Chitradurga Research Documentation

WATER ABUNDANCE IN THE PAST Chitradurga, in the recent times has been looked at as a water stressed region.

However, a painting from the 18th century shows Chitradurga in a completely different light. It shows Madakari Nayaka in the foreground with plenty of water in the moat behind him.

Not only did the Nayakas have adequate water to sustain themselves but also had water to use for security purposes in the moat

Legend has it that the mighty Chitradurga fort was able to endure even a 12 year long siege without running out of water. They used a system of rainiwater harvesting, capturing the water in a series of engineered tanks called Hondas.

WATERSHED ANALYSIS

The water flow patterns are studied and the two major lakes that the water drains into are identified. The area marked blue is the watershed that drains into Thimmana nayaka kere at the south of Chitradurga. The rest of the water(95%) drains into Mallapura kere which is under the larger northern watershed

THE 3 MARGS THE MAJOR WATERFLOW PATHS

MARG 1 This is the Honda water flow system catered to the old city From the Gopala swamy honda at the highest point in the fort to Santhe honda in the middle of the city

MARG 2 The overflow from the Kammana baavi and the runoff from the Jogi matta hills drain into the Thimmana Nayaka kere MARG 3 The waterflows from the Chandravalli dam into Mallapura kere

VEGETATION MAPPING

The map shows the major vegetation belts in the Chitradurga taluk The Jogi Matti forest reserve is densely vegetated from the runoff from the Jogi matti hills The other two significantly vegetated areas are around the Murga matta and the Mallapura keres to the north west and the north of Chitradurga respectively. They are watered by the larger watershed draining to the north of the city.

RAINFALL STATISTICS

The normal annual rainfall in the district based from 1965 1995 is 574mm.

At present Chitradurga’s annual rainfall is 618mm. Therefore, reduced mean annual rainfall are clearly not the source of Chitradurga’s water woes

Watershed margs 1,2 and 3 receive an average of 30.5 million litres per day of water as rainfall.

All of this water is channelled through Chitradurga (via surface and underground flow) due to the slope of the land. This is the reason for Chitradurga’s water abundance in the past.

Chitradurga Fort

HONDAS THE PRIMARY WATER SOURCE FOR THE NAYAKAS

• The Hondas used to be the primary source of water for Chitradurga during the rule of the Nayakas

• The water that reaches Tanneru donne is purely by percolation through rock fissures and is considered fit for drinking.

• Sihi Neeru Honda is linked to Santhe Honda via manmade underground tunnels, built by Bicchugutti Bharamanna Nayak in 1693

• This route is now blocked, owing to the construction of buildings in the recent years

• Santhe Honda was constructed last, outside the fort walls and the city grew around the Honda eventually

• Today the Hondas have lost their significance as people don’t depend on them anymore They have been subjected to silting and are slowly turning into garbage dumpyards.

Chitradurga Town

Can we revive the hondas to ease the water stress in Chitradurga today?

CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HONDAS

•

Can hondas be looked at as public nodes and influence change in the character of the built realm around it?

The Hondas were not only tanks for harvesting and replenishing the ground water table, but also served as public and social nodes when people gathered for their daily water collection

• Hondas have a cultural and religious significance There are festivals that happen in the Hondas. The Ganesh Chaturthi involved Ganapati Visarjan in the Santhe honda.

• The Okali honda in the fort in front of the Devi temple has holy significance (right)

GOPALASWAMY HONDA AKKA

TANGI HONDA

TANNERU DONNE

SIHI NEER HONDA (OLD; NOW DRY)

SANTHE HONDA

The Chandravalli lake is an archaeological site located in the Chitradurga district The region is formed by three hills Chitradurga, Kirabanakallu and Cholagudda.

A rock inscription of the 4th century is proof that a tank was constructed at Chandravalli during the reign of Kadamba ruler Mayura Varma The dam was constructed between 1978 1981

The water flows from Chandravalli dam to Mallapura kere – Dyamanahalli kere Kallahalli kere – Madurai kere Rani kere Nagasamudra dam

The images show the direction of water flow from Chandravalli dam to Mallapura kere, and a Google earth cross section of the same.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HONDAS

CHANDRAVALLI DAM

•The Santhe Honda, constructed by Bharamanna Nayaka in 1693 served as a source of water to the army stationed around it

•It’s water then catered to the fields surrounding it

•A temple was built nearby

•After the fall of the Palegaras, a market(shandy) used to be conducted around the Honda After which it came to be known as the Santhe

•As the town grew, the density of the built fabric around it increased.

•The Honda became a source of water for domestic purposes.

•The built fabric around the Honda faced towards it

•The built fabric around the Honda increased in density due to population growth

•The people no longer depend on the Honda for water as there is a municipal water connection available It is now used as aide for dumping trash

•The built fabric around the Honda no longer faces it, instead they face their back to it.

•The market flourished.

•The accident and the overcrowding of the Santhe Honda road prompted changing the location of the bus stop

•A compound wall was also built around the Honda, isolating it from it’s surroundings

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HONDAS

EVOLUTION OF SANTHE HONDA

SANTHE HONDA A WATER RESERVOIR

The Honda is 208ft x 202ft x 80ft in dimension, it has 58 rows of steps and can hold thirty three lakh cubic feet of water

The section shows that the Santhe Honda was indeed a mammoth structure, in terms of area and depth it indicates the volume of water that can be stored. However, It’s storage potential is not used to its fullest.

The Honda can be a great source of water to it’s surrounding areas and reduce the water stressed condition of Chithradurga and efforts need to be made towards this cause

SANTHE HONDA A NODE OF ACTIVITY

Intended or unintended, the Honda system has created a sense of community.

It was also a tool for underground water regeneration.

Santhe Honda developed as a trade hub (santhe), and now it stands as the ignored part of the city, having become history

WHERE WAS ITS IMPORTANCE LOST?

Dependency of Santhe Honda reduced as people started getting water at their doorsteps and didn’t feel the need of going to the Honda to collect water.

As there was no dependency of people on Santhe Honda and uneventful accidents, Santhe Honda was finally compounded

REDIFINING SANTHE HONDA as a public node is necessary and its reverence needs to be revived by enhancing the connection of people with the water.

OF THE HONDAS

Tharanesh Ertyu

Longitudinal section of the santhe honda

Transverse section of the santhe honda

CHARACTER OF SANTHE HONDA

Supply route from Vani Vilas Sagar Supply route from Shanti Sagar Upper Bhadra Project (ongoing project)

SOURCES OF MUNICIPAL WATER

The City has two major sources Vani vilas sagar (since 1904) and Shanthi sagar(since 2008). They also depend on underground sources (except for drinking).

VANI VILAS SAGAR CATERS TO 35% OF THE TOWN

• Constructed across Vedavathi river.

• Supplying water since 1904.

• Till, 2008 was the only source of municipal water to Chitradurga. Now supplies water to south western parts of the city which includes IUDP layout, teachers colony, Vemana nagar, Kelagote, adishakthinagar and gandhinagar. Supplies water to 35% of the Chitradurga city. (8 out of total 25 OHTs.)

SHANTHI SAGAR CATERS TO 75% OF THE TOWN

• Recieves water from Bhadra right bank canal. Located in chellakere taluk.

• Supplying water since 2008

Vani vilas sagar 4.0 mld

1.5 mld

• Supplies water to 65% of Chitradurga city (via 17 out of 25OHTs)

• Total availability = 14mld

• Total municipal water supplied = 12.5 mld(Source: KUWS&DB)

• Population = 163,647

• Per capita supply of municipal water = 76.38 litres

• Ground water usage = 1.5 mld (Source: KUWS&DB)

• Per capita including underground sources= 85.55 litres

• Standard water requirement = 135 litres per capita per day

Only 63% of water requirement of the city is met

UPPER BHADRA PROJECT (IN DEVELOPMENT)

Tunga river

tmc is lifted

Reservoir

tmc is lifted

Ajjampura

Chitradurga Branch Canal

Stage 1- (2 pump houses, 5 motors in each pumphouse, one motor is used as stand by)

Stage 2 (2 pump houses, 5 motors in each pumphouse, one motor is used as stand by)

The upper Bhadra project will supply water to chitradurga, davangere, Tumkur and Chikmangalur. This project is expected to provide 491.31 tmc of water to Chitradurga district and 24.7 tmc of water to Chitradurga taluk alone.

SOURCES OF WATER

Shanthi sagar 8.5 mld

MAP SHOWING AVAILABILITY OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES

The Quantity Of Water Supplied Is Uniform Throughout The City, However The Population Density Governs The Adequacy Of Water In The Respective Areas.

This shows us the pattern of growth of the city - from the area around the Santhe Honda and the fort towards the eastern periphery.

The older part Of The City towards the North West and the central parts have very poor water facilities due to the high population density relative to the amount of municipal water received These are also the areas that were dependent on the Hondas and keres in the earlier times and currently have community borewells and not individual ones like the newer areas in the southern and south eastern periphery These new areas have relatively adequate water facilities

Sutar, Tharanesh Ertyu

AVAILABILITY OF WATER FACILITIES

BOREWELL DENSITY MAPPING

• The following map shows us the density of shared and individual borewells

• It is seen that the older part of the city around the Santhe honda and the fort have a larger number of shared borewells and a lesser density (relative to the population it caters to)compared to the newer part of the city extent towards the eastern periphery which has a greater borewell density and also higher number of individual borewells.

• While the older part had many public nodes formed around the shared community borewells and the water tankers that supplied water, the newer part had a lack of public nodes.

MITIGATING GROUNDWATER SHORTAGE

• Artificial recharge to ground water through percolation tank structures are the apt solution to mitigate the water scarcity in the district since more than 320 tanks are available through out the district.

• The rejuvenation of the existing tanks by de silting and construction of additional percolation tanks will help in recharging the phreatic zone.

• Selections of site for bore well should be done only on scientific methods as the yield of bore wells are site specific.

In Chitradurga taluk fractured granitic gneisses, gneisses and hornblende schists are the main water bearing formations.

Ground water exploration reveals that aquifers are encountered between the depths of 15 mbgl and 192 mbgl. Bore wells drilled depth in the taluk ranges from 105.34 mbgl to 200 mbgl

The map below shows that the district is greatly prone to ground water over exploitation, nitrate and fluoride contamination and pesticide/fertiliser contamination. Also the schist belt in the taluk makes the ground water contaminated. Measures need to be taken for the above problems.

GEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

DRAINAGE AT NEIGHBOURHOOD LEVEL

A portion of the area near the fort ( that includes raja beedi) was chosen to be studies and the open drains and surface drainage was identified. The inspection chambers connect to the primary sewage lines which connect to the main underground pipeline that carries sewage to mallapura. A manhole is situated at an every 60 m. The surface runoff also mixes with the sewage water.

Covered drains are a necessity in most areas.

It is essential to lay stormwater drains to avoid mixing of sewage and rainwat er

SOLID WASTE COLLECTION SCENARIO AND MANAGEMENT

Covered PRIMARY drains

Large open SECONDARY drain

DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRAINAGE AT HOUSE LEVEL

Pipe draining directly into drain next to the house

Toilet sitting right above drain

Sewage flowing directly into the prim ary drain

Solid waste is collected from houses either everyday or every alternate day, by a garbage truck .About 40 tons of waste is generated per day. This is taken to the compactor in the city municipal corporation near union park, from where it goes to the landfill near Dhyamavanahalli, Chennekere road. (8 km away from Chitradurga).

However, garbage is still dumped in open spaces, hondas( Santhe honda for example) and other water bodies in many areas of the city, due to lack of public dustbins. These areas are also hugely neglected.

HOW CAN SOLID WASTE AS WELL AS SEWAGE BE BETTER MANAGED, RIGHT FROM THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL TO THE LARGER CITY LEVEL?

Setting up of a centralized solid waste management plant along with provisions of public dustbins is a suggestion.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HONDAS

Vinitha Reddy,

Sutar,

A PERENNIAL SOURCE SANTHE HONDA

Santhe Honda Always has Water at a depth of 3m below ground level while borewells are sunk to 180m

It’s only major source is water from the underground aquifers.

THE ADVANTAGE OF STEP WELLS

In a step well the water seeps in from the aquifer constantly, at a very slow rate, but through a large surface area.

In the case of a borewell, water is drawn intermittently, at a very high rate through a small surface area. Water cannot flow through the aquifer towards the borewell as fast as it is pumped out.

Therefore after a few hours the pump is switched off to allow the aquifer around the bore to replenish.

A

Slow but steady seepage of water into the step well

Pressure (A) due to flow of water is balanced by the downward pressure(B) exerted by the weight of water in the stepwell, resulting in water rising far above the level of the local water table (3m below ground level)

Step Wells: Very large area of contact with aquifer

STEPWELLS: AN ANCIENT SOLUTION

Aquifer 1(8m depth)

Very fast pumping rate (1 10 lit/s)

Slow water movement in the aquifer

Aquifer 2(180m depth)

Borewells: Very small area of contact with aquifer

Santhe Honda is not situated in a depression There are a very large number of similar topographically appropriate sites available throughout Chitradurga as shown in the map.

Chitradurga receives more than 30 mld (1 5 times it’s water requirement) through rainfall The watersheds for marg 1,2 and 3 (ref sheet 2) divert huge quantities of water toward the city via surface and underground flow (underground flow follows contours of the surface as well) most of which is wasted due to surface runoff

Also, from the above study, Our hypothesis is that a step well is able to draw out a larger percentage of this underground water compared to borewells. The Santhe Honda always has water. Therefore, the success of Santhe Honda should be replicated by constructing many more such large tanks in the ground

Santhe Honda

Similarly suitable topographical locations for more tanks

Abraham, Vinitha Reddy,

SIGNIFICANCE

Santhe Honda, October 2009Santhe Honda, August 2016

50%

70% Built

Water Requirement (Of the Study Area)

Estimated population of study area(approximation based on Google satellite imagery of the city): 50% of the entire city = 81,823 5 people

Water requirement (per capita): 135 litre/ day Water requirement (in mld): 11million litres per day Current water availability: 7 mld

EXPLORATION ON THE POSSIBILITIES OF VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING.

Area (sq km) Roof Area (sq km)

Area 1: 0 % Built Density 2.917 (of which 1.832 is a part of the fort)

0

Area 2: 30% Built Density 1.340 0.402

Area 3: 50% Built Density 0.444 0.222

Area 4: 70% Built Density 2.324 1.627

Total 7.025 2.251

Table 1: Area of roofs (calculated approximately from google satellite imagery)

System 1: A system where all the storm water drains from the city area shown above are diverted into sets of large storage tanks

How much storm water is received (for study area)?

Surface area of collection(sq km)= Total study area fort area ) = 7.025 1.832 = 5.193 sq km (since the fort’s water is already collected in Hondas) Average annual rainfall = 620 mm per sq m Annual volume of rainfall= 5 193 x 620 = 3219 66 million litres

Average rate of rainfall received is 8 8 mld (million litres per day) From this evaporation and percolation loss must be deducted

Present Scenario

Nearly 100 % of the storm water (apart from the portion that percolates into the ground) runs off into Mallapura Lake where it mixes with sewage Storm Water Received: 8.8 mld ( not accounting for losses)

Conclusion

• If even 50 % of the storm water was collected by diverting storm water drains into storage tanks it would satisfy the water requirement of the study area

• Care must be taken to prevent mixing of storm water drains with greywater and sewage lines Given that a new sewage system is under construction, this is feasible

• A number of large underground water storage tanks can be built at intervals along the main storm water drains to collect the water

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HONDAS

System 2: A system where all the houses have their own rooftop collection systems

Estimation Method 1:

Total surface area of all roofs(sq km) = 2 251sq km (see table 1)

Average annual rainfall = 620 mm per sq m

Annual volume of rainfall= 1395 6 million litres

Average rate of rainfall received is 3 8 mld (million litres per day)

This is only 35% of the standard requirement

Estimation Method 2:

Considering 2 houses on Dodapette road which represent moderately favourable roof area to no of occupants ratio

In both the houses studied only 10 % of the water requirement can be met

Conclusion:

Table 1, shows that less than 50 % of the city area is covered with buildings

The compact planning of Chitradurga makes individual rainwater harvesting systems inefficient

Parameters of Analysis (Estimation Method 2) House 1 House 2

No of Occupants 9 6

Water per capita 135 litre 135 litre Roof size: 123 sq. m 91 sq. m

Roof type: Tiles Tiles

Runoff coefficient: 0.8 0.8

Water demand: 1215 litres per day 945 litres per day

House 1 House 2

Recommendations (Estimation Method 2) House - 1 House - 2

Size of Storage Tank 14,100 litres 10,400 litres

Water Received 133 litre per day 98 litre per day

Percentage of Demand Satisfied 11% 10%

The storage reservoir will be full in and then slowly drain until it is (almost) empty at the end of March.

Water Received

OF

In the Chitradurga taluk maps below, it is evidently seen that the fallow land has drastically increased from 1988 to 2000. Fallow land is land ploughed, but not sown and left uncultivated for a time after successive crops. Here, the growth of similar crops over the same land for many yeard rendered the land fallow. Further, there was an increase in built and population, thus the surface water available for agriculture reduced and people started depending on underground water sources. This not only added an additional cost but also depleted the ground waer. With increased use of ground water, the concentration of flourides in the ground water increases with time. However, in present times, with increase in scientific knowledge, people are practicing double cropping methods which has reduced the area of fallow land.

Can the yield of crops in the land be increased without stressing the underground water sources?

http://en.calameo.com/read/002560514ed108054966b

• Irrigation In Chitradurga Depends on Vani Villasa Sagara Which Provides Irrigation to Around 9190 Hectares Of Land In Hiriyur and Chellakere

• However, from the above the map and table, it is seen that Chitradurga taluk depends on underground sources for agriculture.

• This shows the stress on groundwater and the need for rain water harvesting systems.

• The Upper Bhadra Project which is an ongoing project, is expected to irrigate Chitradurga taluk in the future

Chitradurga district and also specifically chitradurga taluk is predominantly agricultural lands. There are some patches of uncultivable area and forest area. The built area is concentrated to the chitradurga city. This reiterates the fact that agriculture was a major occupation despite the lack of surface water sources and it’s dependancy on irrigation tanks and underground sources.

Around 67 per cent of the population lives in the village that is depending on agriculture for their livelihood. 62 per cent of the land is under cultivation and 30 per cent is irrigated.

MAJOR FOOD CROPS- Groundnuts, ragi, maize as these crops require comparatively less rainfall and can be grown profitably in this region. Paddy cultivation is bare minimum as it is a water intensive crop.

Sorghum is highly suitable in Chitradurga taluk and moderately suitable in Chitradurga district at large. Ragi is grown extensively especially because it doesn’t require much rainfall. It is grown as a rabi and kharif crop. Thus, it is a staple here and also sold to neighbouring districts and states.

Cotton is a major commercial crop and a revenue generator. It is highly suitable due to the availability of black soil.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HONDAS

RECOMMENDATIONS

• Use of dug wells rather than borewells. In a dug well the water seeps in from the aquifer constantly, at a very slow rate, but through a large surface area. In the case of a borewell, water is drawn intermittently, at a very high rate through a small surface area.

• Growing drought resistant crops such as ragi and other minor millets

• Practicing double cropping.

• Use of drip irrigation over surface methods. This Is Preferred In order To Reduce The Evaporation Of Surface Water.

• More awareness and use of SRI System of rice intensification which is is a low water, labour intensive, method that uses younger seedlings singly spaced and typically hand weeded with special tools.

http://en.calameo.com/read/002560514ed108054966b

Most of the crops (about 78%) are kharif as part of the need for water is met by the southwest monsoon.

However, in recent times due to improved technology and irrigation and crop rotation, mixed cropping is on the rise. Crop rotation is replenishes the soil of its nutrients and fallow lands are not there.

Major crops such as groundnuts and maize are rotated with minor crops such as castor, pigeon pea and field beans.

Further awareness and widespread use of mixed cultivation and crop rotation is needed.

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology

ADVANTAGES OF GROWING MILLETS

• Varying rainfall patterns, change in soil moisture, droughts, heat waves, cloudbursts, flash floods. But growth of millets is not affected.

• With every one degree Celsius rise in temperature, wheat production is reduced by 4 to 5 million tonnes. Millets are highly tolerant to increased temperatures, droughts and floods.

• Millets have a low glycaemic index, have more fibre and contain more minerals in comparison to rice and wheat.

• Millets have an efficient root system that captures the moisture needed even from erratic rainfall of about 350 400 mm a year, received over a few days.

DISADVANTAGES OF GROWING MILLETS

• There is a shrinking market for millets. It is difficult for women to manually process the millets, since cultivation of millets is limited there are no mechanical grain processing units.

The advantages of millets outweigh the disadvantages. The cultivation of millets can be promoted by:

• Introducing mechanical grain processing units near the farmlands. These processing units will also act as important social nodes

• Establishing separate markets in association with and in proximity to APMC which will deal specifically in marketing millets along with spreading awareness.

FISH CULTURE

Generally practiced around Mallapura lake or Thimma Nayaka Kere despite the bad quality of water. Tanks are generally 8mx6m. Water from dug wells are also used. Each cycle takes 6 months. The survival rate depends on the quality of water.

Fish culture can be a major source of income for many. The quality of water should be monitored to ensure good survival rate of the fishes.

The water treatment plant which is under construction will release only treated water to the Mallapura lake. This will ensure better survival rates in fish culture

.

AMRIT MAHAL KAVALS

The Grasslands of Chitradurga known as Kavals were historically and traditionally set aside for the grazing of a native breed of cattle called the Amrith Mahal Cattle

These cattle were known for their drought and disease resistant qualities. Karnataka State was home to nearly 4 lakh acres of Amrit Mahal Kavals at the time of independence. Now the state is left with only 60,000 acres.

The Kavals are rich in both floral and faunal biodiversity. Local communities gather firewood, herbs, medicinal plants for livestock, manure and a variety of other materials from these grasslands. The local people celebrate the grasslands through a variety of festivities and fairs.

Amrit Mahal Kavals form major watersheds of tanks and ground water recharge.

These Kavals are severely threatened from being assigned to a variety of developmental projects and other institution in violation of all existing laws.

It is important that any future projects in Chitradurga should not further encroach into or fragment the kavals. But instead try and revive these, instead of treating them like wastelands

RAGI

ARAECANUT

SUNFLOWER, COTTON, JOWER MAIZE, GROUNDNUTS+RAGI TILL

YELLAMMA JATRE

THANGI BETI

IMMERSION

JATRE

RAINFALL

MAGHA PHALGUN CHAITRA VAISHAKH JYESTHA ASADHA SRAVANA ASVINA

KARTHIKA PUSYA

BHADRA PADA AGRAH AYANA

AKKA THANGI BETI MYLAARA JAATRE CHALLAKERAMMA JATRE

NAYAKANAHATTI JATRE

EKANATESHWARI JAATRE

UCHHANGI YELLAMMA TEMPLE

TEMPLE(AKKA)

EKANATHESHWARI TEMPLE

THIPPINAGATTAMMA(TH ANGI) RATHA FROM JOGI MUTT

CHANDRESHWARA HONDA SHRINGERI MUTT

The ganga pooje is a part of the 15 day festival that happens in ekanateshwari temple This is a congregatory festival where in a large procession of women come with kalasha and offer prayers to the sihineer honda so the houses along this path the procession path are of the traditional style They have the jagalis , balconies The roads are wider and can accommodate a large number of people These front porches facilitate for the viewing of the procession by the children, men and the old people

Ekanateshwari jaatra mahitsava happens during chitra maasa (April May)

Ganga pooje

Approximate number of women partiicipating is 500 (Source: Interview)

From Ekanateshwari temple on the fort to sihineer honda

The Ucchangi Yallama temple chariot procession happens during after vaishakha maasa (April May)

Begins and ends at Ucchangi Yallamma temple but passes through the raaja beedis (Doddapet main road and Chikpet main road) These sketches show how the raja beedis were earlier next to the fort but now due to the destruction of the for wall, the street scape has changed and so have the spaces used

ARE THE STREETS ADAPTING TO THE RITUALS OR VICE VERSA?

Jagalis

The sthamba in front of the temple indicates the presence of a temple from a distance Here, further beyond the kamba is the torana which is very unique to this place

The toranas that are spread across the fort and the raajabeedis were mainly used for the tulabhata in which an offering equal to the persons weight is made the god. so this torana is used to hang the balance

The statues of various cultural and historic figures associated with Chitradurga

The hondas and the various water bodies form a significant part of the city Historically they formed a major source of water movement Also now they are a part of the daily life of the people, be it a landmark or storm water drain inflow nodes, as lungs of the city. They also have a significant role during festivals as many of the rituals take place in close proximity to these water bodies

The fort entrance gates which were earlier a part of the outermost fort walls act as significant nodes and lend a unique cultural character to the place. Though these gates do not have any functional significance today , these still remind of the rich historic background of chitradurga.

The bastions of Chitradurga hills play a small role in the lives of the people living closer to them. The kids go there to play, the families go there during weekend or vacation. Sometimes these are located to temples which brings in people on some days.

SITE ANALYSIS

STUDIO CHITRADURGA

Cultural Identity and Symbols of Chitradurga

Are movies bonding the fort and the people?

Chitradurga came into light mainly due the film industry The movies started using Chitradurga for their filming This is because of the rich history of Chitradurga and the fort that the people of Karnataka associate themselves Right from the literature being made into movies to the tales of Obavva being featured cinematographically and animated

Many Kannada songs also feature Chitradurga

Fort entry

The people mainly relate the fort with two extremes: Entertainment and Religion

The fort can actually be mapped by the various places that were used for films making it a tourist spot Apart from this, the devi temples are very sacred to most of the local households leading to higher frequency of visits

Flourish in literature in Keladi nayaka reign: Production of literary texts covering various themes flourished in these courts The Keladi court is better known for writings on Veerashaiva doctrine The period also saw advances in dramatic works The swamiis of Murugharajendra and Sirigere Mattas contributed much to Veerashaiva philosophic thought.

Allamma prabhu (guheshwara) vachana:

Meaning:

When the earth and ether were non existent, When the concept of I and mine had not emerged, When the notion of rest and motion did not originate, When the subtle and casual were not evolved, When the moveable and immoveable were not formulated, Then was Guheshvara's sharana or votary Born of Chit shakti or Will.

Modern Literature and Chitradurga

Whenever Chitradurga is spoken of in relation to modern kannada literature, the names of Sri Talukina Venkannaiyya and Sri Hullur Srinivasa Jois are mentioned

Historical books on Nayak dynasty

MS Puttanna is another figure whose impeccable contribution to literature can not be overlooked

He has written a number of books out of which “Madidunno Maharaya” a satirical work gained a lot of appreciation

He has also written treatises on the Palegar rule in Chitradurga.

In recent years , works of Sri T. R. Subba Rao has caught the eye of the public

He works with the concept of progressive modernism in kannada literature (pragatisheela) Pragatishila was credited with broadening readers' horizons Works produced during this period dealt extensively with subjects of everyday life, rural themes and the common man The language was less inhibited and made generous use of colloquialism and slang.

T R Subba Rao initially wrote short stories, although he later turned his talents to novels His early novels, Purushavatara and Munjavininda Munjavu, told the stories of the underprivileged, the downtrodden and the outcast; Masanada Hoovu ("Flower from a cemetery"), a story about the plight of prostitutes; Hamsa Gite ("Swan Song"), a story about a dedicated musician of the late 18th century during annexation of Chitradurga by Tipu sultan He also wrote a historical fiction on the Palegars called Durgasthamana

Ta. Ra. Su. Wrote a book based on the life of renowned musician Sri Venkata Subba Iyengar, later made into a movie

The Hindi translation of the same is called Basanth Bahar His novel “Nagarahaavu” too became an inspiration for a movie

75th Kannada Sahitya Sammelana took place here.

A. Burjanahaiit garadi

B. Karuvina katte garadi

C. Old middle school

D. Ta ra su rangamandira

E. District library

F. Town club

G. Basaveshwara theatre

H. Prasanna theatre

I. Union theatre

J. SJM college

K. Shikshakara bhavana

L. Shrungeri mutt

M. Kabeerananda ashrama

BMCH auditorium

Venkateshwara theatre

Umapathi Convention Hall

source;:yellow pages.cybo

From neenasam theatre survey

Jamuraa sabhangana

Sri Basaveshwara Sabhangana Murugha mutt

Anubhava mantapa

Radhamma Anjanappa Open Air Theatre

Raajabeedis

The cultural centres here are very unique in nature. There are the Garadi manes, the traditional gyms started during the Nayakas time. These Garadis were attached to drama and street play spaces creating cultural centres.

Looking at the district and taluk level, open air drama tents are very common and such artists perform in various rangamandiras in the city during the jaathres and special occasions as well. The garadi pehalwans also get a chance to exhibit their skills in the competition.

Each Garadi mane has around 15 to 20 people. These Garadis were started during the Nayakas rule mainly to train the pehelwans. These were considered the centres for cultural exchange earlier.

It is heartening to note that the "Garadis" (gymnasia) also served as cradles of culture and centres of literary spiritual and musical pursuits. There is an anecdote about cinema artist B. Sarojadevi having accepted an invitation of the from the Nava Bharata Taruna Kalavidara Sangha attached to a "Garadi" to participate in a play, Chitrangade, in Chitradurga, decades ago when she was a stage artist. (Source: The Hindu)

HOW HAVE THE EXPRESSION OF THEATRES AND CULTURAL SPACES HAVE CHANGED OVER TIME?

A. A.Sri murugharajendra mutt

B. Murugharajendra mutt institutions

C. Raghavendraswamy mutt

D. Kabeerananda ashrama

E. Ujjaini mutt

F. Shrungeri mutt

G. SJM College

H. Madina munwara masjid

I. Makkah masjid

J. Masjid E Abu hurairah

K. Masjid E Mohamaddiya

L. Masjid E noor

M. Madina masjid N. Masjid E Ala

O. Masjid E Qubha

P. Masjid E Umar

Q. Masjid E Bilal R. Syed Ahmed shah Dargah S. Grave Yard, (Anjuman e Elahi)

Koliburujanahatty, Chitradurga City

Sharanas, kayakave kailasa

SJM Vidhyapeetha

Basaveshwara medical college

SJMIT engineering college

Sri Shivamurty Murugarajendra Sharanaru asset recovery branch

Temples, Mutts and politics and how relevant they are today.

The Shoonya mutt heads and the mutt with its institutions generally influence a lot with the politics of the place

Recently the swatch Bharath Abhiyaan started by the central government was embraced by the mutt and they set an example for the people by taking part in a cleaning drive themselves thus sympathizing the people and setting a major control in the society

They recently organized a padayatra to council armors against suicide thus supporting the local economy and in turn being recognized by the government as an influential organization.

MUTTS THE DRIVING FORCE OF CHITRADURGA?

SITE ANALYSIS

STUDIO CHITRADURGA

RV

Strong presence of SC/ST community, has influenced the need of Ambedkar statue While the statues of Madakari Nayak and Onaake Obavva circles where inserts, in reminiscence of the city’s historical past The three statues become the arena for public protests and debates in the midst of politically influential institutions like chitradurga municipal corporation, police quarters, court road etc

Onake obavva statue accomodates most of gatherings, and the statue being placed by the edge of the road, unlike other statues placed right in the middle of the road, creates a backdrop for the public to gather

Literature

The Kannada Literature after the 10th century became very prominent and the lower caste people who were never allowed to become literate, could not access the knowledge inherent in the literatures To read and to grasp the knowledge in these, there was a need to be fluent with the rules and regulations of the writings In the 13th century, Basavanna wrote ‘vachanas’ which could be easily understood by the commoner, and these vachanas never had any of the complications with any rule or regulation These vachanas were towards social reformations and later came to be known as ‘Basava Tattva’, and these tatvas(basic guidelines) are which frame todays mathas

Influence of Mutt’s on Chitradurga

Mutt’s are one of the most important and renowned institutions in Chitradurga. SJM institutions maintained by Murugarajendra mutt has wide range of facility in professional education

And there are schools owned by mutts like Sirigere mutt There are upcoming plans for opening more schools in Chitradurga by the other mutts. The land for setting up of the schools are either gifted by willing donors or by the mutt itself

The mutts still believe in vedas and preach vedas through ‘VEDIKA PATASHALA’

SITE ANALYSIS

STUDIO CHITRADURGA

The Khanavali of Karnataka are the most egalitarian space it provides a sumptuous and simple meal for people of all pocket sizes Khanavalis are offshoot of the progressive vision of most Lingayat maths and the 12th century social revolution it occupies a unique place in the cultural history of Karnataka .

In keeping with this "home food" tradition, the owners Khanavalis prepare the spices, masalas, and gravies at their homes

The social reformation brought around 12th C by Basavana was one of the major reason for the upcoming of Khanavalis Trade routes brought in people from different parts of the country Surplus availability of food and resources brought in the idea of Khanavalis for better relationship between the traders and the merchants

After the invasion of Hyder Ali ,the working forces behind the Khanavalis changed from women to men It wasn’t favoured under his rule which is clearly evident from the map as most of the Khanavalis are located in Lingayath dominated society

When the British rule came into picture, the number of Khanavalis increased steadily This is evident in the colonial style architecture found in many of the Khanavalis

At present the customers at the Khanavalis are tourists on pilgrimage as they provide affordable food

Over the years Khanavalis have lost there identity in and around Chitradurga With change in culture, more commercial eateries have come up But despite this, Chitradurga has still retained the Khanavali culture.

BOULEVARD ROAD

Khanavalis

Mysore Cafe, Ragabeedi, Chitradurga (right)

WITH THE URBAN INSERTION CAN THIS CULTURE BE ENHANCED WITHOUT KHANAVALILOSINGITSCHARACTERISTIC?

Chitradurga, on the highway linking Bangalore with Hospete,

famed for its massive Kallina Kote (Palace of Stone) fort, a marvel of military architecture made impregnable by the Nayak Palegars Location

Chitradurga is located from major populated areas like :

Udupi 268 kilometres Bellary 134 kilometres

Bangalore 200 kilometres Hampi 145 kilometres Mysore 265 kilometres

Modes of transport used by tourists in and around Chitradurga :

(The highway is part of the golden quadrilateral highway project.)

Tourist spots around Chitradurga : These are the primary attractions around Chitradurga which is also one of the reasons Chitradurga is chosen as one of the destinations

Sirigere: Located northwest of Chitradurga, Sirigere is well known for the Veershaiva Mutt of Taralabalu Jagadguru The monastery is noted for the educational and religious centers run by them.

Neerthadi : Thirty eight kms from Chitradurga, this village has the famous Ranganathaswamy Temple in the Vijayanagar style

Malladihalli : Forty five kms from Chitradurga, this new village is well known for the Raghavendra Swamy Seva Ashram that runs an orphanage, Yoga education and Ayurvedic Centre.

Gayatri Jalasaya : This reservoir, was built, also by the Maharaja of Mysore built across the river Suvarnamukhi It is a pleasant picnic spot

Vani Vilas Sagar : (Manrikanvie) 32 kms, from Chitradurga, an artificial lake, also called Marie Kanive, built by the Maharaja of Mysore, across the river Vedavathi Measuring 162 ft by 1300 ft , this reservoir has two mantapa (pavilion halls) built in the saracenic style and is considered an engineering marvel

Ramagiri : This palce is known for the Veerabhadraswamy temple and the Karisiddeshwara Mutt, built on a hillock

Molakalmuru : About 80 kms from Chitradurga, this town is renowned for its hand woven silk textiles Kugo Bande, or Shouting Rock, is a huge rock, where you can experience your voice resounding as an echo

Ashoka Siddapura : About forty kms from Bharamagiri, it is an important aneological site where Ashoka’s edicts have been found Nearby, there is a hillock, known as Ramagiri Myth has it that when Ravana was abducting Sita to Lanka, the legendary eagle, Jatayu made a heroic sruggle to save her, but lost his life Thereafter, Rama performed its last rites and installed a Shiva performed its last rites and installed a Shiva linga on the spot The place was henceforth called Jattinga Rameshwara Linga and a temple dedicated to Rameshwara built in 926 A D exists

Hiriyur : Situated on the right bank of the river Vedavati, the town is famous for the Terumalleswara Temple, built in the Dravidian style, with lofty Operas (Pyramdal towers) piercing the sky The ceiling of the Mukhmantap (Main hall), is painted with scenes from the Shivpurana and the Ramayana

Halurameshwar : Local lore has it that once wishes can be fulfilled and once future predicted by looking into the well, “Udbavagange”, which makes it a popular place for visitors Called as“Varava Koduva Bhavi”

Holalkere : Thirty five kms from Chitradurga and taluk headquarters, this was an important jain settlement in the 10th century A D it is also famous for its nine foot high statue of the child god Baal Antipathy, built by Gallops NAACO

Nayakanahatti : Thirty five kms Chitradurga, this place has the temple dedicated to the sage, Thipperudraswamy The fact that his Samadhi (tomb) is also located here makes it a popular religious center. An annual jatra (fair) takes place here during the month of Phalgun

Heggere : The Jain monastery, located here and the Kalleshwara temple are the attractions.

Tourist Attractions around Chitradurga

Birding around Chitradurga :

Jogimatti : Ten kms south of Chitradurga is this hill resort, situated at a height of 3803 ft (The highest point in the district). The place is named after a yogi, who was well known for his social service Himavatkedra, a waterfall that flows through the rocks, has created a natural cave, that has a Shiva Linga and idols of Veerabhadra and Basavanna

Ankali Mutt :

Nestin amongst a group of rugged hills,west of chitradurga,this mutt is known for its subterranean chambers Near the Panchalinga cave(wonder cave)entrance is an inspiration dated 1286 A D executed in the reign of the Hoysala King Narasimha III

Chandravalli : Situated at the north easterly axis of the Chitradurga hill, the Chandravalli is an ancient archaeological site Digs revealing bricks, painted pottery and coins are traced to the Satavahana period as well as well as prehistoric times. The Basavanagondi region has the Byraveshwara Temple

Bird watching is one of the prominent recreational activities in chitradurga There are several bird sanctuaries located in proximity to chitradurga.Birds such as Egyptian vulture, Black kite, Black ibis, Laughing dove, Short toed eagles ,Egrets, Pond herons,Drongo,and White browed wagtail are commonly spotted

Ingaladalu :

Two kms from Chitradurga, this village is known for its copper mines It is believed, that ancient times gold and silver mines were here

Bruhanmutt :

Located about three kms from Chitradurga,this mutt, also known as Sri Murugarajendra Matt was built in honour of an eminent guru of the Veershaiva Community The main object of worship is the Gudduge (tomb) of lmmadi Muruga Swamy

Jyothi Raj is an Indian rock climber and wall climber from Chitradurga , Karnataka , India Known as "Kothi Raju" or "Monkey King", Raj is famous for scaling the Chitradurga Fort without safety harnesses

He is also the only person to have scaled Karnataka's highest waterfall, the 830 foot Jog Falls, climbing in the opposite direction to that of the flow

Aadumalleshwara :

Located 5 kms from Chitradurga, is a Shiva Cave temple built by Aadooru Mallapa An interesting feature is a perennial stream that flows through the Nandi’s (buills) mouth

EGYPTIAN VULTURE

BLACK KITE

BLACK IBIS

LAUGHING DOVE

SHORT TOED SNAKE EAGLE

Kothiraja of the Chitradurga Fort:

ESTIMATION OF NUMBER OF VISITORS

DOMESTIC OVERNIGHT VISITORS AND THEIR AVAILING OF ACCOMMODATION FACILITIES

TOURIST LOCATIONS NO. OF DOMESTIC OVERNIGHT VISITORS

NO. OF FOREIGN OVERNIGHT VISITORS

TOTAL OVERNIGHT VISITORS

Inference :

Tourism doesn’t play a major role in the generation of revenue for the city.

Majority of the tourism is due to the presence of religious nodes like the mutts which attract pilgrims. During festival months, acommodation is not sufficient for the visitors.

The restaurants and public eateries are not prominent enough to attract attention.

ESTIMATED NO. OF DAY VISITORS

TOTAL VISITORS + DAY VISITORS Chitradurga 104792 3430 108222 202352 312565

LOCATION ACCOMMODATION UNITS FRIENDS & RELATIVES TOTAL DOMESTIC OVERNIGHT VISITORS CHITRADURGA 100099 4693 104792

DOMESTIC OVERNIGHT VISITORS AND THEIR AVAILING OF ACCOMMODATION FACILITIES BY DIFFERENT TYPES

LOCATION STARRED UNSTARRED OTHERS TOTAL CHITRADURGA 24896 58818 16385 100099

FOREIGN OVERNIGHT VISITORS AND THEIR AVAILING OF ACCOMMODATION FACILITIES BY DIFFERENT TYPES

LOCATION STARRED UNSTARRED OTHERS TOTAL FOREIGN OVERNIGHT VISITORS CHITRADURGA 524 2118 787 3430

CENTRE WISE SPREAD OF ACCOMMODATION UNITS

LOCATION NO. OF HOTELS NO. OF ROOMS NO. OF BEDS CHITRADURGA 30 521 1066

Can locals be trained into the tourism industry?

Should Chitradurga expand itself in terms of tourism or culture?

Gazeteer;

GRAPH DEPICTING THE NUMBER OF

DURING

The network map indicates all the important roads within the site boundary and shows the intersection of the highway and the city Given below is the areas that are predominantly industrial or commercial What is noticed here is the effect if the network on the land use of the area around it

Chitradurga is located at an optimum junction between two prominent highways running through Karnataka,, i e the NH4 and the NH13 At this junction, the urban agglomerate proves to become a center for many trade routes in the North South axis (Bangalore to North Karnataka) and in the West East corridors (Mangalore to Bellary)

This network thus acts as a major driving factor for the economy of the district

What is unique to the district is the existence of two economies:

1. The Macro economy

2. The Micro economy

And what is interesting to note is that even though, at a macro scale, Chitradurga directly influences the GDP, these larger economies do not in fact have any first hand effect on the people of the Chitradurga Taluk.

Chitradurga city has various components which amount to its economy at a micro level Of these two networks have been identified which are intrinsically bound to not only the micro economy but also the culture of Chitradurga city

1. The Khanavalis

2. The APMC yard

Another prominent economic generator is the textile industry contributing to about 20% of the revenue Other local economies include tourism and pilgrimage, trades such as Leather manufacturing, paper and prints, rubber and plastics However the impact of these trades in the local economy is not as strong as that of textiles.

Roads

Commercial and industrial sector

Agro Industries Cement Textile Windmill farms

Agricultural produce market committee

It is a marketing board established by a State government in India. It operates on two principles:

•Ensure that farmers are not exploited by intermediaries (or money lenders) who compel farmers to sell their produce at the farm gate at extremely low prices All food produce will first be brought to a market yard and then sold through auctions

The markets / mandis are established at various key locations across each state. Farmers are required to sell their produce via an auction at the Mandi. All traders require a license to operate within a mandi

Chitradurga being a mojor agro based town with an abundance of produce coming in from nearby villages coupled with its well connected trade transport routes makes it an ideal location for a main Apmc yard.

Can the secondary secondary services supporting the APMC Yard be worked upon as micro revenue generators ?

SITE ANALYSIS URBAN STUDIO CHITRADURGA

Retail

rented out to licensed traders, Santhe Maidan,

Unlicensed hawkers, Santhe Maidan,

Retail stores rented out to licensed traders, Santhe Maidan,

Monday Market Held every Monday at Santhe Maidan. Retail units are rented out at a 1.5 % commission fees to licensed traders and wholesale retailers.

produce

auctioned at the

Yard.

are also occupied by unlicensed hawkers.

The Chitradurga Wind Power Project generates approximately 56,000 MWh of clean electricity per year which is fed to the Southern regional electricity grid. Chitradurga situated in a hilly region is also known to experience wind currents throughout the year making it a suitable place to set up wind mills and wind farms. There are several Wind Power based power plants located around Chitradurga and most of the hills are embellished with wind mills which can be seen while entering the city.

Occupation demographics

4th largest producer of wind energy. District has one of the high wind sites in the country with over 20,000 wind turbines Best performance in country with a capacity factor of 38.5%

*Workers according to census reports, total number of workers is calculated by assessing the number of people between the ages of 18 60 who possess either permanent or marginal employment

**Non workers according to census reports , total number of non workers include children below 18 , senior citizens above 60 years of age , and also includes people with no employment

***Employable demographics according to census reports, total number of people between the ages of 18 60 years who are currently unemployed

PROPOSED WIND FARMS and INVESTMENTS

Suzlon 3,000 MW wind farm in chitradurga taluk

Acciona 50 MW wind farm in chitradurga

Energycon india ltd 21MW proposed in chitradurga taluk

Carbon neutral company proposed expansion to 12,000MW

Welspun enrgy investment of 5675 crores ( 19MW solar power project)

EXISTING SCENARIO

For 38 wind turbines with a capacity of 30 4 MW , constructed by carbon neutral company

Approximately 100 local people were employed during the construction phase of the project for excavation, mixing of raw materials and security The construction period lasted for about a year and, following commissioning, some of these employees were retained for the operational phase of the project Approximately 50 people are employed today.

PROPOSED SCENARIO

For a combined proposed capacity of 15,071 MW we will require 19,830 skilled and labour force permanently, not including the workforce required during installation.

Technical manager supervisor

Technician workforce security

EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY

Every windmill (assuming it is a single turbine unit) will typically have a 1 2MW capacity For every 40MW capacity a team comprising of technical managers, supervisors, technicians and security staff will be required to ensure efficient functioning

The wind farms thus create a very significant employment opportunity by catering to 33 5% of the current unemployment rate

Skilled labour

Unskilled labour

WITH APPROXIMATELY 41% OF CHITRADURGAS POPULATION UNEMPLOYED, CAN NEW ECONOMIC TRENDS HELP CREATE JOBS IN THE CITY TO INCREASE REVENUE?

CAN THE WINDFARMS CREATE A SIGNIFICANT ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY FOR THE PEOPLE OF CHITRADURGA AND ENGAGE WITH THE UNEMPLOYED DEMOGRAPHY? CAN THIS SETUP ESTABLISH A LINK BETWEEN THE LOCAL ECONOMY OF THE TOWN AND THE MACRO ECONOMY OF THE DISTRICT AND STATE?

KOTE ROAD

• The street accomodates different kinds of buildings including residential sectors, commercial blocks ( small hotels and shops ) and institutions a school, a college and hostels.

• The building typology seen here is relatively new as most of the buildings here follow set back rules and have well defined boundaries and compounds

• Planning ideologies for the houses are retained from older times but construction materials and techniques are adapted from the present trend

Mixed use

House with compound wall

House with external staircase

House with a sharing wall

DODDAPETE ROAD

• The character of the street changes at different times of the day.

The important character of Chitradurga, namely the khanavali, is seen in this street.

Mixed use houses are seen too.

Most of the houses had extended plinths which acted like seating spaces and hence resulting in more space for interaction.

MYSORE CAFÉ

KHANAVALI

FLOUR MILL

DODDAPETE ROAD

House with jagli House with a sharing wall House with external toilet

ELEVATION

STADIUM ROAD EXTENSION

-This street has shared walls as well as compound walls

-Streets are used for parking and interaction purposes

-Mixed use houses are seen towards the main road , commercial shops at the ground level and residence on the upper level

-More than one family dwelling under one roof was found further down the road

-Houses has compound walls and external staircases

-Toilets were built outside the house but within the compound(bamboo)

-Bilanes were used for social interaction

STREET OF KHB COLONY

Houses in this street shared walls, some houses with staircase outside, mostly single storied and middle income house.

There were mixed type houses( commercial and residential) where they had a small shop attached to the house owned by the family living in.

• They had compound walls which separated the private spaces from the public.

There were also verandah spaces between two houses .

The building material of the houses here are mainly brick.

• Most of the houses had a flat roof and few houses had asbestos sheets.

STREET NEXT TO MECCA MASJID

• Houses on this street had shared walls.

• They used the street to park there vehicles.

• People generally used community sump tank.

Ladies used the street for washing their clothes.

Most of the house have very small or no windows.

People here mostly had extended the plinth of the house and was used for the purpose of interaction.

The sense of boundary of public to private was lost in the street.

People use the street for washing cloth as well.

• Most of the houses are 25 years old and some are older.

• The most common building material used in this area is RCC and brick.

Some of the people who lived there are auto-drivers and the women run parlors.

House with common walls

House with compound walls

House with external toilets

Community sump tank

Washing area in the front

ELEVATION

SIZE

SQ. M(approx)

SQ.M (approx)

SQ.M(approx)

SQ.M (approx)

SQ.M(approx)

SQ.M(approx)

USAGE Residential Mixed use

MATERIAL AND METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

TOILET

OPENING

ORNAMENTATION

DENSITY OF BUILT FORM

Brick masonry construction

No toilet inside the house Small No ornamentation

High; organic character of street

CHARACTER -jaglis in front of the house -prominent street character -small houses -street as an extension of the house; main interaction space -old part of city near the fort wall

Brick walls with lime plaster

Towards the rear of the building

Maximum amount of front and back wall as openings; no windows on the side walls

No ornamentation high; row housing

-located on Doddapete road -mixed use building -Front part of the house -khanavali Rear- living quarters of family - seating space in front of building

RCC structure

Toilet attached to the exterior of the house

Window for every room

Slight ornamentation on the compound walls

Medium density

- access to toilets from outside - separate bath and toilet spaces - open drain on one side of the road

- nuclear family structure - detached houses

- parking outside of the compound

Brick masonry with mud plaster and Mangalore tiles

No toilet inside the house

Door as the only opening; space between roof and walls admit light

No ornamentation

High density

- Located on Kote road - multiple family units in one building

-Situated in old part of the city near the fort wall

RCC structures

Toilet under the external staircase on the ground floor and behind it on the upper floors

Windows on the front and back wall; very small openings along the side walls

Ornamentation on the front facade and the compound wall;

Medium density

- located in Sanappa layout

- Newer typology of houses in Chitradurga -External staircases leading to upper floors which are rented out

-Renters: mostly government employees working in schools, colleges, offices, etc -terraced roof

- Small setback between plots

-Small scale grocery stores at street corners

-Parking on the side of the road in front of the house

RCC structures

Toilet inside the house Openings on all sides

Ornamentation on the compound walls and front facade

Low density

-Compound walls define the house boundaries

-No common walls with neighbours -External staircases leading to terraces and upper floors

-Parking inside the compound -Planned area with larger plot sizes

Character of built form changes as one moves away from the fort. Dwellings near the fort are smaller in size and densely packed. In the mixed use buildings near the fort, both the commercial and non commercial space is usually owned by one family. As one moves away from the city core towards the administrative part of the city, the urban fabric changes. The plot sizes get bigger and follow more of a grid pattern.

COLLEGE

ARCHITECTURE BANGALORE

URBAN DESIGN STUDIO 2016-

Multi dwelling house with external staircase Compound wall houseHouse with toilet outside Multi dwelling house

KhanavalliHouse with shared wall

Residential ResidentialResidential Residential

PUBLIC SPACES

GROWTH

URBAN DESIGH

FIGURE-GROUND MAPS INDICATING

Santhe Honda has a lot of potential to become a positive node in Chitradurga affecting the people on a city level. Several site intervention questions arise into mind , when considering the honda.

-Should the Honda itself be revived and more actively used?

-Should the market be more organized and be able to provide a better space for the various venders and the hawkers or does the chaos work better for them?

-Can the market be changed in any way to improve the economy of Chitradurga on a city and district level?

-Should the informal boundary set up by the people be more defined with respect to an outsider?

ISSUES OBSERVED

shortage even with

arrangement for

ENTRANCE TO SANTHE HONDA

PLAN SHOWING THE NEIGHBOURING PUBLIC NODES

ACTIVITY

road

Ambiguous boundaries

A sketch showing

A

B

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION

KEY PLAN

ZOOMED

ZOOMED

INFERENCES

Extra

PLAN

KEY PLAN

ZOOMED IN PLAN AT NEIGHBORHOOD LEVEL

ZOOMED IN PLAN AT NODE LEVEL

Transects

Transect

The Chennakesava temple is one of the most ancient sites which came up in Chitradurga.Chennakesava is a form of the Hindu god Vishnu. The Chennakesava temple, the grounds and the Chennakesavaswamy honda forms this node which is a space for the public at a neighbourhood level.

Earlier, people used to depend on the honda for water and gather around it It has a capacity of about 5.40 million litres and was a great source of water for the area around and supplied to around 52 borewells.Then the temple was built and the grounds in between the honda and the temple was used for religious purposes. Later on, as the settlement around the temple grew and institutions came up along the road, these grounds began to be used as a multi-functional space.

As time passed, the honda became a place to dump all kinds of waste. People stopped using it as a result of this. The temple used the space at the entrance facing the road for any processions and as a transitional space into the garbhagriha So, the grounds in between the honda and the temple became the most active zone. The compound wall of the temple on one side, with the honda on the other side creating this middle space. The 0.6m high wall surrounding the honda does not hinder movement between the ground and the open well. People use the honda to sit around it on the benches or try their hand at catching some fish. The shade of the old trees provide a place for men to play their board games and children have their kabaddi practice sessions in the grounds. People in the neighbouring streets come to walk and socialise. Due to the various institutions that came around and these grounds being the only open space ,many people come to play or just walk around or sit on the benches under the shade provided by the trees.

As the urban fabric grew,

RESIDENTIAL TEMPLES COMMERCIAL

ZOOMED IN PLAN AT NODE LEVEL: Around the Chennakesava

the nature of the

and

are all residential buildings. While we

change becoming more commercial towards the main road with a number of

next to the Chennakesavaswamy honda

These

around these

Chennakesava temple near C.K.Pura road

buildings

from

THRESHOLD

ZOOMED IN PLAN AT NEIGHBOURHOOD LEVEL: Dense settlements around the temple and further away is the open drains and larger institutional buildings with private grounds for their use.

KEY PLAN

HONDA GROUNDS TEMPLE

Earlier, these grounds were only used only to collect water from the honda and for religious festivals and processions. As the settlements and institutions came up, the usage of the grounds changed into a more multi-functional space used informally. The grounds have become more important than the honda and temple defining it. The shade of the trees allow for the public space to be active throughout the day. From morning to evening, men play their board games, kabaddi practices are held, kids run around and people come for walks and to socialise.

sized grounds for various informal and religious activities.

SHOWING THE GROWTH OF THE NODE:

use

to collect water from

then the temple came up and the grounds in between were used for religious purposes. Then the settlements around the temple grew in response and the grounds began to serve as a multi-functional space.

The uniqueness of the grounds is the shade provided by the wide canopies of the old trees with the temple and honda defining the edges of the space.

Men leisurely play board games from morning to evening on holidays from morning to evening under the shade of the trees and he grounds are also exclusively used for kabbadi practices on certain weekends.

SCIOGRAPHY: The

of these

by

which

people

time of

HONDA GROUNDS

TEMPLE

ACTIVITY MAP

ANCHORAGE

SECTION THROUGH HONDA, GROUNDS AND TEMPLE

Kotte road is, as the name itself suggests the road abutting the fort. It's a busy road and you find different kinds of stakeholders using the road. On this road, Aane Bagilu is a junction with a lot of public activity which is distinctive in comparison to other public nodes in Chitradurga.

Due to the fort entrance being of this road, a lot of tourists use this road day in and day out. A few mathas, eateries(both old and new), commercial stores and temples are mainly located along the road.

When someone comes by bus to Chitradurga, they usually pass Aane bagilu to get to the fort or vica versa.

Apart from this, due to the importance of the road many families opened their small khanavalis along the road to cater to the demand of the tourists. One such khanavali is Lakshmi Bhavan Tiffin room, also know as LTR. They were previously located 4-5 stores away from their current location. This has been running from the 1960s and is one of the most reputed and famous khanavalis in Chitradurga. Most of the tourists who come here goto LTR for sure!

The place is a small one and so there is usually a queue outside for people to eat there in the mornings. All these people line outside- these are college going students, business men, tourists, other locals, mothers with their children, retrieved men. The Aane Bagilu junction is a narrow one. And given that quite a few landmarks of the city ( as marked in the map below are close by and along the road this junction is always a chaotic one with vehicles pushing in and out. Every evening there's a jam at the gate.

There are a few temples also along the road and also very close to the road( as you will read on) which invited many devotees both in the mornings and evenings, adding to the crowds in the evening. The stores and other commercial buildings located here don't have any seating arrangement or jaglis) hence you don't find many groups of people continuously settled for a long time( which is also due to the unfavourable conditions created by traffic and vehicles)

Another observation would be that towards the bottom on the gate and further down is more residential( as you go away from the fort) also including the fort entrance and people coming from the national highway side, and upwards there is the city market(chikpete) and more commercial zones, therefore this being a connector between the two different zones.

To summarise there is more of a passers by public here, who want to go to various other locations having to pass by this particular junction-hence creating an important node for the city of Chitradurga

Since this is a city level public space, the entire road is occupied my

both old

There is more of a passers by crowd along the kotte road since its road which has the entrance to the fort. Doe to the fort it has an extremely great importance from the outsiders point of view, as well as a great source of income for the locals. Most of the hawkers and vendors situate themselves close to the fort entrance. Aane bagilu being a narrow gate and junction has a lot of activity for various reasons already mentioned. Since most of the people who visitthe various landmarks will pass in and out of this particular junction, therefore it is a great connector to the city in general.

The map at the bottom indicates all the important landmarks around the fort entrance, as well as the routes used mainly by the tourists

The land use map on the right indicates the important nodes along Kotte road.

All the 3 nodes aren’t pause points, there is activity in each of the three nodes due to different reasons.

1.Aane bagilu node- always chaotic due to vehicles moving in and out of the gate. In the morning and afternoon hours there is LTR crowd along the junction too.

2.Temple node- People going to the temple and children going to school. This place mostly has more of the locals gathers here. Also there is a sthamba at the corner of the junction turning towards doddapete road which further increases the number of worshipers.

3.Fort entrance node- More of outsiders, tourist buses, cars etc. are parked around here. A lot of hawkers set their stalls around this node.

new

TOWARDS THE BUS STAND

AANE BAGILU JUNCTION, LTR

WAY TO THE FORT FROM NH7KOTTE ROAD

FORT ENTRANCE

TEMPLE-PART OF THE FORT MYSORE CAFE

AANE BAGILU

Lakshmi Bhavan Tiffin Room

in the morning and evening

THRESHOLD MAP: This is how the street sits with the built, all shops open towards each other. There is place for people to sit outside the shops, although not a lot of passersby sit here.

KOTTE ROAD-TOWARDS AANE BAGILU FORT TEMPLE FROM DODDAPETE ROAD

LTR IN THE MORNINGS

AANE BAGILU

USE MAP

KEY PLAN

MORNING

More people than vehicular movement. School going children with their parents, tourists coming to LTR and going to the fort, and businessmen who open their shops at around 10 all pass by this node everyday. Due to the traffic unfavourable conditions prevail for people to stop for a long time.

LTR

EVENING

In the evenings all eateries except LTR function, temples are closed. Its mostly the crowd which is going back home and ladies who come with their relatives, friends and children who come to buy different things from the shops along the road. There is a huge amount of traffic every day at around this time.

Aane Bagilu junction was chosen since it’s abutting the fort wall making it an important node for the tourists. Due to the same reason it has important land marks along it. LTR is one such prominent landmark. There a few temples and a school along the road too. There is more dynamism to this street due to the heavy loaded traffic which is not favoured for hawkers to settle down. Never the less, a bit away from the Bagilu some hawkers set up their stall/carts only in the evenings when children come out with their families.

Since this isn't a halting point for vendors/hawkers as they pass by with their luggage, they only tend to stop and squat down for a short span. Inferring from this the paving-hard ground with a bit of shade from the adjoining building.

During Shivratri there is a lot of crowd along the road. A queue of pilgrims starts from the temple and goes across aane bagilu. At this time police is on duty, people from all over India come to worship.

Thee is an underground chamber of the temple, which is shown in the section. This opens only on Shivratri every year.

ENCLOSED PLAN: Profile of the road as a function of the built.

FIGURE GROUND PLAN: Showing the density of the network of roads w.r.t to the widths of each.

Showing aane bagilu’s narrowness-one of the reasons for vehicular chaos throughout the day

Typical sections through kotte road showing the region under shadow, hence the activity follows.

EVENINGS

MORNINGS

PARAMESHWARA TEMPLE:

SECTIONAL ELEVATION ACROSS KOTTE ROAD: Here LTR is shown and the activity along the road in the mornings.

ACTIVITY MAPPING

What

College

between

The

from

The

The traffic on the

and

the

that

and

as negative aspects due to which the crowd tend to be moving all the time instead of trying to stop and spend some time.

Commercial establishments of varied nature ensures that the area is bustling with activity throughout the day.

ZOOMED IN PLAN AT NODE: On the entire stretch of the road the area in front of government PU college is the most important public node of all as it acts as a common ground used by both the students and the public.

Roads adjoining BD roads have very minimal activity.

The gate of Khadi complex on BD road

THRESHOLD PLAN:

to stalls coming up on the sidewalks, the edge conditions of the buildings form the boundaries for the

street space. The

are

Arrows show the movement pattern Denotes the main footpath

KEY PLAN

ZOOMED IN PLAN AT NEIGHBOURHOOD SCALE: Showing adjoining roads to B.D road.

Sketch showing crowd at the

outside the college entrance

These

The

active in the morning are located near the school Mysore cafe and the temple.

During this time of the day the people come to these places and either drop their kids at school/ eat at Mysore cafe/ pray at the temple making these places a transit public space where people gather and then disperse soon.

Whereas in the evening the active public nodes are more at the neighborhood level where all the kids and the ladies come out to sit at the jaglis and talk and enjoy while the kids play. Also some ladies set up pakoda stalls along the street in front of their houses creating a gathering of people who eat and talk The pace of the node slows down at this time.

mi

ZOOMED IN PLAN AT NEIGHBORHOOD LEVEL

THRESHOLD MAP

PLAN

Anchorage in the morning Anchorage in the evening

THRESHOLD IN PLAN

KEY PLAN

ZOOMED IN PLAN AT NEIGHBOURHOOD LEVEL

ACTIVITY PLAN AT NODAL LEVEL`

Residential layout Shops, bakeries and eateries

HIGHWAY

Larger commercial structures

Sparsely spaced residences

Highway

of minimum activity

ACTIVITY GRADIENT

A

TRANSECT

ACTIVITY PLAN SHOWING THE DENSITY OF PEOPLE DURING THE DAY. THE DENSITY OF PEOPLE REMAINS THE SAME THROUGHOUT THE DAY EXCEPT POST 8PM.

THE HEAD POST ROAD COMPRISES OF IMPORTANT PUBLIC BUILDINGS SUCH AS THE HEAD POST OFFICE,THE BSNL OFFICE,THE VETERNARY HOSPITAL AND IMPORTANT EATERIES SUCH AS-

1)THE COFFEE/TEA SHOP WHERE MOST OF THE PEOPLE GATHER.

2)THE NANDINI MILK BOOTH WHICH IS ONE OF LANDMARKS OF THE ROAD.

THERE IS AN AUTO STAND RIGHT IN FRONT OF THE VETERINARY HOSPITAL.

TRANSECT-HEAD POST OFFICE ROAD

HEAD POST OFFICE ROAD

HEAD POST OFFICE ROAD N

VETERINARY HOSPITAL

Old Friends

Two parallel worlds exist in one,

One where time stands still One where it waits for none

They once existed in unison One’s body was the other’s gun.

Walls went up as walls came down Gradually the city broke it barriers; But with the fort it built some.

Kings and rulers have come and gone Gone are the horse run chariots at bay But the pilgrim’s face still remains.

The fort has forgotten the city, But can the city forget the Fort?

SITE ANALYSIS URBAN STUDIO CHITRADURGA

HOW DOES THE PERCEPTION OF THE FORT CHANGE ?

PRE NAYAKA PERIOD (Chalukyas, Hoysalas, Rashtrakutas,Vijayanagara Empire)

The fort area started of with the Hidimba Temple as the oldest and architecturally best temple of the complex.

As folklore suggests, these temples for the Asuras were built to protect the Village from their wrath, which could explain why the temples needed a wall. Old cave temples are also found in the precint.

There is also a possibility of the existence a small rock cave settlement close the to temples as marked. Remains of a few homes support the hypothesis.

People lived here much before the fort was built. The temples were what drew them here, Eknatheshwari being one of the 9 protecting deities of the village. Did temples offer the same sense of protection a Fort did?

Settlements rose due to a sense of protection. Be it the Fort or the Temples.

ROUTE

NAYAKA PERIOD

The Golden Period

The Fort came into existence is this period after the fall of the Vijaynagar Empire. Taking advantage of the Topography, the Nayakas built a 5 tier mud fort. They kept the 1st tier that protected the temples and built a 2nd around it to protect the Palace and Kacheri. They also built reservoirs(Hondas) and Granaries in case of a seize. They kept the Granaries well stocked and the water system is said to have enough to satisfy the needs of the people for 12 years of drought.

The fort was intelligently crafted. The outermost ring would’ve initially contained the settlement, but couldn’t contain it due to its rapid growth.

The nayakas established revenue systems and the Mathas. Most of the agricultural land was outside the fort walls, closer to the keres.

How dependant was the city on the fort and vice versa?

In this period, The fort was the political, cultural and administrative centre of the city. The fort too was dependant on the city for its revenue. Here, was a near to perfect relationship.

Does this still hold true?

The forts dependence on the city gradually reduced as governing bodies changed. The city however still clings on to the fort.

CITY MATHA

Settlement

TEMPLE

TIPU SULTANS RULE

The Weapon Bringer

Tipu brought with stone and its techniques which was used to strengthen the mud walls of the fort.

He also added a Prison, a gunpowder grinding pit and The Tuppa Da Kohla were weapons were stored in Ghee to prevent from rusting.

He was a bringer of technology and weaponry.

He considered moving his base to Chitradurga from Srirangpatna because of the grand and well designed fort.

He enclosed the settlement that existed then with the last Fort wall creating his final layer of protection.

How was his rule different from the Nayakas?

He was more a bringer of technology and wanted to capture the fort for its design. He wanted to expand his empire unlike the Nayakas for whom this was home, a starting point.

Was the fort just a symbol of Power for him or a small Empire he wanted to look after?

FORT ROUTE

CITY REVENUE

MATHA

PRESENT DAY

Having passed the British, the Wodeyar of Mysore and finally ASI Chitradurga now, lives independent of the Fort. With all its links gradually broken, the Fort is a dead, stagnant entity.

The city has grown, moving closer to urban the further we move away from the fort.

It has seen the colonial period with its garrisons and elephant stables right outside the fort wall, ready for war. The British knocked off the outer two walls, fusing the city with the fort and life beyond. Remains of where the walls used to be have now become major roads in the city network.

Even after 1800, settlement grew close to the fort almost enchroching into the boundary. Around 10 years back 150 homes were relocated near the national highway because they got to close to the fort. ASI has now built a boundary wall, clearly separating the city from the fort.

The fort now only serves tourists and pilgrims who come for the temples.

The fort has forgotten the city but can the city forget the fort?

Has the Fort become Redundant?

Can this network be restablished?

CITY

MATHA

REVENUE

MATHAFORT ROUTE

TEMPLE

TEMPLE

REVENUE and MATHAS

Brahmana Nayaka is responsible for brining the Mathas to brick and mortar. Before this, they freely roamed around spreading knowledge without an institution. The king wanted Swami to stay in the Palace for a year and hence built a 365 “Ahana” Matha within the Fort complex, to make prayers to one Ahana (unit of 10ft x 10ft) everyday. This established the Murugha Matha and lead to many other mathas springing up.

The Swamis were the King advisors. They advised them on revenue collection and were given land by the king to give off to other smaller mathas

Nayakas established a strong link between the Mathas and the people. They imparted knowledge and made decisions as one among the people and not one above them following the philosophy of Shoonya Peetha

Now the Mathas function as an independent entity along with the city. They no longer have the role of Rajgurus However they still work closely with the people to bring social reform, provide free food and stay, support intercaste marriages, protect minorities. Even though they are closely associated with temples, these institutions are extremely secular and caste free. People from lower castes have also become Swamis. They settle small disutes and discuss issues faced by the people, like a people’s own Kacheri

Disconnect of their role as Rajgurus has dissociated them from the fort. They no longer hold as much land as they did, nor does the government function the way it did.

THE MATHAS EVOLVED BUT THE FORT DIDN’T, NEITHER DID THE TEMPLES. Temples are what ties the people together, the ne constant that has remained is their faith in God. The way they function would’ve changed but what it means to the people still remains the same.

TO NATIONAL HIGHWAY

TO CHANDRVALI

EVOLUTION OF THE FORT

SHREE KUDALI SHRIMGERIMATHA

MURUGHA MATHA VAN

RAGHAVENDRA SWAMY MATHA UJJAINI MATHA

MURUGHA MATHA (OLD)

ANKALI MATHA

TEMPLES AND THE FORT

The Fort has 18 temples out of which only few are still functional as marked in the map below. The temples still hold a significance to the people living in the city.

There are two main Jatres associated with the Temple:

1. Ekanatheshwari Jatre in the month of April

A 15 day festival that keeps the fort buzzing with activity. Jatre starts at Sihineeru Honda moving to the Chandramauleshwr Honda. The fort is active with new activites each day of the jatre

2. Ucchangi Yellamma Jatre

Passes Santhe Honda and back to the temple.

It is almost like the Fort has gone a full cycle, returning to what it was Pre Nayaka history, a collection of temples, a pilgrimage site, a builder of faith for the people who lived close by. Its like the Fort completed its circle of life.

SITE

Fort

walls

walls

ROUTES AND THE FORT

The two plans show the Networks of the City and Fort. Two things are clear,

1. Fort and Settlement

The settlement shows a high density of roads which gradually branches out into single lines as we approach the fort. This clearly demarcates the Public and Private areas. The outer two layers were the most public gradually moving into the Palace, the most Private.

2. Settlement through the years

The areas within the outer fort wall are immensely dense stating the existence of dense settlement within the fort in the Nayaka period. This area still remains the most dense forming the Pete with the other areas thinning out as we move away from the Fort.

3. We also understand that the City grew only towards the North and East. South and West remained uninhabited because of the terrain. In other words, the city started at the fort and is where it stops. The fort determines the limit of the city.

4. Also the east wall is more porous than the west as the West was made strong and steady from the attack. The east wall is porous because of its proximity to the settlement and ease of access. It also had two outer layers of defence unlike the West

5. The roads on the 1800 map end in cul de sacs showing a very basic networking system with main roads as entrances into communities. Present day shows more connectivity where streets themselves become community spaces. Evolution of cross roads into circles is clearly visible as seen in the map.

KARVINA KATTE CIRCLE

1800 AD Chitradurga Networks

PRESENT DAY Chitradurga Networks

During the pre palegar and palegar period, all temples were built in stone, where as the fort walls were built with brick and mud Temples required more protection and stability as great importance was given to the diety (Strong religious belief)

During the post palegar period, when Hyder Ali ruled, the fort walls were strengthened with stone Structures built by Hyder Ali were all stone and defence related Importance given to defence

The Kacheri

available in the surrounding

area

Entire palace complex built in mud as it is built within a valley Soil from the surrounding area was used to construct the various buildings within the palace complex

MUD STRUCTURE STONE STRUCTURE

AKKA TANGI JUNCTION

DEGREES OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ACTIVITY

ROCKS

TEMPLE

TEMPLE

TANGI HONDA

GATE PLAN

SITE ANALYSIS

STUDIO CHITRADURGA

plan

Walkway dividing akka and thangi honda ( SOUTH )

The evolution of the fort occurred as a result of various political reasons It has seven tiers which encompass various institutions such as a palace , temples, and also part of the settlement

The settlement has as of today grown beyond these walls as well It is probable that the settlements began growing from the origin point which is the gate of the last tier (ramayyana bagilu) the timeline can broadly be classified into the

Pre Palegar Period

Palegar Period Post Palegar Period

siddeshwara

ORIGINS OF THE CITY BEYOND

THE POINTS IN RED INDICATE THE PROBABLE ORIGINS OF THE SETTLEMENT BEYOND THE FORT WALLS

TIER

KEY PLAN

THIS SPACE THROWS LIGHT UPON THE FACT THAT THE ADMINISTRATIVE WORKING WAS A RATHER TRANSPARENT SYSTEM SINCE IT IS LOCATED ON THE ROUTE OF PUBLIC ACCESS.

PLAN (TIER 1)

ADMINISTRATION WATER BODY RELIGION DEFENCE

GRANARY

ROUTES AND NODES

THE NODES IN

SITE ANALYSIS URBAN STUDIO CHITRADURGA

Key plan

Sampige Siddeshwara Temple ( SOUTHERN ENTRANCE )

Ekanatheshwari Temple ( NORTH WEST ENTRANCE )

Palayegar Kacheri (NORTH FAÇADE )

View from ekanatheshwari temple shows swing structure, deepa sthamba and hidimbeshwara temple

Hidimeshwara Temple ( NORTH WEST FAÇADE )

N

N

The coin treasury

Ekanatheshwari diety swing

SITE ANALYSIS

STUDIO

Key plan

Thupada kola

View from

highest point of the fort

View from thupada kola

Gopala swamy temple

KEY PLAN

ADMINISTRATION

BODY RELIGION

PUBLIC DEGREES OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ACTIVITY

ROUTES AND NODES

PRIVATE

SITE ANALYSIS URBAN STUDIO CHITRADURGA

Key plan

View of granary ( NORTH )

View of palace complex and pillared structure ( SOUTH WEST )

CHITRADURGA

DESIGN STUDIO

KEY PLAN

STONE DWELLINGS OBAVANNA KINDI

PLAN (TIER 3)

RELIGION DEFENCE

PUBLIC

PRIVATE

DEGREES OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ACTIVITY ROUTES AND NODES

THIS LAYER IN ADDITION TO DEFENCE ENCOMPASSES THE OBAVANA KINDI AND THE ROCK DWELLINGS THAT WERE USED BY THE SECURITY GUARDS AS SHELTER.

SITE ANALYSIS URBAN STUDIO CHITRADURGA

Key plan

Fort wall (NORTH )

Onake obava kindi ( NORTH WEST )Views ( SOUTH EAST )

KEY PLAN

PUBLIC

DEGREES OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ACTIVITY

PLAN (TIER 4)

PUBLIC

DEGREES OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ACTIVITYPLAN (TIER 5)

PRIVATE

PRIVATE

KEY PLAN

ANALYSIS

STUDIO

baagilu (kamana baagilu) ( WEST SIDE )

SITE ANALYSIS URBAN STUDIO

plan

( WEST )

( WEST ) Stairway (NORTH EAST

SPACES STILL USED

SITE ANALYSIS

STUDIO CHITRADURGA

Key plan

New mysore café ( Ffront elevation )

Lakshmi tiffin room ( FRONT ELEVATION )

Bastion

outermost tier (7th tier )

wall

Over

Degree of porosity

Degree of porosity Present vs 1800