

1960

1970

FIRST NIGER BRIDGE

1980

(MILITARY, AWADA LAYOUTS)

1990

2000

2010

2020

GRA, NKPOR LAYOUT

HUKWUEMEKA, CHUKWUEMEKA VINCENT [4057053] NIGERIA | STUDIO THEME:Advisor: REDESIGNProf. | MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis

SUPERVISORS: PROF. Second GÃ&#x153;NNAR HARTMANN; PROF. Dr. OMAR AKBAR Gunnar Hartmann, Advisor: Prof. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

FORCES_COMMERCIAL EPOCH

FORCES _ COMMERCIAL EPOCH

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

TRADITIONAL1ST MARKET DAYS

ONITSHA MARKET BEFORE COLONIZATION

EKE DAY

COMMUNAL OWNERSHIP 4TH

NKWO DAY

WEEK CYCLE

ORIE DAY

2ND

ORACLE

FIND A SPOT

AFOR DAY

3RD

ABADA MARKET

OTU NKWO MARKET

TRADITIONAL CALENDAR (4 MARKET DAYS = WEEK)

MARINA MODE

COLONIAL CALENDAR SYSTEM

SERVES FOR TRADITIONAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS AND ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS

SERVES FOR ONLY ECONOMIC, RELIGIOU

EXPORTATION BASED ECONOMY

ONITSHA MARKET LIT

USE OF ONITSHA INLAND RIVER PORT

RESIDENT MERCHANTS

NATIONAL EXP

COLONIAL TRADE

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

TRANSITION TO FULL COLONIAL EXPORTS

1950

TRANSITION TO NATIONAL EXPORTS

TRADITIONAL FUNCTIONS OF A MARKET FOR IGBO PEOPLE OF NIGERIA

- A PUBLIC SPACE FOR SOCIAL FUNCTION - CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE AND IMAGE - EXCHANGE OF GOODS AND SERVICES - TRADITIONAL FESTIVALS - RELIGIOUS GROUNDS

Figure 2.05 32

- INTERPRETATION OF TIME AND SPACE

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets ONITSHA: A CITY THAT IS A MARKET (Investigating the Phenomenon of Organized Wealth in a Disorganized Urbanity). | GSEducationalVersion

[DIA] MASTER THESIS SS 2014

3.1C ONITSHA MARKET DURING COLONIZATION

ONITSHA MARKET TODAY HYBRID OWNERSHIP

GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP

UNION MANAGEMENT

CHURCH

ORACLE

EL MARKET

MAIN MARKET

BRIDGE HEAD MARKET

M (7 DAYS A WEEK)

US AND ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS

INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP

OCHANJA RELIEF MARKET

ELECTRICAL MARKET OBOSI

TRADITIONAL CALENDAR (4 MARKET DAYS = WEEK) STILL SERVES FOR TRADITIONAL AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONS IMPORTATION (NIGERIAN OWNED FACTORIES IN CHINA)

DISCOVERY ASIA (TAIWAN) REPLICATION OF GERMAN AND FRENCH AUTOMOBILE SPARE PARTS

TERATURE

START OF LOCALIZATION OF CHINESE FACTORIES

ASSEMBLY ONLY IN ONITSHA AND NNEWI HOME VIDEO

1960

HIGHLIFE MUSIC

TRAVELLING MERCHANTS

PORTATION

1970

1980

TRANSITION TO IMPORTS

START OF TRANSPORT COMPANIES

PUBLISHING MIGRATED

1990

DOWNGRADE OF SOUTHERN SEAPORTS

2000

DOWNGRADE OF SOUTHERN AIRPORTS

HIGHLIFE MUSIC MIGRATED

HOME VIDEO MIGRATED

LAGOS - FORMER CAPITAL - AIRPORT - SEAPORT

2010

2020

UPGRADE OF PH SEA PORT (SS ZONE)

UPGRADE OF ENUGU AIRPORT TO INTERNATIONAL (SE ZONE) UPGRADE OF ONITSHA INLAND PORT (SE ZONE)

START OF SECOND NIGER BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

- MULTI ETHNIC - CORPORATIONS APPROVAL FOR CONSTRUCTION 3 NEW SOUTHERN SEAPORTS (SS ZONE) START OF NOLLYWOOD MOVIE INDUSTRY

START OF ALABA INT’L MARKET

START OF LAGOS POPULATION BOOM

APPROVAL FOR SS - SW RAILWAY

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany. | STUDIO THEME: REDESIGN | SUPERVISORS: PROF. GÜNNAR HARTMANN; PROF. OMAR AKBAR

HUKWUEMEKA, CHUKWUEMEKA VINCENT [4057053] NIGERIA

NOTES

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

2. Forrest, Tom; ‘The Advance of African Capital: The growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise’, Edinburgh University Press, 1994, p.146

Metropolis of Anambra State’ Singaporean Journal of Businesses Economics, and Management Studies VOL_1(No_12) 2013 Accessed 10th March, 2014 http://www.singaporeanjbem.com/pdfs/SG_VOL_1_ (12)/4.pdf

3. Please for a holistic overview of the Biafra War, see; Achebe, Chinua; ’There was a Country’. The Penguin Press, 2012, p.210

- Forrest, Tom; ’The Advance of African Capital: The growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise’, Edinburgh University Press, 1994, Page 157

4. Forrest, Tom; ’The Advance of African Capital: The growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise’, Edinburgh University Press, 1994, Page 157

- For Onitsha and Copying, Accessed 20th March 2013,; Please also see; http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3130297.stm Friday, 8 August, 2003

5. Achebe, Chinua; ‘Things fall Apart’, New York; Anchor Books, 1959, p.19; p.155

- For other versions of Onitsha Evolution and Decline;, Accessed 20th March 2013, Please see http://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2009/mar/120.html, http://www. tellng.com/business/decline-onitsha-market

1. Uchendu, Victor C; ‘The Igbo of Southeast Nigeria’, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc 1965, Page 44

6. Davis, Mike; ‘Planet of Slums’ Verso, 2006, p.152 7. On Nollywood; Accessed 6 May, 2014 http://www.economist.com/node/7226009 Jul 27th 2006 8. On Market Literature; Accessed 6 May, 2014 http://www. premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/109722-thetransition-of-onitsha-market-literature-to-home-moviesby-uzor-maxim-uzoatu.html 9. Koolhaas, Rem; ’Lagos Wide and Close; An Interactive Journey into an Exploding City’, DVD, 2005 http://www.submarinechannel.com/shop POLITICAL EPOCH - Text on Nigerian History; Accessed February 10th 2014, http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/westafrica/xnigeria. html DEMOGRAPHIC EPOCH - Data on Population Projections; National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF Macro. 2009 ‘Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008.’ Abuja, Nigeria, National Populaton Commission and ICF Macro. http://www.population.gov.ng

COMMERCIAL EPOCH - Madu, Izueke Edwin C; Eme, Okechukwu Innocent ‘Urban Planning Problems in Nigeria: A Case of Onitsha 34 Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

FLOWS

Introduction

International

Regional

38 -39

Urban

40 -41

Flows

42 -43

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Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

FLOWS_InTRODUCTION This is a timeline of material flow in and out, and through Onitsha. I grouped my findings into scales; International,

Regional and Urban scales. This was to enable my interpretations on a more legible format.

FLOWS_InTERNATIONAL Content Sources - This map shows the flow of goods, and the change in direction of contents from the time of export based economy to the present time of import based economy of Onitsha. The shift to Asia started after the Post-Structural periods¹ and the situation in the country was unbelievably difficult. With the military marginalization of the Igbo people after the loss of Biafra Civil War², and visa restrictions imposition by United Kingdom, other European countries and United States; traders headed to Taiwan to replicate European machines and products to still be able to serve the economically weakened local economy³. Subsequent endeavors were highly successful with very high turn-overs; and that was the turning point for the establishment of Onitsha - Taiwan/China link. Route - This map shows the general flow of goods inside Nigeria. Onitsha acts as a central distribution center to other parts of Nigeria because of the strategic location of Onitsha and also business ownerships. And Lagos basically serves as a depot from there wharf. This explains the

traffic volume at Onitsha. During the day, it is a scene of noises from the car horns, religious advertisement of gospel songs, and loud noises of products advertisements emanating from loud speakers from almost all corners of the city; and most times in motion by the street traders. It is also important to note that the Niger Bridge is the only access to the South East from the across the River Niger since it’s first construction in 1965.⁴ Energy: Oil - Onitsha is practically running on Oil. The illustration shows the distribution of petrol from the Oil wells to refining abroad and back to Onitsha. The implication of this however is the complete fragmentation of Urban Services down to individuals themselves. There are all manner of Generators from four-liter tanks to 1000-liter tank capacity based on usage. Filling Stations are sandwiched between Apartments and strategically located along the mostly busy streets. We shall see the details later in the next chapter.

FLOWS_regional National Distribution Network - This timeline shows the network of distribution and how it reacted when the southern ports stopped functioning.

Zonal Distribution Network - This timeline shows the behaviors of the network and how it got decentralized while reacting to the various forces acting on it.

FLOWS_URBAN Urban Material Flow - The illustration shows the various levels of flow and how the physical existence of the markets relate to the zonal and regional network. The Typolo-

gies of the markets are determined by the material flow and according to the transport requirements. All solid wastes from Onitsha unfortunately ends up in the landfill.

FLOWS Onitsha is a place of constant dynamics among the commuters, the buyers, the traders and the residents. This dynamics have churned out the apparent chaos but as

well, a great ingenuity from the people and the several market typologies. The material flows are the lifeblood of Onitsha.

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

FLOWS_INTERNATIONAL

FLOWS _ INTERNATIONAL

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

CONTENT - SOURCES

NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA

UNITED KINGDOM

USA

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

1927

UNITED KINGDOM AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS

1963

ROUTE NORTH-WEST ZONE NORTH-EAST ZONE NORTH-WEST BORDER

NORTH-CENTRAL ZONE

SOUTH-WEST ZONE NORTH-EAST / SOUTH-EAST BORDER

ABROAD

ONITSHA

LAGOS WHARF

SOUTH-EAST ZONE

WARRI WHARF

Figure 3.01 38

2014

PORT-HARCOURT WHARF

THROUGH INLAND ROADWAYS SOUTH-SOUTH ZONE THROUGH WATER BODY

ONITSHA: A CITY THAT IS A MARKET (Investigating the Phenomenon of Organized Wealth in a Disorganized Urbanity). GSEducationalVersion Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

[DIA] MASTER THESIS SS 2014

CHU

4.1 GERMANY

AUTOMOBIL PRODUCTS MACHINERIES

ASIA

UNITED KINGDOM FOOD PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS

USA

REFINED OIL AUTOMOBILE AND PARTS MACHINE PARTS MEDICINE/PROCESSED FOODS COSMETICS

JAPAN

CHINA/TAIWAN

MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS AUTOMOBILES ELECTRONICS MACHINERIES TEXTILES CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS MEDICINE/PROCESSED FOODS

ELECTRONICS

MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS AUTOMOBILES ELECTRONICS MACHINERIES TEXTILES

USA

REFINED OIL

1991

2014

ENERGY - OIL ABROAD (REFINED)

A - TRUCK B - MINI BUS C - PRIVATE CAR D - TRI-CYCLE E - MOTOR-CYCLE LAGOS

F - PEDESTRIAN

WHARF

OIL WELLS

WARRI WHARF

MOBILE TELEPHONE MASTS

PORT HARCOURT WHARF

REFRIGERATION

COOKERS

HOMES

OTHER PUBLIC PLACES

LIGHTING

GENERATORS

ONITSHA FILLING STATION

FARMS

AIR CONDITIONING

MARKETS COMMODITY

INDUSTRIES

2014

UKWUEMEKA, CHUKWUEMEKA VINCENT [4057053] NIGERIA

STUDIO THEME: REDESIGN

SUPERVISORS: PROF. GÃ&#x153;NNAR HARTMANN; PROF. OMAR AKBAR

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FLOWS_REGIONAL

FLOWS _ REGIONAL

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK NIGER REPUBLIC

CHAD

MAIDUGRI

BENIN REPUBLIC

NIGER

LOKOJA

IBADAN

ONITSHA

GULF OF GUINEA

EXPORTS

KADUNA ZUNGERU JOS

MARKODI

BENIN

MAIDUGURI

KANO

LOKOJA

LAGOS

ROAD TRA

NIGER REPUBLIC

CHAD

KANO

BENIN REPUBLIC

WATER TRANSPORT

LAGOS

ENUGU ONITSHA ABA OWERRI

BENIN

GULF OF GUINEA

CAMEROON PORTHARCOURT

MAKURDI

ORE

CAMEROON

PORTHARCOURT

EXPORTS - IMPORTS

1927

1963

ZONAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

WATER TRANSPORT

ROAD TRA

ENUGU ONITSHA

ONITSHA

LAGOS WHARF

ABA

OWERRI

PORT-HARCOURT WHARF

1927

1976

Figure 3.02 40

ONITSHA: A CITY THAT IS A MARKET (Investigating the Phenomenon of Organized Wealth in a Disorganized Urbanity).

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets GSEducationalVersion

[DIA] MASTER THESIS SS 2014

CHUK

4.2

ANSPORT

INTER STATE TRANSPORTATION

NIGER REPUBLIC

CHAD

CHAD SOKOTO KANO

KADUNA

BENIN REPUBLIC

FCT - ABUJA EKITI ONITSHA LAGOS

EXPORTS - IMPORTS

ANSPORT

ONITSHA

LAGOS

GULF OF GUINEA

CAMEROON

CAMEROON PORTHARCOURT

PORTHARCOURT

IMPORTS

1991

2014 WHOLESALE RETAIL HUB RETAIL HUB MANUFACTURING HUB TRANSPORT HUB

INTER STATE TRANSPORTATION

RETAIL HUB MANUFACTURING HUB TRANSPORT HUB

RETAIL HUB MANUFACTURING HUB

RETAIL HUB

NSUKKA

ONITSHA

AWKA

ENUGU

AGOS WHARF

LAGOS WHARF

NNEWI OBOSI

1991

KWUEMEKA, CHUKWUEMEKA VINCENT [4057053] NIGERIA

ORLU

OWERRI

ABAKILIKI

NKPOR

NNEWI ABA

ENUGU

AWKA

ONITSHA

ABA

UMUAHIA

2014 |

STUDIO THEME: REDESIGN

SUPERVISORS: PROF. GÃ&#x153;NNAR HARTMANN; PROF. OMAR AKBAR

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

FLOWS_URBAN

FLOWS _ URBAN

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

MATERIAL FLOW

FARMS

A F

WHARF / DEPOTS

WARE HOUSE

MARKETS

B A F

D D

C B

A - TRUCK B - MINI BUS C - PRIVATE CAR

MOTOR PARKS

D - TRI-CYCLE E - MOTOR-CYCLE F - PEDESTRIAN

TO OTHER DESTINATIONS

Figure 3.03 42

ONITSHA: A CITY THAT IS A MARKET (Investigating the Phenomenon of Organized Wealth in a Disorganized Urbanity). | Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets GSEducationalVersion

[DIA] MASTER THESIS SS 2014

CHU

4.3

F A B

INDUSTRIES C

LANDFILL E F B

RESIDENTIAL AREA

UKWUEMEKA, CHUKWUEMEKA VINCENT NIGERIA Redesign | STUDIO| THEME: MA[4057053] Arch Studio: ThesisREDESIGN Advisor:

| SUPERVISORS: PROF. GÃ&#x153;NNAR HARTMANN; PROF. OMAR Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr.AKBAR Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

NOTES

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

1. Davis, Mike; ‘Planet of Slums’ Verso, 2006, p.152 2. Achebe, Chinua; ‘There was a Country’ The Penguin Press, 2012, p.210 3. Forrest, Tom; ’The Advance of African Capital: The growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise’, Edinburgh University Press, 1994, Page 145 4. Madu, Izueke Edwin C; Eme, Okechukwu Innocent ‘Urban Planning Problems in Nigeria: A Case of Onitsha Metropolis of Anambra State’, Singaporean Journal of Businesses Economics, and Management Studies VOL_1(No_12) 2013 Accessed 10th March, 2014, http:// www.singaporeanjbem.com/pdfs/SG_VOL_1_(12)/4.pdf

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

MARKET

Introduction

Urban Growth

Urban Definitions

Access

Segregation

Distribution

Metabolism

105

By-Products

111

Adapted Typologies

117

Market

122

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Figure 4.01 Aerial photograph of Onitsha Bridgehead Market 46

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

MARKET_InTRODUCTION

The history of Onitsha dates back to the 17th Century with the relocation of some factions of the old Benin empire in disagreement with the family.¹ The geographic conditions were very favorable and even attracted more settlers from the neighboring communities. The British colonials‘ settlement even made it a very important location and established it’s reputation as having the largest Market in the whole of West Africa in the 1960s.² However today, Onitsha is a city, and a Market, a Warehouse, a Transport hub, a Gateway city, and metaphorically, a super Organism eating up other villages and towns nearby. The chaotic image of the Onitsha is as a result of the dynamic nature of the trading activities. The shanty image of Onitsha is as a result of techniques and materials of constructions often done by the citizens in the struggle to survive. This is a reality of life for most people. The utilitarian typology for the residential blocks of flats seen almost everywhere were adopted by the residents in order to maximize the the use of scarce plots of

land. Hence, more profit. This is even extended to the design of the shops where you have basically a cube of 3m on length, width and height, for the most past. Although there exist variations.³ It is a place where everything is centered on “Profit and mostly trading” . Housing, Transport, Market, Industries, and even city services. And everything works so far there is profit to be made. Even the duplication of products and rebranding them is also found in the city.⁴ The bridge and the railway construction across the country that serviced the supply chain of the colonials brought tech skills for Onitsha. A sort of a bridge to Coney Island scenario as it was in New York.⁵ The Niger bridge was designed and shipped from France. There was a training of the locals to assemble the whole units. The construction was done by the locals and were trained on the job. The Market exist everywhere and have no categorization. However, some of them are segregated according to the

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

goods that are sold.⁶ The traders exists as; traveling trader, resident whole-seller, resident retailer, street trader with kiosk, street hawker, exporters and importers with a sort of communal collaboration among themselves. Collaborative Consumption is not new at Onitsha even though Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers have rightly identified it as the new wave in western cities.⁷ The source of data for the information I have shown here was from an onsite documentation by the architects I employed as observers. The information is based on observation, documentation, and also data from past fieldworks conducted by UN-Habitat.⁸ Due to the enormous amount of information, I have decide to limit it to the physical conditions of Onitsha and translate the rest to Infographics in a readable manner. The classification is arranged from Urban growth from1900, the limitations of this growth, accesses, segregation, distribution, metabolism, by-products, and adapted typologies with a summary. This gives a holistic overview of the physical situation of Onitsha. The reactions and implications of some were

traced back to history in a timeline, whereas some were shown as it is in the present time. Based on the availability of data and the data‘s relevancy to the discussion, the urban growth maps were synthesis of historical maps, topographic maps, satellite images, ethnographic survey and google maps. I understand that it is not by any means 100% accurate but it gives an overview of the situation on ground. A sensitization rightly pointed out by Lefebvre in his writing on cities. Especially when I have to consider the non-physical layer of the city in the negative sense. An excerpt reads; “The analysis of urban phenomena requires the use of all the methodological tools: form, function, structure, levels, dimensions, texts, context, field and whole, writing and reading, systems signified and signifier, language and metalanguage, institutions. One also knows that none of these terms can attain a rigorous purity, be defined without ambiguity, or escape multiple meaning” ⁹

NOTES 1. Uchendu, Victor C; ‘The Igbo of Southeast Nigeria’, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc 1965, Page 44

5. Rem Koolhaas, ‘Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan’, 010 Publishers, 1994, p. 33

2. Madu, Izueke Edwin C; Eme, Okechukwu Innocent‘Urban Planning Problems in Nigeria: A Case of Onitsha Metropolis of Anambra State’ Singaporean Journal of Businesses Economics, and Management Studies VOL_1(No_12) 2013 Accessed 10th March, 2014 http://www.singaporeanjbem.com/pdfs/SG_VOL_1_(12)/4.pdf

6. Tell Magazine Accessed 10th March, 2014. http://www. tellng.com/business/decline-onitsha-market

3. Economist Magazine, Accessed 9th March, 2014, http:// www.economist.com/node/21541015, Dec 3rd 2011 | From the print edition

8. UN-HABITAT; Onitsha Urban Profile, http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=671&q=onitsha

7. Rachel Botsman, Roger Roo, ‘What is Mine is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption, HaperCollins Publishers 2010

9. Lefebre Henri, ‘Writing on Cities’, Blackwell 1996, p. 111 4. BBC, Accessed 9th March, 2014. http://news.bbc. co.uk/2/hi/africa/3130297.stm Friday, 8 August, 2003

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

MARKET

Introduction

Urban Growth

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_URBAN GROWTH_1957

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Figure 4A.01 Photograph showing GBO stores of imported goods, owned by the colonials and the outlets used by the Locals.

Figure 4A.02 Photograph showing the River Niger and the increase in intensity of trading towards the river. 50

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 4A.03 Photograph showing the border of the planned district (Fegge Layout) and the localsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; area.

Figure 4A.04 Photograph shooing the aerial view of the Urban Onitsha. MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_URBAN GROWTH_1957

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Figure 4A.05 Photograph of the Markets showing the Purposed Built Market by the colonials and the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Ephemeral Tradersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Figure 4A.06 Photograph showing another form of Ephemeral Traders 52

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 4A.07 Photograph showing the Ephemeral Traders

Figure 4A.08 Photograph showing architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s impression of the proposed Main Market by the Colonials. MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_URBAN GROWTH_1957

URBAN GROWTH _1957 Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

MID-WEST REGION

EASTERN REGION AMAGU

ASABA

IFITE-NKWELE

OZE

NKISI RIVER

OGBUNIKE

NKPOR OGIDI

RIVER NIGER OTUMOYE POND

IKENGA

ONITSHA NKPAWHAW (NKPOR)

URUOWULU

UMUAWTA UMU-OJI IDEMMILI RIVER

OBOSI

Expanded Otu Nkwo Market Fegge Layout

2km 1mi

Settlements

New additions from 1936

Villages

NOTES: BASE MAP FROM TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF ONITSHA 1957 EASTERN REGION

Figure 4A.09 The map shows the location of the upgrade and expansion of the main market, the settlement of the colonials and the traditional settlement of the natives. Two cultures world apart.

GSEducationalVersion

The main market was upgraded by the colonials to accommodate the volumes of trade and also to put regulations in place as Onitsha started witnessing an increase in population from neighboring towns and villages.

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

MARKET_URBAN GROWTH_1978

URBAN GROWTH _1978

BENDEL STATE

ANAMBRA STATE AMAGU

ASABA

IFITE-NKWELE

OZE

NKISI RIVER

OGBUNIKE

NKPOR OGIDI

RIVER NIGER OTUMOYE POND

IKENGA

NKPAWHAW (NKPOR)

URUOWULU

UMUAWTA UMU-OJI IDEMMILI RIVER

OBOSI

Industrial Layout Bridge Head Market Marina Market

2km 1mi

Bridge Head Estate Mgbuka Spare Parts Ochanja Market

Nkpor Junction

Military Barracks

Odakpu Layout

Settlements

New additions

Old additions

Villages

NOTES: BASE MAP FROM ONITSHA MASTER PLAN - ANAMBRA STATE GOVERNMENT 1978

Figure 4A.10 This map shows the construction of bridge across the River Niger and also an expressway with the additions of new markets, new layouts, more access streets and a military Barack by the Nigerian Military Government.

GSEducationalVersion

The bridge was completed 1965 after the independence to link the western region with eastern region and for the intensification of trade.

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_URBAN GROWTH_1991

URBAN GROWTH _1991 Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

DELTA STATE

ANAMBRA STATE AMAGU

ASABA

IFITE-NKWELE

OZE

NKISI RIVER

OGBUNIKE

NKPOR OGIDI

RIVER NIGER OTUMOYE POND

IKENGA

NKPAWHAW (NKPOR)

URUOWULU

UMUAWTA UMU-OJI IDEMMILI RIVER

OBOSI

Iyowa Odekpe Electronics Market

Relief Market GRA

Omagba Layout

Onitsha Flyover (Cloverleaf) Mgbuka Market

2km 1mi

Settlements

New additions

Old additions

Villages

NOTES: BASE MAP FROM LAND-SAT 1991

Figure 4A.11 This map shows the engulfment of the neighboring towns and villages as the city continues to grow. Increase in traffic growth, new market additions led to the construction

GSEducationalVersion

of a Clover-Leaf notoriously known as Upper Iweka junction. The markets are aligned along the expressways while the residential layouts on the periphery of the city.

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

MARKET_URBAN GROWTH_2008

URBAN GROWTH _2008

DELTA STATE

ANAMBRA STATE AMAGU

IFITE-NKWELE

OZE

NKISI RIVER

OGBUNIKE

NKPOR OGIDI

RIVER NIGER OTUMOYE POND

IKENGA

NKPAWHAW (NKPOR)

URUOWULU

UMUAWTA UMU-OJI IDEMMILI RIVER

OBOSI

More Additions

Electronics Market

GRA II More Additions

Oba Intâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;l Market Obosi Junction

2km 1mi

Settlements

New additions

Old additions

Villages

NOTES: BASE MAP FROM IKONOS SATELLITE IMAGE 2008

Figure 4A.12 This map shows the Strategic expansion of the express lane due to congestion. Onitsha at this point was not just a market city but a gateway city of goods and commuters

GSEducationalVersion

to the entire South-East and South-South zones of Nigeria.

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_URBAN GROWTH_2014

URBAN GROWTH _2014 Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

DELTA STATE

ANAMBRA STATE

NKISI RIVER

OTUMOYE POND

RIVER NIGER

OTUMOYE POND

IDEMMILI RIVER

Markets Clusters Markets Clusters

2km 1mi

Settlements

New additions

Old additions

Proposed Bridge

Proposed Mono Rail

NOTES: BASE MAP FROM IKONOS SATELLITE IMAGE 2013; GOOGLE 2014

Figure 4A.13 This map shows the start of merging of districts as markets. It also shows the location of the proposed second RiGSEducationalVersion

ver Niger bridge and By-Pass Express Lane. Construction started this year.

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 4A.14 Photograph showing the Fegge Layout in 2014

Figure 4A.15 Photograph showing some part of the residential district being taken over by trading activities. MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

MARKET

Introduction

Urban Growth

Urban Definitions

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_URBAN DEFINITIONS_GEOGRAPHIC CONSTRAINTS

URBAN DEFINITIONS_ GEOGRAPHIC CONSTRAINTS Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

ASABA

350M 100m 200m

200m 100m

300m

50M

50m

100m

200m

300m 350M

RIVER NIGER

NKPOR

400M 450M 500M

OBOSI

350M 300m 200m 100m

IYOWA ODEKPE

300m

200m

100m

IYOWA FOREST 350M

2km 1mi

1st Traditional Market Location

1st Settlement Plain

Flood Prone Area

Direction of Growth

NOTES: BASE MAP FROM ONITSHA TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP | IKONOS SATELLITE IMAGE 2013 | GOOGLE 2014

Figure 4B.01 This map shows the constraints of Onitsha’s growth according to topography, natural features, and outward

GSEducationalVersion

growith from the River Niger. The market was the focal point of the city‘s growth.

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

MARKET_URBAN DEFINITIONS_MUNICIPALITIES

URBAN DEFINITIONS _ MUNICIPALITIES ANYAM ELUM LGA

DELTA STATE

ANAMBRA STATE

ANAMBRA EAST LGA OYI LGA

ONITSHA NORTH LGA

RIVER NIGER

IDEMMILI NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA (LGA)

ONITSHA SOUTH LGA

OGBARU LGA

IDEMMILI SOUTH LGA

2km 1mi

Purposed Built Markets

Onitsha LGA

State Boundary

LGA Boundary

NOTES: BASE MAP FROM GOOGLE 2014 | LGA MAP FROM www.nigerianstat.gov.ng

Figure 4B.02 This map shows todays Onitsha as it exists and the political boundaries of Municipalities on paper. The actual

GSEducationalVersion

Onitsha on ground cuts across five municipalities. There is complete disregard of the political boundaries.

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_URBAN DEFINITIONS_1978 : ZONING

URBAN DEFINITIONS _ ZONING 1978 Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053) Deputy Governorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Residence Prisons Onitsha Chamber of Commerce

Holy Trinity Catholic Cathedral Onitsha Sports Club

Onitsha General Hospital Anambra Broadcasting Corporation

All saints Anglican Cathedral Central Police Station

Onitsha Military Barracks

Onitsha Central Mosque

(OMATA) Head Office

2km 1mi

Mixed Use Zone

Market 1957

Markets 1978

Industrial Zone

Low Density Zone

High Density Zone

Medium Density Zone

Market Zone

NOTES: BASE MAP FROM ONITSHA MASTER PLAN - ANAMBRA STATE GOVERNMENT 1978

Figure 4B.03 This map shows the appropriation of existing facilities as at 1978 and establishment of zoning policies by the former military government. The military barracks was strategically located with respect to topography; along the

GSEducationalVersion

expressway and in between two nodes of the city. There is a clear seperation of Governmental facilities concentrated in an area away from the markets and commuting areas.

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

MARKET_URBAN DEFINITIONS_2014 : REACTION TO ZONING

URBAN DEFINITIONS _ REACTIONS TO ZONING 2014

Cinema

2km 1mi

Mixed Use Zone

Market 1957

Markets 1978

Markets 2014

Industrial Zone

Low Density Zone

High Density Zone

Medium Density Zone

2014 Banks Head Offices

Market Zone

NOTES: BASE MAP FROM ONITSHA MASTER PLAN - ANAMBRA STATE GOVERNMENT 1978

Figure 4B.04 This map shows that the Market is clearly following the road networks and a complete disregard for the the 1978 zoning.

The high density zones lie in the center of the marekts and manufacturing areas.

GSEducationalVersion

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_URBAN DEFINITIONS_MARKET SPREAD

URBAN DEFINITIONS _ MARKET SPREAD AS DISTRICTS Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

G.R.A. (PHASE 2)

G.R.A. (PHASE 1)

MAIN MARKET ENÃ&#x161; ONICHA ODAKPU

OMAGBA (PHASE 1) FEGGE BRIDGE HEAD HARBOR INDUSTRIAL AWADA OKPOKO

2km 1mi

Districts as Markets

Purposed Built Markets

Ground Floor as Warehouses

Low Density Residential

Residence as Markets

Open Spaces (Public Facilities)

Industries and Markets

City Administration

NOTES: BASE MAP FROM ONITSHA MASTER PLAN - ANAMBRA STATE GOVERNMENT 1978

Figure 4B.05 This map shows the locations of the open spaces and also district according to the forms in which the markets has penetrated the zoned areas, mutating to districts. The open spaces are actually the only green areas of the city

GSEducationalVersion

and are mainly Playgrounds for either of Primary School or Secondary School, Churches, a Transport node and a sports club.

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 4B.06 Photograph of a residential district already being infiltrated by temporary markets.

Figure 4B.07 Photograph showing the main market area. A blurring of Residential and Commercial Area. MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_URBAN DEFINITIONS_2014

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Figure 4B.08 Photograph of All Saints Anglican Cathedral

Figure 4B.09 Photograph of Holy Trinity Catholic Cathedral 68

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 4B.10 Photograph of Onitsha Central Mosque

Figure 4B.11 Photograph of the New Onitsha River Port, reconstruction in Progress. MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_URBAN DEFINITIONS_2014

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Figure 4B.12 Photograph of Entrance gate to the low density district

Figure 4B.13 Photograph of street view of low density district. 70

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 4B.13 Photograph of street view of low density district and line up emerging market by the right of way.

Figure 4B.15 Photograph of a ware house already converted to shops and depot for beer. MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

MARKET

Introduction

Urban Growth

Urban Definitions

C. Access

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_ACCESS_REGION 1957 : STEAM

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

1957

NIGER REPUBLIC

R. NIGER (UPPER)

BENIN REPUBLIC YOLA

ZUNGERU R. BENUE LOKOJA MARKODI R. NIGER (LOWER) LAGOS

ONITSHA PORT-HARCOURT

CAMEROON

GULF OF GUINEA

MALIBU

Figure 4C.01

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Figure 4C.02 Photograph of Onitsha River Port 1957 74

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

ACCESS _BY STEAM-1957

ASABA

ONITSHA

RIVER NIGER

Onitsha River Port

2km 1mi

Purposed Built Market

Figure 4C.03 Figure 4C.01 is Map of Nigeria showing the major rivers Niger and Benue and the access route to Onitsha and other parts of Nigeria. Figure 4C.03 shows the location of

Nearby Settlements

Township Boundary

the Market, Colonial Settlement and the River Port situated in between the Market and the Layout.

GSEducationalVersion

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_ACCESS_REGION 2014 : OIL

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

2014

NIGER REPUBLIC CHAD

KANO

KADUNA BENIN REPUBLIC

FCT - ABUJA LOKOJA

LAGOS

BENIN

ONITSHA

CAMEROON

GULF OF GUINEA

MALIBU

Figure 4C.04

GSEducationalVersion

Figure 4C.05 Photograph of Benin - Asaba Expressway, Onitsha 76

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

ACCESS _ OIL- 2014

ASABA

RIVER NIGER

Goods Supply Node

Commuter Node

2km 1mi

Purposed Built Markets

Figure 4C.06 Figure 4C.04 is Map of Nigeria showing the access route from Lagos to Onitsha and to other parts of Nigeria as the Southern Ports and inland accesses to Onitsha River Port stopped functioning during the reign of former military regimes. Figure 4C.06 is a map that shows the alignment of the Markets along the Major roads. GSEducationalVersion

Nearby Towns

Metropolitan Boundary

The Goods supply node emerged where there are large cluster of Markets. And the commuter node emerged at the Clover-Leaf Interchange of Multidirectional Possibilities to other parts of Nigeria and Border cities.

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_ACCESS_COMMUTER RADII

ACCESS _ METROPOLITAN RADII Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053) Chukwuemeka,

D ASABA

NKISI RIVER

NKPOR MAIN MARKET

OTUMOYE POND

A B

OBOSI

IDEMMILI RIVER

IYOWA ODEKPE

2km 1mi

C A Purposed Built Markets

Figure 4C.07 The radii covers the greater part of Onitsha where shop owners reside depending on preference. The majority of the apprentice reside within zones B and C while the already established business men mostly reside at Asa-

1 Kilometer Radius

C 4 Kilometers Radius

D 6 Kilometers Radius

ba, Delta State Capital just across the River Niger . Asaba however is not as chaotic as Onitsha. It is smaller, has nightlife and has no market within the city cores.

GSEducationalVersion

B 2 Kilometers Radius

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

MARKET_ACCESS_TRANSPORT OPTIONS VS SPEED

40 mins

30 mins

25 mins

15 mins

BUS

VAN

TRICYCLE

TAXI BIKE

25 mins

20 mins

10 mins

VAN

TRICYCLE

TAXI BIKE

25 mins

15 mins

5 mins

COMMUTER

TRICYCLE

TAXI BIKE

15 mins

7 mins

3 mins

COMMUTER

TRICYCLE

TAXI BIKE

Figure 4C.08 The figure shows the preference to the use of Taxi Bikes. The frequent traffic hold-ups and poor road conditions in some streets make it very convenient option for commuting within the Metropolitan Radii as shown. These Taxi Bikes have routes, unions, jurisdiction and each GSEducationalVersion

Radius

rider has to buy a particular ticket for a particular jurisdiction he intends to cover for the day. The tickets are collected by the union tax force in collaboration with the municipal authorities. It is a male dominated job. And offenders are punished by the confiscation of bike, fine or ban.

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_ACCESS_ROUTES

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent Vincent .. Nigeria Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Figure 4C.09 There is another layer of organization and ‘publicness’ about the privately owned companies. For example, a company may have 100 Vans and the owner of the company may have only 10 of the Vans while the remaining 90 can belong to 90 different individuals. These subscribers sometimes civil servants, earn more money by getting daily 80

or weekly remittances under a certain agreement with the company owner, and they do not have to worry about drivers and maintenance of the Vans. The company owner in this case is mostly a very strong member of the transport union with a ‘bold’ reputation.

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

MARKET_ACCESS_GATEWAY

Figure 4C.10 Photograph of River Niger Bridge, the gateway to South-East Nigeria.

Figure 4C.11 Photograph of Onitsha - Enugu Expressway with the 12-lane expansion as part of the efforts by the State Government to decongest the traffic. MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany. 81

MARKET_ACCESS_2014

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Figure 4C.12 An aerial photograph of Upper Iweka Clover-Leaf, showing the transport hubs, markets and the residential districts all together.

Figure 4C.13 Photograph of a typical traffic situation of Onitsha. 82

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 4C.14 Photograph of white Vans taking passages inside the market.

Figure 4C.15 Photograph of a broad street entrance to the Head bridge Market. MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_ACCESS_2014

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Figure 4C.16 Photograph of a typical private long distance transport company with the long Buses.

Figure 4C.17 Photograph of a private bus company with a private warehouse as part of the enterprise. 84

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 4C.18 Photograph showing a private company without choice land yet, for the companies private bus park. So the company decides to take over open spaces just off the Clover-Leaf Interchange as their transport terminal.

Figure 4C.19 Photograph showing â&#x20AC;&#x153;Imo Transport Companyâ&#x20AC;?. Another private bus company with their own bus company jointly owned by the state government and private individuals. MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany. 85

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

MARKET

Introduction

Urban Growth

Urban Definitions

C. Access

Segregation

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_SEGREGATION_TRADING CORES

SEGREGATION _ TRADING CORESChukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053) Chukwuemeka,

Heavy Equipment / Wholesale Sand Market

ASABA

Banks

Textiles

RIVER NIGER

Building Materials

Automobile Spare Parts

Medicine

Special Industries Food

Electronics

2km 1mi

Banks Head Offices

Figure 4D.01 This map shows a segregation of the different categories of goods sold in the Onitsha. The bank headquarters are within the districts that have the largest density of trading and is also situated very close to the Government Reserved Area (GRA).

GSEducationalVersion

Specialization Cores

Government Buildings Cores

Metropolitan Boundary

The reason is for the convenience of transaction between the seller, the buyer and the banks because of the proximity and maximum protection provided by both the government security agencies and the market union.

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 4D.02 Photograph showing a separation of planned markets and the spontaneous markets.

Figure 4D.03 Photograph of market district formerly residential district. MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_SEGREGATION_TRADING CORES

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Figure 4D.04 Photograph of Sand Dredgers and their Boats

Figure 4D.05 Photograph of Commercial sand dredgers loading their trucks and ready to supply to buyers. 90

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 4D.06 Photograph of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;ephemeral tradersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; mushroomed into the purpose built markets. It is very interesting to know that everywhere is deserted from 6pm.

Figure 4D.07 Photograph of Plumbing section within there residential district. MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

SEGREGATION _ LEVELS OF CONTROL MARKET_SEGREGATION_LEVELS

OF CONTROL

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

NKISI RIVER

MAIN MARKET RIVER NIGER OTUMOYE POND

IDEMMILI RIVER

2km 1mi

Shops regulated by Market Union

Figure 4D.08 This map shows the different levels of control for the operation of the markets. However, almost all forms of trading stops form 6pm at night as it very dark and dangerous

GSEducationalVersion

Shops regulated by Neighborhood

Shops regulated by Sole Owners

Metropolitan Boundary

too. The regulations is to allow for security arrangements, and convenience of restock of goods.

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

SEGREGATION - TRADING AND TRANSPORT PERIODS MARKET_SEGREGATION_TRANSPORT PERIODS SEGREGATION - TRADING AND TRANSPORT PERIODS 1.

Trading and Banking Period

Opening Periods of Markets

1. Closing Trading andof Banking Period periods Markets

2A 2B

Opening Periods of Markets

Closing periods of Markets

TRADING PERIODS: MONDAYS - SATURDAYS TRADING PERIODS: MONDAYS - SATURDAYS

Departure of Long Buses from Onitsha Arrival of Long Buses to Onitsha

Departure of Long Buses from Onitsha

2BDeparture ArrivalofofShuttle Long Buses to Onitsha Services (Vans) from Onitsha

of Shuttle Services (Vans)(Vans) to Onitsha 3AArrivalDeparture of Shuttle Services from Onitsha

Arrival of Shuttle Services (Vans) to Onitsha

Arrival of Trucks With Containers to Onitsha

TRANSPORTATION PERIOD: EVERYDAY TRANSPORTATION PERIOD: EVERYDAY

Arrival of Trucks With Containers to Onitsha

SILENT PERIOD: EVERYDAY

The City Sleeps

SILENT PERIOD: EVERYDAY

The City Sleeps

STREET HAWKING: EVERYDAY STREET HAWKING: EVERYDAY

Hawking regardless of of the Day 6. StreetStreet Hawking regardless the Day

24HR 24HR 12.MIDNIGHT

12.MIDNIGHT

10.00PM

4.00AM

4.00AM 5 2B

8.00PM

18HR

8.00PM6.

5.00AM 5 4

5.00AM

6HR

2A 3A

6HR

12.NOON

12.NOON 12HR

Even street trading ends once it gets dark because there Figure 4D.09 The Figure shows a time Dial that demonstrates the dif12HRare very few potentials of patronage due to the high level of wariness from both the sellers and the buyers. ferent activities that warrant the levels of control of markets at Onitsha. GSEducationalVersion

GSEducationalVersion

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Onitsha, Nigeria:Chukwuemeka, Reading Self-Organized Chukwuemeka Wealth and Emerging Vincent Markets

MARKET

Introduction

Urban Growth

Urban Definitions

C. Access

Segregation

Distribution

Chukwuemeka, MA Arch Studio: Chukwuemeka Redesign | Thesis Vincent Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar |

DIA, Germany.

MARKET_DISTRIBUTION_ENERGY CONSUMPTION INTENSITIES

DISTRIBUTION _ ENERGY INTENSITIES Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

RIVER NIGER

2km 1mi

PHCN Distribution Station

Figure 4E.01 This map shows the intensities of generator usage because the power supply is not constant and reliable. The high intensity areas are where Industries, Banks, and Government Agencies are located. The medium areas are

Medium Generator Usage

Light Generator Usage

the residential while the low areas are mostly along the highway because most services are transit oriented.

GSEducationalVersion

Heavy Generator Usage

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

DISTRIBUTION _ ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN

MARKET_DISTRIBUTION_ENERGY CONSUMPTION PERIODS

24HR

18HR

2a 4

24HR

12HR

6HR

1 6HR

1 12HR

3 3

ENERGY CONSUMPTION PERIODS 1.

8am - 5pm Light Load Generator use

ENERGY CONSUMPTION PERIODS 2a. 1.

8am - 8pm Medium Load reliance on PHCN supply 8am - 5pm Light Load Generator use

2b. 2a.

8pm - 8am reliance on Generators 8am - 8pm Medium Load reliance on PHCN supply

3. 2b.

8am - 5pm Heavy Load Generator use 8pm - 8am reliance on Generators

4. 3.

10pm - 4pm Sleeping City 8am - 5pm Heavy Load Generator use

GSEducationalVersion

10pm - 4pm Sleeping City

GSEducationalVersion

Figure 4E.02 The figure illustrates the distribution of time for energy consumption periods. Residents use generators at night. The generators are designed to be very portable and some times can have just four-liter petrol tank in order to serve the lowest earners in the city. The use of generators make the night very noisy as well because of the caco-

phonies from the hundreds of thousands of generators emanating from different corners of the city, some immediate, while some echoes from the background. This is a personal experience.

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_DISTRIBUTION_ENERGY SUPPLY

DISTRIBUTION _ ENERGY SUPPLIES Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

RIVER NIGER

2km 1mi

Major Communication Masts Stations (24HRS)

Figure 4E.03 This map shows the locations of major filling stations and telecommunication masts. A cluster of the filling stations are around the street that has the banks. The reason is because the banks run on 24-hour generator. The telecommunication masts also follow the locations of the filling stations along the major roads because the

GSEducationalVersion

Major Filling Stations (12HRS)

NITEL Headquarters

masts run on 24-hour Generator too. This provides a lot of convenience and reduces transportation costs of the diesel fuel from the filling stations. The concentration of the masts around the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Clover-Leafâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; interchange is in order to take advantage of the advertisement gantries as masts.

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 4E.04 Photograph of advertisement gantry as telecommunication mast with the 24hr-standby generator set in place.

Figure 4E.05 Photograph of communally operated generator in a unit of a market. MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

MARKET_DISTRIBUTION_ENERGY SUPPLY

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Figure 4E.06 Photograph of street inside the market showing a network of electricity cables, a telecommunication mast, and banks sharing the generator power source.

Figure 4E.07 Photograph of electricity lines along the streets. 100

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 4E.08 Photograph of a Filling Station situated within the residential district.

Figure 4E.09 Photograph of 4-liter Tiger generator independently operated by spontaneous shoe sellers to provide for light, music and electric fans in order to cope with the hot weather. MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany. 101

MARKET_DISTRIBUTION_ WATER SUPPLY

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Figure 4E.10 The map shoes the distribution of boreholes. These boreholes are drilled for income generation mainly by the landlords of the apartment blocks.

102

There are also water Tankers that fetch water from the rivers and some other bigger commercial boreholes that supply to residents with lesser options.

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 4E.11 Photograph of water Tankers that also serve as an alternative to borehole for some residents.

Figure 4E.12 Photograph of a street at Awada Layout and water storage Tanks by the sides. MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

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MARKET

Introduction

Urban Growth

Urban Definitions

C. Access

Segregation

Distribution

Metabolism

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MARKET_METABOLISM_ SEWAGE AND DRAINAGE

METABOLISM_ SEWAGE AND DRAINAGE Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

RIVER NIGER

Canal 1

Canal 2 to River Niger Drainage Basin

2km 1mi

Septic Tank and Soak Away Pits

Figure 4F.01 The map shows the location of Septic Tank/Soak-Away pits usage and the concentration of Pit Latrines.

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The two rivers that cuts across the city serves as the natural drain directly into the River Niger. However, the non 106

Pit Laterines

Gully Erosion Sites

Drainage

Flood Prone Area

availability of the conventional drainage channel increases the volume of storm water coming from the neighboring Towns. The government has made efforts to provide canals and re-channelled the rivers to avoid more catastrophe.

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 4F.02 Photograph of a drainage channel along the streets.

Figure 4F.03 Photograph of a street without any drainage channel before the initiation of the present government to construct drainage channels. MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany. 107

MARKET_METABOLISM_ SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053) METABOLISM_ SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

RIVER NIGER

2km 1mi

Landfill Site

Figure 4F.04 This map shows the travel pattern of the solid waste disposal from the collection areas to the Landfill. There are hundreds of collection points provided by the govern-

Solid Waste Flows

ment and temporary dumps as well that springs up occasionally before being finally transferred to the Landfill.

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Flood Prone Area

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Figure 4F.05 Photograph of Onitsha Landfill site.

Figure 4F.06 Photograph of an empty plot of land rented by a scavenger, sorting waste and re-selling them to buyers. MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

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MARKET

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Urban Definitions

C. Access

Segregation

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By-Products

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MARKET_BY-PRODUCTS_ CRIME SPOTS

BY PRODUCTS_ MAJOR NIGHT-TIME CRIME SPOTS Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

ASABA

NKPOR

RIVER NIGER

Possible Car snatching OBOSI

Possible Armed Robbery

IYOWA ODEKPE

2km 1mi

Banks

Figure 4G.01 The map shows the the major crime spots at night. The crime at Onitsha mainly occurs outside the market vicinities and on the streets. It is almost impossible for any form of robbery to be carried out in the markets areas. This is because there are layers of sophisticated security

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Crime Spots

Purposed Built Markets

outfits in the different subsections of markets unions (see chapter5). Unfortunately, in the case of any occurrence, detection is almost immediately and `Jungle Justiceâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; is served on the spot because the Police and Military are completely powerless inside the Market.

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 4G.02 Photograph of Obosi Junction along Onitsha - Owerri expressway, a hot crime spot at night leading to the entrance of Onitsha from Owerri

Figure 4G.03 Photograph of Awada layout residential district. Notice the gates, installed by neighborhood security of that particular street and it is shut from 10pm. MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany. 113

MARKET_BY-PRODUCTS_ ILLEGAL SETTLEMENTS

BY PRODUCTS _ ILLEGAL SETTLEMENTS Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Beach Settlement

Onitsha Military Barracks

RIVER NIGER

Mami Settlement

Okpoko Settlement

Canal 1

Canal 2 to River Niger Flood Prone Area

2km 1mi

Circle of Influence

Figure 4G.04 This map shows the illegal settlements. Which are the slum of Onitsha. the settlements emerges at locations that have prolixity to transport, energy, water advantages. Okpoko Slum that lies on the flood plain, houses most of the apprentices and artisans of the thousands of various business owners

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Illegal Settlements

Purposed Built Markets

Industries and Warehouses

Initial attempts by the government to move the people based on safety grounds was voided because it was against the interests of the Onitsha Market Traders Association (OMATA) in the sense that it provides accommodation for their wards. In effect, they went and established their head office at the centre of the slum. Government

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 4G.05 Satellite image of Okpoko (illegal district)

was forced to initiate construction of two drainage canals to divert the floods straight to the River Niger. The satellite Images show the overall and an enlarged zoom of the layout. There is still a very organized pattern and oriented towards the street. This place is the most dense neighborhood in the whole of onitsha. The units are mostly 1-Bedroom apartments with shared sanitary facilities.

Figure 4G.06 An enlarged view of a part of the district.

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MARKET

Introduction

Urban Growth

Urban Definitions

C. Access

Segregation

Distribution

Metabolism

105

By-Products

111

Adapted Typologies

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MARKET_ADAPTED TYPOLOGIES_ PROVISIONAL DISTRIBUTION Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

5% 25% 10% 40%

GROUP

GROUP 2 - OPEN AIR STALLS

GROUP 1 - EPHEMERALS (KIOSKS) Figure 4H.01 118

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- ./0)*+

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

15%

GROUP 6 - SPECIALIST SHOPS

GROUP 5 - RESIDENT SHOPS AND WARE HOUSES GROUP 4 - WORKSHOPS AND OPEN AIR SHOPS

P 3 - LOCK UP SHOPS

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MARKET_ADAPTED TYPOLOGIES_ GROUP 1 : EPHEMERALS Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

FORM 1

FORM 2

FORM 3

FORM 4

FOR

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HIGHLY MOBILE Figure 4H.02

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Figure 4H.03 Photograph of a market scene showing the different typologies of market ephemerals at a glance 120

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RM 5

FORM 6

FORM 7

FORM 8

FORM 9

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HIGHLY STATIONARY

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CONDITIONS FOR MARKET EPHEMERALS

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EMERGENCE FORM 3

FORM 4

FORM 5

FORM 6

FORM 7

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4. PROFITABILITY

3. ENABLING INFRASTRUCTURE

2. TIME

1. ACCESS

Figure 4H.04 A diagram showing the bottom-up conditions neccessary for the emergence of a typical Ephemeral 122

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

MARKET

Onitsha has a Notorious reputation for a city that is almost impossible for living. At the same time, it is a place famous for possibilities. A place with energy, noisy both at night and during the day. Pollution, dirt, crime and violence. On the other hand, ingenuity, creativity, resilience¹⁰, that has kept the people surviving and still churning out great entrepreneurial ideas. A place of constant negotiation with external factors. Where nothing works but at the same time wealth is organized and markets emerge by the hour. A place that actually proved Jane Jacobs right that a city can exist without ‘green parks’ in the middle of the city.¹¹ A typical example of efficient use of the green spaces is the situation at Upper Iweka Clover-Leaf; con-

verted by the transporters as there private parks. A commercial city and very private in a sense. There is absence of dialogue between the institutional organization and the people and each is acting in different directions. The Markets acts as attractors and convenience determines all location of facilities. Convenience of economics, security, social concerns, physical and geographic considerations. We shall see in the next chapter how private onitsha really is; and the dynamics driving the system amidst the apparent disorganization.

NOTES

10. Andrew Zolli, Ann Marie Healy, Resilience: Why things bounce back, Penguin Books, 1995 11. Jane Jacobs, ‘Death and Life of American Cities’, Modern Library, 1961, p. 91

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SELF-ORGANIZED WEALTH

Introduction Hierarchy and Mesh

127 128 -129

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self-organized wealth This chapter is discussed with a diagram on the next page. It shows the Hierarchy and Mesh of Institutional organization inherited from the colonials and the SelfOrganization of the every day life of the people acting on different directions in Onitsha. This demonstrates the sophisticated complex Self-organized network that is running the city and the Institutional Organization seems as a mechanical attachment to the system. There are two levels of organization running parallel to each other. and in some cases, opposite each other. The first is the Institutional Organization - that the encompasses the current system of governance in Nigeria from the presidential level to the state level and to the municipal level. It is mostly on this level of organization that almost all interventions at onitsha has focused on. On the other hand, there is the second level of organization, and it is the Self-Organized Wealth of Onitsha. It is self organized in the sense that the result of the collective actions are based on individual aspirations and interests that has given rise to the massive super-organism that is actually the dynamics that is running onitsha. It is interesting to find out that the marketers actually control the city of Onitsha. From the markets, to the residents, to the transportation systems, and each of these units act without the knowledge of what can come out when there is a unity of actions. It is at the point of this unity of actions that any strategic interventions can be meaningful and effective.

ters and residents further splits into further groups with similarities. The only point where the institutional organization and this self organization meets is the tax outlet of the government. The tax office uses the hierarchical structure within each of these mesh to impose authority and collect tax. One may ask the relevance of all these observations to the architectural and urban design discourse. Well, since architecture is for humans and societies; there cannot be any meaningful intervention without the thorough understanding of the people that are being designed for. In the last chapter, I singled out a type of market typology and termed it market ephemerals which I have consistently used from the begining. I would propose a study of this group as a possible entrance to crack the mystery of this self-organization since they represent almost up to a half of what makes Onitsha seem chaotic. Even the ephemerals that are supposed to be haphazard are even part of this organized system with membership of associations at another different level. On this note, any development of a possible apparent need for Onitsha, has to run through the network, a merge of this complex social network with the actual physical network of the city and learn from the behavior. Perhaps, develop the simulations and conditions necessary for their emergence. In that way, we can have a better understanding of what actually is going on.

The Onitsha Markets Traders Association is the de facto organization that controls all forms of commercial activity at Onitsha. The Association is made up different other associations based on type of trade, commodity, place of trade and volume of trade. In fact, it has multiple layers of social connections based on the smallest similarities. Due to the complexity of the inter-relationships of connections, I have attempted to sketch out the basic connections that exists as of today. There are the Residents, Transporters, and Marketers memberships. The transpor-

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SELF-ORGANIZED WEALTH_HIERARCHY AND MESH

NEGOTIATIONS _ ONITSHA HIERARCHY AND MESH

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INSTITUTIONAL ORGANIZATION

AMA

OMA

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

OTA

FEDERAL LEVEL

NUR

OFFICIAL GOVERNANCE

FEDERAL MINISTRY OF TRADE AND INVESTMENT

STATE LEVEL

FEDERAL MINISTRY OF WORKS

STATE GOVERNMENT

ARCHITECTS AND URBAN PLANNERS

OFFICIAL GOVERNANCE

MINISTRY OF WORKS AND TRANSPORT

DESIGN DISCIPLINE

STATE MINISTRY OF CHIEFTAINCY AFFAIRS

STATE MINISTRY OF LAND AND SURVEY

STATE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY

ONITSHA LEVEL ONITSHA SOUTH MUNICIPAL

UNION GOVERNANCE

ONITSHA NORTH MUNICIPAL

FIRS (TAX)

SELF- ORGANIZATION

TRADITIONAL RULER VISITOR

TIPPERS DRIVERS ASSOCIATION

WATER TANKERS ASSOCIATION

TRI - CYCLE KEKE ASSOCIATION

NURTW

SHOP OWNER

TRANSPORTATION

RESIDENT

ASSOCIAT EXPOR AND IMP

DEVELOPERS

MOTORCYCLE OKADA ASSOCIATION

SHOP RENTER

LANDLORD ASSOCIATION

LONG DISTANCE TRUCK DRIVERS ASSOCIATION

DELIVERY TRUCK DRIVERS ASSOCIATION

MUNICIPAL MARKET MOTOR PARKS

TRANSPORT COMPANIES

PASSENGER MINI BUSES ASSOCIATION

PASSENGER (LONG DISTANCE) BUSES ASSOCIATION

TENANT ASSOCIATION

AGBERO ASSOCIATION BUSINESS OWNER

WHEEL BARROW PUSHERS

MARKET OWNER

TRANSPORT COMPANY OWNER

LABORERS

SCAVENGERS

Figure 5.01 128

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[DIA] MASTER THESIS SS 2014

CHU

5.1

ATU

- ANAMBRA MARKETS AMALGAMATED TRADERS UNION

ATA

- ONITSHA MARKETS TRADERS ASSOCIATION

NEGOTIATORS

- ONITSHA TRADERS ASSOCIATION

RTW

SECURITY

- NATIONAL UNION OF ROAD TRANSPORT WORKERS

MILITARY AND POLICE

NEGOTIATING DEVELOPMENT IN ONITSHA (CLIENTS, ADMINISTRATORS, USERS AND PROFESSIONALS)

FURTHER QUESTIONS WHAT TYPE OF DESIGN TEAM; OR RATHER (DESIGN DISCIPLINE) CAN RE-DESIGN A CITY TASK FORCE / VIGILANTE

NNEWI CITY

AMATU

LIKE ONITSHA?? ARCHITECTS,

AWKA CAPITAL CITY

PLANNERS

STREET HAWKERS

DATA SCIENTISTS

MARKETS

ETHNOGRAPHERS

HAWKERS

ECONOMISTS

MARKET VENDORS

SOCIOLOGISTS THE MESH?

PURPOSE BUILT MARKETS

ASSOCIATION BY MARKET LOCATION

HOW CAN THIS SELF-ORGANIZATION BE CONSTANTLY ENGAGED SPECIFICALLY, AND

STREET MARKETS

OMATA

ACCORDING TO THE POSSIBLE PROPOSALS

ONITSHA

OUTLINED???

ASSOCIATION BY MANUFACTURERS

TION BY RT PORT

AT WHAT POINT ON THE (HYBRID SYSTEM) CAN A (STRATEGIC INTERVENTION) BE SUB UNIT

TEXTILES

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

!!! (IMPORTANT)

OTHER SPECIAL ITEMS

PLASTICS

INTRODUCED AND ON WHAT BASICS AND FORM?

OTA ASSOCIATION BY GOODS SOLD

AUTOMOBILE SPARE PARTS

ARTICLES

SUB UNIT

AT WHAT POINT DO HIERARCHIES AND NETWORKS (HYBRID SYSTEM) CONVERGE??

BUILDING MATERIALS

MEDICINE FOODS

ELECTRONICS APPRENTICE

SUB UNIT

WITH VIRTUAL MARKET MODELS LIKE EBAY AND AMAZON; HOW WILL ONITSHA AS A CITY

SUB UNIT

TRADER

REACT?

| STUDIO | SUPERVISORS: PROF. GÃ&#x153;NNAR HARTMANN; PROF. OMAR AKBAR MA Arch Studio: Redesign | THEME: Thesis REDESIGN Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

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CONCLUSION

Conclusion

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CONCLUSION The conclusion is not really an easy one because what I did is actually a scratch on the surface of the overall situation. Onitsha is run by super Self-Organized Wealth Systems interconnected to each other in a network of Mesh. The apparent chaos, emergence of Markets, abnormal growths are as a result of constant struggles with the institutional hierarchy. A perpetual fight between ingenuity and survival, against the ‘well intentioned fix‘ that unfortunately always becomes an interference on the system. I started by exploring the existence of several layers of background Forces which the people have to negotiate with everyday life. I explored the material Flows as shaped by these forces. I also presented the Market the way it exist and how it grew from the beginning of the mid 20th century, and inextricably interwoven with the Urban fabric. I traced out the structure of the super Self-Organized Wealth that is alive and responds naturally with an ingenious level of resilience that has kept it’s growth surging at an astronomical scale. A sort of worrying possible overshoot¹. Susan Parnell rightly puts it in perspective; ‘The existing vulnerability of cities in Africa, with their rapidly growing population and weak management, means that any environmental change is likely to have significant consequences for these cities’.² I have found a situation that is beyond the orthodox architectural practices capabilities. At this point, it is like a Rhizome³ and it is impossible to approach such a prob-

lem without the inclusion of this self-organized network of people that have kept Onitsha alive. In the light of these, it is pertinent to note that the current Architecture and Urban disciplines do not have the capability to intervene meaningfully in Onitsha to improve on the inefficiencies and ineffectiveness of the overall Urban systems without a thorough understanding of how it works. It is a place without the orthodox elements of the city or in this case, a market.⁴ Any form of strategic intervention on Onitsha requires a multi-disciplinary approach with the members of selforganized system as part of the study team or even design team, or whatever team that needs to be set up. For Architects, Urban Designers and Planners to be able to be relevant in this situation, there is need for a thorough understanding of this socio-economic system through the physical phenomenon of Market. The understanding of the logic of socio-economic physical infrastructure like a Market and how it plays out in space is very crucial in this regard. This can be done by further studies of the adapted typologies and tracing them through the several units of the larger system, in relation to their behaviors. In this case, I would like to further this research by taking up the study of the Onitsha Market Ephemerals and running them through this Hierarchy and Mesh. Perhaps, this can lead to the development of a Master Tool instead of an orthodox Master Plan for Onitsha; a city of it‘s own image and authentic existence.

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NOTES

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

1. Dennis Meadows, Et al, ‘Limits of Growth: The 30 - Year Update’, Chelsea Green Publishing, 2004, p.1 2. Susan Parnell, Edgar Pieterse; ‘Africa’s Urban Revolution: Policy Pressures’, Zed Books, 2014, p.35 3. Felix Guattari, Gilles Deleuze; ‘A Thousand Plateaus’, University of Minnesota Press, 1987. p.6 4. Kevin Lynch, ‘Image of the city’, MIT Press, 1960 p,. 46

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Works Cited

137

Illustration Credits

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BIBLIOGRAPHY_CITED WORKS ANTHROPOLOGY Uchendu Victor C. Igbo of Southeast Nigeria, Harcourt College, 1965 Tom Forrest The Advance of African Capital: The growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise Edinburgh University Press 1994

SOCIOLOGY

Rem Koolhaas Mutations: Harvard Project on a City (Lagos), Actar, 2001 Rem Koolhaas Lagos Wide and Close: An Interactive Journey to an Exploding City, (DVD) Submarine, 2005

THEORIES - Orthodox Urbanism Kevin Lynch The Image of the City, MIT Press, 1960

Leferbre Henri Writings on Cities, Blackwell 1996

Jane Jacobs The Life and Death of American Cities, Modern Library, 1961

PHILOSOPHY

Rem Koolhaas Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan, 010 Publishers, 1994

Manuel De Landa A Thousand Years of Non-Linear History, MIT Press 2000 Felix Guattari, Gilles Deleuze A Thousand Plateaus, University of Minnesota Press, 1987

THEORIES - African Urbanism

THEORIES - Futurists Stewart Brand How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They’re Built, Penguin Books, 1995

Edgar Pieterse, AbdouMaliq Simone. Rogue Urbanism: Emergent African Cities, Jacana Media, 2013

Alvin Toffler The Third Wave, Bantam, 1984

Garth Myers African Cities: Alternative Visions of Urban Theory and Practice, Zed Books, 2011

THEORIES - Business and Economics

Susan Parnell, Edgar Pieterse Africa’s Urban Revolution: Policy Pressures, Zed Books, 2014 Gerhard Bruyns, Arie Graafland African Perspectives: DSD Series Vol. 7, Nai010 Publishers, 2013

Andrew Zolli, Ann Marie Healy Resilience: Why things bounce back, Penguin Books, 1995 Dennis Meadows, Et al Limits of Growth: The 30 - Year Update, Chelsea Green Publishing 2004 Rachel Botsman, Roger Roo What is Mine is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption, HaperCollins Publishers 2010

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BIBLIOGRAPHY_CITED WORKS

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MEMOIRS

MEDIA

Chinua Achebe The African Trilogy: Things Fall Apart, No Longer at Ease, and Arrow of God, Everyman’s Library, 2010

http://www.tellng.com/business/decline-onitsha-market

Chinua Achebe There was a Country, Penguin Press, 2012

Economist Magazine, Accessed 9th March, 2014, http:// www.economist.com/node/21541015, Dec 3rd 2011 | From the print edition BBC, Accessed 9th March, 2014. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/ hi/africa/3130297.stm Friday, 8 August, 2003

DATA UN-HABITAT; Onitsha Urban Profile http://www.unhabitat.org/categories. asp?catid=671&q=onitsha UH-HABITAT; Structural Profile for Onitsha and Satellite Towns. http://www.unhabitat.org/categories. asp?catid=671&q=onitsha Nigerian National Population Commission http://www.npc.ng.gov The 2011 Economic and Product Market Databook for Onitsha, Nigeria http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/1599841/ http://www.urbanlandmarkets.org http://www.othermarkets.org

PUBLICATIONS Madu, Izueke Edwin C; Eme, Okechukwu Innocent‘Urban Planning Problems in Nigeria: A Case of Onitsha Metropolis of Anambra State’ Singaporean Journal of Businesses Economics, and Management Studies VOL_1(No_12) 2013 Accessed 10th March, 2014 http://www.singaporeanjbem.com/pdfs/SG_VOL_1_(12)/4.pdf

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ILLUSTRATION CREDITS 1.0 Figure 1.01 (Okuh Chibuike) Figure 1.02 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent)

15 18-19

2.0 Figure 2.01 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 2.02 (http://twitter.com/@toluogunlesi #Nigeria) Figure 2.03 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 2.04 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 2.05 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent)

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3.0 Figure 3.01 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 3.02 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 3.03 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent)

38-39 40-41 42-43

4.0 Figure 4.01 (http://www.un-habitat.com)

Figure 4A.01 (http://www.amightytree.org) Figure 4A.02 (http://www.amightytree.org) Figure 4A.03 (http://www.amightytree.org) Figure 4A.04 (http://www.amightytree.org) Figure 4A.05 (http://www.amightytree.org) Figure 4A.06 (http://www.amightytree.org) Figure 4A.07 (http://www.amightytree.org) Figure 4A.08 (http://www.amightytree.org) Figure 4A.09 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4A.10 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4A.11 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4A.12 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4A.13 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4A.14 (Okuh Chibuike) Figure 4A.15 (Okuh Chibuike)

50 50 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 59

Figure 4B.01 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4B.02 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4B.03 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4B.04 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4B.05 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4B.06 (Okuh Chibuike) Figure 4B.07 (Okuh Chibuike) Figure 4B.08 (Obinna Ikenna) Figure 4B.09 (Obinna Ikenna) Figure 4B.10 (Obinna Ikenna) Figure 4B.11 (Okuh Chibuike) Figure 4B.12 (Ilouno Dubem)

62 63 64 65 66 67 67 68 68 69 69 70

Figure 4B.13 (Ilouno Dubem) Figure 4B.14 (Ilouno Dubem) Figure 4B.15 (Ilouno Dubem)

70 71 71

Figure 4C.01 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4C.02 (http://www.nairaland.com) Figure 4C.03 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4C.04 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4C.05 (http://www.nairaland.com) Figure 4C.06 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4C.07 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4C.08 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4C.09 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4C.10 Ilouno Dubem) Figure 4C.11 (Ilouno Dubem) Figure 4C.12 http://www.flickr.com/Santosh D Figure 4C.13 (Okuh Chibuike) Figure 4C.14 (Eucharia Anyaogu) Figure 4C.15 (Okuh Chibuike) Figure 4C.16 (Ifem, Obinna) Figure 4C.17 (Okuh Chibuike) Figure 4C.18 (Ifem Obinna) Figure 4C.19 (Ifem Obinna)

74 74 75 76 76 77 78 79 80 81 81 82 82 83 83 84 84 85 85

Figure 4D.01 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4D.02 (Okuh Chibuike) Figure 4D.03 (Okuh Chibuike) Figure 4D.04 (Ilouno Dubem) Figure 4D.05 (Okuh Chibuike) Figure 4D.06 (Ilouno Dubem) Figure 4D.07 (Ilouno Dubem) Figure 4D.08 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4C.09 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent)

88 89 89 90 90 91 91 98 93

Figure 4E.01 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4E.02 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4E.03 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4E.04 (Okuh Chibuike) Figure 4E. 05 (Okuh Chibuike) Figure 4E.06 (Obinna Ikenna) Figure 4E.07 (Obinna Ikenna) Figure 4E.08 (Obinna Ikenna) Figure 4E.09 (Okuh Chibuike) Figure 4E.10 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4E.11 (Ilouno Dubem) Figure 4E.12 (Ogoh Callistus)

96 97 98 99 99 100 100 101 101 102 103 103

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

139

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Figure 4F.01 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4F.02 (Okuh Chibuike) Figure 4F.03 (http://nairaland.com) Figure 4F.04 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4F.05 (Ogoh Callistus) Figure 4F.06 (Okuh Chibuike)

106 107 107 108 109 109

Figure 4G.01 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4G.02 (http://www.nairaland.com) Figure 4G.03 (Ogoh Callistus) Figure 4G.04 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) Figure 4G.05 (Google Earth) Figure 4G.06 (Google Earth)

112 113 113 114 115 115

Figure 4H.01 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) 118-119 Figure 4H.02 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) 120-121 Figure 4H.03 (Okuh Chibuike) 120-121 Figure 4H.02 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) 122

5.0 Figure 5.01 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent)

128-129

Figure 8.01 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) 146 Figure 8.02 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) 147 Figure 8.03 (Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent) 148 - 149 Figure 8.04 (Google Earth) 150 Figure 8.05 (Google Earth) 150 Figure 8.06 (Google Earth) 151 Figure 8.07 (Google Earth) 151 Figure 8.08 (Google Earth) 152 Figure 8.09 (Google Earth) 152 Figure 8.10 (Google Earth) 153 Figure 8.11 (Google Earth) 153 Icons from http://www.thenounproject.com/cc

140

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

appendix

Proxies

143

Onitsha wthin African Context

146 -147

Concepts

148 -149

Onitsha Nodes

150 -151

Onitsha Layouts

152 -153

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

141

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

142

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

appendix_Proxies_1 MY ONITSHA EXPERIENCE Motorcycles in the city Flaws in Governance; Talented beggars Bad roads and new flyovers; Hawkers in the city Sales everywhere; Proud Traders

QUESTIONS I WOULD LIKE YOU TO ANSWER AFTER THE TRIP a. What makes the market so organized while the Residential area and the city very disorganized? b. Do you think the market is in decline or still expanding?

Dirty River Niger; Major market Gospel music of similar sounds; Another market Banks Everywhere; Mysterious security Broadway of hooligans; Military supremacy Dirty hoods of the low class Planned landscape of the high class Rich folks on cheap wears Poor folks on cheaper wears Tradition and culture very rich; Rites and festivals Gyrating bikers; Exhorting for funerals Generator noises; No street light Gospel billboards; Asaba City in sight

c. What is the distribution of Petrol Stations, Warehouses, and church? Is it everywhere or in some places? d. How do marketers get goods into and out of the market? Can someone actually trace the supply and demand routes? e. What do you think or heard about Asaba? Are there other other markets there or do people just go to Onitsha and trade only. If yes, why? f. Where do all the goods come from? Lagos Wharf or PortHarcourt Wharf

Good business; Affordable goods Bus Park showbusiness; Hustling Dudes Petrol trucks and water supply Never get high on your own supply

g. What do you think about the Mini Bus, Keke, Okada, Taxi and long buses generally in Onitsha.Not what should be done. I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;t care about that. I want to know your impression of the place?

Mona Lisa painted wrong Pride in mother tongue Sweet Igbo language; No english Sharp hotels at good rates; Pidgin english

h. How can you compare Onitsha with the former Oshodi you know?

Disorganized city; Organized wealth Smiling citizens in poor state of health Surviving by instinct Awe in a foreign precinct (Culled from a Bloggerâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s experience of Onitsha) http://thevyrusonline.blogspot.com/1013/09/my-onitsha-experience.html

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

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APPENDIX_PROXIES_2

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

GENERAL FIRST EMAIL Ok. Here is the deal; Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m writing my thesis with Onitsha Market and City. I need an indigene of Anambra State, and also an architect; and you fit perfectly well. The reason is you will have a better understanding of the place more than what I know. You can also have access to several people for the interviews I would send to you to dispatch afterwards too. I have two stages of this trip for starters; A. PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY I need you to give me photographs of the following; - Arial pictures of the city showing skyline (from different locations). (You will need a drone. Orderd one from China. I hope it arrives on time). - Street pictures (enugu express way, owerri expressway, iweka road, nnamdi azikiwe road and oguta road.

Population and crowd in the market typical transport park - Garden and public places (if any) - Generator Scenarios - Churches street views of all those 4 or 5 story block of flats

B. STATISTICS AND current Map or Planning (from ministry of land survey, chamber of commerce and of course the following from the streets and Markets - Market - Transport parks - Industry and craft types and goods produced - Warehouses and list of goods category that can be purchased

- Hopeless scenarios of infrastructure at random - Hopeful scenarios of infrastructure at random transportation scenario (luxury bus, bus, taxi, okada, pedestrian, canoe, boat and otherwise)

-Recent government constructions and plans -Sewage and waste - Drainage - Agricultural activity Security

-Market scenario (food, cloth, machine, mechanic, carpenter, electrical) - Types and number of all markets in Onitsha with number of shop (specialty and opening and closing time) + history - Markets in building types (street and arial in each of the districts) awada, odoekpe, GRA, bridge head, mainmarket, okpoko, fegge, harbour industrial layout, etc. you know all of them. - Waste types

MODALITIES Please I would like you let me know how much I will give you for this exercise. You can also take one more person to accompany you. Also consider that Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m a student and not a client. Let me know what you think. I need all the photographs on Sunday Morning. Will show you the most efficient way to send it to me with internet without email. Call me when you are less busy. Thanks a lot. cvc

- Shops on the street if any - Population and crowd on the street (morning, afternoon, and evening) 144

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

appendix_Proxies_3 GENERAL FIRST ITINERARY

AWKA Ministry of Lands, Awka - Satellite Photograph (dwg format) digital - Map/Information on proposed Second Niger Bridge and the Light Rail Station.

- Six Photos of each of the Transport Parks that best describes the Park if you are to use the pictures to tell a story. (bare, as things are). //there are up to 15 transport parks - Six Photos; each of Fegge, Awada, and Odoakpu (showing a typical street perspective, a typical block of flats, a view from pent house showing a sort of aerial view, the different use of the ground floors of these buildings and means of transportation (eg, bus stop, okada, road situation, or pedestrian traffic)).

Ministry of Commerce, Awka - List of all the Markets; Number of shops in each, ownership (eg by OMATA or by government) Specialization by commodity (eg, electronic market), opening date and the addresses.

- Twelve Photos of the head bridge â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;clover-leafâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; interchange and its surrounding - Twelve Photos of Mgbuka Market

- List of all the Transport Parks; ownership (eg private or by government) Specialization by vehicle type (shuttle bus, taxi, luxury bus, Cargo pickups, and trucks), opening date, and the addresses. - List of all the warehouses for the markets and industries; ownership (eg private or by government) Specialization by commodity (eg fish storage facility), opening date and the addresses. - List of exports (goods and raw materials) from Onitsha. As well as imports. - List of all Trade associations in Onitsha. (eg, Omata)

ONITSHA Onitsha - Six Photos of each of the Markets/Scenes that best describes the Market if you are to use the pictures to tell a story. (bare, as things are). //there are up to 15 markets

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

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appendix_onitsha WITHIN AFRICAN CONTEXT

ONITSHA - AFRICAN CITIES CONTEXT

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

MAJOR AFRICAN CITIES SMALLER THAN ONITSHA BY POPULATION

Rabat Tripoli

Algiers

Casablanca

Cairo

Alexandria

Fes

Dakar

Khartoum

Bamako

Niamey Kano

Ouagadougou Abuja Addis Ababa

Abidjan

Nairobi Accra

Lagos

Douala Mogadishu

Kinshasa > 11M

Mombasa

Brazzaville

> 5M > 2M > 1M

Luanda

Dar es Salaam

Mbuji-Mayi

Lubumbashi ONITSHA Harare MAJOR CITIES SMALLER THAN ONITSHA BY POPULATION

Antananarivo

Pretoria

MAJOR CITIES LARGER THAN ONITSHA

Johannesburg

Maputo

Durban

Cape Town

Port Elizabeth NOTES:

BASE MAP: UN-HABITAT | OTHER: http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/population-distribution-in-africa_1709

Figure 8.01 146

GSEducationalVersion

ONITSHA: A CITY THAT IS A MARKET (Investigating the Phenomenon of Organized Wealth in a Disorganized Urbanity).

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

[DIA] MASTER THESIS SS 2014

CHU

1.2 10 LARGEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES AND ’SLUM’ DISTRIBUTION

1 1

Nigeria

Ethiopia

Egypt

D.R. Congo

5 6 7 8

South Africa

9 10

2 9

177 096 000

SIMILAR IN SIZE TO PAKISTAN

86 614 000

SIMILAR IN SIZE TO VIETNAM

7 6

35 150 000

SIMILAR IN SIZE TO GERMANY

74 618 000

SIMILAR IN SIZE TO THAILAND

52 892 000

SIMILAR IN SIZE TO SOUTH KOREA

Tanzania 45 950 000

Kenya

43 291 000

Algeria

38 295 000

Uganda

35 363 000

Sudan

35 150 000

NOTES:

NO DATA ON SLUM DISTRIBUTION

BASE MAP: UN-HABITAT | OTHER: http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/slum-population-in-urban-africa_d7d6

SHARE OF THE URBAN POPULATION LIVING IN SLUMS

Figure 8.02

UKWUEMEKA, CHUKWUEMEKA VINCENT [4057053] NIGERIA

STUDIO THEME: REDESIGN

SUPERVISORS: PROF. GÜNNAR HARTMANN; PROF. OMAR AKBAR

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

147

appendix_concepts

NEGOTIATIONS _ WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE ARCHITE

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

[PLANNING VS SEL

COMMUNITY

INDIVIDUAL

COMMUNITY

(NEEDS)

ARCHITECT

ARCHITECT (WANTS)

COHERENT SYSTEM

SELF-ORGANIZING SYSTEM

FORMAL SYSTEM

INDIVIDUAL - NEEDS

INFORMAL SYSTEM (DEVELOPMENT WITHOUT PLANNING)

RELATES TO THE PERSONAL ASPIRATIONS OF EACH INHABITANT, AND LIVELIHOOD

COMMUNITY - NEEDS

RELATES TO THE COLLECTIVE ASPIRATIONS OF THE COMMUNITY, AND LIVELIHOOD

ARCHITECT - WANTS

RELATES TO THE ARCHITECTS DESIRES TO APPLY AND TEST THEORIES AND SKILLS DEVELOPED FROM THE SECOND WAVE INDUSTRIAL BASED TRAINING

INDIVIDUAL

COMMUNITY

(NEEDS)

ARCHITECT (WANTS) STRATEGIC INTERVENTION

CATALYST FOR CHANGE

MUTATION SCENARIO 1 "ROGUE URBANISM" SELF ORGANIZING DEVELOPMENTS

WHAT KIND OF INTERVENTION CAN BE IMPLEMENTED WITHOUT DESTROY ING THE SYSTEM?

ONITSHA

Figure 8.03 148

GSEducationalVersion

ONITSHA: A CITY THAT IS A MARKET (Investigating the Phenomenon of Organized Wealth in a Disorganized Urbanity).

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

[DIA] MASTER THESIS SS 2014

CHU

5.2

ECT AT ONITSHA?

LF-ORGANIZATION]

COMMUNITY

INDIVIDUAL (NEEDS)

COMMUNITY

INDIVIDUAL

(NEEDS)

ARCHITECT

(WANTS)

ORGANIZED CLUSTERS

RIGID SYSTEM PLANNING BEFORE DEVELOPMENT

INFORMAL SYSTEM - (DEVELOPMENT BEFORE INFRASTRUCTURE)

COMMUNITY

INDIVIDUAL (NEEDS)

COMMUNITY

INDIVIDUAL

(NEEDS)

ARCHITECT

(WANTS)

MUTATION SCENARIO 2

MUTATION SCENARIO 3

MISNOMER MASTER PLAN

MISNOMER MASTER PIECE

UKWUEMEKA, CHUKWUEMEKA VINCENT [4057053] NIGERIA

STUDIO THEME: REDESIGN

SUPERVISORS: PROF. GÃ&#x153;NNAR HARTMANN; PROF. OMAR AKBAR

MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

149

APPENDIX_ONITSHA NODES

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Figure 8.04 Satellite image of Upper Iweka Clover - Leaf

Figure 8.05 Satellite image of Nkpor junction 150

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 8.06 Satellite image of Main Market district

Figure 8.07 Satellite image of Onitsha River Port and the River Bridge MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

151

APPENDIX_ ONITSHA LAYOUTS

Chukwuemeka, Chukwuemeka Vincent . Nigeria (DIA - 4057053)

Figure 8.08 Satellite image of Fegge district

Figure 8.09 Satellite image of Omagba district phase 1 152

Onitsha, Nigeria: Reading Self-Organized Wealth and Emerging Markets

Figure 8.10 Satellite image of Iyiowa-Odoekpe district

Figure 8.11 Satellite image of Obosi town MA Arch Studio: Redesign | Thesis Advisor: Prof. Gunnar Hartmann, Second Advisor: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar | DIA, Germany.

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I Dessau International Architecture School Hochschule Anhalt - Fachbereich 3 ÂŠ 2014