1501
143 Level 1 Complies with the Singapore School Science Syllabus and complemented with a full set of PSLE format questions.
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A best selling Science Comic for children
Contents
Our Star Of The Month 2
Little Lost Pteranodon
Science Story 10 A Sidewinder
New Age Technology 17 A Miniature Washing Machine
Science Yarn 21 Bees Are Excellent Dancers
Science Is Fun 27 How Well Do You Know About Animals?
My Story
Editor’s Note
31 Soaking In A Hot Spring
The Young Scientists is pleased to introduce Mrs Linda Gan, our Editorial Consultant in English. Mrs Linda Gan was born and educated in the U.K. She holds a Master’s degree in Child Development from the University of London and was an Assistant Professor in the Early Childhood and Special Needs Academic Group at the National Institute of Education for thirty years, training pre-school, primary and secondary school teachers. During that time she was engaged as an English language consultant for developing and coordinating language arts curricula for the Ministry of Education - the Monolingual LEAP curriculum in 1985, the PAP Kindergarten syllabus in 1989, the MOE Kindergarten Framework in 2003 and most recently, in 2012, the new Social Studies Primary 4 materials, which are being used in schools in 2013. She has published a number of research articles on bilingual education, literacy and phonoligical awareness in young children and written a wide range of stories and vocabulary enrichment books which promote children’s English language skills.
• General Manager • Loo Kok Hoo [BA(AS); B.Arch (Hons); M.Arch; MBA; MSC] • Sales and Marketing • Yu Chung Weng [B. Eng (UNSW)] • Editorial Consultants • Yu Chun Lum [B.Sc(Hons), MRSC Chartered Chemist.] Chuah Hock Seng [B.A. (Hons)(Lon.)Cert. Edu.] • Editorial Consultant in English • Linda Gan [M.A. Child Development, ULIE, London] [Former Assistant Professor, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University] • Editorial Team • Leong Sheng Ying [(B.A., M.A.)], Tan Bee Lim [(B. Tech (NUS)], Lai San Mei [(B.A. (Hons)], Tan Yi Ying [(B.A. (Hons)] • Publishing Consultant • N.K. Lee • Art Director • Khim Looi [Dip. Graphic Design] • Design • Kevin Lim, Loo, Tan Lee Kin, Ng Ka Yi, Steven Chan, Foo • Printing Advisor • Kenneth Lee • Printer • Print Factory, Bengaluru. • Publisher •
Guest Star Of The Month 37 Grapefruit Or Oranges?
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Our Body 45 Drooling While Asleep
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51 Fragrant Popcorn
Why Oh Why? 57 Are There Soot Sprites In Coal?
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MICA(P): 004/07/2013 PPS 1712/11/2012 (022850) Originally published under the title The Young Scientists published in Singapore by The Young Scientists Pte. Ltd. All comic strip contained in this magazines is the sole property of the The Young Scientists Pte. Ltd.
Diversity
Ao
oo
Mum! Mum!
The Deinonychus were omnivorous dinosaurs that lived in the early Cretaceous period between 115 and 108 million years ago.
YS (143) Level 1
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~A
oo
o~
Argh... Aooo...
The Pteranodon were flying reptiles that lived during the late Cretaceous period.
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Are you a dinosaur? Why do you have wings? I’m a Pteranodon.
So what are you doing here?
A Pteranodon? No wonder you don’t have any teeth!
I flew off without informing my mother. I’m lost and can’t find my way home! Boo hoo hoo!
Really? You’ll do that?
You don’t have to cry! I’ll help you find your way home.
Deinonychus fossil specimens were discovered in the states of Montana and Wyoming in the U.S.A.
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Hey, you’ve got a funny way of moving! Hurry up on the double!
Now... now, stop crying! Hop on and I’ll give you a piggy-back ride.
Will you? Gee, thank you, sir!
Hmm... This is nice and comfy! Hey, Cry-baby...
Why is this dinosaur in such hurry?
The wing shape of the Pteranodon suggests that it would have glided like an albatross instead of flapping its wings like a bat.
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Oh, no! We’re doomed!
Run faster! A Tyrannosaurus is right behind!
The length of a Deinonychus was about 3 metres from its snout to its tail. It weighed about 35-50kg which is as heavy as an average adult human. YS (143) Level 1
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Why don’t you use your sharp talons to fend off the Tyrannosaurus like you did earlier?
Don’t you notice the difference in our size? Besides, we hunt in packs! Alone, I’m no match for this monster!
We’re going to be dead meat soon!
The Pteranodon fed on fish, molluscs, crabs and other small animals.
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Don’t panic, my baby! Mum is here!
Mum! Thank you for taking care of my baby. You’re welcome! I should thank you for saving my life!
See you sometime again, Little Cry-baby!
Editor’s note: The above story is a work of fiction. The Deinonychus lived in the early Cretaceous period whereas the Pteranodon lived during the late Cretaceous period.
The Deinonychus was believed to have a very high intelligent quotient (IQ). YS (143) Level 1
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• Deinonychus and Velociraptor belonged to the same family. They hunted other dinosaurs by using their retractable second claw on each foot. • Deinonychus lived on the open plains or in swampy areas. • Deinonychus used its hard tail to balance its body. • The Deinonychus had an unusual way of hunting. It would stand on one leg while using the other leg to attack its prey.
• Pteranodon in Greek means ‘winged and toothless’. • Some scientists believe that the head of the Pteranodon helped the body to maintain stability in flight. • Pteranodon lived and bred along coastal areas. • Some scientists believe that the Pteranodon were able to fly long distances because they had huge but light wings.
让座
Science Education Extension: and key in “Reptiles Enter of the skies – walking with dinosaurs”. (reprint YouTube) YS (143) Level 1
9
Cycles
A Sidewinder
It’s safe outside. I can go and look for food.
It’s delicious!
A sidewinder hunts at night. It feeds on rats such as the kangaroo rats and white-legged Bordetella rats.
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I’m so full!
Eh?
Do you carry your children on your back everywhere you go?
Please don’t eat my family.
Yes, they’re still dependent on me.
The sidewinder has a colour similar to the sand of the desert. That is why it is difficult for its enemies to spot it.
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We, scorpions, know how to take care of our young.
Don’t you have to take care of your young?
No, we don’t.
My young can take care of themselves.
Aren’t you a cold-blooded creature like me? Why don’t you lay eggs?
Well, I do lay eggs. I’m actually an ovoviviparous creature.
The sidewinder has a split tongue. When it puts out its tongue, it is able to detect the scent of the animals that are nearby.
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Come and see how we breed.
1 After laying the eggs, the sidewinder stores them in its body.
2 Shortly, the mother sidewinder gives birth to her young.
4 The young sidewinders grow tails that rattle after moulting.
3 The young sidewinders stay in their birth place for a week.
5 The young sidewinders become full-grown after 2-3 years and they are able to give birth to their young.
Sidewinders are very poisonous and are usually found in the desert.
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How nice it would be if my young were as independent as yours!
Oh, so you hide your eggs in your body. That’s amazing!
I’d like to take care of my young too. Snakes usually lay eggs but the sidewinders are ovoviviparous creatures. My young start to look for food on their own from the moment they are born. Many of them can’t survive more than a year.
Some young snakes die of starvation because they can’t find food.
Some die of cold during winter.
The sidewinder can open its mouth very wide to swallow an animal that is much bigger than itself.
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Sh
ha
How pitiful...
a!
Sh
ha
a!
! Gaa laa ! Gaa laa
So the sidewinder also has enemies in the desert! I’ll take my leave now! The sidewinder does not drink water because it gets its water from the food it eats.
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Do You Know How A Sidewinder Moves? The desert is a very hot place. Sidewinders will form the letter ‘s’ as they move on the hot sand. In this way they are pushing their bodies sideways across the sand. This manner of moving uses less energy than slithering and it also helps to keep the sidewinder cool in the heat of the desert.
Another name for the sidewinder is horned rattlesnake or ‘horned viper’. Although it has a unique way of moving, it travels very fast.
The sidewinder leaves a recognisable trail on the desert sand. Science Education Extension: and key in “The Enter Sidewinder Rattlesnake”. (reprint YouTube)
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A Miniature Washing Machine
Interactions
Catch this if you can!
Ouch! It’s a piece of cake! You’ve lost! Darn it! My jersey is covered in mud. Mum is going to give me an earful when I get home.
YS Kid has beaten me again!
The T-shirts that we wear are usually made from cotton. Cotton material is soft, cooling, absorbent and easy to wash. YS (143) Level 1
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Huh? Isn’t Mum around?
We’re home!
Yahoo! Mum and Dad won’t be around to tell me what to do for two days!
k I are bac Dad and wo own for t t e m o h r in ou good ase take le P . s y a d e we ouse whil h e h t f o care . Mum are away
Master, I don’t know how to wash this jersey! You have to do it yourself!
YS Kid, wash this jersey for me since Mum is not around to do so!
Alright, let’s get this gizmo to wash your dirty jersey! I’m too exhausted to do any washing now!
Soiled clothes should be kept dry and away from the damp to prevent mould forming on them.
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It’s a miniature washing machine!
What is that thing?
It’s a simple washing machine with simple steps to operate it.
YS Kid, please hold on before you start washing!
Please wash all these soiled clothes for me since you’re washing my jersey!
The Bulbe washing machine is small and portable. It’s convenient and light to carry along anywhere.
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Master, how long have you been keeping these soiled clothes in your room?
The Bulbe washing machine was designed by Clemence Germain and Leonard Gringe. It works just like any other normal washing machine. The parts of the Bulbe washing machine are easy to take apart and put back together. It can wash a load of clothes as heavy as 1.5kg with a volume of 13 litres of water.
The first thing to do is to load the machine with soiled clothes and then fill it up with water. Then turn on the switch and wait for 15 minutes for the clothes to get washed. When the washing is done, the machine will drain off the water inside. Then the washing blades are taken out before the washing is taken out to dry.
Science Education Extension: and key in “How a Enter washing machine works�. (reprint YouTube) YS (143) Level 1
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Interactions
Bees Are Excellent Dancers Don’t you agree our costumes are attractive and stunning?
Certainly! I can’t believe how pretty I look in this costume.
Our performance starts the day after tomorrow. Are you sure of the dance routine?
Well, I’m not completely familiar with a few steps...
An Austrian entomologist, Karl von Frisch, spent about 40 years studying how bees relay information to other bees on finding the source of nectar. Bees send messages by performing a dance called the ‘Harvest Dance’. YS (143) Level 1
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Me too! Why don’t we practise those steps now?
One, two, three, four...
Plak! Plak! Plak!
Alright, let’s do it!
Five, six, seven, eight...
Two, two, three, four...
Well done! Both of you danced beautifully!
Dad! You shouldn’t be peeking! Hello, Uncle Patrick!
The ‘Harvest Dance’ of the bees consists of the ‘Round Dance’ and the ‘Waggle Dance’. Round Dance YS (143) Level 1
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Waggle Dance
Dad, it’s rude and spooky to watch us dance without our knowledge!
Well, I’m sorry! I couldn’t resist watching such a wonderful dance performance!
Are you going to perform the ‘Harvest Dance’ of the honey bees?
We’re practising this dance for our performance at the school’s Annual Speech Day.
Don’t you think we look pretty in our bee costumes?
Yes. Both of you look stunning and attractive. Anyway, do you know that bees are not only good at collecting nectar but are also excellent dancers?
Oh, really? I didn’t know that!
When a bee dances with its head facing skywards, it means it will be flying towards the direction of the Sun in search of nectar. However, if it dances with its head pointing downwards, it means it will be flying with its back facing the Sun in its search for nectar. YS (143) Level 1
Yes, we do! So are you familiar with that dance too?
23
When a bee finds a nectar source, it will fly back to its hive and perform a dance above the hive to inform the other bees.
Bees communicate with one another by performing a dance.
Will the dance performed by the bees be similar to ours?
Of course not! The dance performed by the bees consists of some fixed steps and routine.
They perform what we call a ‘Waggle Dance’. The routine for this dance includes a circle on the left and another circle on the right, forming a figure of eight.
When a bee performs a long dance, it means the nectar source is far away. If a bee performs a dance that takes only 75 milliseconds (1 millisecond equals one thousandth of a second), it means the nectar source is about a hundred metres from the hive. YS (143) Level 1
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Bees are such intelligent insects to be able to use such methods of communication!
Actually, such a method of communication isn’t as easy as you think!
What do you mean by that, Dad?
For each particular dance routine, a bee has to perform at least five or six times in order to send the message through to the other bees. In this way many bees will get the message to harvest the nectar that has been spotted. Gee, I’m getting tired! Have you got the message?
What a tedious job! Life as a bee isn’t as easy as I thought.
Different bees use different dance routines to send different messages to one another. Each bee species has its own dance routine and dance time sequence. YS (143) Level 1
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Well, life isn’t easy whatever form it takes!
Dancers Of The Animal Kingdom When butterflies flit from flower to flower, they appear to be dancing amongst the flowers. They are actually pollinating the flowers while feeding on the nectar.
When caterpillars wriggle on the leaves they feed on, they appear as though they are dancing in unison.
Before a cobra strikes at its victim, it will move its head from side to side as though it’s performing a dance ritual.
During a mating ritual, a peacock will spread out its tail feathers and dance in front of the peahen before it mates with her. Science Education Extension: and key in Enter “Dance of the Honey Bee”.
(reprint YouTube) YS (143) Level 1
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SC
UN
CE IS F IEN
Diversity
o You D l l e W w Ho out Know Ab
? s l a m i n A
Leopards are part of the cat family called Felidae. Their coat of cream and golden fur with black spots is suited for hiding in the bushes and tall grass to avoid being seen by their prey.
Leopards Leopards protect their food from other animals by dragging it high up into the trees. Some leopards will leave their prey up in the trees for days and only return when they are hungry.
Leopards can swim well and they also feed on fish.
Kingfishers
Kingfishers are small to medium-sized birds that live close to lakes or rivers. They are seldom seen away from the vicinity of water.
Kingfishers generally feed on fish but they also eat tadpoles and larvae. When a Kingfisher sees a fish in the water, it swoops down to snatch it and immediately returns to perch. YS (143) Level 1
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Coyotes
Coyotes howl to communicate to each other.
Coyotes are nocturnal creatures capable of stealing as many as 20 goose eggs in one night.
The average weight of a coyote is about 9 to 22kg.
Humpback Whales
Humpback whales do not have teeth. They have two parallel rows of baleen plates attached to their jaws allowing them to filter water for fish and krill.
Humpback whales have brown eyes.
The lifespan of a humpback whale is between 40 and 50 years. YS (143) Level 1
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Gorillas Gorillas may appear ferocious but they are actually gentle creatures.
They beat their chest, jump and scream to frighten away intruders.
Gorillas are fond of wandering about in the forest in search of food.
Giraffes Newborn giraffes are about 2 metres tall and weigh about 70kg.
When a giraffe drinks, it has to spread out its two front legs or kneel down. YS (143) Level 1
A giraffe is always alert and watchful while eating leaves from tall trees. 29
Hippopotamuses
Hippopotamuses spend most of the day in water such as rivers, lakes and swamps. They will only come out of the water if the temperature is too cold.
Reindeer
Male and female reindeer have antlers whereas only the males of the deer species have antlers.
Hippopotamuses have very large mouths and huge teeth.
Reindeer are called Caribou in North America whereas in Europe they are always known as reindeer.
A fawn or baby reindeer can run as fast as the adult reindeer at one week old after birth. Science Education Extension: and key in “Humpback Whales Enter – BBC documentary excerpt”. (reprint YouTube) YS (143) Level 1
The hippopotamus is the third largest land animal after the white rhinoceros and elephant. Although hippos are large they can outrun a human and swim very fast.
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Energy
Soaking In A Hot Spring When you’re in Japan, soaking in a hot spring is a must!
Waa... this is relaxing!
Soaking in a hot spring with the right water temperature is most refreshing!
Puu...t
A hot spring is a spring that gives out hot water from under the ground. The temperature of the water from a hot spring is between 20°C and 50°C above the body temperature of 36.7°C. YS (143) Level 1
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Andy, can you refrain from breaking wind in the water?
Yucks! This is so disgusting!
I’m sorry! I couldn’t help myself!
Andy! Sam! Take a look over there!
Someone is using the hot water from the spring to boil eggs.
Does that pool contain water hot enough to boil eggs?
Are any of you brave enough to take a dip in that pool?
Hot springs can be classified into two types. The first type of hot spring gets its water heated by coming into contact with the molten rock (magma) in active volcanic regions. The second type of hot spring gets its water heated as it comes into contact with hot rocks heated by the Earth’s mantle in non-volcanic regions. YS (143) Level 1
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That person must be really hungry to think of eating eggs while soaking in a hot spring pool.
Don’t you know the Japanese love to eat eggs that are boiled with water from a natural hot spring?
Do you know why the water from this spring is hot?
Well, you’ve come to the right person for the answer.
For a hot spring to exist, 3 conditions have to be fulfilled: 1. There must be heat underground. 2. There must be a vent or passage underground for water to flow out of the ground. 3. There must be a depression on the ground to store the hot spring water.
Hot springs are classified into 3 categories based on the temperature of the water. (a) Hot springs with water temperature above 75°C. (b) Hot springs with average water temperature between 40°C and 75°C. (c) Hot springs with water temperature less than 40°C. YS (143) Level 1
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What do those conditions have to do with our hot spring?
Those conditions enable the water in our spring to be heated.
The heat in the hot water comes from the magma or molten rock in the centre of the Earth.
When water under the ground comes into contact with the molten rock (magma) and then flows out of the Earth, it becomes a hot spring.
Hot spring water contains a lot of minerals that are good for the body.
YS (143) Level 1
So where does the heat come from?
34
Now I know why many hot springs exist in regions near and around volcanoes.
Can we come back for another dip tonight?
Hmm... You really enjoy soaking yourself in the hot spring water, don’t you?
Not really! I thought we could use the hot water to have a “steamboat” party tonight.
People suffering from skin ailments, pregnant women and those recuperating from surgery should not soak themselves in a hot spring. Those who have open wounds should also stay away from hot springs. YS (143) Level 1
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I’m glad you’ve learnt something today!
Precautions to take while soaking in a hot spring. Remove all personal articles of gold before getting into a hot spring pool to prevent the gold from getting tarnished.
Do not stay in the water of a hot spring pool for more than 15 minutes.
Do not soak in a hot spring pool that is too hot. The ideal temperature should be 35-40°C.
Do not soak in a hot spring pool before and after a meal. The time lapse between soaking in a pool and meal time should be an hour.
Drink enough water after coming out of a hot spring pool because the body has undergone a lot of dehydration in the hot water. Science Education Extension: and key in “Kids’ Enter Adventures: Yellowstone Hot Springs by Cameron”. (reprint YouTube) YS (143) Level 1
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Grapefruit Or Oranges?
E MONTH TH
GU
Diversity
T STAR OF ES
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Gee, these oranges are beautiful!
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Alright, I know what the three of you are hinting at!
Sir, may I have 3 kilograms of your oranges? Thanks Mum! We love you!
Mum, can you please hurry up and cut those oranges?
Can’t you exercise some patience?
Grapefruit are rich in vitamin C. One grapefruit contains enough vitamin C for a person’s daily requirement.
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The oranges are ready, gang!
Ah, Dad is home! No, it’s mine! You had too many already!
Hmm... These oranges are real sweet!
Hey, that piece belongs to me!
I can see you just had some oranges, ya?
Dad, so you bought oranges too!
Grapefruit can be stored at room temperature for more than a week without refrigeration.
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I’m going to cut them straight away.
Gang, more oranges to satisfy your palate.
Err... Those are not oranges...
Yuks! Dad’s oranges taste sour and bitter!
Steve, you didn’t allow me to tell you that these are not oranges but grapefruit.
Urgh! I’ve never tasted anything so bitter before!
The United States of America is the largest producer of grapefruit.
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Dad, what is a grapefruit?
Dad, let me enlighten Steve about this fruit.
Well, a grapefruit is a fruit of the citrus family.
Alright, Mercury Boy, go ahead and explain away.
A grapefruit looks like an orange in shape and colour because both are from the citrus family.
The size of a grapefruit is much bigger than an orange.
Grapefruit
Orange
Grapefruit trees usually grow to an average of 5-6 metres. Some varieties can grow as tall as 13-15 metres.
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The colour of the fruit is a mixture of yellow and orange.
Grapefruit
Orange
A grapefruit isn’t as sweet as an orange. However some varieties of grapefruit can be sour and bitter to the taste.
Grapefruit Besides, the nutrients in grapefruit and oranges are also not the same.
Actually, grapefruit are most suitable for Dad and Steve.
Grapefruit have a very high fibre content and eating a grapefruit makes a person feel full.
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Orange Why do you only single out Dad and me?
The sugar and calorie contents in grapefruit are very low. They are most suitable for reducing weight. Eating them will keep both of you slim.
So, starting from today, both of you must each eat a grapefruit to reduce the fat around your stomach.
The next day...
What’s the matter with you?
Didn’t you say that eating grapefruit will reduce my weight?
Yes, but I didn’t tell you to eat so many grapefruit at one time!
Drinking grapefruit juice on an empty stomach helps to improve digestion and also removes toxic substances from the digestive system. YS (143) Level 1
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Nutritious Grapefruit A good grapefruit tree may produce more than half a ton of fruit in a season. Although the United States produces more than four-fifths of the world’s supply, the fruit is also grown in Jordan, South Africa and Brazil.
The grapefruit was first found in Jamaica in 1814. It was given its name because the large, round, lemon-yellow fruit grow in clusters like bunches of grapes.
Some grapefruit have red, pink and yellowish flesh and some are colourless.
Science Education Extension: and key in “Health Enter Benefits of Grapefruit”. (reprint YouTube) YS (143) Level 1
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Systems
Drooling While Asleep
Tommy wets his bed at night! Tommy wets his bed at night!
Shut up!
Tommy, aren’t you a bit too old to be wetting your bed at night?
I don’t wet my bed at night!
Saliva is colourless and tasteless. It is composed of 99% water.
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Why? Are you afraid others will know?
Hey, I have the evidence here that says otherwise!
That’s my saliva, Dolt!
Saliva? What is saliva doing on your pillow?
What delicious food in your dream caused you to drool so much?
If a person doesn’t rinse his or her mouth before going to bed, drooling may occur during sleep.
Stop teasing Tommy!
Tommy doesn’t brush his teeth before he goes to bed!
I’ll go and brush my teeth now.
A normal person produces 1 to 1.5 litres of saliva daily.
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Here, take a good look! I’ve brushed my teeth!
There are three reasons why a person drools while asleep.
I know why! I’ll explain it to you!
Well, because...
Jenny, why does one drool while asleep with an unwashed mouth?
1 Poor Oral Hygiene Warm and damp mouths appeal to bacteria responsible for tooth decay and bad breath. An unclean mouth produces more saliva than a clean one. This is the best place for us to make our home!
We dare you to do it!
Saliva is produced by three pairs of salivary glands found in the mouth. The salivary glands form part of the digestive system in the body.
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I’m going to drown the lot of you!
2 Buck and uneven teeth Uneven teeth make it difficult for the mouth to stay shut when a person is sleeping. An open mouth can cause drooling during sleep.
You should cut out the bad habit of chewing your pencils. Such a bad habit can cause drooling while you’re asleep.
3 Neuromuscular Modulation Syndrome Some active or exitable people may drool in their sleep beI think Tommy cause their nerves and muscles react to the wrong message needs to see a that’s sent from the brain to the mouth. doctor.
Now, do you know why Since when have you drool in your sleep? you become so smart?
I retrieved some information from the Internet while you were brushing your teeth just now.
Sleeping in an awkward position can also cause a person to drool while asleep.
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Alright, I’ll practise better oral hygiene from now on!
Hey, let’s all go out and play!
What’s that wonderful smell in the air?
Come and buy my delicious durians!
We’ll also drool when we see something delicious!
Saliva helps to moisten food and makes it easy to swallow.
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Sali va the fluid in mou th Drooling is a natural phenomenon for children below the age of three. This is because the mouth is still shallow and the swallowing function is not yet very efficient in coordinating the flow of saliva in the mouth.
Saliva can help to remove food particles that are stuck between teeth and at the same time acts as an antiseptic against bacteria. Saliva can act as an antifog fluid. Divers often wipe their goggles with saliva before a dive to prevent the goggles getting fogged up.
Swallows build their nests with their saliva.
The nest of the swift is collected and sold as an expensive food item.
Science Education Extension: and key in Enter “Mouth salivary glands teeth�. (reprint YouTube) YS (143) Level 1
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Energy
Fragrant
Popcorn Let’s get some popcorn!
I love eating popcorn!
Do you know what popcorn is? Popcorn consists of kernels that have expanded to 60 times larger than the usual size.
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Few days later...
I’m a little busy of late.
Mum, Dad, let’s go to the movies again.
Tammy isn’t interested in watching movies. She just wants to eat popcorn.
Popcorn... It’s delicious...
I heard you talking in your sleep.
Popcorn is a common light snack, especially in cinemas.
YS (143) Level 1
How do you know?
52
Let me fulfill your wish.
Is popcorn really that good?
Really?
Please give me ten minutes.
op
P op!
P
p!
o !P
What are you doing, Mum?
Mmm... It smells good.
Eat slowly!
Today the United States of America is the largest consumer of popcorn.
YS (143) Level 1
53
Mum, are you a magician? You can get popcorn out of the kitchen at once.
I made popcorn from the kernels. Is the kernel popcorn?
Don’t talk with your mouth full.
1
Popcorn is the product from kernels that have been heated at a high temperature and pressure.
2
The external pressure is higher causing the steam in the kernel difďŹ cult to be released.
The water molecules in the kernel become steam when heated. This causes the kernels to expand.
4
The kernel expands and becomes popcorn.
3 in the kernel to expand at once and be released.
The external pressure decreases causing the steam
Popcorn is rich in fibre, calories and low fat. It does not contain sugar and salt. However, some sellers add too much fat, sugar and salt to popcorn for taste. Such popcorn is unhealthy. YS (143) Level 1
54
Don’t fight over food. Haven’t you been listening?
Mum, may I have some more popcorn?
Alright...
No, you may not. Please... Mum...
I’ve run out of corn kernels. No more popcorn for you.
Aih...
The American Children’s Society suggests that children below the age of 4 years should not eat popcorn because it may get lodged in their throat and cause shortness of breath YS (143) Level 1
55
Making
popcorn Ingredients: Corn kernels, olive oil, sugar
1
2
Heat up olive oil in a pan.
Add in kernels. Cover the pan with a lid and shake it.
3
4
Popping sounds can be heard in the pan. After 3 minutes, the sound decreases and then dies down when the lid is opened.
The kernels have become popcorn. Add a little sugar and stir. Fragrant and delicious popcorn is ready!
Science Education Extension: and key in Enter “Making movie theatre popcorn�. (reprint YouTube)
YS (143) Level 1
56
Y?
W
OH W HY H
Energy
Are There Soot Sprites In Coal? Pocco, please move aside.
Why won’t you allow me to get some coal? I won’t allow you to do that!
Why won’t you allow Dad to take the coal?
Because there are soot sprites living in the coal.
There are no such things as soot sprites living in the coal. Coal is formed from the fossil remains of plants and trees.
Coal is mined mainly to be used as a source of fuel to provide power, heat and light. Coal is much cheaper than petroleum or natural gas because there is a plentiful supply of it underground. Science Education Extension: and key in Enter “Coal formation”. (reprint YouTube)
Formation of
coal
When plants and trees withered and died, the decaying wood and plant matter formed a thick layer of humus.
Due to earth movements and quakes, the layers of humus sank slowly beneath the earth and stayed buried.
After thousands of years of intense heat and pressure, a series of complex physical and chemical changes transformed the fossil remains to become black and easy to burn sedimentary rocks called coal.
tion: Queskn ? ow the uses of coal Do you
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