Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders - PART 16B by HD Derma

Index Note: Page numbers followed by f and t indicate figures and tables, respectively. A Abacavir hypersensitivity, 2260, 2261 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, radiographic findings in, 2249t ABCA3, 125, 126f mutations of, disorders associated with, 129f, 130 Abdominal motion, analysis of, 1646 Abdominal muscle(s), 72f, 76–77 Abdominal paradox, 2609 ABPA. See Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Abscess amebic, 1494–1495, 2398–2400 Bezold’s, 2094, 2094f brain, in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217, 2218f cold, in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, 2239 deep neck, 2167 hepatic amebic, 1494–1495, 2398, 2400 and pleural effusion, 1496, 1496f intra-abdominal, and pleural effusion, 1496, 1496f laryngeal, upper-airway obstruction caused by, 848f lung, 1988–1989, 2007, 2099, 2142f acute, 2149 associated conditions, 2153, 2154t chronic, 2149 classification of, 2149 clinical features of, 2149t, 2151–2153 definition of, 2141 diagnosis of, 2154–2156 hemoptysis caused by, 410, 413 historical perspective on, 2142–2143 in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, 2239 image-guided drainage of, 536 location of, 2147

microbiology of, 2144–2146, 2147f, 2153, 2154t mortality from, 2159 nonspecific, 2142 outcomes with, 2159 and parapneumonic effusions, 1488–1489 pathophysiology of, 2146–2149 primary, 2152 putrid, 2149 radiologic diagnosis of, 2153 secondary, 2149, 2152, 2152f as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1817 in surgery and trauma patients, 2199 treatment of, 2141–2142, 2158–2159 failure of, 2155f orbital, 2090, 2090f paravertebral, 1596 peritonsillar, 2086 skin, 390 subperiosteal, 2090, 2090f Absidia infection (incl. pneumonia) epidemiology of, 2317 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 in invasive fungal sinusitis, 2091 Absidia corymbifera, 2316t, 2317 Acanthamoeba, 1995, 2401 infection (incl. pneumonia) in cancer patients, 2219 in immunocompromised host, 2210 Acanthamoebiasis, 2401 Acebutolol, pulmonary effects of, 1097 Acetaldehyde, in smoke and inhalation injury, 1057 Acetaminophen, dose-related airway response to, in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, 801 Acetazolamide, 2643 pulmonary effects of, 1093

Acetic acids, and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t Acetylcholine and pulmonary circulation, 1347 pulmonary endothelial response to, 1341, 1342f N-Acetylcysteine, 2641–2642 for cystic fibrosis patient, 876 for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1157–1158 Acetylsalicylic acid. See also Aspirin and asthma, 802t and interstitial lung disease, 1110t Achalasia, 389f, 1306, 1308f, 1596 pulmonary complications of, 857 Achromobacter xylosoxidans, infection (incl. pneumonia), in cystic fibrosis, 875, 881, 2176 treatment of, 875, 2179 Acid-base balance PCO2 and, 213–214 pH-temperature relationship and, 214 renal contribution to, 208–211 respiratory contribution to, 211 strong ion difference and, 213–214 weak anion concentration and, 213–214 Acid-base disturbances, 207, 208t diagnostic approach to, 214–219 clinical information in, 214–215 mixed approach to patient with, 219 case example, 220–221 ventilatory adaptations to, 167 Acid-base map, 215, 215f Acid-fast stains, 2038–2039, 2462 Acid hydrolase(s), mast cell, 310t, 311 Acid maltase deficiency respiratory abnormalities in, 1659 ventilatory impairment in, 1668t

I-2 Index Acidosis. See also Metabolic acidosis; Respiratory acidosis and dyspnea, 397 and pulmonary vasomotor control, 1346 Acinetobacter, 1998 in acute mediastinitis, 2166t drug-resistant, 2282 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2008 neonatal nosocomial pneumonia caused by, 2126 nosocomial, 2196, 2279–2280, 2280t, 2282, 2581–2582 treatment of, 2285–2288, 2287t in surgery and trauma patients, 2197 treatment of, 2062 Acinetobacter baumannii, pneumonia, 2009 Acinetobacter calcoaceticus infection (incl. pneumonia), nosocomial, 2281t var. anitratus. See Acinetobacter baumannii Acinic cell tumors, 1925–1926 Acinus (pl., acini), 26, 28f, 29, 47, 48f, 53 airways in branching pattern of, 62, 62f morphometric characteristics of, 62, 63f definition of, 695 design of, and gas exchange, 61–65, 62f gas exchange in, 63–65 involvement in emphysema, 695–696, 695f number of, 51 typical path model for, 62–63, 63f, 64t Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. See AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome); Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica, 432, 432f Acrolein, in smoke and inhalation injury, 1054, 1057 source of, 1054t Acromegaly, 1930t, 1934–1935 Acrosclerosis, 429, 429f Acrylonitriles, in smoke and inhalation injury, source of, 1054t Actin, 72 Actinomyces, 1986 in acute mediastinitis, 2166t in empyema, 2144t infection (incl. pneumonia), 2020, 2022, 2156t staining characteristics of, 2035t, 2036–2037, 2039, 2039f Actinomyces israelii, 1999f, 2007 staining characteristics of, 2039f Actinomyces odontolyticus, in empyema, 2144t

Actinomycetes, thermophilic, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t Actinomycin-D, pulmonary effects of, 1070t, 1073 radiation therapy and, 1181 Actinomycosis, 1990, 2007 cutaneous manifestations of, 430–431 cytopathology of, 518 diagnosis of, 1998, 1999f Activated protein C, recombinant human, for SIRS/MODS, 2570 Activation-induced cytidine deaminase, 324 Acute interstitial pneumonia, 1106t, 1145, 2541t. See also Diffuse alveolar damage clinical features of, 1116t computed tomography of, 1115t, 1116t histology of, 1116t occupational exposures and, 935t in rheumatoid arthritis, 1204 treatment of, 1116t Acute lung injury biologic markers in, 2528–2529 causes of diagnosis of, 2544–2545, 2545f direct, 2527, 2528, 2538, 2538t indirect (systemic), 2527, 2538, 2538t treatment of, 2544–2545, 2545t clinical course of, 2558 clinical presentation of, 2538, 2540 consensus definition of, 2535–2537 definition of, 2524, 2535–2537 diagnosis of, 2540–2544 laboratory studies in, 2536, 2536t, 2542–2543 differential diagnosis of, 2540, 2541t–2542t direct toxicity and, 2528 duration of illness in, 2558 early phase, 2539, 2539f epidemiology of, 2537–2538 fluid management in, 2552–2553, 2553t hemodynamic management in, 2554, 2554t hospital days for, 2537, 2537t ICU days for, 2537, 2537t imaging in, 2673 incidence of, 2537–2538, 2537t infection and, 2527 inflammation and, 2527–2528 late phase, 2539, 2539f long-term sequelae, 2559–2560 lung-protective ventilator strategy for, 2530, 2531t, 2532, 2546–2549, 2547f adjuncts to, 2552–2557 experimental, 2557–2558 mechanisms of, 2525–2529 mediators of, 2525–2527 mortality from

causes of, 2558–2559 factors affecting, 2538 mortality rate for, 2537–2538, 2537t trends in, 2558 neutropenia and, 2528 oxygen supplementation in, failure of, 2539, 2539f pathogenesis of, pathways of, 2529, 2529f pathology of, 2525, 2526f, 2539–2540, 2539f pathophysiology of, 39, 2539–2540, 2539f and postoperative respiratory failure, 2582 prone positioning in, 2554–2555 pulmonary edema in, pathophysiology of, 2523–2525 rescue/salvage interventions for, 2551–2552, 2555–2556, 2558t resolution of, 2530–2532 risk of, factors affecting, 2538 and SIRS/MODS, 2562f, 2564 in surgery and trauma patients, 2198–2199 survivors cognitive/psychological function in, 2559–2560 health-related quality of life of, 2559 neuromuscular function in, 2559 physical impairment in, 2559 pulmonary function in, 2559 transfusion-related and respiratory failure, 2584–2585 treatment of, 2586 treatment of, 2544–2558 goals of, 2544, 2544t lung recruitment maneuvers in, 2555 Acute lupus pneumonitis, 1199, 1199f Acute lymphoblastic (lymphocytic, lymphoid) leukemia (ALL), 2139 Acute necrotizing gingivitis, 2087 Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation system. See APACHE scoring system Acute respiratory distress syndrome, 2444, 2515 in acute oxygen toxicity, 2627–2628 aerobic capacity after, assessment of, cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 625 blastomycosis and, 2346, 2347f in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2226 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t causes of diagnosis of, 2544–2545, 2545f direct, 2538, 2538t indirect (systemic), 2538, 2538t treatment of, 2544–2545, 2545t

I-3 Index clinical course of, 2558 clinical presentation of, 2538, 2540 complement in, 349 computed tomography of, 1115t, 2673 consensus definition of, 2535–2537 cytokines in, 336–337 definition of, 2524, 2535–2537 diagnosis of, 2540–2544 laboratory studies in, 2536, 2536t, 2542–2543 differential diagnosis of, 2014, 2540, 2541t–2542t drug-induced, 1091t, 1093 duration of illness in, 2558 epidemiology of, 2537–2538 fibroproliferative phase, 2539–2540 fluid management in, 2552–2553, 2553t hemodynamic management in, 2554, 2554t historical perspective on, 2535 hospital days for, 2537, 2537t ICU days for, 2537, 2537t imaging in, 2673 incidence of, 2537–2538, 2537t inhaled nitric oxide and, 366 long-term sequelae, 2559–2560 lung-protective ventilator strategy for, 2530, 2531t, 2532, 2546–2549, 2547f adjuncts to, 2552–2557 experimental, 2557–2558 in malaria, 2405–2406, 2406f in miliary tuberculosis, 2475 morbidity in, 2519–2520 mortality from, 2519–2520 causes of, 2558–2559 factors affecting, 2538 mortality rate for, 2537–2538, 2537t trends in, 2558 multiple organ failure in, 449–450 outcomes of, 2714–2715 oxygen supplementation in, failure of, 2539, 2539f pathogenesis of, 2523–2532 pathways of, 2529, 2529f pathology of, 2042, 2539–2540, 2539f pathophysiology of, 35, 39, 341, 2539–2540, 2539f in plague, 2431 and postoperative respiratory failure, 2582 in pregnancy, 258–259, 259t prognosis for, 2714–2715 proliferative phase, 2539–2540 prone positioning in, 2554–2555 protein nitration in, 363, 364f pulmonary edema in, radiographic features of, 478f radiation-related, 1891–1892 radiographic features of, 482 rescue/salvage interventions for, 2551–2552, 2555–2556, 2558t

risk factors for, 2582, 2582t risk of, factors affecting, 2538 scintigraphy in, 559 and SIRS/MODS, 2562f, 2564 in surgery and trauma patients, 2198–2199 survivors cognitive/psychological function in, 2559–2560 health-related quality of life of, 2559 neuromuscular function in, 2559 physical impairment in, 2559 pulmonary function in, 2559 time course of evolution, 2539, 2539f toxin exposure and, 996–997, 997f, 1000t in trauma patient, 1765–1766 treatment of, 2544–2558, 2586 goals of, 2544, 2544t lung recruitment maneuvers in, 2555 Acyclovir, indications for, 2375t, 2394 ADA. See Americans with Disabilities Act Adalimumab, pulmonary toxicity of, 440 Adaptation, 229–230 definition of, 229 inherited, 229 limitation of, 230 nonhereditary, 229 optimization of, 230 Adenocarcinoma of lung, 1832t, 1835–1838, 1836f–1837f acinar, 1836 cytopathology of, 529, 529f mixed type, 1836 papillary variant, 1836 solid variant, 1836 solid with mucin production, 1836 presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1816 Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 1845, 1846f, 1925 Adenoma sebaceum, 438 Adenosine, pulmonary effects of, 1091t Adenosquamous carcinoma, of lung, 1832t, 1838 Adenovirus, 1991–1992 and acute bronchitis, 2097 and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2116, 2116t assays for, 1989t and bronchiolitis, 896, 898f, 2382 characteristics of, 2375t and common cold, 2085, 2376t and croup, 2087, 2376t, 2379 and diffuse alveolar damage, 2042 infection (incl. pneumonia), 1987, 2019, 2020, 2025 in adults, 2389 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2223, 2223f, 2228

and bronchiectasis, 2186 chemokines in, 355 in children, 2391 cytopathology of, 523, 523f diagnosis of, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2106 in early infancy, 2129 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2258 radiographic findings in, 2215 in immunocompromised host, 2392 pathology of, 2043, 2045f pleural effusion in, 1494 in severe combined immunodeficiency, 2236 treatment of, 2395 molecular detection of, 2002 and pharyngitis, 2086, 2378 serotypes of, 2374 staining characteristics of, 2035t and tracheobronchitis, 2376t, 2380, 2381 vaccine against, 2073 Adjuvant, definition of, 1895 Adjuvant Navelbine International Trialist Association study, 1869t, 1870–1871 Adrenal insufficiency, in SIRS/MODS, 2570 Adrenergic agonists. See Beta-adrenergic agonists Adrenergic receptors, 2631–2632, 2632t β 2 -, persistent activation, in asthma, 117–118 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin, ACTH), ectopic production of, 432–433, 445, 1929, 1930t, 1933–1934 in small cell lung cancer, 1904–1905, 1905t Adriamycin, plus bleomycin, pneumonitis caused by, 2011, 2012t Adult respiratory distress syndrome, surfactant in, 125, 133 Advance directive(s), 2112, 2731 AEC1. See Type I alveolar epithelial cells AEC2. See Type II alveolar epithelial cells AECB. See Bronchitis, chronic, acute exacerbations of AECC. See American European Consensus Conference AEP. See Eosinophilic pneumonia(s), acute AERD. See Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease Aerobes in acute mediastinitis, 2166t colonization by, of mouth and upper respiratory tract, 2154–2155, 2156f, 2274 in empyema, 2144, 2144t infection (incl. pneumonia), nosocomial, 2279–2280, 2280t, 2281t

I-4 Index Aerobic capacity, 228, 613 Aerosol, definition of, 994t AFC. See Antibody-forming cell(s) African sleeping sickness, 2409 African trypanosomiasis, 2409 AFS. See Allergic fungal sinusitis Agammaglobulinemia Bruton’s, 2139 X-linked. See X-linked agammaglobulinemia Age of ICU patient, and outcomes, 2716 and postoperative pulmonary complications, 668 and risk of venous thromboembolism, 1426 Aging, and neck motion, 2648 Aging lung, 264 airspace enlargement in, differential diagnosis of, 698–699, 698t Agitation, in ICU patient, 2701–2710 Agranulocytosis, 2138–2139 AHI. See Apne/hypopnea index AIA. See Asthma, aspirin-induced AID. See Activation-induced cytidine deaminase AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). See also Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t in ICU patient outcomes with, 2716 prognosis for, 2716 immunoglobulins in, 330 pleural effusion in, 1502 pneumothorax in, 1523–1524 treatment guidelines for, 1531 AIP. See Acute interstitial pneumonia Air, distribution of, in lungs, radiographic evaluation of, 473–476 Air-blood barrier, 32–33, 51, 51f, 1342f formation of, 97f, 98–99, 99f thick parts of, 33 thin part of, 33 Air bronchogram, 2019–2020 Air-conditioner lung, 2012 Air contrast studies, 469 Air crescent sign, 2024, 2025f, 2308, 2308f Air embolism, 1424, 1443 cerebral, dysbaric, 1047 diving-related, 1045, 1046 dysbaric, 1047 iatrogenic, 1047 in pregnancy, 259t with transthoracic needle aspiration and biopsy, 647 Airflow age-related changes in, 271–272, 272f–274f inspiratory, average rate of, 2592–2593

laminar, 154, 154f, 175, 176f patterns of, 154, 154f transitional, 154, 154f turbulent, 154, 154f, 176 Airflow obstruction causes of, 729–730 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 711–712, 712f, 729–730 definition of, 729 new-onset, in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2227–2228 Airflow resistance, calculation of, 155 Air hunger, 394, 404 Air-liquid interface, physical forces at, 125–126, 149–151, 150f, 151f Air-meniscus sign, 1917 Air pollution, 1009–1035 adverse effects of, 1010 clinical concerns about, 1012 principles and concepts relevant to, 1011–1016 public health concerns about, 1012 biologically effective dose in, 1013, 1014f concentration of, 1012–1013, 1014f criteria pollutants in, 1011, 1011t dose of material in, 1013, 1014f epidemiology of, research approaches to, 1015 confounding factors in, 1015 exposure to, 1012–1013, 1014f health risks of, control of, 1033–1035 community-oriented strategies for, 1034–1035 patient-oriented strategies for, 1033–1034 historical perspective on, 1010 indoor, 1020–1032 adverse effects of, 1012, 1013t biologic agents in, 1030–1032, 1030t classification of, 1020 and clinically evident disease, 1013t complaints related to, medical approach to, 1034, 1035f contaminants in, 1020, 1021t–1023t control of, 1010–1011 and exacerbation of disease, 1013t health effects of, 1010 and increased risk for disease, 1013t mass-balance formulation for, 1020 patient education about, 1034, 1034t and perception of exposure to indoor air pollutants, 1013t and perception of unacceptable indoor air quality, 1013t and physiological impairment, 1013t sources of, 1020, 1021t–1023t and symptom responses, 1013t syndromes associated with, 1032 mixed pollutants in, research on, 1015–1016

outdoor, 1016–1020 classification of, 1016 criteria pollutants in, 1011t, 1016 exposures in, 1016–1020 hazardous pollutants in, 1020 health effects of, 1016–1020 photochemical, 1019–1020 sources of, 1016 toxic pollutants in, 1011t, 1016, 1020 research approaches to, 1013–1016 risk assessment with, 1015, 1015t risk management for, 1015 and susceptible populations, 1032–1033, 1032t time-activity patterns and, 1013 total personal exposure in, 1013, 1014f Air Quality Index, 1035 Airspace enlargement differential diagnosis of, 698–699, 698t in infancy, 699 Air trapping, in bronchiolitis, 896, 2381 Air travel atmospheric pressure changes in, and bullae, 917–918 barotrauma in, 918 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 735–736 Airway(s) abnormalities, and respiratory failure, 2514–2515 acinar, 47 branching of, 26, 26f adult, 2646–2647 anatomy of, bronchoscopic assessment of, 632 assessment of rule of threes for, 861 scoring systems for, 861 biology of, 137–140 insights into, from disease states, 144 branching of, 25–26, 25f, 26f, 44, 44f, 173 caliber of, 153 central, extrinsic compression of, 856–857 complications in, in lung transplant recipient, 1789 conducting, 47 age-related changes in, 264, 264t branching of, 26, 26f development of, 108 diameters of, 45–46 in host (immune) defense, 280f, 281–282, 287t mechanical defenses of, 1969–1970, 1971f mucosa of, 279, 280f submucosal structures of, 279, 280f volume of, 46 wall structure of, 27–31, 27f, 28f development of, 92–94, 93t, 94f diameters of

I-5 Index along airway tree, 44–45, 45f bronchial pathway length and, 45–46, 46f generations of branching and, 45–46, 46f difficult, 861, 2648, 2655, 2655t dynamic compression of, 156–157, 157f emergency access to, 861 extrinsic compression of, 856–857 therapeutic bronchoscopy in, 641–642 function, bronchoscopic assessment of, 632 hyperresponsiveness and asthma, 789–790, 791f, 793 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 711 molecular mechanisms of, 117–118, 117f rhinoviruses and, 775 infant, 2646–2647 lumen of, mucosal components of, 279, 280f management of, in respiratory failure, 2515–2516 nasopharyngeal, mechanical defenses of, 1969 number of, and cross-sectional area, by generation, 173, 175f obstruction endoluminal, therapeutic bronchoscopy in, 640–641 and intubation, 2649 management of, algorithm for, 641, 641f peripheral (small), function, testing of, 588–591 in pregnancy, 253–254 responsiveness, 789–790, 791f and asthma, 793 environmental exposures and, 790, 791f viral infection and, 816 rupture, in trauma patient, 1760–1761 secretions, in immune defense, 1970 securing, 861 stents for, 862 in trauma patient, initial management of, 1757–1758 upper. See Upper airway Airway conductance, 584, 584f definition of, 1327, 2739 normal, 1323, 2735 Airway disease cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 625 drug-induced, 1091t, 1093 occupational, 934, 934t, 981 in rheumatoid arthritis, 1203–1204, 1203f, 1204f in Sj¨ogren’s syndrome, 1210

Airway occlusion pressure(s), responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia, age-related changes in, 269, 269f Airway pressure, assessment of, in acute respiratory failure, 2670–2671, 2670f Airway pressure release ventilation, in ALI/ARDS, 2551 Airway reactivity, 585–588 Airway resistance, 153–155, 583–585, 584f, 585t, 2670, 2670f, 2671 age-related changes in, 272–273 airway diameter and, 45, 45f airway size and, 49 calculation of, 155 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 711 definition of, 1327, 2739 on downstream side, definition of, 1327, 2739 knowledge of, historical perspective on, 12 normal, 1323, 2735 on upstream side, definition of, 1327, 2739 Airway smooth muscle (ASM) anti-inflammatory therapy and, 122–123 in asthma, 116, 118–121, 119f calcium signaling in, 116, 117f cell cycle in, regulation of, signal transduction pathways in, in vitro, 119–120, 120f chemokine release by, 121, 122t cytokine-induced synthetic responses, 122 [cAMP]i mobilizing agents and, 123 cytokine release by, 121, 122t and extracellular matrix, 123 hyperplasia, 118–121, 119f hyperresponsiveness, molecular mechanisms of, 117–118, 117f hypertrophy of, 118–121, 119f immunomodulatory proteins expressed by, 121–122, 122t in lung disease, 115–116, 116f proliferation, in vitro inhibition of, 120–121 mediators of, 118–119 Airway surface liquid, 281 antibacterial activity in, 143 composition of, 140 modification of, 137 production of, 137 regulation, 140 in cystic fibrosis, 2174–2175, 2174f in normal airway, 2174–2175 Airway tree airflow velocity in, 48–49, 48f design of, 44–49, 44f functional zones of, 47

Albendazole for ascariasis, 2418, 2418t for echinococcosis, 2418t for hookworms, 2418, 2418t for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2370 for strongyloidiasis, 2418t Albumin, serum, in nutritional assessment, 2694 Albuterol adverse effects and side effects of, 824t for asthma, 822, 823t, 824t for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 738t, 739 dosage and administration of, 824t dosage forms, 2632t for exercise-induced asthma, 812 receptor activity, 2632t structure-activity relationships, 2632–2633 sustained-release adverse effects and side effects of, 827t for asthma, 823t, 827t dosage and administration of, 827t for ventilated patient, 2685, 2685f Alcoholism, and pneumonia, 2100t Alcohols, in indoor air, sources of, 1023t Aldehydes in indoor air, sources of, 1023t in smoke and inhalation injury, 1054, 1057 ALI. See Acute lung injury Aliphatic hydrocarbons exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Alkalosis, and pulmonary vasomotor control, 1346 Alkanes, in indoor air, sources of, 1023t Alkylating agents mechanism of action of, 1073 pneumonitis caused by, 2011, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1073–1076, 1074t, 1181 Allergen(s), and risk of asthma, 794, 815 Allergic angiitis and granulomatosis, 2013. See also Churg-Strauss syndrome Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), 837–843, 1222–1223, 1999, 2013, 2291, 2292t, 2294, 2295t acute, 839, 840t and aspergilloma, 841f, 843, 2301 and bronchiectasis, 840f–841f, 841–842, 2185t, 2187, 2190, 2296, 2298f, 2299f, 2301 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t clinical features of, 838, 1222, 1223t, 1231t, 2296 clinical staging of, 839–841, 840f–841f, 840t

I-6 Index Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) (Cont.) complications of, 843 in cystic fibrosis, 839, 880, 2176–2177, 2294–2296, 2297, 2300 diagnosis of, 729–730, 1222–1223, 2296–2298, 2299t guidelines for, 838–839 diagnostic criteria for, 838, 839t, 1222, 1222t differential diagnosis of, 839, 1231t epidemiology of, 837 exacerbations, 840, 840t genetics of, 837–838 histopathology of, 842, 2298–2299 historical perspective on, 837 immunopathogenesis of, 838, 2295–2296 mucus plug in, 839, 839t, 2296, 2296f, 2297f pathogenesis of, 837–838 post-transplant recurrence of, 843 prognosis for, 843 pulmonary fibrosis in, 840t, 841, 841f radiographic findings in, 840f–841f, 841–842, 1222, 1224f, 2296, 2298f, 2299f recurrent, 839–840, 840f–841f, 840t remission, 839, 840t risk factors for, 2295–2296 staging, 839–840, 1222, 1223t, 2299, 2300t steroid-dependent asthma in, 840–841, 840t therapeutic bronchoscopy for, 643 treatment of, 842–843, 1223, 2299–2300 advances in (future directions for), 2300 monitoring of, 2300 Allergic bronchopulmonary candidiasis, 2315 Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, 837–843, 1222 microbiology of, 837 Allergic fungal sinusitis, 2090–2091 Allergic lung disease, radiographic features of, 483 Allergic rhinitis, 1031 Allergy and asthma, 793 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 711 clinical markers of, 792 definition of, 792 pathophysiology of, 792 TH1-TH2 paradigm of, 792–793, 792f Allergy(ies), 330 IgE-mediated, in IgA deficiency, 332 testing for, 819 Allopurinol pulmonary effects of, 1242 and vasculitis, 1464

All-trans retinoic acid pulmonary effects of, 1081–1082, 1081t, 1294–1295 and vasculitis, 1464 Almitrine, 2643 Alphastat regulation, 214 Alternaria in allergic fungal sinusitis, 2091 hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t in indoor air, 1031 infection (incl. pneumonia), in cancer patients, 2217 staining characteristics of, 2035t Altitude adaptation to, 229–230 and alveolar PO2 , 595t and arterial PO2 , 594–595, 595t for flying, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 735–736 high clinical disorders of, 1040–1043 physiological effects of, 1039–1040 and pulmonary arterial pressure, 1345, 1346f and pulmonary circulation, 1344–1345, 1346f and pulmonary vascular remodeling, 1344–1345 and pulmonary vascular resistance, 1335 and respiration, 1345, 1346f ventilatory adaptations to, 167 Aluminum, occupational lung disease caused by, 935t Aluminum oxide, bronchiolitis caused by, 893t, 895–896 Alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient, age-related changes in, 273, 274f Alveolar-capillary membrane diffusion across, measurement of, 196–197 gas exchange across, 192 permeability, scintigraphic assessment of, 558–559 Alveolar cell carcinoma, radiographic features of, 477f, 478, 482, 482f Alveolar disease diffuse, radiographic features of, 477f, 478f, 482–483, 482f, 489f localized, radiographic features of, 477–482, 477f–488f Alveolar duct(s), 26, 26f, 47, 47f, 51, 51f, 53, 175, 695 age-related changes in, 264 Alveolar edema, 1234t Alveolar entrance ring, 41f, 51f, 53 Alveolar filling disease, radiographic features of, 477, 477f–478f Alveolar gas composition, 592 normal values, 1324, 2736

Alveolar hemorrhage syndromes, 1234t, 1237–1242, 1281–1297. See also Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage antiphospholipid antibody and, 1241 collagen vascular disease and, 1241 immune complexes and, 1241 Alveolar hypoventilation and arterial hypoxemia, 2616–2617, 2616t cyanosis in, 415 drug-induced, 1091t generalized, 424 net, 424 oxygen therapy for, 2619 pulmonary hypertension in, 1395, 1396f, 1397f syndromes of, 424 Alveolar microlithiasis, 1234t, 1237, 1238f Alveolar oxygen pressure, age and, 273 Alveolar pressure, 150, 575, 575f during breathing cycle, 148, 148f measurement of, historical perspective on, 12 Alveolar proteinosis, 1234t in cancer patient, 2221 Alveolar sac(s), 26, 26f, 44, 175, 695 Alveolar septa (sing., septum), 41f, 51–52, 51f, 52f fiber system of, 52–53, 52f micromechanics of, 56–57, 56f, 57f Alveolar ventilation normal, 1323, 2735 normal values, 1324, 2736 Alveolar vessels, 1349, 1349f Alveolar volume, and diffusing capacity, 198 Alveoli (sing., alveolus), 47, 47f, 174f, 175. See also Diffuse alveolar damage abnormalities of, and respiratory failure, 2515 age-related changes in, 264 cells of, 32–41 collateral channels between, 151 defense functions of, structural correlates, 41 formation of, 88 in host (immune) defense, 282–284, 285f, 287t interdependence of, 151 mechanics of, 149–151, 150f, 151f and stabilization of lung structure, 54 number of, 51 in restrictive lung disease, 423–424 Alveolitis, fibrosing, 491f Amantadine, for influenza, 2387–2388, 2387t AMB-D, 2299 for candidiasis, 2315–2316 for fusariosis, 2322 for invasive fungal infections, 2309–2311, 2310t, 2311t, 2312 lipid formulations of

I-7 Index for invasive fungal infections, 2310–2311, 2310t, 2311t, 2312 for zygomycosis, 2320 prophylaxis, 2313 for zygomycosis, 2320 Ambient temperature and pressure, saturated with water, 574, 574t Ambulation, postoperative, early, 673t, 674 Amebiasis, 2397–2401 clinical manifestations of, 2398 diagnosis of, 2400 hemoptysis in, 414 intestinal, 2398 pathology of, 2043t, 2049 pericardial disease, 2400, 2400f pleural effusion in, 1494–1495 pleuropulmonary, 2398–2400, 2398f–2399f treatment of, 2400–2401 Ameboma, 2398 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 941 American European Consensus Conference criteria for acute lung injury, 2535–2537, 2536t criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome, 2535–2537, 2536t American Medical Association (AMA), guidelines for evaluation of permanent impairment, 681–682, 682t in asthma, 682–683, 683t in berylliosis, 684 in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 684 in lung cancer, 684 in obstructive sleep apnea, 684 in pneumoconiosis, 684 American Society of Anesthesiologists, clinical classification of health status, 668, 668t Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 689–690 American Thoracic Society criteria for evaluation of impairment/disability, 684–685 definition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 707 Shortness of Breath Scale, 397, 398t American Thoracic Society/Division of Lung Diseases, Respiratory Symptoms Questionnaire, 679, 679t American trypanosomiasis, 2407–2409 Amikacin, 2058 adverse effects and side effects of, 2483t, 2503 for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061 interactions with immunosuppressive agents, 2503t for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 dosage and administration of, 2504t

resistance to, mycobacterial, 2505 for tuberculosis, 2479 dosage and administration of, 2482t Amino acid metabolism, disorders of, 1276 Aminoglycosides aerosolized, 2059, 2061t dosage and administration of, 2054, 2058 for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061 interactions with immunosuppressive agents, 2503t mechanism of action of, 2058 nebulized, 2058 organisms susceptible to, 2058 penetration into lung, 2053, 2053t pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 pulmonary effects of, 1091t for yersiniosis, 2441 Aminopenicillins, 2056 Aminophylline as respiratory stimulant, 2643 structure-activity relationships, 2636 Aminoquinolines, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2370 Aminorex pharmacology of, 1370 pulmonary effects of, 1093, 1347 and pulmonary hypertension, 447, 1382–1383 Amiodarone adverse effects and side effects of, 1094 bronchiolitis associated with, 905–906 and interstitial lung disease, 1110t pneumonitis caused by, 2010, 2012t pulmonary toxicity of, 1088, 1089, 1090t, 1091t, 1093, 1094–1096 clinical presentation of, 1095 diagnostic evaluation for, 1095–1096 laboratory findings in, 1095 radiographic findings in, 1095 risk factors for, 1094–1095 treatment of, 1095–1096 and respiratory failure, 2584 Ammonia bronchiolitis caused by, 893t, 894 inhalation injury caused by, 998, 1000t renal recycling of, 210–211, 210f in smoke and inhalation injury, 1057 source of, 1054t water solubility of and mechanism of lung injury by, 994–995, 994t and site of impact, 995t Ammonium, 210 Amniotic fluid embolism, 259t, 1424, 1444 Amoxicillin, 2056 dosage and administration of, for pneumonia in children, 2131 resistance to, 2131

Amoxicillin/clavulanate, 2056 indications for, 2060, 2157 for melioidosis, 2440 for Moraxella catarrhalis infection, 2445 Amphiregulin, 312 Amphotericin B for acanthamoebiasis, 2401 for blastomycosis, 2348 for coccidioidomycosis, 2345 for cryptococcosis, 2333–2334, 2333t for histoplasmosis, 2340 for leishmaniasis, 2409 pneumonitis caused by, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1088–1089, 1089, 1090t, 1091t Amphotericin B deoxycholate. See AMB-D Ampicillin, 2056 indications for, 2060 for pasteurellosis, 2429t, 2430 for yersiniosis, 2429t, 2441 Ampicillin/sulbactam, 2056 for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061t, 2062 indications for, 2131, 2157 for staphylococcal pneumonia, in children, 2132 Amyl nitrite, for cyanide poisoning, 1057 Amyloid, 1233–1234, 1235f Amyloid light chain, systemic, 1234 Amyloidoma, 1234–1235, 1235f Amyloidosis, 1233–1236, 1234t AA, 1234 computed tomography of, 1115t definition of, 1233 diagnosis of, 1236 diffuse interstitial, 1234, 1235f, 1236 nodular parenchymal, 1234–1235, 1235f, 1951–1952, 1951f presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1817 primary, 1234 pulmonary, 1234–1236, 1235f upper airway obstruction in, 855 sarcoidosis and, 1136t secondary, 1234 senile, 1234 tracheobronchial, 1234, 1236 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 1668 ventilatory impairment in, 1651–1652 Anaerobes in acute mediastinitis, 2166t acute sinusitis caused by, 2089 in aspiration pneumonia, 2141–2143, 2143t colonization by in children, 2136 of mouth and upper respiratory tract, 2154–2155, 2156f culture of, 2153–2154 and dental hygiene, 2060 in empyema, 2141–2143, 2143t, 2144t

I-8 Index Anaerobes (Cont.) infection (incl. pneumonia), 2099, 2143, 2143t, 2148f bacteriology of, 2153–2154, 2156, 2156t and bronchiectasis, 2189t clinical features of, 2149t conditions underlying, 2145t historical perspective on, 2142–2143 history and physical findings in, 2101t hospitalization rate for, 2105t laboratory diagnosis of, 2153–2154 nosocomial, 2280t, 2281t treatment of, 2285–2288, 2286t prevention of, 2156–2157 radiologic diagnosis of, 2153 treatment of, 2157, 2157t in lung abscess, 2141–2143, 2143t, 2154t in oral cavity, 2086–2087 staining characteristics of, 2153 Anaerobic threshold, 226, 613 in classification of cardiac and circulatory failure, 614–615, 615t determination of, 615 Analgesia for agitated ICU patient, 2706–2708 agent for, selection of, 2707 indications for, 2706–2707 strategies for, 2708–2710 epidural, and postoperative somnolence, 1747 postoperative, 673t, 674 effects on pulmonary function, 2577 inadequate, and risk of pulmonary complications, 670 Anatomy alterations of infections associated with, 1983t, 2210t types of, 1983t, 2210t pathologic, knowledge of, historical perspective on, 5t, 13–14 Ancylostoma, and eosinophilic pneumonia, 1214t, 1215–1216 Ancylostoma brasiliensis, and eosinophilic pneumonia, 1215–1216 Ancylostoma duodenale, 2013, 2414t, 2415, 2416 Anemia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, treatment of, 737 dyspnea in, 402–403 physiological, of pregnancy, 256 Anergy, 2043t detection of, 2002 Anesthesia for bronchoscopy, complications of, 643–644

duration of, and postoperative pulmonary complications, 669 effects on pulmonary function, 2576–2577 general, effects on pulmonary function, 2576–2577 neuraxial, effects on pulmonary function, 2577 type of, and postoperative pulmonary complications, 669 Anesthetics, inhalational, for agitated ICU patient, 2705–2706 Aneurysm, Rasmussen’s, 2470 Angioedema causes of, 860 management of, 860 upper airway obstruction in, 860 Angiogenesis, in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1154–1155 Angiography in bullous disease, 921, 924f CT. See Computed tomographic angiography pulmonary, 459f, 466, 468f arterial anatomy on, 471f of pulmonary embolism, 1436, 1436f therapeutic, 466 venous anatomy on, 471f Angiosarcoma, pleural, 1550–1551 Angiostasis, in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1154–1155 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), in Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2361 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and chronic cough, 410 and interstitial lung disease, 1110t pulmonary toxicity of, 1090t, 1091t, 1096 Angiotensin II, and pulmonary circulation, 1347 Anhydrides and occupational asthma, 985t, 986, 989 occupational lung disease caused by, 934t, 935t Animal allergens lung disease caused by, 934, 934t and occupational asthma, 985t, 986 Animal handlers’ asthma, 988 Anion exchanger 1, 204 Anion gap, 214, 216, 219 plasma, 216 urine, 216–217 Anisakiasis, 2421 ANITA. See Adjuvant Navelbine International Trialist Association study Ankylosing spondylitis. See also Collagen vascular disease clinical features of, 1117t, 1211, 1625 computed tomography of, 1115t, 1117t epidemiology of, 1625

etiology of, 1625 exercise capacity in, 1626 gas exchange in, 1626 histology of, 1117t and neck motion, 2647–2648 pleuropulmonary abnormalities in, 1626–1627 pulmonary complications of, 1194, 1194t, 1211, 1211f pulmonary function testing in, 1620t, 1625–1626 respiratory mechanics in, 1619t, 1625–1626 rib cage in, 1625–1626, 1626f treatment of, 1117t, 1627 Anlage, lung, 92, 94f–95f Anomalous pulmonary venous return, magnetic resonance imaging of, 465f, 466 Anorexia, in pulmonary disease, 452–453 Anorexigens pharmacology of, 1370 and pulmonary circulation, 1347 pulmonary effects of, 1091t, 1093–1094 and pulmonary hypertension, 447, 1093–1094, 1382–1383 Antacid(s), and nosocomial pneumonia, 2277–2278 Anthrax, 2006, 2271, 2435–2437. See also Bacillus anthracis and acute mediastinitis, 2166t as bioweapon, 2428, 2435–2436 clinical features of, 2436 cutaneous, 2435 diagnosis of, 2429t epidemiology of, 1984t, 2428t, 2436 historical perspective on, 2435 inhalation, 2271, 2428t, 2435 diagnosis of, 2437 differential diagnosis of, 2437 epidemiology of, 2436 pathogenesis of, 2436 pathophysiology of, 2436 radiologic features of, 2436–2437 Koch’s work on, 15 mail-room epidemic of, 2435–2437 pathogenesis of, 2040, 2080 prevention of, 2437 radiologic features of, 2436–2437 transmission of, 2436 treatment of, 2429t, 2437 Anthrax mediastinitis, 1563 Antiarrhythmics, pneumonitis caused by, 2010, 2012t Antibiotics active transport of, 2053 for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 742t, 2118f, 2118t, 2119t, 2120–2121, 2120t, 2121t for acute mediastinitis, 2164t, 2168–2169

I-9 Index adequate therapy with, 2051 adverse effects and side effects of in bone marrow transplant recipient, 2367 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2367 in organ transplant recipient, 2367 aerosolized, 2058–2059 for cystic fibrosis patient, 875–876, 2178–2179 for anaerobic infections, 2157, 2157t anti-pseudomonal, for cystic fibrosis patient, 875–876, 883–884, 2178–2179 anti-staphylococcal, for cystic fibrosis patient, 875–876, 2178 appropriate therapy with, 2051 bactericidal, 2052, 2054 concentration-dependent killing by, 2054 time-dependent killing by, 2054 bacteriostatic, 2052 combination therapy with, 2108 for community-acquired pneumonia, 2060–2061 for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061–2062, 2061t for community-acquired pneumonia, 2108–2110, 2109t for cystic fibrosis patient, 875–876, 2178–2179 cytotoxic, pulmonary effects of, 1069–1073, 1070t empiric therapy with, 2051–2052 in cancer patient, 2220, 2221–2222 for community-acquired pneumonia, 2108, 2109t for febrile cancer patient, 2220 for febrile neutropenic patient, 2220 focused therapy with, 2051 for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061–2062, 2061t hydrophilic, 2053 for immunocompromised host, difficulties of, 2204 inactivation of, 2053 initial therapy with, 2051 lipophilic, 2053 MBC of, 2052 mechanism of action of, 2052 MIC of, 2052, 2054 mutant prevention concentration of, 2052 for neonatal nosocomial pneumonia, 2126–2127 penetration into lung, 2053, 2053t inflammation-dependent, 2053, 2053t pharmacodynamics of, 2054–2055 pharmacokinetics of, 2054–2055 for pneumonia, in surgery and trauma patients, 2199–2200

prophylactic, for immunocompromised host, 2208 pulmonary effects of, 1089 resistance to, 2052, 2065 and infection in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 and risk of infection in immunocompromised host, 2207 selective decontamination of digestive tract, in prevention of nosocomial pneumonia, 2289 sensitivity to, 2052 for staphylococcal pneumonia, in children, 2132 use of, principles of, 2052–2055 volume of distribution of, 2053 Antibody(ies), 1978–1979 defects of immunologic work-up of, 2234t pulmonary infection in, 2233–2236 Antibody(ies) (Ab) definition of, 321–322 pulmonary, antigen-specific, 328–329 Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), 1978 Antibody-forming cell(s), 329 Anticholinergics, 2635–2636 adverse effects and side effects of, 826t, 2635, 2636 for asthma, 822, 823t, 826t, 2635–2636 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 737–738, 738t, 739, 2635–2636 for exercise-induced asthma, 811t, 812 long-acting adverse effects and side effects of, 829t for asthma, 829t mechanism of action of, 829t mechanism of action of, 826t pharmacology of, 2635 Anticoagulant(s) and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1295 for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1158 and interstitial lung disease, 1110t for pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1391 for pulmonary embolism, 1438 duration of therapy with, 1441 in long-term management, 1440–1441 Anticonvulsant(s) pneumonitis caused by, 2010, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1089, 1092, 1097 Antifungal agent(s) for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842–843, 2299 for blastomycosis, 2348 for coccidioidomycosis, 2345 combination therapy with, for invasive fungal infections, 2312

for cryptococcosis, 2333–2334, 2333t for histoplasmosis, 2340 intracavitary instillation, for aspergilloma, 2303 intracavitary instillation of, for aspergilloma, 536–538 for invasive fungal infections, 2309–2312, 2310t, 2311t prophylaxis with, 2312–2313 therapy with, for zygomycosis, 2320 Antigen(s) asthmatic response to, 774, 774f lymphocyte recognition of, 1974 Antigen inhalation challenge testing, 587 Antigen-presenting cell(s) (APC), 323, 1974, 1975f in allergy, 792, 792f Anti-inflammatory agents, 2637–2641. See also Corticosteroid(s); Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for bronchiectasis, 2191 for cystic fibrosis patient, 876–877, 2179 for sarcoidosis, 1140, 1140t Antimetabolites pneumonitis caused by, 2012, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1076–1078, 1076t Antimicrobial therapy for nosocomial pneumonia, 2009 pneumonitis caused by, 2010, 2011–2012, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1099–1100 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) characteristics of, 1291–1292, 1291f cytoplasmic (c-ANCA), 1291, 1291f perinuclear (p-ANCA), 1291, 1291f pulmonary renal syndromes associated with, 1288–1290 clinical features of, 1290–1291 pulmonary vasculitis associated with, 1241, 1283, 1288–1290 and vasculitis, 1449–1450, 1450f, 1450t, 1451–1461, 1451f Antinuclear antibody(ies), in coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, 972–973 Antioxidants cellular, 2626 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 716–717, 716f Antiphospholipid antibody and alveolar hemorrhage, 1241 in systemic lupus erythematosus, 1241 Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, 1463 alveolar hemorrhage in, 1293 Antiphospholipid syndrome, and alveolar hemorrhage, 1241 Antiprotease(s), 1970 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 715–716

I-10 Index Antiretroviral therapy and drug-drug interactions, 2261 for HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2244–2245 and tuberculosis treatment, 2482t, 2490 Anti-rheumatic agents, pneumonitis caused by, 2010, 2012t Antithrombin III deficiency, risk of venous thromboembolism in, 1426–1427 α 1 -Antitrypsin, 1970 allelic variants of, 723 deficiency of, 723–726 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 708, 710, 716, 717, 724–725, 731 clinical features of, 723–724 conditions associated with, 731, 732t cutaneous manifestations of, 437 liver disease in, 725–726 lung disease in, 724–725, 725f phenotyping of, 723, 724f genetics of, 723 in lung parenchyma, 721t and neutrophil elastase, 720 nomenclature for, 723 physiological functions of, 723 polymers of, 723, 724f properties of, 723 replacement therapy with, 734, 2642 adverse effects and side effects of, 2642 serum level of, immunoassay for, 723 Antiviral agent(s), 2394–2395 for influenza, 2387–2388, 2387t prophylactic, for influenza, 2388 Anxiety, and chest pain, 420 AOM. See Otitis media, acute Aortic aneurysm, 857 computed tomography of, 466, 470f CT angiography of, 463, 470f hemoptysis from, 414 radiographic evaluation of, 466, 469f radiographic features of, 498, 499f–500f, 503f Aortic arch double, respiratory symptoms caused by, 857 right-sided, respiratory symptoms caused by, 857 Aortic dissection CT angiography of, 462, 503f pain of, 420 radiographic features of, 498, 500f, 503f Aortic ulcer(s), CT angiography of, 463 Aortic valve, disease, cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 621–622, 621f, 622f Aortography, 466–469

Aortopulmonary window, 1861, 1861f lymph nodes, sampling, VATS technique, 657, 657f visualization of, VATS technique, 657, 657f APACHE scoring system, 2717–2718 Aplastic anemia, and risk of infection, 2306 Apnea, recurrent, pathophysiology of, 170 Apnea/hypopnea index, 1698 Apneustic center, 12 Apophysomyces, infection (incl. pneumonia), epidemiology of, 2317 Apophysomyces elegans, 2316t, 2317 Apoptosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 716, 717 epithelial cell, 377 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1153–1154 APRV. See Airway pressure release ventilation Arachidonic acid metabolism, 350, 350f, 803–804, 803f, 2640 pathways, 1340–1341, 1341f metabolites mast cells and, 310t, 311–312 and pulmonary vasomotor control, 1340–1341, 1341f Arachidonic acid metabolites, 778, 782f Arcanobacterium hemolyticum, pharyngitis caused by, 2086 ARDS. See Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Adult respiratory distress syndrome ARDSNet. See also Fluid and Catheter Treatment Trial ALVEOLI trial, 2548, 2552 ARMA trial, 2546–2548, 2548t, 2550f, 2551f, 2552 Late Steroid Rescue Study, 2555t, 2556, 2557t, 2558 ventilator strategies, 2546–2547, 2548t Area under the curve, 2054 Area under the inhibition curve, 2054 Argatroban, for pulmonary embolism, 1439 Arginine vasopressin (AVP), ectopic production of, 1929, 1930t, 1932–1933 Aristotle, 4, 5t Aromatic hydrocarbons exposure to, 1027t in indoor air, sources of, 1021t, 1023t sources of, 1027t Arrhythmia(s) with cor pulmonale, 1377

in respiratory failure, 2518t, 2519 sleep apnea and, 1712–1713 supraventricular, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 743 Artemisinin derivatives, 2407 Arterial blood oxygen content of, 2614–2615 sampling, technique for, 594 Arterial blood gases abnormalities of, severity of, Social Security Listings for, 686, 687t analysis in acute respiratory failure, 2669 in ALI/ARDS, 2536, 2536t, 2542–2543 in dyspnea, 404–405 in evaluation of impairment/disability, 681 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2249 in neuromuscular disease, 1642–1643 preoperative, 670 for lung resection, 671 in respiratory failure, 2515, 2516t in asthma, 818 composition of, 594–596 interpretation of, 594–596 temperature and, 594, 595t time and, 594, 595t normal values, 1324, 2736 Arterial carbon dioxide tension, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 712 Arterial gas embolism dysbaric, 1047 hyperbaric oxygen therapy for, 1050–1051, 1050f iatrogenic, 1047 Arterial oxygen content, calculation of, 612t Arterial oxygen tension, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 712 Arterial PCO2 (PaCO2 ), 207, 595–596, 595t Arterial pH, 207, 595–596, 595t ventilatory adaptations to, 167 Arterial PO2 (PaO2 ), 594–595, 595t age-related changes in, 273, 274f Arterial venous CO2 removal, 2556 Arteriography bronchial, 466 systemic, 466–469 Arteriole(s), pulmonary, 32 Arteriovenous fistula hemoptysis from, 414 pulmonary, congenital, 1356–1357, 1357f Arteriovenous malformation hepatic, 1477 pulmonary. See Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation(s)

I-11 Index Arteriovenous oxygen difference calculation of, 612t in exercise, 224 Artery(ies), pulmonary, development of, 94f, 97, 100, 108–110 Artesunate, 2407 Arthralgia, in histoplasmosis, 2337 Arthritis in histoplasmosis, 2337 psoriatic, drug treatment of, pulmonary toxicity of, 440 Arthropods, in indoor air, sources of, 1022t Arylsulfatase(s), 1272–1273 mast cell, 310t, 311 Arylsulfatase A, 1272–1273 Arylsulfatase B, 1272 eosinophil, 314 Arylsulfatase C, 1272 Asbestos, 1010. See also Benign asbestos pleural effusions airborne, 1020 exposure to, 944 levels of, 1029 bronchiolitis caused by, 893t, 895–896 control, 943–944, 957 exposure to, 1029–1030 bystander, 944 and estimated lifetime cancer risks, 1029, 1029t indirect, 944 occupational, 944 pleural effusion caused by, 1498–1499 reduction/limitation of, 957 types of, 944 fiber types, 943 health effects of, 1029–1030, 1029t in indoor air, sources of, 1021t lung disease caused by, 934, 934t, 935t, 943–957. See also Asbestosis nonmalignant, 944–948 physical characteristics of, 943 production of, worldwide, 943–944 in schools, 1010–1011 substitutes for, 1028–1029 use of, historical perspective on, 943–944, 1028 Asbestos bodies, 951–952, 952f Asbestos Hazard Emergency Reduction Act, 1010–1011 Asbestosis, 402f bronchoalveolar lavage in, 949, 952 cellular profile in, 1121t carcinogenesis induced by, mechanisms of, 953–954 chest radiographs in, 938–939, 938f clinical features of, 949–950 computed tomography of, 1115t cytopathology of, 516, 517f diagnosis of, 951–952 epidemiology of, 949

exposures associated with, 1109t gallium-67 citrate imaging in, 949 long-term surveillance for, 950 natural history of, 949 onset of, 422 pathogenesis of, 948–949 pathology of, 948, 948f, 1396f pathophysiology of, 949–950 prognosis for, 952 pulmonary function testing in, 950 radiographic features of, 483, 484–485, 950–951, 951f smoking and, 949 treatment of, 952 Ascariasis, 2414t, 2415–2418 presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1817 treatment of, 2418, 2418t Ascaris and eosinophilic pneumonia, 1214–1215, 1214t infection, 1092 infestation, pathology of, 2045 Ascaris lumbricoides, 1995, 2013, 2414t, 2415–2417, 2416f, 2418t and Loeffler syndrome, 1214–1215 Ascites, in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2225 Ash leaf macules, 438 ASL. See Airway surface liquid ASM. See Airway smooth muscle L-Asparaginase, immunologic effects of, 2216 Aspergilloma, 1991, 1994–1995, 2291, 2292t allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and, 841f, 843, 2301 antifungal agents for, intracavitary instillation of, 536–538 clinical features of, 2301–2302 diagnosis of, 2000, 2301–2303 differential diagnosis of, 2303 pathogenesis of, 2301 pathophysiology of, 2301 prognosis for, 2303 radiographic findings with, 2301–2303, 2302f sarcoidosis complicated by, and postoperative pulmonary complications, 667 sinus, 2090–2091 treatment of, 2303 Aspergillosis, 2022. See also Aspergillus; Aspergillus fumigatus allergic bronchopulmonary. See Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis angioinvasive, 2292t imaging of, 2024, 2024f, 2025f bronchial stump, 2292t, 2304 chronic, 2292t, 2293, 2304–2305

cavitary, 2304–2305 fibrotic, 2304–2305 necrotizing, 2292t, 2301, 2304 in chronic granulomatous disease, 2292, 2292t clinical manifestations of, 2294–2313 computed tomography of, 482f in cystic fibrosis, 880 cytopathology of, 519, 519f differential diagnosis of, 2323t in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient, 2292, 2292t hemoptysis in, 410, 412f, 413 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2256–2257, 2292, 2292t radiographic findings in, 2214t immune response to, 2293–2294 in immunocompromised host, 1997, 2292, 2292t invasive, 2291–2292. See also Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis diagnosis of, 2000 differential diagnosis of, 2323t invasive bronchial, 2292t, 2304 pseudomembranous, 2292t, 2304 ulcerative, 2292t, 2304 in leukemia, 2292, 2292t mycology of, 2292–2293 in neutropenic patient, 2292, 2292t nonangioinvasive, 2292t pulmonary, 2291–2313 chronic, 2292t, 2293, 2304–2305 cavitary, 2304–2305 fibrotic, 2304–2305 necrotizing, 2292t, 2301, 2304 epidemiology of, 2291–2292 invasive. See Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis spectrum of, 2291–2292, 2292t pulmonary alveolar proteinosis complicated by, 2014 Aspergillus, 1986, 1991, 1996, 2291 in allergic fungal sinusitis, 2091 colonization by, 2294 diagnosis of, 2000 in empyema, 2144 fungus ball, 2049, 2293 in hospital environment, 2274–2275 hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t identification of, in tissue, 2035, 2038t, 2293 in indoor air, 1031 infection (incl. pneumonia), 1092, 2022, 2024. See also Aspergillosis in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2222, 2229 in cancer patients, 2221 cavitation in, 2146 in cell-mediated immunodeficiency, 2236 in Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 2238

I-12 Index Aspergillus, infection (Cont.) in children, immune defects and, 2138 diagnosis of, 1999 differential diagnosis of, 2322 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t, 2245 radiographic findings in, 2215, 2249t hospitalization rate for, 2105t immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t in immunocompromised host, 2209 in leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 2239 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 nosocomial, 2280t, 2281t in organ transplant recipient, 2230, 2231f pathology of, 2045, 2050, 2050f pleural effusion in, 1494 in tuberculosis, 2470 in invasive fungal sinusitis, 2091 in invasive (malignant) otitis externa, 2092 in lung abscess, 2154t molecular detection of, 2002 pathogenicity of, 838 sputum culture for, 2000 staining characteristics of, 2035t, 2038f, 2049f, 2293 virulence factors, 2294 Aspergillus clavatus, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t Aspergillus flavus, 2292 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2306 Aspergillus fumigatus, 1991, 2292–2293 allergens, 2297 drug-resistant, 2303 fungus ball, 2301 hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t identification of, in tissue, 2049–2050, 2049f immune response to, 343 infection (incl. pneumonia). See also Aspergillosis and bronchiectasis, 2189, 2189t in cancer patients, 2215f diagnosis of, 2297–2298, 2299t in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, 2239f pathology of, 2046f in surgery and trauma patients, 2197 pathogenicity of, 2294 staining characteristics of, 2037f virulence factors, 2294 Aspergillus nidulans, 2292 Aspergillus niger, 2292 fungus ball, 2301 identification of, in tissue, 2050

Aspergillus oryzae, 2309 hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t Aspergillus terreus, 2292 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2306, 2308 staining characteristics of, 2038f Aspiration, 2020 after lung resection, 1747–1748 after swallow, 1306, 1307f and anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections, 2145t in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2222, 2225 and bronchiectasis, 2185t, 2186 classification of, 1299 diffuse, 2027 of gastric contents and postoperative respiratory failure, 2582–2584 prevention of, 2583–2584, 2649 in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1308–1309, 1309f in healthy persons, 2146 iatrogenic mechanisms and, 1310–1312 and lung abscess, 2147 neuromuscular conditions causing, 1305–1309, 1305t of oropharyngeal secretions, and nosocomial pneumonia, 2274 prevention of, 2111 before swallow, 1305–1306, 1306f during swallow, 1306, 1307f Aspiration pneumonia, 389, 389f, 2005t, 2007, 2198 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t in children, 2136, 2136f classification of, 2150t clinical features of, 2149–2150, 2149t in collagen vascular disease, 1194t cytopathology of, 524, 524f definition of, 1299, 2141, 2150 diagnosis of, 2153 in elderly, 2007 hospitalization rate for, 2105t imaging of, 2022 microbiology of, 2143, 2143t in mixed connective tissue disease, 1209–1210 pathophysiology of, 2146–2149 in polymyositis-dermatomyositis, 1208 in pregnancy, 259t prevention of, 2156–2157 radiographic features of, 482 risk factors for, 2098 in scleroderma, 1208, 1208f Aspiration pneumonitis, definition of, 1299 Aspirin asthma induced by, 799–807 desensitization, in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, 806–807, 806f

dyspnea caused by, 403 and interstitial lung disease, 1110t and other NSAIDs, cross-reactivity of, 801–803 pulmonary effects of, 1088, 1090t, 1091t, 1093, 1097 reactions to cutaneous, 799–800 respiratory, 799–801 sensitivity to, and asthma, 816–817 Aspirin challenge, 804–805, 805t Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, 800 Asthma, 398. See also Status asthmaticus age distribution of, 788, 788f air pollution and, 1032–1033, 1032t airspace enlargement in, differential diagnosis of, 698–699, 698t airway inflammation in, 773–774, 783–784, 784f, 815 cellular roles in, 775–777 maskers of, 833–834 airway responsiveness and, 789–790, 791f, 793, 815 airway smooth muscle shortening in, 116, 118–121, 119f allergy and, 793 animal handlers’, 988 anti-inflammatory therapies for, alternatives, 831–832 aspergillosis and, 839, 840–841, 840t, 2291, 2292t, 2294–2295, 2295t aspirin-induced, 313, 799–807 clinical presentation of, 799–801, 800f diagnosis of, 804–805, 805t genetics of, 801 history-taking in, 816–817 pathogenesis of, 803–804 treatment of, 805–807, 806f aspirin-intolerant, 800 atopic, 330 bakers’, 988–989 biologic enzyme–induced, 989 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t candidiasis and, 2315 cardiac, 402, 421 causes of, 395 chemokines in, 356 in children, epidemiology of, 787 and chronic cough, 410 chronic stable environmental control for, 820–821 immunotherapy for, 822 management of, 820–830 nonpharmacologic therapy for, 820–822 patient education about, 820 pharmacologic management of, 822–830, 823t–829t vaccinations in, 821–822

I-13 Index clinical presentation of, 816–819 common cold and, 774–775, 2086 conditions associated with, treatment of, 832–833 in crab processors, 988 definition of, 787–788 diagnosis of, 788, 816–819 allergy tests in, 819 blood tests in, 818–819 bronchial challenge testing in, 818 laboratory studies in, 817–819 physical examination in, 817 radiographic findings in, 819 sputum examination in, 819 differential diagnosis of, 816, 819, 819t drug therapy for, 822–830, 823t–829t, 2634, 2635–2636, 2638 combination inhalers, 822, 823t, 826t, 2638 dyspnea in, 398 in elderly, 816 emergency department visits for, 789, 790f, 835 racial differences in, 789, 790f epidemiology of, 773, 787–797 ethnicity and, 795 exacerbations chronic sinusitis and, 807 management of, 834–835 nonpharmacologic therapy for, 834 patient monitoring with, 835 pharmacologic therapy for, 834–835 viral infection and, 796 exercise-induced, 313, 807–812, 815 airway rewarming and, 809 bronchial reactivity tests for, 585t clinical presentation of, 807–808, 808f differential diagnosis of, 809–810, 810t in elite athletes, 807 genetics of, 809 heat exchange and, 808–809 historical perspective on, 807 history-taking in, 816 inflammation and, 809 pathophysiology of, 808–809 physiological documentation of, 810–811, 811f treatment of, 811–812, 811t in Olympic athletes, 812 water loss and, 808–809 extrinsic, 815 flow-volume curves in, 421, 422f gene-environment interactions in, 793–794 genetic susceptibility in, 793–794 health care costs of, 787 history-taking in, 816–817 hospitalization rates for, 789, 789f, 790f

current trends in, implications of, 797 racial differences in, 789, 789f, 790f and hypercapnic respiratory failure, 2607, 2607f imaging of, 2022 immune response in, 356 impairment due to evaluation of, 682–683, 683t rating of, 683, 684t indoor air pollutants and, 1031 initial assessment of, 421 intermediate phenotypes of, 789–793 intrinsic, 815 large airway lesions in, differential diagnosis of, 700, 701t laryngeal, 859 lifetime prevalence of, 788, 788f management of, 820–834 action plans for, 833 maternal smoking and, 752 mild intermittent, treatment of, 830 persistent, in adults management of, 821t treatment of, 830 moderate, persistent, in adults management of, 821t treatment of, 830–831 mold-sensitive, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 839 molecular mediators in, 777–782, 779t–781t morbidity in beta-adrenergic agonists and, 2635 current trends in, implications of, 797 mortality rate for beta-adrenergic agonists and, 2635 current trends in, implications of, 797 racial differences in, 789, 791f trends in, 789, 791f new-onset, in elderly, 421 nocturnal symptoms in, 816 obesity and, 795–796 occupational, 815, 934t, 935, 981, 983–990 agents causing, 984, 985t mechanism of action of, 986 bronchial provocation testing in, 987, 987f case definition of, 984, 984t clinical presentation of, 817, 984–986 definition of, 983–984 diagnosis of, 986–987 and disability determination, 988 high-molecular-weight compounds and, 985t, 986

history-taking in, 986 immunologic tests in, 986 with latency, 984 low-molecular-weight compounds and, 985t, 986 management of, 987–988 pathology of, 986 physical examination in, 986 pulmonary function testing in, 986–987 risk factors for, 984 skin testing in, 986 without latency (irritant-induced), 984–986 occupational exposures and, 933–934 pathogenesis of, 774–775 late-phase asthmatic response and, 774, 774f respiratory viruses and, 774–775 pathophysiology of, 773–774 patient monitoring in, 833–834 persistent, in adults, management of, 820–834, 821t in pregnancy, 259, 259t prevalence of, 788, 788f current trends in, implications of, 797 prognosis for, 796–797 pulmonary function testing in, 603, 604t, 605, 606t, 817–818 racial distribution of, 788, 794, 795 respiratory chemosensitivity in, 2595 respiratory muscle action in, 2597–2598, 2598f risk factors for, 794–796 perinatal, 794 schistosomiasis and, 395 severe, persistent, in adults management of, 821t treatment of, 831 severity classification of, 815–816 treatment regimens tailored to, 830–832 impairment classification for, 682–683, 683t Social Security listings for, 686 sex distribution of, 788 and sleep, 1725 small airway lesions in, differential diagnosis of, 702–703 socioeconomic status and, 795 steroid-resistant, 2639 as syndrome, 773 treatment of, 773–774, 820–834 by severity classification, 830–832 Asthmatic response(s) acute-phase, 774, 774f late-phase, 774, 774f Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT), pulmonary infection in, 2237

I-14 Index Atelectasis, 477 basilar, 508, 508f causes of, 477–480 computed tomography of, 480, 482, 488f discoid, 508, 508f lobar patterns of, 478, 484f–488f neoplasia and, 2014 nonobstructive, 2020 platelike, 508, 508f with pleural effusions, 480 with pneumonia, 2027–2028 postobstructive, radiation-related, 1184 postoperative, 478–480, 488f, 508 prevention of, 2580 and respiratory failure, 2579–2580 rounded, 488f asbestos-related, 947, 947f computed tomography of, 1115t Atelecta-trauma, 2546 Athletes, exercise-induced asthma in, treatment of, 812 Atomic theory, 9 Atopic dermatitis, 427–428, 428f Atopy, 427–428 Atovaquone, 2407 for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2368t, 2369–2370 prophylactic, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2367 ATPS. See Ambient temperature and pressure, saturated with water Atrial fibrillation, after lung resection, 1746 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), ectopic production of, 1930t, 1932–1933 Atrial septal defect, closure, response to, assessment of, using cardiopulmonary exercise testing, 623 Atrial septostomy, for pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1392 Atropine, 2635–2636 ATS. See American Thoracic Society AUC, 2054 Auenbrugger, Leopold, 5t, 14 Auerbach, Leopold, 15 Augmentin. See Amoxicillin/clavulanate AUIC, 2054 Aureobasidium hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t in indoor air, 1031 infection (incl. pneumonia), in cancer patients, 2217 Auricular cellulitis, 2091 Auscultation, of lungs, 392 Autoimmune disease, imaging of, 2022 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), sarcoidosis and, 1135, 1136t

Autonomic nervous system, pulmonary innervation by, 32 Autonomy, patient, 2723, 2729 Auto-PEEP, in acute respiratory failure, 2670, 2671, 2672f AVCO2 R. See Arterial venous CO2 removal Avesicular zone, of alveolar capillary endothelium, 40 Avian influenza, 1994, 2384, 2428 Azalides characteristics of, 2055 penetration into lung, 2053 pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 Azathioprine, 2639 for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1157 for sarcoidosis, 1140t, 1141 Azithromycin for acanthamoebiasis, 2401 adverse effects and side effects of, 2494, 2503 for cryptosporidiosis, 2404 for cystic fibrosis patient, 876, 2178–2179 dosage and administration of, 2055 indications for, 2060, 2157 interactions with immunosuppressive agents, 2503t for melioidosis, 2440 for Moraxella catarrhalis infection, 2445 for Mycobacterium avium complex infection, 2505 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2493–2494, 2494t prophylactic regimen, 2495, 2495t for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 dosage and administration of, 2504t organisms susceptible to, 2055 penetration into lung, 2053, 2053t for protozoan infection, 2407 for Rhodococcus pneumonia, 2429t for streptococcal pharyngitis, 2086 Aztreonam pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 pharmacology of, 2056 Azygos vein, imaging of, 461f, 469 B Babesia divergens, 2407 Babesia microti, 2407 Babesiosis, 2407 diagnosis of, 2407 epidemiology of, 2407 pathogenesis of, 2407 in splenectomized patient, 2219 treatment of, 2407 Bacille Calmette-Gu´erin (BCG) vaccine, 2066t, 2069–2070, 2454–2455, 2463

Bacillus contamination of bronchoscope, 2279 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2271 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 Bacillus anthracis, 2005t, 2006, 2428t. See also Anthrax bacteriology of, 2428t, 2436 culture of, 2429t ecology of, 2436 exotoxin, 2436 edema factor, 2436 lethal factor, 2436 protective antigen, 2436 staining characteristics of, 2429t vaccine against, 2437 Bacillus cereus, infection (incl. pneumonia), 2271 Bacillus fragilis, infection (incl. pneumonia), nosocomial, 2281t Bacillus subtilis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t, 1165t Bacillus subtilis inhalational challenge test, 585t Bacteremia, 2001 in cancer patients, 2216 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 and unresolving pneumonia, 2009–2010 Bacteria adherence mechanisms, 281–282 colonization by, 282 in cystic fibrosis, 866, 880–881 exoproducts of, and acute lung injury, 2527 in indoor air, 1030t, 1031 sources of, 1022t in oral cavity, 281 Bacterial infection(s), 2005t, 2006. See also Pneumonia, bacterial; specific bacteria and acute bronchitis, 2097 and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 741, 742t, 2116–2117 and acute mediastinitis, 2166t and acute otitis media, 2092–2093, 2093f animal product, 2435–2441 and aspiration pneumonia, 2150t in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2224 and bronchiectasis, 2186 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t bronchopneumonia caused by, 2042 in cancer patients, 2215, 2221, 2221t croup caused by, 2087 cytopathology of, 518, 518f and diffuse alveolar damage, 2042

I-15 Index environmental, 2435–2441 epidemiology of, 2004 gram-negative. See Gram-negative bacteria gram-positive. See Gram-positive bacteria histopathology of, 2034 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t, 2213, 2242t, 2245, 2246, 2250–2253, 2251f, 2252f radiographic findings in, 2214–2215, 2214t, 2249t in IgA deficiency, 332 immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t immune defense against, 1971 laryngitis caused by, 2087 leukocyte migration in, 354–355 and lung abscess, 2154t in lung transplant recipient, 1790 lymphadenopathy in, 2028 neonatal incidence of, 2125 microbiology of, 2125–2126 pathogenesis of, 2126 pneumonia caused by, 2125–2127 nosocomial, 2008–2009 occupational, 934t of oral cavity, 2086–2087 pathogenesis of, 2079–2081 and pharyngitis, 2086 pneumonia caused by in children, 2130–2134 in early infancy, 2127–2128, 2127f neonatal, 2125–2127 pyogenic, 2043t sinusitis caused by, 2089–2090 staining characteristics of, 2035t, 2036 supraglottitis caused by, 2088 systemic effects of, 451–453, 451t tracheitis caused by, 2088 vaccines against, 2066–2070, 2066t Bacterial superinfection in cancer patients, 2217, 2217f in varicella pneumonia, in children, 2135 in viral pneumonia, 2393 Bacterial synergy, 2142 in acute mediastinitis, 2166 Bacteroides, 2007, 2086 in acute mediastinitis, 2166, 2166t in empyema, 2144t infection (incl. pneumonia), 2156t Bacteroides fragilis, 2007 in acute mediastinitis, 2166t in empyema, 2144, 2144t infection (incl. pneumonia), 2156t conditions underlying, 2145t morphology of, 2147f staining characteristics of, 2147f Bacteroides gracilis, in empyema, 2144t

Bacteroides melaninogenicus, infection (incl. pneumonia), nosocomial, 2281t Bacteroides urealyticus, infection (incl. pneumonia), 2156t Bagassosis, 2012 etiology of, 1163t Baillie, Matthew, 13, 694 Bainbridge reflex, 1340 Bakers’ asthma, 988–989 BAL. See Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) Balantidium coli, 2409–2410 BALT. See Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) Band 3 protein, 204 BAPE. See Benign asbestos pleural effusions Barbiturates, for agitated ICU patient, 2705 Barcroft, Joseph, 5t, 9, 10, 10f, 224, 224f Barium swallow, 466, 466f, 498–499 Barotrauma in airplane flight, 918 pulmonary, 1045–1047, 1046f Bartonella infection (incl. pneumonia) histopathology of, 2034 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t, 2215 in immunocompromised host, 2207, 2208 pathology of, 2050 staining characteristics of, 2037 Basal energy expenditure, 2696–2697 Basaloid carcinoma of lung, 1840, 1840f Base deficit, 214 Base excess, 214 Basement lung, etiology of, 1164t Basement membrane, 174f injury, in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1154 Basophil(s), 307–308 in asthma, 775 Bat wing pattern of consolidation, 478f, 1282, 2542 Bayle, 13, 15 Bazex syndrome, 432, 432f BCA-1. See B-cell-attracting chemokine-1 B-cell-attracting chemokine-1, 340t B cells (B lymphocytes), 1974 activation, 323 affinity maturation, 324 anergy, 323 apoptosis, 323 B1, 324–325 biology of, 321–324 chemotherapy and, 2216 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 715 clonal deletion, 323 clonal inactivation, 323 defects of, 330–331

associated infections, 1983t, 2210t causes of, 1983t, 2210t infections associated with, 1983t pulmonary infection in, 2233–2236 development of, 322–323, 322t differentiation of, 322–323, 322t and antibody responses in secondary lymphoid tissues, 323–324 marginal zone, 324 memory, 324 BCG. See Bacille Calmette-Gu´erin (BCG) BCNU. See Carmustine Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, 2647 Beclomethasone dipropionate adverse effects and side effects of, 826t for asthma, 823t, 826t dosage and administration of, 826t Bed rest cardiac effects of, 1741 respiratory effects of, 1741 Behc¸et’s syndrome, 1462 alveolar hemorrhage in, 1293 erythema nodosum in, 434 Bellows apparatus, age-related changes in, 264t BeLPT, 940 Benedict, F. G., 8 Beneficence, principle of, 2722–2723 Benign asbestos pleural effusions, 1507, 1509 Benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis, 1959 Benzene airborne, 1020 exposure to, 1027t in indoor air, 1026 sources of, 1021t sources of, 1027t bis-Benzimidazole, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2370 Benzo[a]pyrene in indoor air, sources of, 1021t toxicology of, 1026 Benzodiazepines, for agitated ICU patient, 2703 properties of, 2703, 2704t Benzoic acid derivatives, sensitivity to, in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, 802 Beraprost, for pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1388, 1390 Bernard, Claude, 5t, 16, 227, 227f Bernoulli equation, 1374 Bert, Paul, 5t, 9 Berylliosis, 2025 bronchoalveolar lavage in, 940 cellular profile in, 1121t bronchoscopy in, 1120t computed tomography of, 1115t cytopathology of, 517, 517f exposures associated with, 1109t impairment due to, evaluation of, 684 radiographic features of, 492f

I-16 Index Beryllium, lung disease caused by, 934, 934t. See also Berylliosis occupational, 935t Beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test, 940 Beta-adrenergic agonists, 2631–2635 adverse effects and side effects of, 824t–825t, 2634–2635 in ALI/ARDS, 2556–2557 and anticholinergics, combination therapy with, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 740 for asthma, 822, 823t, 824t–825t for asthma exacerbations, 834–835 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 737–738, 738t, 739 clinical use of, 2634 delivery, 2633–2634 dosage forms, 2633–2634 for exercise-induced asthma, 811–812, 811t inhaled, for asthma, 822, 823t long-acting adverse effects and side effects of, 827t for asthma, 822, 823t, 827t mechanism of action of, 827t mechanism of action of, 824t nonselective, for asthma, 825t pharmacology of, 2631–2632 safety of, 2634–2635 short-acting, for asthma, 822, 823t, 824t–825t structure-activity relationships, 2632–2633, 2633f tolerance to, 2634 Beta-adrenergic blockers bronchoconstriction caused by, 389, 1096 and interstitial lung disease, 1110t pulmonary toxicity of, 1089, 1090t, 1091t, 1093, 1096–1097 β-lactams. See Beta-lactams Beta-galactosidase, 1272 Beta-galactosidosis, 1272, 1273f Beta-lactamase, extended spectrum, 2110, 2280–2282 organisms producing, neonatal nosocomial pneumonia caused by, 2126 Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors, 2056 indications for, 2131, 2157 Beta-lactams characteristics of, 2056 indications for, 2060–2062, 2061t mechanism of action of, 2056 penetration into lung, 2053, 2053t pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 pharmacology of, 2056 resistance to, 2099

Bevacizumab for advanced stage NSCLC, 1876 pulmonary effects of, 1081t, 1082–1083 Bezold’s abscess, 2094, 2094f Bicarbonate, 193–194, 203, 204–205, 208, 211 in mixed acid-base disturbances, 219 reclamation, renal, 209, 209f Bichat, 13, 15 Bilobalide, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2370 Bioethics definition of, 2721 principles of, 2722–2724, 2722f Biologic agents, in indoor air, 1030–1032, 1030t Biologic enzymes, and occupational asthma, 985t, 986, 989 Biologic response modifiers, pulmonary effects of, 1081–1083, 1081t Biopsy bronchial, bronchoscopic, 635, 635f kidney, in immune-mediated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1284–1285, 1285f, 1286f lung, 2031–2033, 2042. See also Fine-needle aspiration biopsy bronchoscopic, 2003 CT-guided, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2250 in diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1282–1284, 1283f–1284f in environmental lung disease, 940 indications for, 423 in interstitial lung disease, 1120–1122 needle (percutaneous transthoracic), 513, 1987, 2003–2004. See also Transthoracic needle aspiration and biopsy in occupational lung disease, 940 open, 1987, 2004, 2106 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2250 in interstitial lung disease, 1120–1122 optical, 634 percutaneous transthoracic fine-needle aspiration. See Transthoracic needle aspiration and biopsy in Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2361t, 2365 in sarcoidosis, 1135–1136 thoracoscopic, 652–653 in interstitial lung disease, 1120–1122 tissue samples from, handling of, 2032–2039 transbronchial, 652, 1987, 2032, 2033 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2247t, 2250

transbronchial aspiration, 513 transbronchial needle aspiration, 2032 transthoracic needle. See Transthoracic needle aspiration and biopsy transthoracic needle aspiration. See Transthoracic needle aspiration and biopsy video-assisted thoracoscopic, 2032, 2033 in children, 2132 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2247t, 2250 of mediastinal mass, 1590–1591 parenchymal, bronchoscopic, 635, 635f pleural, 651 of solitary pulmonary nodule, 1823–1824 transbronchial, in interstitial lung disease, 1120, 1120t Biopsy forceps, for bronchoscopy, 631 Biotrauma, 2530, 2546 BIP. See Bronchiolitis obliterans interstitial pneumonia BIPAP. See Biphasic airway pressure ventilation Biphasic airway pressure ventilation, in ALI/ARDS, 2551 Bipolaris in allergic fungal sinusitis, 2091 in invasive fungal sinusitis, 2091 Birbeck granules, 42 Bird allergen(s), exposure to, 1031 Bird fancier’s disease, 1161 etiology of, 1164t prognosis for, 1171–1172 radiographic features of, 1167f treatment of, 1171 Bird proteins, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t Birt-Hogg-Dub´e syndrome, 437, 437f Bitolterol adverse effects and side effects of, 825t for asthma, 823t, 825t dosage and administration of, 825t Bivalirudin, for pulmonary embolism, 1439 Black, John, 5t, 7 Black, Joseph, 5t, 8–9 Black Lung program (federal), 688–689 Bladder cancer, smoking and, 751 Blastomas pleuropulmonary, 1841 pulmonary, 1840–1841, 1842f, 1920, 1921f Blastomyces, 2005t. See also Blastomycosis pneumonia, 2024 staining characteristics of, 2035t, 2332f Blastomyces dermatitidis antigen, detection of, 2346, 2348t culture of, 2346–2347, 2348t

I-17 Index identification of, in tissue, 2038t, 2332f infection (incl. pneumonia), in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t, 2255–2256 mycology of, 2345–2346 sputum culture for, 2000 staining characteristics of, 2037f, 2332f, 2346 Blastomyces hominis, in lung abscess, 2154t Blastomycosis, 1990, 1997, 2006, 2345–2348. See also Blastomyces and acute respiratory distress syndrome, 2346, 2347f clinical manifestations of, 2346 cutaneous manifestations of, 430, 431f cytology of, 2346, 2348t cytopathology of, 520 diagnosis of, 2346–2347, 2348t disseminated, 2346 epidemiology of, 2327, 2346 geographic distribution of, 2327, 2328f histopathology of, 2346, 2348t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2247, 2254–2256 treatment of, 2348 in immunocompromised host, 2204, 2346 mycology of, 2345–2348 pathogenesis of, 2346 pathology of, 2346 pneumonia in, 2346, 2347f serology of, 2347, 2348t South American, 2007 treatment of, 2348, 2348t Blatella germanica, 1031 Bleb(s), 914f characteristics of, 913, 915t Bleomycin and interstitial lung disease, 1110t lung damage caused by, 389 and pleural effusion, 1506t pneumonitis caused by, 2011, 2012, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1069–1071, 1070f, 1070t, 1072f, 1088, 1089, 1181, 1295 radiation therapy and, 1181 Blocks, definition of, 1895 Blood coughed up. See Hemoptysis culture, 2001, 2104 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2247t, 2248, 2250 in pneumonia, 1986 gas transport in, 201–206 pH, and pulmonary vasomotor control, 1346 vomited. See Hematemesis Blood dendritic cell antigen (BDCA) 2, 1974 Blood dyscrasia, hemoptysis associated with, 414

Blood gas(es) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2104 knowledge of, historical perspective on, 5t, 8–9 and pulmonary arterial pressure, early observations on, 16–17, 17f symbols for, 1328, 2740 Blood-gas barrier, 174f, 176 Blood pressure arterial, measurement of, 2660–2661 in exercise, 616 mean arterial, in pregnancy, 257t monitoring, in cardiopulmonary exercise testing, 611 in pregnancy, 258 Blood tests, in dyspnea, 405, 405t Blood transfusion(s), pulmonary leukoagglutinin reaction after, 2014 Blood urea nitrogen, in mixed acid-base disturbances, 219 Blood vessel(s) bronchopulmonary anastomoses, 32 nutritive, 32 wall structure of, 31–32 Blood volume in pregnancy, 256–257, 257f pulmonary. See Pulmonary blood volume pulmonary capillary. See Pulmonary capillary blood volume BLT1, 350–351, 350f Blue bloater, 476, 713, 1403–1405, 1406f Bmp3, and lung development, 86 Bmp4, and lung development, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88f, 89 Bmp5, and lung development, 86 Bmp7, and lung development, 86 Bocavirus and bronchiolitis, 2376t, 2382 characteristics of, 2375t BODE index, 732, 733t Body plethysmograph, historical perspective on, 11 Body position, and diffusing capacity, 197 Body temperature and pressure, saturated with water, 574, 574t Body wasting in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2605 in pulmonary disease, 452–453 Boeck, Caesar, 1125 Boerhaave’s syndrome, 1560–1561, 1562f Bohr, Christian, 5t, 9, 9f Bohr effect, 9, 9f, 202, 205t Bohr equation, 58, 592 Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) alveolar hemorrhage complicating, 1294 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t

pulmonary complications of, 2222–2229, 2222t clinical presentation of, 2224–2225 temporal sequence of, 2222–2224 pulmonary function testing in, 2229 respiratory complications of, 906–907, 907f and risk of infection, 2205, 2206f, 2218 Bone morphogenetic protein, BMP4, and lung development, 85–86 Bone morphogenetic protein(s) (BMP), BMP-4, in lung development, 92–94 BOOP. See Bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia Bordetella pertussis and acute bronchitis, 2097 direct fluorescent antibody staining of, 1999 infection (incl. pneumonia) clinical features of, 2381 nosocomial, 2289 pathogenesis of, 2079, 2080 reactive nitrogen species in, 365 toxin, IgA against, 1979 vaccine against, 2066t, 2069 Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, 5t, 11 Borg Category Scale, 397, 397t Borrelia burgdorferi, and sarcoidosis, 1126–1127 Bosentan drug interactions with, 1392 for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1158 for pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1387–1388 for scleroderma, 430 Botrytis cinerea, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t Botulinum toxin, 1656 Botulism, ventilatory impairment in, 1656, 1668t Boyle, Robert, 5t, 7, 7f, 8, 11 Boyle’s law, 12, 917, 1046f BPF. See Bronchopleural fistula BPT. See Bronchoprovocation testing Brachiocephalic vein, obstruction of, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting for, 540 Brachytherapy definition of, 1895 endobronchial, 638–639 in upper airway obstruction, 862 Bradykinin, and pulmonary circulation, 1347 Brain natriuretic peptide, 405 in acute respiratory failure, 2661 plasma level, evaluation of, 2543 BRAK/bolekine, 340t Brambell receptor, 326

I-18 Index Branhamella, in acute mediastinitis, 2166t Branhamella catarrhalis. See Moraxella catarrhalis Breast cancer metastases, survival rates for, 1941, 1942t and pleural effusion, 1505, 1506t pulmonary metastases, 1943 radiation therapy for, and risk of radiation pneumonitis/fibrosis, 1188 Breathing abnormal patterns of, 403–404 control of, 596–599 age-related changes in, 268–270 knowledge of, historical perspective on, 5t, 12–13 in kyphoscoliosis, 1620–1621 in neuromuscular disorders, 1636–1640 in obesity, 1628–1629 postoperative changes in, 665 diaphragmatic, 766 efficiency of, and dyspnea, 396 feedback control of, instability in, and recurrent apnea, 170 level of, factors affecting, 161, 162f mechanics of in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 398 and dyspnea, 396 knowledge of, historical perspective on, 5t, 11–12 normal, 1323, 2735 terminology for, 1327, 2739 noisy, in upper airway obstruction, 846 oxygen cost of, 159–160 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 398 and dyspnea, 396, 397f mechanical ventilation and, 2676, 2677f pattern of, factors affecting, 161, 162f periodic, altitude and, 1040 pursed-lips, 389–390, 403, 766–767 rapid, shallow, in respiratory failure, 2602–2605 pathogenesis of, 2604–2605, 2605f reflex regulation of, 13 respiratory pressures during, 147–148, 148f in trauma patient, initial management of, 1757–1758 work of, 158f, 159 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 398 and dyspnea, 396, 396f mechanical ventilation and, 2676, 2677f Breathing reserve, 396, 583

in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 398 Breathing retraining, in pulmonary rehabilitation, 766–767 Breathlessness. See also Dyspnea evaluation of, scales for, 679, 679t positional forms of, 400–401 Breath sounds. See Lung sound(s) Breaths per minute. See also Respiratory rate normal, 1323, 2735 Bremsstrahlung, 1175 Breuer, Joseph, 5t, 13 Bromocriptine, and interstitial lung disease, 1110t Bronchial artery(ies), 32 embolization, 529f, 538 complications of, 538 efficacy of, 538 indications for, 538 for management of hemoptysis with aspergilloma, 2303 Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), 31, 282, 326–327, 329, 1923, 1924f, 1948, 1948f, 1977 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 715 hyperplasia, diseases associated with, 1948, 1948f, 1952 inducible, 329 Bronchial brushes, for bronchoscopy, 631 Bronchial brushings, 513 Bronchial circulation, 32, 1332, 1352–1353 in disease, 1353–1354, 1354f Bronchial C receptors, 164 Bronchial fistula, closure of, therapeutic bronchoscopy for, 643 Bronchial gland(s), 281 Bronchial hyperresponsiveness, measurement of, in asthma, 833–834 Bronchial provocation testing, 818 Bronchial reactivity, tests of, 585, 585t Bronchial stenosis, radiation-induced, 1184 Bronchial stump aspergillosis, 2304 Bronchial washings, 512 Bronchiectasis allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and, 840f–841f, 841–842, 2185t, 2187, 2190 and anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections, 2145t anatomical causes, 2185t anti-inflammatory therapy for, 2191 aspiration and, 2185t, 2186 bronchial circulation in, 1353, 1354f bronchial hygiene in, 2190 bronchodilator therapy for, 2191 bronchography of, 468f

in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2183 clinical manifestations of, 2183, 2184 computed tomography of, 463, 463f cylindrical, 2184–2185, 2185f in cystic fibrosis, 2176 cystic fibrosis and, 2185t, 2186–2187 definition of, 2183 diagnosis of, 2188–2189 differential diagnosis of, 819t dry, in tuberculosis, 2469–2470 hemoptysis in, 413 in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, 2239 idiopathic, 2185t immunodeficiency and, 2185t infection and, 2185–2186, 2185t microbiology of, 2189, 2189t treatment of, 2189–2190 large airway lesions in, differential diagnosis of, 700–702, 701t lung transplantation in, 1774t, 1775–1777 mucus clearance in, 2190–2191 pathology of, 1990 pathophysiology of, 2184 with pneumonia, 2028 predisposing/associated factors, 2185–2188, 2185t prevalence of, 2183–2184 primary ciliary dyskinesia and, 2185t, 2187 Pseudomonas aeruginosa in, 2184 radiologic classification of, 2184–2185, 2185f rheumatoid arthritis and, 2185t, 2187 saccular, 2185, 2185f surgery for, 2191 treatment of, 2189–2191 tuberculous, 2469–2470 ulcerative colitis and, 2185t, 2188 varicose, 2185, 2185f wet, in tuberculosis, 2470 in X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, 331, 2188 Young syndrome and, 2185t, 2187 Bronchiole(s) branching of, 26, 26f peripheral, 47f respiratory, 26, 26f, 47, 47f, 53, 174f, 695 age-related changes in, 264 in host (immune) defense, 282 terminal, 26, 26f, 174f, 695 transitional, 26, 26f, 47, 47f, 53 Bronchiolectasis, with pneumonia, 2028 Bronchiolitis. See also Respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease acute, imaging of, 2021 BOOP pattern, 888 in children, 896–897 classification of, 888–889

I-19 Index clinical, 888, 889t histopathological, 888–889, 890t–891t radiologic, 888 clinical features of, 2381–2382 in collagen vascular disease, 1194t histopathology of, 1197, 1197f in connective tissue disease, 903–905 constrictive, 888–889, 890t–891t, 892f, 1106t. See also Bronchiolitis, obliterative differential diagnosis of, 703 pathogenesis of, 889–891, 893f in rheumatoid arthritis, 903–904 cryptogenic adult, 898–899, 899f definition of, 887–888 diagnosis of, 2383 differential diagnosis of, 2382 disorders associated with, 888, 889t drug-induced, 889t, 905–906 epidemiology of, 2382 follicular, 1949, 1952, 1952f differential diagnosis of, 703 in rheumatoid arthritis, 904–905, 904f, 905f, 1203–1204, 1204f in scleroderma, 905 idiopathic, 889t, 898–903 imaging of, 2022 infectious causes, 889t, 896–898 in adults, 897–898, 898f in children, 896–897 inhalational injury causing, 889t, 892–896, 893t obliterative, 1106t. See also Bronchiolitis, constrictive in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842 in collagen vascular disease, 1194t histopathology of, 1197, 1197f in organ transplant recipients, 906–909 pathogenesis of, 889–892, 893f, 2382–2383 prevention of, 2383–2384 proliferative, 888, 890t–891t, 891f in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842 differential diagnosis of, 703 pathogenesis of, 891–892, 893f in systemic lupus erythematosus, 1201 treatment of, 2383–2384 viral causes of, 896, 2376t, 2382 Bronchiolitis obliterans, 887–888, 2013 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2227–2228 bone marrow transplantation and, 906–907, 907f computed tomography of, 1115t drug-induced, 1089–1091, 1090t heart-lung transplantation and, 907–908, 907f

imaging of, 2022 in lung transplant recipient, 908 occupational exposures and, 935t radiographic features of, 491f toxin exposure and, 998, 999f, 1000t Bronchiolitis obliterans interstitial pneumonia, 1144 Bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia, 429, 888, 2013, 2020, 2043, 2045f, 2541t in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2225 in collagen vascular disease, 1194t histopathology of, 1196, 1196f drug-induced, 1089–1091, 1090t and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 1168 idiopathic, 888, 891f, 900–903 imaging of, 2022 localized, 903 in polymyositis-dermatomyositis, 1208–1209, 1209f rheumatoid arthritis and, 904 in Sj¨ogren’s syndrome, 1211 toxin exposure and, 998, 1000t Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, 888 in chronic rejection of lung transplant, 1787–1788, 1788f, 1788t clinical findings in, 908 histopathology of, 909 lung transplantation for, 1158–1159 management of, 909 radiographic findings in, 909 Bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma, 1832t, 1835–1838, 1838f, 2020 imaging of, 2022 intermediate type, 1837 mixed nonmucinous and mucinous, 1837 mucinous, 1837 nonmucinous, 1837 presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1816 Bronchitis acute, 2097 differential diagnosis of, 2381 viral, 2376t, 2380, 2381 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t chemical, aspiration-related, 858 chronic, 742t, 2183. See also Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) acute exacerbations of, treatment of, 742t, 2055, 2056, 2057 asthmatic, 730 in bird breeders, 1167 clinical characteristics of, 730 complicated, 742t cyanosis in, 415 differential diagnosis of, 1167 in farm workers, 1167

heart failure in, radiographic features of, 476 large airway lesions in differential diagnosis of, 700–702, 701t gross findings in, 699 microscopic findings in, 699–700, 700f obstructive, 730 occupational, 934t pulmonary function testing in, 603, 604t, 605, 606t radiographic findings in, 476, 476f suppurative, 742t follicular, 1949, 1952, 1952f hemoptysis in, 413 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2213 in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, 2239 industrial, 981 grain dust–induced, 983 pathology of, 1989–1990 Bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma, cytopathology of, 529–530, 530f Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), 512–513, 635–636, 1987, 2003, 2031 in asbestosis, 949, 952 cellular profile in, 1121t in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2225–2227, 2226t catheters and balloons for, 631 cellular profiles, in interstitial lung disease, 1120, 1121t in coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, 973 in cryptogenic-organizing pneumonia, 902 in diagnosis of ALI/ARDS, 2544 in environmental lung disease, 940 fluid, immunoglobulins in, 329 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2247t, 2250 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1149–1150 indications for, 2105 in interstitial lung disease, 1114–1120 in nosocomial pneumonia, 2283 in occupational lung disease, 940 in Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2361–2364, 2361t quantitative, 636 Bronchocentric granulomatosis, 2013 Bronchoconstriction hypocapnic, 180 ventilatory adaptations to, 167–168 Bronchodilator(s), 2631–2637. See also specific drug for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2118t, 2119, 2119t for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842, 2299

I-20 Index Bronchodilator(s) (Cont.) anticholinergic, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 737–738, 738t for asthma, 822, 823t for asthma exacerbations, 834–835 for bronchiectasis, 2191 and corticosteroids, combination therapy with in asthma, 2638 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 740, 2638 for cystic fibrosis patient, 876–877 therapy with, for ventilated patient, 2684–2685 Bronchogenic carcinoma, 2014 and anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections, 2145t hemoptysis in, 413 lymphadenopathy in, 2028 presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1816 Bronchography, 466, 467f–468f Broncholithiasis, 1563–1564 Bronchophony, 392 Bronchopleural fistula, 1532, 2028 early, after lung resection, 1748–1749 in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, 2239, 2239f in tuberculosis, 2469 Bronchopneumonia, 2018, 2020–2022 bacterial, 2020 pathology of, 2042–2043 in Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 2238 differential diagnosis of, 2020 etiology of, 2020 fungal, pathology of, 2045 imaging of, 2020–2022, 2021f, 2022f noninfectious processes mimicking, 2022 parasitic, pathology of, 2045–2047 pathogenesis of, 2020 pathology of, 2042–2047 viral, 2020, 2021f pathology of, 2043–2045 Bronchoprovocation testing, 585 contraindications to, 587–588, 587t in evaluation of impairment/disability, 681 indications for, 586 methods for, 586–587 precautions with, 587–588, 587t Bronchopulmonary anastomoses, 32 Bronchopulmonary sequestration, 1355–1356 extralobar, 1355 intralobar, 1355 Bronchoscopy anesthesia for, complications of, 643–644 blood gas abnormalities in, 644 for bronchial biopsy, 635, 635f

complications of, 643–645 diagnostic accessories for, 630–632 applications of, 632–636 in diffuse parenchymal disease, 1120, 1120t in hemoptysis, 634 of peribronchial structures, 634–635 in environmental lung disease, 940 fiberoptic in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2247t, 2364–2365 in Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2364–2365 flexible fiberoptic, 630 in hemoptysis, 413 hemorrhage in, 645 historical perspective on, 629 indications for, 2105 instrumentation for, 630 in interstitial lung disease, 1120, 1120t monitoring during, 630, 644 and nosocomial pneumonia, 2279 in occupational lung disease, 940 for parenchymal biopsy, 635, 635f patient preparation for, 630 in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, 1318 and quantitative microbiologic techniques, 636 rigid, 630 for balloon dilatation, 636–637 for debulking procedures, 636–637 safety considerations in, 643 for sampling airway and alveolar constituents, 635–636 in sarcoidosis, 1135–1136 of solitary pulmonary nodule, 1824, 1824f spectrophotometric techniques, 634 therapeutic applications of, 640–643 for laryngotracheal stenosis, 855 techniques for, 636–640 types of, 630 in upper airway obstruction, 861–862 virtual, of upper airway obstruction, 851 Bronchospasm causes of, 395 drug-induced, 1093 exercise-induced, 587 Bronchospirometry, preoperative, for lung resection, 672 Bronchus (pl., bronchi), 173 anatomy of, on bronchogram, 467f–468f branching of, 25, 25f, 26, 26f, 173 embryology of, 81, 82f lobar, 25 mainstem, 24–25, 25f

obstruction, and bronchiectasis, 2186 perforation of, in bronchoscopy, 644 topographic anatomy of, 477, 479f–481f Brooks syndrome. See Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome Brucella, 2428t, 2437–2439. See also Brucellosis bacteriology of, 2428t, 2437 culture of, 2429t ecology of, 2437–2438 staining characteristics of, 2429t Brucella abortus, 2438, 2439 bacteriology of, 2437 Brucella canis, 2438 bacteriology of, 2437 Brucella melitensis, 2438 bacteriology of, 2437 Brucella suis, 2438, 2439 bacteriology of, 2437 Brucellosis, 2428t, 2437–2439 and acute mediastinitis, 2166t clinical features of, 2438 diagnosis of, 2429t, 2438 epidemiology of, 1984t, 2428t, 2438 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 pathogenesis of, 2438 pathophysiology of, 2438 prevention of, 2439 radiologic features of, 2438 treatment of, 2429t, 2438–2439 Brugia malayi, 2414t, 2418–2419, 2418t and eosinophilic pneumonia, 1214t, 1219 Brush cell, 30–31, 30f, 33, 280f Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia, 331, 2139 pulmonary infection in, 331, 2233–2234 treatment of, 331 BTPS. See Body temperature and pressure, saturated with water Budesonide adverse effects and side effects of, 826t for asthma, 823t, 826t dosage and administration of, 826t Budesonide/formoterol adverse effects and side effects of, 826t for asthma, 822, 823t, 826t dosage and administration of, 826t Buffer(s), 208 Building-related illnesses, 1032, 1034, 1035f Bulla (pl., bullae) atmospheric pressure effects on, 917–918 characteristics of, 913, 915t classification of, 913, 914, 914f, 915t clinical features of, 918, 919f–920f

I-21 Index definition of, 913 distribution of, 917 etiology of, 914 external drainage of, 928 fluid in, 918–920, 922f infection in, 918, 921f, 922f, 923–925 treatment of, 926 laser surgery for, 928 localized, with abnormal intervening lung, treatment of, 928 medical management of, 926 pathogenesis of, 914–917, 916f radiologic features of, 918–921, 919f–922f reduction pneumoplasty for, 928 surgical management of, 926–928 treatment of, 926–928 type I, 914, 914f type II, 914, 914f type III, 914, 914f types of, 914, 914f VATS for, 928 Bullous lung disease clinical features of, 918, 919f–920f complications of, 923–926 definition of, 913 exercise testing in, 923 pathophysiology of, 921–923 pulmonary circulation in, 923 pulmonary function testing in, 921–922, 925t, 926t, 927t surgical management of, 926–928 treatment of, 926–928 VATS management of, 654–655 , 654f Bullous myringitis, 2101t Bupropion, in smoking cessation, 755–756 Burkholderia cenocepacia, infection (incl. pneumonia), in cystic fibrosis, 2176 Burkholderia cepacia genomovars, 2176 infection (incl. pneumonia), in cystic fibrosis, 875, 880, 2176 treatment of, 875, 2179 pneumonia, 2009 staining characteristics of, 2036f Burkholderia mallei, infection (incl. pneumonia), 2146 Burkholderia multivorans, infection (incl. pneumonia), in cystic fibrosis, 2176 Burkholderia pseudomallei, 2428t, 2439–2440. See also Melioidosis bacteriology of, 2428t, 2439 culture of, 2429t ecology of, 2439 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2146 history and physical findings in, 2100t in lung abscess, 2154t

staining characteristics of, 2429t transmission of, 2439 Burn(s). See also Inhalation injury; Smoke inhalation airway management with, 1060 and risk of infection, 2306, 2317 upper airway obstruction caused by, 858 ventilation therapy in, 1060–1061 Burn injury, 1053 Busulfan and interstitial lung disease, 1110t pneumonitis caused by, 2011, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1073, 1074t, 1075, 1181, 1295 Butyrophenones, for agitated ICU patient, 2704–2705 Byssinosis, 934t clinical presentation of, 982 endotoxin and, 983, 983t epidemiology of, 982 grading of, 982, 982t historical perspective on, 981–982 pathogenesis of, 982–983 pathology of, 982–983 prevention of, 983 pulmonary function testing in, 982 risk factors for, 982 stages of, 982 treatment of, 983 C C. See Compliance Cachexia, 2692 in pulmonary disease, 452–453 Cadmium compounds airborne, 1020 inhalation injury caused by, 1000t, 1002–1003 Cadmium oxide, bronchiolitis caused by, 893t Caesalpinus, Andreas, 5t, 6 Caf´e coronary syndrome, 2151 ´ y, 13 Cajal, Ramon CALBG. See Cancer and Leukemia Group B trial Calcification(s) diffuse pulmonary, 1236–1237, 1236f dystrophic, 1236 metastatic, 1234t, 1236, 1236f Calcineurin inhibitors, interactions with drugs for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2503t Calcipotriene, for scleroderma, 430 Calcium intracellular, 361–362 in regulation of airway smooth muscle contraction, 116, 117f Calcium-channel blockers for pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1386–1387 pulmonary effects of, 1093

Campylobacter in empyema, 2144t infection (incl. pneumonia) in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t Canals of Lambert, 151 Cancer and Leukemia Group B trial, 1869t, 1870 Cancer patient(s) empiric antibiotic therapy in, 2220, 2221–2222 fever in empiric antibiotic therapy in, 2220 initial management of, 2219–2220 with pulmonary infiltrates, 2220 infection in, 2215–2219 clinical manifestations of, 2219 initial management of, 2219–2220 microbiology of, 2216–2219 pneumonia in causes of, 2220, 2221t differential diagnosis of, radiologic findings in, 2220–2221, 2221t and risk of infection, 2317 risk of venous thromboembolism in, 1426 Cancrum oris, 2087 Candida, 1994 in bronchial wash specimen, 515, 515f colonization by, 2313 in empyema, 2144 hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t identification of, in tissue, 2038t, 2315 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2313. See also Candidiasis in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2222–2223 in cell-mediated immunodeficiency, 2236 in Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 2238 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t, 2215 immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t in leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 2239, 2239f in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 nosocomial, 2280t, 2281t, 2282 in surgery and trauma patients, 2197 laryngitis caused by, 2087 molecular detection of, 2002 oral infection, 2087 staining characteristics of, 2035t Candida albicans, 2313–2314 in acute mediastinitis, 2166t in allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, 837

I-22 Index Candida albicans (Cont.) hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1165t infection (incl. pneumonia). See also Candidiasis in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 nosocomial, 2279 staining characteristics of, 2037f Candida glabrata, 2313–2314 identification of, in tissue, 2038t infection (incl. pneumonia), in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 staining characteristics of, 2034, 2036f Candida krusei, 2313–2314 infection (incl. pneumonia), in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 Candida parapsilosis, 2313–2314 staining characteristics of, 2036f Candidate gene analysis, 710–711, 793 Candida tropicalis, 2313–2314 in acute mediastinitis, 2166t in myositis, 2315 Candidiasis cytopathology of, 519 disseminated, diagnosis of, 2315 epidemiology of, 2313 extrapulmonary involvement in, 2314–2315 mycology of, 2313–2314 pathogenesis of, 2314 pulmonary, 2313–2316 clinical manifestations of, 2314–2315 diagnosis of, 2315 in lung transplant recipient, 2315 radiographic findings in, 2314, 2315f treatment of, 2315–2316 Cannon, Walter B., 226–227, 226f Canon of Avicenna, 4 CAP. See Pneumonia, community-acquired Capillaritis after lung transplantation, 1464 biopsy in, 1282, 1284f idiopathic pauci-immune pulmonary, 1462 pulmonary, 1092–1093 with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1237, 1239f, 1241, 1281–1282, 1282t causes of, 1237, 1239t in collagen vascular disease, 1194t, 1197, 1197f histopathology of, 1197, 1197f Capillary(ies), pulmonary. See Pulmonary capillary(ies) Caplan’s syndrome, 973, 1202, 1203f Capnocytophaga, infection (incl. pneumonia), immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t

Capreomycin adverse effects and side effects of, 2483t for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 dosage and administration of, 2504t for tuberculosis, 2479 dosage and administration of, 2482t Carbamate ion, 193–194, 205 Carbamazepine and interstitial lung disease, 1110t pneumonitis caused by, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1089, 1090t, 1092, 1097 Carbapenems penetration into lung, 2053, 2053t pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 Carbocholine inhalational challenge test, 585t, 586 Carbon, cell loading with, in lung, 42, 44 Carbon dioxide (CO2 ). See also Hypercapnia; Hypocapnia alveolar, 592 alveolar and blood capacitances, and diffusive equilibrium, 192 arterial, set-point for regulation of, and ventilatory demands of exercise, 236–238, 239f central chemoreceptors for, 163–164 chemical reactions of, 193–194, 193f, 194f clearance, in exercise, 235, 235f, 236–237, 236t, 238f discovery of, 7, 8–9 dissolved form of, 204 elimination, 591–592 assessment of, in acute respiratory failure, 2669 exchange, 193–194, 193f, 194f kinetics of, 205–206, 205t in indoor air, sources of, 1021t metabolic source of, 613 nonmetabolic source of, 613 output in exercise, 613, 613f at rest, 613 normal, 1323, 2735 production of, 203, 208, 211, 611 removal arterial venous, for burn patient, 2556 extracorporeal, in ALI/ARDS, 2556 transport, 193–194, 193f, 194f, 203–206, 211, 611 ventilatory response to, 161, 162f, 597, 597f determination of rebreathing method, 597 steady-state method, 597 factors affecting, 597, 598t normal, 597

Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) equilibrium curve, 204, 204f Carbonic acid, 193–194, 204, 208, 209, 209f Carbonic anhydrase, 193–194, 204, 206, 209, 209f, 211 discovery of, 11 Carbon monoxide in blood, 1023–1024 blood levels of, in smokers, 752 diffusing capacity for, 195, 195f, 592–593, 603, 607, 607t age-related changes in, 273 determination of factors affecting, 197–199, 594 rebreathing method, 195–196 single-breath method, 195–196, 593–594 steady-state method, 195–196, 593–594 in emphysema, 732 factors affecting, 197–199 interpretation of, 199 reduced, 607, 607t, 608t exposure to, and myocardial ischemia, 1033 in indoor air, 1020–1024 acute and chronic effects of, 1023 sources of, 1021t National Ambient Air Quality Standards for, 1011t in outdoor air exposures to, 1019 health effects of, 1019 poisoning with, 203, 1054, 1055–1056 diagnosis of, 1055 oxygen therapy in, 2619 signs and symptoms of, 1055, 1055t treatment of, 1055–1056, 2617 in smoke and inhalation injury, 1054, 1055–1056 source of, 1054t sources of, 1011t uptake by red cells, 193 Carbon tetrachloride exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Carboxyhemoglobin, 1019, 1023–1024, 1055, 1055t and myocardial ischemia, 1033 Carboxypeptidase A, mast cell, 310t, 311 Carcinoid syndrome, 433, 444–445 Carcinoid tumor(s), 444 anatomical distribution of, 433 bronchial hemoptysis caused by, 413 presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1816 cytopathology of, 531 endocrine and hematologic syndromes associated with, 1930t

I-23 Index pulmonary, 1841–1845, 1920–1921, 1922f atypical, 1843–1845, 1845f, 1920–1921 cytopathology of, 531 typical, 1842–1843, 1843f–1844f, 1920–1921, 1922f thymic, 1601 Carcinosarcoma, 1840–1841, 1841f, 1921, 1922f Cardiac asthma, 402 Cardiac catheterization historical perspective on, 16 in pulmonary hypertension, 1374, 1375, 1375f Cardiac failure chronic, 616–621 cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 616–620 chronotropic dysfunction in, 620 diastolic dysfunction in, 619–620 exercise training in, 620–621 prognosis for, 620 response to medications in, evaluation of, 620 survival, 620 systolic dysfunction in, 616–619, 617f–619f classification of, 614–615, 615t definition of, 616 Cardiac index, predicted, in classification of cardiac and circulatory failure, 614–615, 615t Cardiac output, 612, 1337–1338, 1338f in acute respiratory failure, 2663 changes, in response to ventilation-perfusion inequality, 186–187, 186f determination of, historical perspective on, 16 in exercise, 224–225, 225f, 612–613 inadequate (low-flow state), oxygen therapy for, 2619 intrapulmonary distribution of, 1338 maldistribution, and tissue hypoxia, 2616t, 2617 measurement of, 2663 normal, 1334t in pregnancy, 256, 257t fetal effects of, 258 in respiratory failure, 2518t, 2519 Cardiomyopathy, peripartum, 259t Cardiopulmonary bypass, and respiratory failure, 2584 Cardiopulmonary exercise testing, 225–226, 611–628 in chronic cardiac failure, 616–620 in chronic circulatory failure, 621–624 in chronic lung diseases, 624–625 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 624–625 clinical application of, 613–614

in congenital heart disease, 622–623 in dyspnea, 405 in emphysema, 624–625 in environmental lung disease, 940 in evaluation of impairment/disability, 681 in exertional dyspnea, 625–626, 626t in heart transplant candidates, 626 in heart transplant recipients, 626, 627f in ischemic heart disease, 621 in obstructive sleep apnea, 622 in occupational lung disease, 940 in pulmonary hypertension, 623–624, 623t, 624f in restrictive lung disease, 625 in surgical risk assessment, 626–628 in valvular heart disease, 621–622, 621f, 622f Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Hollywood code and, 2729 for ICU patient, outcomes with, 2716 slow code and, 2729 Cardiovascular disease hemoptysis in, 414, 414f smoking and, 751–752 Cardiovascular surgery, and mediastinitis, 2162–2164, 2163t, 2164t Cardiovascular system age-related changes in, 264t circadian clock in, 1694 Carmustine immunologic effects of, 2216 and interstitial lung disease, 1110t pneumonitis caused by, 2011, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1078–1080, 1079t, 1080f, 1181, 1295 therapeutic uses of, 1078 Carotid body(ies) afferent activity, 161–163, 162f type I cells, 163 type II cells, 163 Caseous necrosis, 2048 Caspase(s), 1977 Caspofungin for candidiasis, 2316 for coccidioidomycosis, 2345 for invasive fungal infections, 2310t, 2311, 2311t, 2312 Castleman’s disease, 1604, 1605f, 1954–1955 multicentric, 1954–1955, 1955f solitary, 1954, 1954f Cat(s), allergens, exposure to, 1031 Catalase(s), Aspergillus, 2294 Cat allergen(s), and risk of asthma, 794 Catecholamines. See also specific drug dosage forms, 2632t and pulmonary circulation, 1347 receptor activity, 2632t structure-activity relationships, 2632 structure of, 2633f

Catechol-O-methyltransferase, 2633 β-Catenin, 86 Cathelicidin, in airway surface liquid, 281 Cathepsin C, 720 Cathepsin G, 718t, 1973 mast cell, 310t, 311 Cathepsin L, 718t, 720 Cathepsin S, 718t, 720 Caveolae, 31, 34, 34f, 40 Caveolin, 31 Cavernous hemangioma, 1918 Cavitation, 1988t, 2022, 2023f, 2043, 2148f chronic pathogenesis of, 1990–1991 pathology of, 1990–1991, 1991f–1993f computed tomography of, 478, 482f, 483f etiology of, 1990–1991 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2214t, 2215, 2248, 2249t microbiology of, 2146 with pneumonia, 2027–2028, 2146 CC. See Closing capacity CC10. See Clara cell protein 10 CCNU. See Lomustine CCP. See Ciliocytophthoria CCPA. See Aspergillosis, pulmonary, chronic, cavitary CCR5 gene, mutations of, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2243 CCSP. See Clara cell secretory protein CD5, 324 CD28, 1976 CD40, 1974 CD80, 1971, 1974, 1976 CD86, 1971, 1974, 1976 CD11b, 1974 CD11c, 1974 CD40 ligand (CD40L), 323, 1976 Cdyn. See Dynamic compliance C/EBP, and eosinophil development, 313 Cefazolin, for staphylococcal pneumonia, in children, 2132 Cefdinit, for streptococcal pharyngitis, 2086 Cefepime, 2056 for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061, 2061t, 2062 Cefotaxime, 2056 for pasteurellosis, 2429t, 2430 Cefotetan, indications for, 2157 Cefoxitin indications for, 2157 interactions with immunosuppressive agents, 2503t for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 Cefpodoxime indications for, 2060 for streptococcal pharyngitis, 2086

I-24 Index Ceftazidime, 2056 for cystic fibrosis patient, 875 for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061t, 2062 for melioidosis, 2429t, 2440 resistance to, 2099 Ceftriaxone, 2056 for children, 2131 for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061t, 2062 for pasteurellosis, 2430 resistance to, 2099 Cefuroxime, 2056 indications for, 2060 for Moraxella catarrhalis infection, 2445 for staphylococcal pneumonia, in children, 2132 Celecoxib, lack of airway response to, in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, 801, 802f Celiac disease, sarcoidosis and, 1136t Cell adhesion molecules, 347 and airway smooth muscle proliferation, 119 counter receptors, 347–348 expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 121–122, 122t in inflammation, 782–783 in inflammatory/fibrotic lung disease, 374 and leukocyte adherence and migration, 347–349 oxidative lung injury and, 363 Cell cycle, molecular genetic changes and, 1809–1811, 1810f Cell-mediated immunity, 280 Cell-mediated immunodeficiency in cancer patients, 2215–2216 in children, 2139 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2243–2244 immunologic work-up of, 2234t pulmonary infection in, 2236 Cellulitis auricular, 2091 orbital, 2090, 2090f preseptal, 2090, 2090f Centigray (cGy), 1177 definition of, 1895 Central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, and respiratory failure, 2513–2514 pneumonia and, 2101t Central venous catheter/catheterization in acute respiratory failure, 2661–2663 in ALI/ARDS, 2554, 2554t Central venous pressure in acute respiratory failure, 2662, 2665 in pregnancy, 257t CEP. See Eosinophilic pneumonia(s), chronic Cephalexin, for cystic fibrosis patient, 875

Cephalization, 474f, 494 Cephalosporins for children, 2131 for cystic fibrosis patient, 875 fourth-generation, 2056 indications for, 2157 for Moraxella catarrhalis infection, 2445 newer, 2056 for pasteurellosis, 2430 penetration into lung, 2053, 2053t pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 pharmacology of, 2056 pneumonitis caused by, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1089, 1090t resistance to, 2108, 2280–2282 second-generation, 2056 for staphylococcal pneumonia, in children, 2132 for streptococcal pharyngitis, 2086 third-generation, 2056 for yersiniosis, 2429t, 2441 Cephalosporium, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t c-erbB-1, in lung cancer, 1806 c-erbB-2, in lung cancer, 1806–1807 Cerebellar ataxia, 2101t, 2113 Cerebellar degeneration, paraneoplastic, 1937 in small cell lung cancer, 1905t, 1906 Cerebral edema, high-altitude, 1042 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and acid-base balance, 211 Cervical spine and airway management, 2647–2648 arthritis, pain caused by, 420 C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, 2236 Cestodes, 2413, 2421–2423 CFA. See Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis C-Fos, 87 c-fos, in lung cancer, 1807 CFPA. See Aspergillosis, pulmonary, chronic, fibrotic CFTR. See Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Chagas’ disease, 2407–2409, 2408f in cancer patients, 2219 in immunocompromised host, 2209 Chance, 2614 Charcoal, activated, bronchiolitis caused by, 894t Charcot, 409 Charcot-Leyden crystals, 313, 515, 515f in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842 Charles’s law, 917 Chauveau, 5t, 16 Chediak-Higashi syndrome, pulmonary infection in, 2238 Cheese worker’s disease, etiology of, 1163t Chemical(s) inhalation of, 2013

occupational lung disease caused by, 934t, 935t upper airway obstruction caused by, 858 Chemical weapons, bronchiolitis caused by, 894t Chemokine(s), 351, 352t, 1973 in asthma, 778 and B-cell migration to secondary lymphoid tissues, 323 C, 339, 340t, 351, 1973 CC, 339, 340t, 342–344, 351, 1973 in pulmonary fibrosis, 343–344 in pulmonary inflammation, 343 receptors, 342–343, 343t CXC, 339, 340t, 351, 1973 with angiogenic activity, 339, 341t in pulmonary fibrosis, 341–342, 342f in pulmonary inflammation, 339–341 receptors, 339, 341t CXXXC, 339, 340t, 351, 1973 eosinophils and, 310t, 314–315 and fibrocyte trafficking in lung, 342 and immune cell migration, 351–353 and mast cells, 311 in pulmonary fibrosis, 341–344, 342f, 372–374, 373f in pulmonary inflammation, 339–343, 372–374, 373f release of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 121 Chemokine receptors, 324, 351, 352t, 1975, 1977 CCR5, and HIV infectivity, 351 in pulmonary inflammation/fibrosis, 372–374, 373f Chemoreceptor(s), 2592–2593 arterial, 245–246, 247f and control of respiration, 1037–1039 central, 163–164, 211, 244–245 knowledge of, historical perspective on, 13 and dyspnea, 397 knowledge of, historical perspective on, 5t, 13 peripheral, 161–163, 211 knowledge of, historical perspective on, 13, 14f reduced function of, pathophysiology of, 168 Chemosensitivity, respiratory, 2592–2595 abnormalities of, treatment of, 2610 blunted, and development of respiratory failure, 2594–2595, 2594f–2595f central, 244–245 Chemotaxins, 1973 Chemotherapy drug toxicity in, 2221 immune defects caused by, 2215–2216

I-25 Index for mesothelioma, 1546–1547 for non-small cell lung cancer, 1867–1878 and pleural effusion, 1506t pulmonary effects of, 1181, 1295 pulmonary toxicity of, 1067–1084, 1093 approach to patient with, 1067–1068 cytopathology of, 526–527, 527f diagnosis of, 1069 difficulties of, 1067–1068 differential diagnosis of, 1067–1068, 1068t epidemiology of, 1067 monitoring, 1068–1069 and pulmonary function testing, 1068–1069 and radiation therapy, combined, and risk of pneumonitis, 1181 for small cell lung cancer, 1908–1909 second-line, 1909–1910 Chest elastic properties of, knowledge of, historical perspective on, 11–12 injury, hemoptysis caused by, 413t, 414 inspection of, 390 palpation of, 390–392 percussion of, 392 Chest pain, 418 anxiety and, 420 with bulla, 925 in interstitial lung disease, 1108 with mediastinal lesions, 1587, 1587t in pulmonary hypertension, 1371, 1371t Chest radiograph(s), 388, 420, 421f, 423, 423f, 2017, 2018f. See also Portable chest examination in ALI/ARDS, 2536, 2536t, 2540–2542, 2543f in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 840f, 841–842, 2296, 2298f in anaerobic infections, 2153 of asbestos-related pleural plaques, 945, 945f of aspergilloma, 2301–2303, 2302f in asthma diagnosis, 819 in bronchiectasis, 2188 of bullae, 919f–922f, 920 contrast examination, 465 in cystic fibrosis, 870–871, 871f in dyspnea, 404 in emphysema, 473f in environmental lung disease, 937–939 in evaluation of impairment/disability, 680 expiratory film, 458 historical perspective on, 18 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2248, 2249t

in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 1165, 1166f, 1167f in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1147f, 1148 International Labour Office classification of, 939 of interstitial lung disease, 483, 490f–491f in Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, 1246–1247, 1246f lateral, 456, 456f, 457f lateral decubitus projection, 457–458, 458f lordotic view, 458, 459f in lymphangioleiomyomatosis, 1258, 1259f, 1260f multiple thin-walled airspaces on, differential diagnosis of, 921t oblique view, 457 in occupational lung disease, 937–939, 938f over-penetrated grid, 458, 459f in oxygen toxicity, 2628 in Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2357f, 2358–2359, 2359f, 2360f in pneumonia, 2099–2101, 2101f–2103f posteroanterior, 456, 456f, 457f preoperative, 670 with pulmonary embolism, 1430–1431 in routine examination, 456, 456f, 457f of sarcoidosis, 1132–1133, 1132f of solitary pulmonary nodule, 1818 supplementary projections, 456–458, 458f, 459f Chest trauma. See Trauma, thoracic Chest wall abnormalities, and respiratory failure, 2514 age-related changes in, 267, 267f anatomical changes in, and ventilation, 2598 elastic properties of, 151–152 muscles, in dyspnea, 2596–2597 nonmuscular diseases of, 1617–1632 pain in, 418–419 pressure difference across, 575f, 576 pressure-volume relationships of, 151–152, 152f, 2598 radiographic evaluation of, 500–503 resection, in non-small cell lung cancer, 1859–1860, 1860f static compliance of, 575–576, 575f, 576f tumors of, computed tomography of, 461, 462f Chest wall compliance, definition of, 1328, 2740 Chest wall resistance, 583 Cheyne-Stokes respiration, 169–170, 169f, 403–404, 404f, 1712, 1712f Chicken breeder’s disease, etiology of, 1164t

Chicken feather proteins, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t Chickenpox, vaccine against, 2070t, 2072–2073 Child(ren) aspiration pneumonia in, 2136, 2136f cell-mediated immunodeficiency in, 2139 granulocyte disorders in, 2138–2139 HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2139 humoral immunodeficiency in, 2138 influenza in, morbidity and mortality with, 2125 lower respiratory tract infections in diagnosis of, 2125 morbidity and mortality with, 2125 Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in, 2136–2137, 2137f pneumonia in. See also specific pathogen morbidity and mortality with, 2125 recurrent, 2137–2139, 2137f tuberculosis in, 2134–2135, 2134f Chills, in pulmonary disease, 452 Chlamydia, infection (incl. pneumonia) and asthma, 816 pathogenesis of, 2080 pathology of, 2043–2045 treatment of, 831 Chlamydia pneumoniae. See also Chlamydophila pneumoniae and acute bronchitis, 2097 infection (incl. pneumonia) in children, 2133–2134 clinical features of, 2381 diagnosis of, 2106 differential diagnosis of, 2266 history and physical findings in, 2101t pharyngitis caused by, 2086 pneumonia, 2020 and sarcoidosis, 1126–1127 Chlamydia psittaci, infection (incl. pneumonia) chest radiograph in, 2102f history and physical findings in, 2100t Chlamydia trachomatis infection (incl. pneumonia), in early infancy, 2130 pneumonia in early infancy, 2127–2128, 2127f in newborn, 2006 Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 1992, 1996. See also Chlamydia pneumoniae infection (incl. pneumonia) diagnosis of, 2113 hospitalization rate for, 2105t reactivation-type, 2113 treatment of, 2053, 2055, 2057, 2113 molecular detection of, 2002 pneumonia, 2005, 2005t

I-26 Index Chlamydophila psittaci, 2005t, 2006. See also Psittacosis epidemiology of, 1984t, 2004 infection (incl. pneumonia), ICU admission rate for, 2106t Chlorambucil, pulmonary effects of, 1073, 1074t, 1075 Chloramines, inhalation injury caused by, 1000 Chloramphenicol for anthrax, 2429t for cystic fibrosis patient, 875 indications for, 2157 for melioidosis, 2429t, 2440 for meningococcal pneumonia, 2444 for pasteurellosis, 2429t, 2430 penetration into lung, 2053 for plague, 2429t, 2432 for tularemia, 2429t, 2434 for yersiniosis, 2429t, 2441 Chlordane exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Chloride, secretion of, in submucosal glands, 142, 142t Chloride channels. See also Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator epithelial, 139, 139f Chloride transport, epithelial, 138, 138f cellular and molecular mechanisms of, 139, 139f Chlorine gas as air toxic, 1020 bronchiolitis caused by, 893t, 894 inhalation injury caused by, 1000–1001, 1000t in smoke and inhalation injury, 1054, 1057 water solubility of and mechanism of lung injury by, 994–995, 994t and site of impact, 995t Chloroacetophenone, inhalation injury caused by, 1003–1004 ortho-Chlorobenzylidene malonitrile, inhalation injury caused by, 1003–1004 Chlorofluorocarbon propellants (CFCs), 2634 Chloroform exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Chloropicrin, bronchiolitis caused by, 893t, 895 Chloroquine, 2407 for sarcoidosis, 1140, 1140t Chlorozotocin pulmonary effects of, 1079t, 1080–1081 therapeutic uses of, 1078 Chlorpromazine, lupus-like syndrome caused by, 2012t

Chlorpyrifos exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Cholesteatoma, chronic suppurative otitis media and, 2093–2094, 2093f Cholesterol pneumonia, 2014 Chondritis, of pinna, 2091 Chondroitin sulfate(s) mast cell, 310–311, 310t in mast cells, 308 Chondroma, 1918 Chordoma, 1596 Choriocarcinoma of anterior mediastinum, 1607 primary pulmonary, 1925 Chromium, and occupational asthma, 990 Chromobacterium violaceum, infection (incl. pneumonia), in chronic granulomatous disease, 2237 Chronic critical illness, 2565 Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), 2138–2139 pulmonary infection in, 2237–2238, 2238f and risk of infection, 2307 subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in, 2292 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 1949 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 693–694. See also Bronchitis, chronic; Emphysema and abnormal breathing pattern, 403 acute exacerbations, 2115–2123 bacterial causes of, 741, 742t, 2116–2117 clinical findings in, 740–741, 742t, 2118 definition of, 2115 environmental exposures and, 741, 2118 etiology of, 741, 2116–2118 evaluation of, 741, 741t, 2118–2119 and health care utilization, 2116 and health status, 2116 hospitalization for, 741, 741t, 2123, 2123t ICU admission for, 741–742, 741t laboratory findings in, 2118 physiologic changes in, 2119 pulmonary effects of, 2116 treatment of, 740–742, 742t, 2118f, 2118t, 2119–2123, 2119t viral causes of, 742t, 2116, 2116t airflow obstruction in, 729–730 air pollution and, 1032–1033, 1032t air travel in, 735–736 anemia in, treatment of, 737 apoptosis in, 716, 717 BODE index for, 1775, 1776t

bronchiectasis in, 2183 cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 624–625 chronic ventilator support in, 745 complement in, 349 complications of prevention of, 734 treatment of, 740–743 CO2 retainers in, 398 cor pulmonale in, 743, 1403–1405 acute, treatment of, 1407–1408 definition of, 707 diagnosis of, 731–732 differential diagnosis of, 729–730, 819t drug therapy for, 737–740, 737f, 738t, 2634, 2635–2636, 2638 adherence to, 739 dyspnea in, 393–398 epidemiology of, 707–708 exercise and rehabilitation in, 734–735. See also Rehabilitation FDG-PET in, 565f, 566 flow-volume loop in, 849, 850f genetics and, 710–711 heart failure in, radiographic features of, 476 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2260 hypercapnia in, 743 and hypercapnic respiratory failure, 2605–2607, 2606f inflammation and, 715 initial assessment of, 421 large airway lesions in differential diagnosis of, 700–702, 701t gross findings in, 699 microscopic findings in, 699–700, 700f lung transplantation in, 744–745, 1774t, 1775–1777 lung volume reduction surgery in, 743–744, 744f mechanical ventilation in, inspiratory flow rate with, 2681–2682, 2682f medium airway pathology in, 730 mortality rate for, 708 mucus hypersecretion in, 717 natural history of, 730–731, 730f nutritional status in, 2605, 2692 nutritional support in, 735 and obstructive sleep apnea, concurrent, 1725 occupational, 934t, 935 occupational exposures and, 933–934 outcomes of, 2714 oxidant-antioxidant imbalance and, 716–717, 716f oxygen therapy in, 2620, 2620t and air travel, 735–736, 736f long-term, 736–737 pathogenesis of, 715–717

I-27 Index pathologic descriptions of, historical perspective on, 694 pathology of, 398, 399f pathophysiology of, 711–715 patient education about, 732–734, 733t physical findings in, 389–390 physiological-pathological correlations in, 714–715, 714f and pneumonia, 2100t, 2110 pneumothorax in, 742–743 treatment guidelines for, 1530–1531 and postoperative pulmonary complications, 667 posture in, 2597 prognosis for, 732, 733t, 2714 progression, prevention of, 734 proteinase-antiproteinase imbalance and, 715–716 pulmonary function testing in, 604t, 605, 606t, 729, 731–732 pulmonary hypertension in, 1393–1395, 1394f pulmonary vasculature in, 703–704, 704f respiratory muscle action in, 76, 78, 2597–2598, 2598f risk factors for, 708–711, 708t and risk of postoperative respiratory failure, 2574–2575 scintigraphy in, 551 severity of classification of, 731, 732t Social Security Listings for, 686, 686t and sleep, 1725 sleep disorders in, 735 small airway pathology in, 702–703, 715, 715f, 730 differential diagnosis of, 702–703 histopathology of, 702 microscopic findings in, 702, 702f smoking and, 749–751 stable, treatment of, 732–740 supraventricular arrhythmias in, 743 technetium-99m-labeled aerosols in, 551 treatment of, 398 advanced, 743–745 type A (emphysematous), 713, 713f type B (chronic bronchitis), 713, 713f Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, 1362t, 1400–1402, 1400f, 1401f, 1429, 1442 Churg-Strauss syndrome, 1091, 1093, 1289–1290 and asthma, 1226 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t cardiac involvement in, 1225 clinical course of, 1223–1224

clinical features of, 435, 1118t, 1231t, 1457–1458 computed tomography of, 1115t, 1118t cutaneous manifestations of, 1225 diagnosis of, 1457–1458, 1458f diagnostic criteria for, 1226 differential diagnosis of, 1226, 1231t and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1241 eosinophilic phase of, 1224 epidemiology of, 1223 gastrointestinal manifestations of, 1225 histology of, 1118t histopathology of, 1225, 1226f historical perspective on, 1223 immunologic test for, 1112t laboratory findings in, 1225 neurological manifestations of, 1225 organ systems affected by, 1452t pathogenesis of, 1225–1226 pleural effusion in, 1497 prodromal phase of, 1224 prognosis for, 1226–1227 pulmonary involvement in, 1224–1225, 2013 renal manifestations of, 1225 skin lesions in, 435 survival with, 1227 treatment of, 1118t, 1226–1227, 1461 vasculitic phase of, 1224 Chylothorax, 1499–1500 after lung resection, 1745–1746 Chymase, mast cell, 308, 310t, 311 α 2 -Chymotrypsin, 1970 Ciclesonide, for asthma, 823t Cidofovir, indications for, 2375t, 2394, 2395 Cigarette smoking. See Smoking Cilia, 27, 28f. See also Primary ciliary dyskinesia diseases of, 2138 immotile, 2138 Ciliary dyskinesia syndromes, 144 Ciliated bronchial columnar cells, 515 Ciliocytophthoria, 513, 522, 522f Ciprofloxacin, 2056 adverse effects and side effects of, 2483t for anthrax, 2437 for cystic fibrosis patient, 875 dosage and administration of, 2057 for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061, 2061t, 2062 for melioidosis, 2440 for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 dosage and administration of, 2504t for plague, 2432 for Rhodococcus pneumonia, 2429t for tularemia, 2434 Circadian rhythms of cardiopulmonary function, 1694 and sleepiness, 1731–1732, 1732f Circulation Galen’s scheme of, 4, 6f

Harvey’s description of, 6–7 pulmonary. See Pulmonary circulation Circulatory failure chronic, 621–624 classification of, 614–615, 615t definition of, 621 Cirrhosis hepatic and bronchial circulation, 1353–1354 circulatory effects of, 448–449 ventilatory effects of, 447–448 and pulmonary arteriovenous communications, 1468 Cis-platinum, pulmonary effects of, radiation therapy and, 1181 Citrobacter infection (incl. pneumonia) nosocomial, 2280, 2281t in surgery and trauma patients, 2197 pneumonia, 2019, 2022 c-jun, in lung cancer, 1807 6Ckine, 340t c-kit ligand. See Stem cell factor CL. See Lung compliance Cladosporium hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1165t in indoor air, 1031 infection (incl. pneumonia), in cancer patients, 2217 Clara cell(s), 29–30, 30f, 87, 138, 281, 282 surfactant synthesis and secretion by, 39 Clara cell protein 10, 85, 87 Clara cell secretory protein, 30 Clarithromycin adverse effects and side effects of, 2494, 2503 dosage and administration of, 2055 indications for, 2060, 2157 interactions with immunosuppressive agents, 2503t with rifabutin, 2503 with rifamycins, 2503 for Moraxella catarrhalis infection, 2445 for Mycobacterium avium complex infection, 2505 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2493–2494, 2494t prophylactic regimen, 2495, 2495t for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 dosage and administration of, 2504t organisms susceptible to, 2055 penetration into lung, 2053, 2053t resistance to, mycobacterial, 2505 for Rhodococcus pneumonia, 2429t Clavulanic acid, 2056 CLC protein, 310t, 314 Clean Air Act, 1010, 1016, 1032 Clear cell carcinoma, 1840 Cleft palate, 2647

I-28 Index Clindamycin for anaerobic infections, 2157, 2157t for anthrax, 2437 mechanism of action of, 2055 penetration into lung, 2053, 2053t pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 plus aztreonam, for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061t, 2062 for protozoan infection, 2407 resistance to, 2099 for staphylococcal pneumonia, in children, 2132 for toxoplasmosis, 2402 Clindamycin and primaquine, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2368t, 2370 Clofazimine adverse effects and side effects of, 2483t interactions with immunosuppressive agents, 2503t for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 dosage and administration of, 2504t Clonidine, in smoking cessation, 756 Clonorchis sinensis, and eosinophilic pneumonia, 1214t Closed-circuit helium dilution, 571–572, 572f, 574 Closing capacity age-related changes in, 271, 271f definition of, 1326, 2738 normal, 1323, 2735 postoperative, 664, 665f, 665t Closing volume, 589–590, 589f normal, 1323, 2735 Clostridium in empyema, 2144t infection (incl. pneumonia), 2156t conditions underlying, 2145t Clostridium botulinum, 1656 Clostridium difficile, colitis, 2207 Clostridium perfringens, in empyema, 2144t Clostridium septicum, infection (incl. pneumonia), in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 Clubbing of digits, 416, 417f, 453, 453f characteristics of, 416, 417f in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 731 disorders associated with, 390, 390t, 416 paraneoplastic, 445 pathogenesis of, 416 Cmax, 2054 Cmax/MIC, 2054 CMV. See Cytomegalovirus (CMV) CNPA. See Aspergillosis, pulmonary, chronic, necrotizing Coagulopathy, and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1295

Coal, 968 bronchiolitis caused by, 894t, 895–896 lung disease caused by, 934, 934t Coal miner(s) gas exchange in, 972 lung function in, 972 respiratory impairment in, 972 and smoking cessation, 973 ventilatory function in, 972 Coal mining, 968, 968f Coal workers’ lung disease(s). See also Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis; Progressive massive fibrosis clinical features of, 971 epidemiology of, 968–970 historical perspective on, 967–968 management of, 973–974 mortality rate for, 970 pathology of, 970–971, 971f prevention of, 979 radiographic findings in, 969, 971–972 ventilatory lung function in, 969–970 Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, 2025. See also Progressive massive fibrosis bronchoalveolar lavage in, 973 clinical features of, 971 complicated, 970–971 computed tomography of, 1115t epidemiology of, trends in, 969, 969f, 970f exposures associated with, 1109t hemoptysis in, 412f historical perspective on, 967–968 immunology of, 972–973 management of, 973–974 mortality rate for, 970 pathology of, 970–971, 971f radiographic findings in, 971–972 simple, 970 Cobalt lung disease caused by, 934, 934t and occupational asthma, 990 occupational lung disease caused by, 935t Cobb angle, 1618, 1619f Cocaine free-base, bronchiolitis caused by, 894t pneumonitis caused by, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1090t, 1091t, 1093, 1101, 1294 and vasculitis, 1464 Coccidioides, infection (incl. pneumonia), in organ transplant recipient, 2230 Coccidioides immitis, 1092, 1994, 2005t, 2006. See also Coccidioidomycosis antigen, detection of, 2343, 2343t culture of, 2343t, 2344 diagnosis of, 2002 host defense against, 1970 identification of, in tissue, 2038t, 2332f

infection (incl. pneumonia) history and physical findings in, 2100t–2101t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t, 2254–2255 radiographic findings in, 2214, 2249t lymphadenopathy in, 2028 pleural effusion in, 1494 in lung abscess, 2154t mycology of, 2341 pneumonia, 2024 sputum culture for, 2000 staining characteristics of, 2037f, 2040f, 2332f Coccidioides posadasii, mycology of, 2341 Coccidioidin skin test, 2002, 2344 Coccidioidomycosis, 1092, 1990, 2006–2007, 2341–2345. See also Coccidioides immitis clinical findings in, 2341–2343 cutaneous lesions in, 390 cutaneous manifestations of, 430 cytology of, 2343 cytopathology of, 520, 520f diagnosis of, 2343–2344, 2343t disseminated, 2342–2343, 2342f diagnosis of, 2343t treatment of, 2344t, 2345 epidemiology of, 1984t, 2327, 2341 extrapulmonary involvement in, 2343 treatment of, 2344t, 2345 geographic distribution of, 2327, 2328f histopathology of, 2331f, 2343, 2343t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2254–2256, 2341 and pneumothorax, 1523 in immunocompromised host, 2204, 2341 meningitis in, 2343 treatment of, 2345 mycology of, 2341 pathogenesis of, 2341 pathology of, 2341 pneumonia in acute focal, diagnosis of, 2343t acute uncomplicated, treatment of, 2344–2345, 2344t chronic progressive fibrocavitary, 2342 diagnosis of, 2343t treatment of, 2344t, 2345 diffuse, 2342 diagnosis of, 2343t localized, 2342 prevention of, 2345 primary pulmonary, 2341–2343 pulmonary cavity in, 2342, 2342f diagnosis of, 2343t treatment of, 2344t, 2345

I-29 Index pulmonary nodules in, 2342, 2342f diagnosis of, 2343t treatment of, 2344t, 2345 serology in, 2343–2344, 2343t solitary pulmonary nodule in, 1817 staining characteristics of, 2035t treatment of, 2344–2345, 2344t adjunctive surgical therapy in, 2345 duration of, 2345 Coccidiosis intestinal, 2402–2404 systemic, 2401–2402 Cockroach allergen(s), and risk of asthma, 794 Cockroaches, allergens, exposure to, 1031 Coefficient of retraction, 575 Coffee worker’s lung, etiology of, 1163t Cohn, Ferdinand, 15–16 Cohnheim, Julius, 15–16 Coin lesions, 1815, 1917 Colchicine, 2639 for asthma treatment, 832 pulmonary effects of, 1088 Cold-air challenge test, 585t Colistin aerosolized, 2059 for cystic fibrosis patient, 2179 Collagen, 53 age-related changes in, 267 in lung, 151 in lung development, 94 turnover, and emphysema, 719, 719f Collagen vascular disease, 428–430, 1193–1211, 1281–1282. See also Ankylosing spondylitis; Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD); Polymyositis-dermatomyositis; Rheumatoid arthritis; Scleroderma; Sj¨ogren’s syndrome; Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) alveolar hemorrhage in, 1241, 1293 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t interstitial lung disease associated with, computed tomography of, 1115t parenchymal reactions in, histopathology of, 1195–1198, 1195f–1198f pathophysiology of, 1193 pleural effusion in, 1496–1497 pulmonary complications of, incidence of, 1193, 1194t radiographic features of, 483, 484 and risk of infection, 1193 scintigraphy in, 559 and vasculitis, 1462–1463 Collapse receptors, 164, 164f Collateral blood flow, 179 Collateral ventilation, 151, 179

Collectin proteins, 39, 41, 127, 127f, 130–131, 1973 Colloid oncotic pressure, in pregnancy, 257t Colonizing organisms in cystic fibrosis, 866, 880–881 infection (incl. pneumonia), immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t Colorectal cancer carcinogenesis of, 1807–1809, 1808f metastases, survival rates for, 1941, 1942t pulmonary metastases, 1942 Columbus, Realdus, 5t, 6 Coma, nontraumatic outcomes of, 2715 prognosis for, 2715 Combustion byproducts, in indoor air, sources of, 1021t Common cold, 2085–2086 clinical features of, 2376 complications of, 2086 differential diagnosis of, 2376 epidemiology of, 2085 pathogenesis of, 2085–2086, 2376–2377 prevention of, 2086, 2377 transmission of, 2085 treatment of, 2086, 2377 viral causes of, 2085, 2376, 2376t viral diagnosis in, 2377 Common variable hypogammaglobulinemia, 2139 Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), 331–332 and bronchiectasis, 2188 pathophysiology of, 331–332 pulmonary infection in, 2234–2235, 2235f sarcoidosis and, 1135, 1136t treatment of, 332 Compensatory overinflation, differential diagnosis of, 699 Competency, 2731 Complement, 1983 in alveolar fluid, 282–283 C3a, 315, 349–350, 349f receptors, 349–350 C5a, 315, 349–350, 349f receptors, 349–350 C3a receptors, expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 122, 122t C5a receptors, expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 122, 122t cascade, activation pathways for, 349, 349f C3b, 349, 349f in alveolar fluid, 282–283 C5b, 349, 349f C3 convertase, 349, 349f C5 convertase, 349, 349f deficiency of, 2139

associated infections, 1983t, 2210t causes of, 1983t, 2210t immunologic work-up of, 2234t pulmonary infection in, 2236 in immune defense, 349–350, 1973 Complement receptor(s) 1, 1972 3, 1972 Complete blood count, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2247–2248, 2247t Complete reverse precautions, 2207–2208 Compliance. See also Chest wall compliance; Lung compliance; Static compliance definition of, 149 dynamic. See Dynamic compliance Composite body(ies), 38 Compost lung, etiology of, 1163t Computed tomographic angiography, 462–463, 462f, 470f, 503f in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, 554–556, 556f Computed tomography (CT), 420–421, 460–463, 2017–2018, 2018f in acute respiratory distress syndrome, 2673 advantages of, 460 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 840f–841f, 841–842, 2296, 2299f in asbestosis, 950–951, 951f of asbestos-related pleural plaques, 945–946 of aspergilloma, 2302–2303 of bullae, 914, 916f, 920–921, 922f, 928f in cancer patients, 2221 of chest wall, 462f, 502 contrast examination, 465–466 of critically ill patient, 509 in dyspnea, 405, 405t in emphysema, 473f, 475–476 in environmental lung disease, 939 in evaluation of impairment/disability, 680 helical, of upper airway obstruction, 850–851, 852f high-resolution, 463, 463f, 492f in asbestosis, 950–951, 951f in bronchiectasis, 2185f, 2188, 2188f in bronchiolitis, 888, 897 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 731 in cystic fibrosis, 871, 872f in environmental lung disease, 939 in evaluation of impairment/disability, 680 in hemoptysis, 413 in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 1165, 1167f in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1146–1147, 1148–1149, 1149f

I-30 Index Computed tomography, high-resolution (Cont.) in interstitial lung disease, 484 of interstitial lung disease, 1112–1113, 1113f–1114f, 1116t–1119t in occupational lung disease, 939 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2247t, 2248 of interstitial lung disease, 1112–1113, 1113f–1114f, 1115t, 1116t–1119t in Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, 1247, 1247f of localized alveolar disease, 478, 478f, 482f–483f of lung volume, 574–575 in lymphangioleiomyomatosis, 1258–1259, 1260f of mediastinal masses, 1588, 1588f, 1589f of mesothelioma, 563–564 in occupational lung disease, 939 of pleural effusion, 505, 506f in Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2356f, 2360–2361 and positron emission tomography, integrated. See PET/CT of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, 1470, 1471f of pulmonary embolism, 1432, 1433f, 1434t in pulmonary infection, 1997 in pulmonary tuberculosis, 2469 of sarcoidosis, 1133 screening, 388 of solitary pulmonary nodule, 1818–1819, 1819f, 1820, 1821f of upper airway obstruction, 850–852, 851f–852f Concentric laminar intimal fibrosis, 1364 Conedown, definition of, 1895 Conformal radiotherapy, definition of, 1895 Congenital heart disease cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 622–623 pregnancy and, 258 Congenital lobar hyperinflation, 699 Congestive heart failure differential diagnosis of, 819t lymphadenopathy in, 2028 Connectionist hypothesis, for SIRS/MODS, 2567–2568 Connective tissue, perivascular, 41–42, 41f, 42f Connective tissue disease (CTD). See also Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) bronchiolitis in, 903–905 interstitial lung disease associated with, 2013 pulmonary hypertension in, 1365

Connective tissue growth factor, in lung inflammation and injury, 339 Consciousness, level of, altered, 2101t Consolidation, 1988t, 2019–2020 in cancer patient, 2220–2221, 2221t detection of, 392 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2248, 2249t localized, postoperative, 508 neoplasia and, 2014 in organ transplant recipient, 2231, 2233t in pneumonia, 2099 radiographic features of, 477–478, 477f–479f Consolidative radiotherapy, definition of, 1895 Continuous positive airway pressure in ALI/ARDS, 2545 complications of, 1717, 1718t mask, 2649 for obstructive sleep apnea, 1715–1718, 1715f, 1716f, 1717f postoperative, 674 for sleep apnea, 1713 Continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD), for SIRS/MODS, 2570 Contractile cells, of alveolar septum, 40f, 41 Contraction alkalosis, 218 Contrast media and interstitial lung disease, 1110t pulmonary effects of, 1091t, 1093, 1295 Contusion, pulmonary, in trauma patient, 1761–1762, 1761f COP. See Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia Corner vessels, 1349, 1349f Coronary artery bypass grafting phrenic nerve injury in, 2586–2587 pulmonary complications of, 666, 666t Coronavirus and acute bronchitis, 2097 and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2116, 2116t characteristics of, 2375t and common cold, 2085, 2376, 2376t and diffuse alveolar damage, 2042 infection (incl. pneumonia) in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2229 diagnosis of, 2106 in early infancy, 2129–2130 treatment of, 2394 NL-63, and bronchiolitis, 2376t, 2382 and pharyngitis, 2086 SARS, 2427, 2428. See also Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) serotypes of, 2374 transmission of, 2374

Cor pulmonale acute, 1402 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, treatment of, 1407–1408 in pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1408–1409 arrhythmias with, 1377 chronic, 1402 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 731, 743, 1403–1405 clinical evaluation of, 1405–1406 definition of, 1360, 1402 epidemiology of, 1360 hemodynamic features of, 1403 history-taking in, 1371–1372 incidence of, 1402–1403 pathogenesis of, 1379–1380, 1380f, 1395, 1397f, 1402 pathology of, 1360, 1361f, 1362 prevalence of, 1402–1403 severity of, Social Security Listings for, 687, 687t Corticosteroid(s) for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 741, 2118t, 2119–2120, 2119t adjunctive therapy with, in tuberculosis, 2484 adverse effects and side effects of, 2638–2639 in ALI/ARDS, 2555t, 2556, 2557t for asthma, 2638 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2638 clinical use of, 2638 for community-acquired pneumonia, 2110 for eosinophilic disorders, 318 for hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 1171 for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1157 immunologic effects of, 2216 inhaled adverse effects and side effects of, 826t–827t for asthma, 822, 823t, 826t–827t for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 740 mechanism of action of, 826t–827t oral, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 740 pharmacology of, 2637 for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2370 pulmonary effects of, 1091t safety of, 2638–2639 for sarcoidosis, 1139–1140, 1140t systemic adverse effects and side effects of, 827t for asthma, 823t, 827t mechanism of action of, 827t

I-31 Index therapy with and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842, 2296, 2298, 2299 and risk of infection, 2306, 2307 topical for atopic dermatitis, 428 for scleroderma, 430 Corticosteroid-sparing agents, 2639 Cortisol, pharmacology of, 2637 Corvisart, Jean Nicolas, 5t, 13–14 Corynebacterium diphtheriae in acute mediastinitis, 2166t pharyngitis caused by, 2086 Corynebacterium equi. See Rhodococcus equi Corynebacterium jeikeium, in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, infection (incl. pneumonia) in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2271 in immunocompromised host, 2271 Corynebacterium ulcerans, laryngopharyngitis caused by, 2087 Costodiaphragmatic recess, 24, 24f Costophrenic sulcus, radiographic evaluation of, 457, 457f, 458f Cotton dust, lung disease caused by, 981. See also Byssinosis Cough. See also Manually assisted coughing; Mechanically assisted coughing acute, 2380–2381 in acute bronchitis, 2097 chronic etiology of, 410 evaluation of, algorithm for, 410, 411f drug-induced, 1093 evaluation of, in evaluation of impairment/disability, 679 in immune defense, 281 in interstitial lung disease, 1108 with mediastinal lesions, 1587, 1587t in pneumonia, 2099 seal’s bark, 2087 Cough reflex, postoperative changes in, 665 Cournand, Andr´e Frederic, 5t, 13, 16, 17f Course, of radiotherapy, definition of, 1895 Coxiella burnetii, 2005–2006, 2005t. See also Q fever epidemiology of, 1984t, 2004 infection (incl. pneumonia) chest radiograph in, 2101f diagnosis of, 2002, 2106 history and physical findings in, 2100t, 2101t hospitalization rate for, 2105t

Coxsackievirus, and pharyngitis, 2086, 2378 CPA. See Aspergillosis, pulmonary, chronic Crab processors, asthma in, 988 Crack cocaine inhalation cytopathology of, 517, 518f pulmonary effects of, 1093, 1101, 1295 Crackles, 393, 393t causes of, 393 coarse, 393, 393t early vs. late, 393 fine, 393, 393t in pneumonia, 2099 wet vs. dry, 393 CRAG. See Cryptococcal antigen Cranial nerve(s), in invasive (malignant) otitis externa, 2092 C-reactive protein (CRP), 1970 assay for, 2107 Creola bodies, 513, 515, 516f Crescent sign, 482f, 2024, 2025f CREST syndrome, 429–430 pulmonary hypertension in, 1365 pulmonary vascular disease in, 1207–1208 Cricopharyngeal dysfunction, 1307f Cricothyroidotomy, 861 Cricothyrotomy, percutaneous emergency technique for, 2655 kit for, 2654 Criteria pollutants, 1011, 1011t Critical illness polyneuropathy, ventilatory impairment in, 1654–1655 Crohn’s disease (CD) erythema nodosum in, 434 and risk of infection, 2306 sarcoidosis and, 1135, 1136t Cromolyn sodium adverse effects and side effects of, 827t, 2640 for asthma, 822, 823t, 827t, 2640 clinical use of, 2640 dosage and administration of, 827t for exercise-induced asthma, 811t, 812, 2640 pharmacology of, 2639–2640 Cromones adverse effects and side effects of, 827t for asthma, 824t, 827t mechanism of action of, 827t Croup, 2087–2088 adult, upper airway obstruction in, 853 clinical features of, 2379 membranous, 2088 pathogenesis of, 2379–2380 prevention of, 2380 treatment of, 2380 upper airway obstruction in, 853 viral causes of, 2376t, 2379

Crouzon’s syndrome, 2647 CRP. See C-reactive protein (CRP) Cruzan, Nancy, 2724–2725 Cryotherapy endobronchial, 638 in upper airway obstruction, 862 Cryptococcal antigen BAL, 2330t, 2332 cerebrospinal fluid, 2330, 2330t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2247t, 2254, 2332 serum, 2330, 2330t, 2332 Cryptococcosis, 1991, 2327–2334 in cancer patients, 2215 in children, immune defects and, 2139 clinical findings in, 2328–2330 cytology of, 2330t, 2331–2332 cytopathology of, 519, 519f, 520f diagnosis of, 2330–2333, 2330t disseminated, 2328, 2330 treatment of, 2333–2334, 2333t epidemiology of, 2328 histopathology of, 2330t, 2331–2332, 2331f history-taking in, 388 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2246–2247 and pneumothorax, 1523 treatment of, 2333–2334, 2333t immune response to, 2328 in immunocompromised host, treatment of, 2333–2334, 2333t meningoencephalitis in, 2330 diagnosis of, 2330t, 2333 treatment of, 2333–2334, 2333t mycology of, 2328 pathogenesis of, 2328 pleural effusion in, 1494 prevention of, 2334 pulmonary, 2328–2330, 2329f diagnosis of, 2330–2333, 2330t treatment of, 2333–2334, 2333t pulmonary alveolar proteinosis complicated by, 2014 risk factors for, 2328 treatment of, 2333–2334, 2333t Cryptococcus infection (incl. pneumonia), 2024. See also Cryptococcosis in cancer patients, 2221 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2209f, 2245 imaging of, 2026f immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t in immunocompromised host, 2209, 2209f laryngitis caused by, 2087 staining characteristics of, 2035t, 2037–2038, 2331f

I-32 Index Cryptococcus neoformans, 1994, 2327–2328 culture of, 2000, 2330t, 2332–2333 fluconazole resistance, 2334 identification of, in tissue, 2038t, 2331f immune response to, 343, 1970, 2328 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2018f. See also Cryptococcosis history and physical findings in, 2100t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t, 2254 radiographic findings in, 2214t, 2215, 2249t in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 in organ transplant recipient, 2230, 2232f serotypes of, 2328 sputum culture for, 2000 staining characteristics of, 2041f, 2331f var. gatti, 2328 epidemiology of, 2327 geographic distribution of, 2327, 2328f var. neoformans, 2327 Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, 1106t, 1144 Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, 888, 891f, 900–903, 1106t, 1145, 2541t BAL cellular findings in, 902 chest imaging in, 901, 902f clinical course of, 903 clinical features of, 901, 1116t computed tomography of, 1115t, 1116t diagnosis of, 902–903 drug-induced, 1089–1091, 1090t histology of, 1116t histopathology of, 902 laboratory findings in, 901 physiological findings in, 901–902 treatment of, 903, 1116t Cryptosporidiosis, 2402–2404. See also Cryptosporidium, infection (incl. pneumonia) clinical features of, 2402–2403 diagnosis of, 2404 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2402–2404 pulmonary, 2404, 2404f treatment of, 2404 Cryptosporidium, infection (incl. pneumonia). See also Cryptosporidiosis in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2224 in cancer patients, 2219 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t, 2248, 2258 in immunocompromised host, 2208

Cryptosporidium parvum, 2402, 2404f life cycle of, 2402 Cryptostroma corticale, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t CSOM. See Otitis media, chronic suppurative c-src, in lung cancer, 1807 Cst. See Static compliance, of lung CTACK, 340t CTEPH. See Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension CTGF. See Connective tissue growth factor CTL. See Cytotoxic (cytolytic) T lymphocytes (CTL) Cuboidal metaplasia, 35 Cullen, William, 15 Cunninghamella bertholletiae, 2316t, 2317 infection (incl. pneumonia) in cancer patients, 2217 epidemiology of, 2317 CURB-65 rule, 2102, 2103, 2108t Curie, Pierre and Marie, 1173 Curschmann spirals, 512, 513 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842 Curvularia in allergic fungal sinusitis, 2091 infection (incl. pneumonia), in cancer patients, 2217 in invasive fungal sinusitis, 2091 Curvularia lunata, in allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, 837 Cushing’s syndrome, 432–433, 444–445, 1933–1934 in small cell lung cancer, 1904–1905, 1905t Cutaneous nodule(s), 2101t Cuthbertson, 2693 Cutis laxa, 437 and bullous emphysema, 917 CV. See Closing volume C/VL. See Specific compliance Cw. See Chest wall compliance CWP. See Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis CXCR5, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2243 Cyanide poisoning with diagnosis of, 1056 signs and symptoms of, 1056, 1056t treatment of, 1056–1057 in smoke and inhalation injury, 1054, 1056–1057 source of, 1054t Cyanosis abnormal pigments in blood and, 415–416 causes of, 415–416

definition of, 415 peripheral, 415 in pulmonary disease, 415 venous admixture and, 415 Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and surfactant production, 132 Cyclooxygenase (COX) COX-1 in arachidonic acid metabolism, 803–804, 803f and aspirin-induced asthma, 801 COX-2, in arachidonic acid metabolism, 803–804, 803f Cyclophosphamide for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1157 immunologic effects of, 2216 and interstitial lung disease, 1110t and pleural effusion, 1506t pneumonitis caused by, 2011, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1073, 1074–1075, 1074t, 1181, 1295 radiation therapy and, 1181 for sarcoidosis, 1141 Cycloserine adverse effects and side effects of, 2483t for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 dosage and administration of, 2504t for tuberculosis, 2479 dosage and administration of, 2482t Cyclospora, infection (incl. pneumonia), in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t Cyclospora cayetanensis, 2404–2405 Cyclosporiasis, 2404–2405 Cyclosporine, 2639 adverse effects and side effects of, 2207 for asthma treatment, 832 interactions with drugs for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2503t for sarcoidosis, 1141 Cyst(s) bronchogenic, 856, 1608, 1608f clinical presentation of, 1573–1575, 1575t diagnosis of, 1573–1575 embryology of, 1572–1573 intrapulmonary, 1573, 1574f mediastinal, 1573, 1573f, 1574f presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1817 radiographic features of, 498 terminology for, 1572–1573 treatment of, 1575–1576 characteristics of, 913, 915t congenital, mediastinal, anatomic distribution of, 1571–1572 echinococcal, as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1817

I-33 Index enterogenous (duplication), 856, 1576 clinical presentation of, 1576, 1577f diagnosis of, 1576 embryology of, 1576 treatment of, 1576 esophageal, 1608 in interstitial lung disease, 1113f, 1115t mediastinal congenital, anatomic distribution of, 1571–1572 primary epidemiology of, 1572, 1572t origin of, 1572, 1572t mesothelial, 1609 neurenteric, 1576–1578, 1608 clinical presentation of, 1576–1578 diagnosis of, 1576–1578 embryology of, 1576 treatment of, 1578 parathyroid, upper airway obstruction caused by, 857 pericardial, 856, 1578–1579, 1580f, 1609, 1609f pleural, 856 pleuropericardial, 1609 saccular, upper airway obstruction caused by, 857 thoracic duct, 1579–1580, 1580f, 1609 thymic, 856, 1578, 1578f, 1579f thyroid, upper-airway obstruction caused by, 849f Cystatin C, in lung parenchyma, 721t, 722 Cystatins, in lung parenchyma, 721t, 722 Cystic fibrosis, 398, 2138 adult patient with, psychosocial issues of, 882 airway surface liquid regulation in, 2174–2175, 2174f and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 839, 2176–2177, 2294–2296 anti-inflammatory therapy for, 876–877 atelectasis in, 878, 879f and bronchiectasis, 866–867, 2185t, 2186–2187 bronchodilator therapy for, 876–877 chest physiotherapy in, 874–875 chest radiographs in, 870–871, 871f cholestasis in, 878 clinical evaluation of, 870–874 clinical presentation of, atypical, 874 complications of, 878–882 computed tomography of, 1115t diabetes in, 867, 2177 diagnosis of, 868–870, 870f, 2173 eosinophils in, 318 epithelial chloride transport in, 138, 138f, 865, 865f and fertility, 868, 873, 882–883 gas exchange abnormalities in, 872 gastrointestinal involvement in, 2177 pathophysiology of, 867–868, 869f

gene therapy in, 884 genetics of, 863–865 genetic testing for, 870 genotype-phenotype correlation in, 873–874 hemoptysis in, 880 hepatobiliary involvement in, 867, 873, 878, 2177 historical perspective on, 2173 hypoelectrolytemia in, 878, 878t incidence of, 863 infection in, 866–867, 880–881 antibiotic therapy for, 875–876 clinical aspects of, 2175–2177 and inflammation, 2175 pathogenesis of, 866–867, 2173–2178 intestinal obstruction in, 878 liver function tests in, 873 liver transplantation in, 878 lung disease in antibiotic therapy for, 2178–2179 anti-inflammatory agents for, 2179 complications of, 878, 879f exacerbations of, 2176 antibiotic therapy in, 2179 manifestations of, 2176 microbiology of, 2175–2176 pathogenesis of, 868f pathophysiology of, 866–867, 868f treatment of, 874–876, 2178 lung transplantation in, 1774t, 1775–1777 complications of, 881–882, 882f lung volume changes in, 872 metabolic alkalosis in, 878, 878t mist therapy for, 876 mucociliary clearance in, 2174–2175, 2174f mucolytic therapy for, 876 mucus in, 866, 2175 multisystem manifestations of, 2175, 2175f mutation analysis in, 873–874 nasal disease in, 2177 natural history of, 877–878 non-respiratory manifestations of, 2177–2178 nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in, 2502 nutrition in, 877, 2177 pancreatic function tests in, 873, 877 pancreatic involvement in, 2177 management of, 877 pathogenesis of, 865–866 pathophysiology of, 144, 866–868 pneumonia in, nosocomial, 2282, 2283 pneumothorax in, 880, 1521–1522 treatment guidelines for, 1531 and pregnancy, 260, 882–883 prenatal screening for, 870, 883 prognosis for, 877–878

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in, 2081–2082 pathogenesis of, 2175 treatment of, 875–876, 883–884, 2178–2179 psychosocial issues in, 882 pulmonary complications of, 878, 879f pathology of, 1394f pulmonary function testing in, 604t, 871–872 reproductive issues in, 882–883 reproductive tract involvement in, 882–883, 2177–2178 pathophysiology of, 868 respiratory failure in, 881 semen analysis in, 873 severity of familial pattern of, 871f, 877 Social Security Listings for, 686–687, 687t sinus disease in, 2177 skin in, 437 small airway obstruction in, 872 sputum culture in, 872–873 survival with, 874, 874f, 877–878, 2173 sweat gland involvement in, pathophysiology of, 868 treatment of, 874–877 advances in (future directions for), 883–884 pharmacologic approaches, 883–884 Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator chloride channel, 139–140, 140f domains, 864f domain structure of, 139–140, 140f and epithelial transport, 2173–2174 membrane-spanning domains, 139–140, 140f mutations of, 144, 864–865, 864t, 2173, 2174f and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 837–838, 2295–2296 analysis of, 873–874 carriers, 863, 865 classification of, by molecular and biochemical abnormalities, 865–866, 866f genotype-phenotype correlation with, 873–874 pharmacologic therapy for, 883–884 racial/ethnic distribution of, 863, 864t and susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2081–2082 testing for, 865 nucleotide-binding domains, 140, 140f structure of, 864, 864f Cystic hygroma, 1596 Cystine storage disease, 1276

I-34 Index Cytarabine, immunologic effects of, 2216 Cytochrome P450, 1088, 1094 Cytokines activities of, 336 adjunctive therapy with in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, 2312 for zygomycosis, 2321 and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 119 in allergy, 792, 792f in aspergillosis, 2293, 2312 in asthma, 118, 777–778, 779t–781t and B-cell production, 323 chemotactic, 339, 340t and inflammatory response, 339 definition of, 335 early-response, 336–337, 347 eosinophils and, 310t, 313, 314–315 fibrotic, in lung inflammation and injury, 338–339 in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 1171 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1154 in inflammation, 336–337 inflammatory, 280f, 1970, 1978 in initiation of pulmonary inflammation, 336–337 mast cell, 310t, 311 mast cells and, 310t, 312 produced by macrophages, 1972t profibrotic, epithelial cell expression of, 377–378 release of by airway smooth muscle cells, 121 antibiotics affecting, 2054–2055 and SIRS/MODS, 2566–2567 sources of, 335 targets of, 335 T-cell-derived, and isotype switching, 324 therapy with, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2370 and tuberculosis, 2461 type I, 337 type II, 337 Cytology, bronchopulmonary, normal, 514–516 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) assays for, 1989t characteristics of, 2375t diagnosis of, 2000–2001 and diffuse alveolar damage, 2042 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2027f in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2222–2223, 2224, 2228 in cancer patients, 2218 in children, 2391 cytopathology of, 523, 523f in early infancy, 2130 history and physical findings in, 2100t

in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 1294, 2212t, 2245, 2257 radiographic findings in, 2214, 2215, 2249t immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t in immunocompromised host, 2204, 2207, 2209, 2391–2392 in lung transplant recipient, 1790–1791, 1791f lymphadenopathy in, 2028 and net state of immunosuppression, 2205 in organ transplant recipient, 2230, 2232 pathogenesis of, 2393 pathology of, 2044f pleural effusion in, 1494 and Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2355, 2357f, 2358, 2359, 2360f, 2364 and pneumothorax, 1523 prevention of, 2394–2395 radiographic findings in, 483 in severe combined immunodeficiency, 2236 treatment of, 2394–2395 molecular detection of, 2002 and pharyngitis, 2376t, 2378 pneumonia, 1994, 2024 diagnosis of, 2001, 2003 in immunocompromised host, 1997 and sarcoidosis, 1127 staining characteristics of, 2035t, 2037 Cytopathology of asbestosis, 516, 517f of aspiration pneumonia, 524, 524f of bacterial infections, 518, 518f of berylliosis, 517, 517f of chemotherapy effects, 526–527, 527f of crack cocaine inhalation, 517, 518f of fungal infections, 519–522, 519f–522f of intra-alveolar hemorrhage, 524–525, 525f, 526f of lipid pneumonia, 524, 525f of parasitic infestations, 523–524, 524f of pulmonary infarct, 524–525, 525f of pulmonary neoplasms, 527–531 of radiation injury, 526–527 of sarcoidosis, 525–526, 526f of smoking, 516, 517f specimens for ancillary diagnostic techniques and, 514 cell block technique for, 514 cellulosic (Millipore) filter for, 514 collection of, 512–513 cytospin preparations, 514 direct smears, 514 processing of, 513–514 Saccamanno’s fixative and, 514 of viral infections, 522–523, 522f–523f Cytopathology report, 511–512

Cytosine arabinoside, pulmonary effects of, 1076t, 1077–1078 Cytotoxic (cytolytic) T lymphocytes (CTL), 1977 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2243 D Dactinomycin immunologic effects of, 2216 pulmonary effects of, radiation therapy and, 1181 DAD. See Diffuse alveolar damage DAH. See Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage Dalbavancin, 2058 Dalfopristin, 2058 pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 Dalton, John, 5t, 9 Dapsone, 2639 methemoglobinemia caused by, 416 for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2368t, 2369 prophylactic, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2367 Daptomycin, 2058 da Vinci, Leonardo, 5t, 11 Davy, Humphrey, 11, 568 DC-CK-1. See Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine D-dimer testing, with pulmonary embolism, 1431–1432 Dead space, 592 anatomic, 173–175, 592 conducting airway, 173–175 percentage total ventilation wasted in, calculation of, 187 physiological. See Physiological dead space De Castro, F., 13 Decision-making capacity, of ICU patients, 2724, 2729 assessment of, 2731–2732, 2731t Decompression sickness, 1047–1048 clinical manifestations of, 1048 hyperbaric oxygen therapy for, 1050–1051 pulmonary, 1048 Deep breathing exercises, postoperative, 673t, 674 Deep venous thrombosis, 1423 in cancer patient, 433 prevention of, 835 scintigraphy in, 551 Defensins, 1973 in airway surface liquid, 281 Deferoxamine, therapy with, and risk of infection, 2317, 2318, 2321 Definitive radiotherapy, definition of, 1895 Deflation receptors, 164, 164f Delavirdine, and antituberculosis therapy, 2491

I-35 Index Delayed hypersensitivity skin tests of, 2002 testing, in nutritional assessment, 2694 Delta1, 87 Dendritic cell(s), 280, 282, 1974–1975, 1975f, 1976 airway, 42 in airways, 280f in aspergillosis, 2293 in asthma, 777 and isotype switching, 324 myeloid, 1974 plasmacytoid, 1974 and tuberculosis, 2080 Dense-cored vesicles, 30, 30f Dental extraction, and anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections, 2145t Dentition, assessment of, 2647 DeO2 . See Erythrocyte conductance Deontological theory, 2724 Depositional disease(s), of lung, 1233, 1234t Depression, smoking cessation (nicotine withdrawal) and, 757, 759 Depressor reflex, 1340 Dermatomyositis. See Polymyositis-dermatomyositis Dermatophagoides farinae, 1031 Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, 1031 Dermatoses neutrophilic, 434 reactive, 433–436 Desert rheumatism, 2342 Desquamative interstitial pneumonia, 491f, 1106t, 1144, 1145, 2013 clinical features of, 1116t computed tomography of, 1115t, 1116t drug-induced, 1110t–1111t histology of, 1116t treatment of, 1116t Detergent worker’s disease, etiology of, 1165t Dexfenfluramine and interstitial lung disease, 1110t pharmacology of, 1370 pulmonary effects of, 1093 and pulmonary hypertension, 447, 1383 Dexmedetomidine, for agitated ICU patient, 2705, 2706t DFMO. See Difluoromethylornithine Diabetes insipidus, pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis and, 1246 Diabetes mellitus in cystic fibrosis, 2177 and risk of infection, 2317 sleep apnea and, 1713 Diabetic ketoacidosis dyspnea in, 403 and pneumonia, 2100t

Diacetyl-popcorn lung, 896, 935t Diaphragm, 72f actions of, 74–75, 74f, 77 pathological conditions affecting, 77–78 contraction of, 74–75 appositional component of, 74, 74f insertional component of, 74–75, 74f dome ultrasound of, 1642, 1642t dysfunction postoperative, 664 and respiratory failure, 2586–2587 in systemic lupus erythematosus, 1201, 1201f fatigue, 166 and abnormal breathing pattern, 403 activity and, 2601, 2602f, 2603f blood flow and, 2601–2602 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2606–2607, 2607f pathogenesis of, 2601–2602, 2602f, 2603f fiber types in, 72 flattening of, 2597–2598 fluoroscopy of, 459–460, 460f force-frequency relationships of, 73, 74f, 2599–2601, 2600f force-length relationships of, 72–73, 73f force-velocity relationships of, 73–74, 74f function, 165–166 hyperinflation and, 713–714, 714f injury to, in trauma patient, 1763–1764, 1764f innervation of, 166 length–tension relationship, in emphysema, 2598, 2598f mitochondria in, 72 motor unit organization, 72 oxygen uptake capacity of, 72 paralysis in neuromuscular disease, 1653 ventilatory impairment in, 1653 power-frequency relationships of, 73–74 radiographic evaluation of, 459–460, 460f, 500–503 testing of, 1642, 1642t tumors of, 503 ultrasound of, in acute lung injury, 2673 zone of apposition ultrasound of, 1642, 1642t Diaphragmatic eventration, 460, 460f, 502 Diaphragmatic pacing, in neuromuscular disorders, 1663–1664, 1663f Diaphragm tension–time index, 2601–2602, 2602f, 2603f Diarrhea, in respiratory failure, 2518t, 2519 Diazepam, for agitated ICU patient, 2703, 2704t

Diazinon exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t p-Dichlorobenzene exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Dickkopf (Dkk), 86, 89f Diclofenac, and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t Dicloxacillin, for cystic fibrosis patient, 875 Didanosine, adverse effects and side effects of, with isoniazid, 2490 Dietary pulmonary hypertension, 446–447 Dieterle stain, 2037 Difenfluramine, pulmonary effects of, 1347 Diffuse alveolar damage, 1106t, 2042, 2539 in collagen vascular disease, 1194t histopathology of, 1195 drug-induced, 1092, 1093, 1110t–1111t occupational exposures and, 935t in polymyositis-dermatomyositis, 1208–1209 Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1237, 1281–1297, 2541t, 2544 with ANCA-associated drug-induced vasculitis, 1241–1242 in ANCA-associated syndromes, treatment of, 1292 autoimmune, 1281–1282, 1282t bronchoalveolar lavage in, 1282, 1284 clinical features of, 1282 diagnosis of, 1282–1285 kidney biopsy in, 1284–1285, 1285f, 1286f pathology of, 1285t radiographic features of, 1282 and renal function, 1281–1282 serology of, 1285t bland, 1295 in collagen vascular disease, 1194t histopathology of, 1197, 1197f in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 1294, 2227 bronchoscopy in, 1120t with capillaritis, 1237, 1239f, 1281–1282, 1282t causes of, 1237, 1239t in collagen vascular disease, 1194t histopathology of, 1197, 1197f causes of, 1237, 1239t nonimmunologic, 1242 in collagen vascular disease, 1193, 1194t histopathology of, 1197, 1197f computed tomography of, 1115t drug-induced, 1091t, 1092, 1241–1242, 1281, 1294–1295 and glomerulonephritis, 1281–1282 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 1294 immune-mediated

I-36 Index Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (Cont.) kidney biopsy in, 1284–1285, 1285f, 1286f lung pathology of, 1285t renal pathology of, 1285t serology of, 1285t treatment of, 1285–1287 in immunocompromised patients, 1293–1294 in mixed connective tissue disease, 1210 occupational exposures and, 935t with or without capillaritis, causes of, 1237, 1239t in polymyositis-dermatomyositis, 1208–1209 in systemic lupus erythematosus, 1199–1200, 1200f without capillaritis, causes of, 1237, 1239t Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome, 1953–1954 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2260 Diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia, 1949, 1952 Diffuse panbronchiolitis, 909–910, 910f Diffuse parenchymal lung disease, 1145 Diffusing capacity, 58–61, 58f, 65, 194–199, 592–594 age-related changes in, 273 in AMA Guides classification of impairment, 682t for carbon monoxide. See Carbon monoxide, diffusing capacity for in dyspnea, 405t factors affecting, 197–199 measurement of, 195–196 nonuniform physiological parameters and, 199 technical considerations in, 198–199 membrane age-related changes in, 273 measurement of, 196–197 morphometry of lung and, 60–61, 60t for nitric oxide. See Nitric oxide, diffusing capacity for normal values, 1324, 2736 for oxygen. See Oxygen, diffusing capacity for in pregnancy, 255 preoperative, analysis, for lung resection, 671–672 reduced, 607, 607t terminology for, 1328, 2740 Diffusing capacity per unit alveolar volume definition of, 1328, 2740 normal, 1324, 2736 Diffusion, 191–192 partial pressure gradient and, 191–192 physical factors affecting, 191–192 rate of, physical factors affecting, 192 Diffusional screening, 63–65 Diffusion cell, 64

Diffusion defect, and arterial hypoxemia, 2616–2617, 2616t Diffusion equilibrium, 192 Diffusion limitation, 177 Difluoromethylornithine, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2370 DiGeorge’s syndrome, 2139 pulmonary infection in, 2236 Digestive tract, selective decontamination of, in prevention of nosocomial pneumonia, 2289 Digitalis, for pulmonary hypertension, 1377 Diisocyanates and occupational asthma, 985t, 986 occupational lung disease caused by, 934t DILS. See Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome DIP. See Desquamative interstitial pneumonia Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, in surfactant, 126–127 Diphenylhydantoin, pulmonary effects of, 1097, 1242, 1294 Diphenylmethane di-isocyanate hypersensitivity pneumonitis, etiology of, 1164t Diphosphoglycerate, 9 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate, and oxygen exchange, 202–203 Diphtheria differential diagnosis of, 2087 pharyngitis in, 2086 Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA), sputum staining with, 1999 Directly observed therapy, in tuberculosis, 2476, 2484 Dirofilaria immitis, 2419, 2420f and eosinophilic pneumonia, 1219 infection, pathology of, 2050 Dirofilariasis, 2419, 2420f solitary pulmonary nodule in, 1817 Disability, 941. See also Impairment definition of, 677 Social Security Administration, 685 determination of, in occupational asthma, 988 evaluation of, 677–678 American Thoracic Society criteria for, 684–685 Social Security and, 685–687 occupation-related, workers’ compensation programs for federal, 688–690 state, 687–688 Distributive justice, principle of, 2722, 2723 Diuretics inhaled, 2637 pneumonitis caused by, 2010, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1093

for pulmonary hypertension, 1376–1377 Diving, decompression during, 1045–1046 alveolar rupture in, 1045–1046 sequelae, 1046–1047 Diving injury(ies), annual numbers of, 1045 Dl. See Diffusing capacity DlCO . See Carbon monoxide, diffusing capacity for DLH. See Diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia DlNO . See Nitric oxide, diffusing capacity for DlO2 . See Oxygen, diffusing capacity for DL /VA . See Diffusing capacity per unit alveolar volume Dm. See Diffusing capacity, membrane DMO2 . See Membrane conductance DNA gyrase, 2056–2057 DNAR orders, 2722, 2730–2733 carrying out, 2733 classification of, by goals, 2732, 2732t deciding on, 2732–2733 levels of intervention and associated therapeutic goals in, 2732, 2732t Docetaxel, pulmonary effects of, 1083–1084, 1083t Dock, William, 13 Dog(s), allergens, exposure to, 1031 Domestic allergic alveolitis, etiology of, 1164t Donders, Franciscus Cornelius, 5t, 11 Do not attempt resuscitation (DNAR) orders. See DNAR orders Dornase alpha, 2641 Dosimetry, radiation, 1173, 1175–1177 definition of, 1895 DOT. See Directly observed therapy Double wall sign, 918 Doubling time, 487, 493f of solitary pulmonary nodule, 1822 Doxapram, as respiratory stimulant, 2643 Doxorubicin, pulmonary effects of, 1083t, 1181 radiation therapy and, 1181 Doxycycline for anthrax, 2429t, 2437 for brucellosis, 2429t, 2438–2439 interactions with immunosuppressive agents, 2503t for melioidosis, 2440 for plague, 2429t, 2432 for protozoan infection, 2407 for sarcoidosis, 1140, 1140t for tularemia, 2434 DPI. See Dry powder inhaler DPLD. See Diffuse parenchymal lung disease DPPC. See Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

I-37 Index Drechslera in indoor air, 1031 infection (incl. pneumonia), in cancer patients, 2217 Drechslera hawaiiensis, in allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, 837 DRESS. See Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms Dressler’s syndrome, 1502 Drotrecogin alfa, for community-acquired pneumonia, 2110 Drowned lung, neoplasia and, 2014 DRSP. See Streptococcus pneumoniae, drug-resistant Drug(s) cutaneous toxicity of, 439–440 cytotoxic extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by, 2012, 2012t hypersensitivity lung disease caused by, 2012, 2012t hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 2012, 2012t for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1157 pneumonitis caused by, 2011, 2012t acute or chronic, with fibrosis, 2011–2012, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1069–1073, 1070t, 1181 dyspnea caused by, 403 eosinophilic pneumonia caused by, 1215t, 1216–1217 illicit, pulmonary effects of, 1093, 1100–1101 and interstitial lung disease, 1110t lung disease due to. See also Chemotherapy approach to patient with, 1087–1088 diagnosis of, 1087–1088 histopathology of, 1089–1094, 1090t–1091t mechanism of injury in, 1089 nonchemotherapeutic drugs and, 1087–1101 resolution of, 1101 risk factors for, 1088–1089 treatment of, 1101 metabolism of, 1088 methemoglobinemia caused by, 416 nonchemotherapeutic, lung disease due to, 1087–1101 noncytotoxic, pneumonitis caused by, 2010, 2012t pleural effusion caused by, 1498 pulmonary toxicity of, web site about, 1216 and sleepiness, 1732–1733 vasculitis caused by, 1241–1242 Drug abuse deep cervical infection caused by, 852

embolisms caused by, 1446 history-taking in, 389 physical findings in, 390 pulmonary complications of, 1446 pulmonary toxicity due to, 1100–1101 supraglottitis caused by, 853 Drug history, 389 Drug-induced lupus, immunologic tests for, 1112t Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, 1092 Dry-air challenge test, 585t Dry powder inhaler, drug delivery by, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 738, 738t DuBois, Eugene F., 8, 12 Duchenne muscular dystrophy respiratory abnormalities in, 1656–1658, 1657f ventilatory impairment in, 1668t treatment of, 1670, 1670f Ductus arteriosus, 108–109, 1354–1355, 1355f closure of, 1355 patent and clubbing of digits, 416 cyanosis due to, 415 Dumbbell tumors, 1611 Duplication cyst(s) esophageal, radiographic features of, 498, 501f tracheobronchial tree, radiographic features of, 498 Dust(s) inhalation of, 2013 in lung tissue, analysis of, 940 occupational exposure to, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 708t, 709–710 occupational lung disease caused by, 934t Dust mites, 1031 and risk of asthma, 794 Dutch hypothesis, 711 Duvet lung, etiology of, 1164t Dynamic compliance, 158–159, 158f, 588–589, 588f, 589f definition of, 1328, 2740 Dynein gene(s), 2187 Dysphagia, 1305–1308, 1306t cerebrovascular disease and, 1307–1308 mechanical mechanisms of, 1309–1310 with mediastinal lesions, 1587, 1587t stroke and, 1307–1308 Dyspnea, 393–395 acute, causes of, 395, 395t in anemia, 402–403 in asthma, 398 cardiac, 400 chemoreception and, 397 in children, causes of, 395, 395t

chronic (and progressive), causes of, 395, 395t in chronic cardiac disease with stiff lungs, 400 without stiff lungs, 400 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 397–398, 714 clinical presentation of, 395 compensatory response to, age-related changes in, 269–270 definition of, 393 diagnostic studies in, 404–405, 405t evaluation of, 404–405, 405t in evaluation of impairment/disability, 679, 679t Medical Research Council scale for, 679, 679t, 732, 733t exertional in cardiac/circulatory failure, 626, 626t evaluation of, cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 625–626, 626t in ventilatory failure, 626, 626t in interstitial lung disease, 1108 length-tension inappropriateness and, 397 with mediastinal lesions, 1587, 1587t paroxysmal nocturnal, 401–402 pathophysiology of, 170–171, 397 patients’ terms for, 394–395 physiological correlates of, 395–397 positional forms of, 400–401 of pregnancy, 258 psychogenic, 394 in pulmonary hypertension, 1371, 1371t pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis and, 1246 in restrictive lung disease, 400 scaling of, 397, 397t, 398t sensation of, 397 components of, 393–394 pathways to, 393–394, 394f types of, 171 in upper airway obstruction, 846 ventilatory performance and, 395–396 Dystroglycan, in lung development, 94 E E. corodens, in acute mediastinitis, 2166t Ear(s), infections of, 2091–2094 Easpirin, and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t Eaton-Lambert syndrome, ventilatory impairment in, 1656 EBUS. See Endobronchial ultrasound EBV. See Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ECCO2 R. See Extracorporeal CO2 removal (ECCO2 R) Echinacea, 2086

I-38 Index Echinocandins for candidiasis, 2316 for invasive fungal infections, 2310t, 2311, 2312 for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2370 for zygomycosis, 2320 Echinococcosis, 1991, 2414t, 2421–2423, 2422f, 2423f Echinococcus and eosinophilic pneumonia, 1214t infection (incl. pneumonia), in immunocompromised host, 2210 infestation, cytopathology of, 524 staining characteristics of, 2035t, 2039, 2041f Echinococcus granulosus, 1995, 2414t, 2418t, 2421, 2422f, 2423f biology of, 2414 disease caused by, epidemiology of, 2415 pleural disease due to, 1495 staining characteristics of, 2041f Echocardiography, 2543 in acute respiratory failure, 2666–2667 in dyspnea, 404–405 with pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, 1470, 1471f–1472f with pulmonary embolism, 1433 in pulmonary hypertension, 1373t, 1374 ECMO. See Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) ECP. See Eosinophil cationic protein Ecthyma gangrenosum, 2101t Edema, alveolar, 35 EDN. See Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin Efavirenz, and antituberculosis therapy, 2490–2491 Egalitarian theory, 2723 Egophony, 392 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and bullous emphysema, 917 cutaneous manifestations of, 437 Ehrlich, Paul, 307 Ehrlichiosis, in splenectomized patient, 2219 EIA. See Asthma, exercise-induced Eikenella corrodens, 2007 EIT. See Electrical impedance activity Elafin, 1970 in lung parenchyma, 721t Elastance, definition of, 149 Elastase, 1973 mast cell, 310t, 311 Elastic fiber(s), 53 age-related changes in, 266–267, 266f in emphysema, 718–719 Elastic recoil, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 711, 712f Elastin

age-related changes in, 266–267, 266f in lung, 151 in lung development, 94 proteinases affecting, 718, 718t Elderly neck motion in, 2648 new-onset asthma in, 421 pulmonary function testing in, interpretation of, 276 susceptibility to air pollution, 1032t Electrical impedance activity, in acute lung injury, 2673 Electrical stimulation, in detection of respiratory muscle fatigue, 2600 Electrocardiography in cardiopulmonary exercise testing, 611 with pulmonary embolism, 1430, 1433f in pulmonary hypertension, 1374–1375, 1375f Electrocautery, endobronchial, 638, 638f Electromyography (EMG) diaphragmatic, 599 power spectrum, in detection of respiratory muscle fatigue, 2600–2601, 2601f Electron microscopy (EM), 514, 2039 ELR motif, 339, 341, 341t, 351 Elsberg, 2646 EMB. See Ethambutol Emboli (sing., embolus). See also specific embolism septic, 2024, 2024f sources of, 1424–1425 Embryonal carcinoma, of anterior mediastinum, 1607 Emphysema. See also Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) anatomic varieties of, 695–696, 695f bullous, 913, 915t, 916f, 920–921 in familial disorders, 917 risk factors for, 917 cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 624–625 centriacinar (centrilobular), 399f, 695–696, 695f differential diagnosis of, 698–699, 698t morphology of, 696, 696f, 697f radiographic findings in, 473f, 475–476 classification of, 695–696 cyanosis in, 415 definition of, 694–695, 730 anatomic, 694 historical perspective on, 694 differential diagnosis of, 698–699, 698t and elastic properties of respiratory system, 577, 578f heart failure in, radiographic features of, 476 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 731

irregular, 696 differential diagnosis of, 698–699, 698t morphology of, 698 lung collagen turnover in, 719, 719f mediastinal, 1557–1560 diving-related, 1046–1047 morphology of, 696–698 panacinar (panlobular), 399f, 695–696, 695f, 913, 915t differential diagnosis of, 698–699, 698t morphology of, 696f, 697–698, 697f radiographic findings in, 473f, 475–476 paracicatricial, 696 paraseptal (distal acinar), 695–696, 695f, 913, 915t, 920–921, 925 bullae with, 913, 915t, 916f differential diagnosis of, 698–699, 698t morphology of, 698 radiographic findings in, 475–476 pathogenesis of, 717–722 pathologic descriptions of, historical perspective on, 694, 694f pathology of, 399f, 694–699, 1393, 1394f pathophysiology of, 53 proteinases in, 719–721 proximal acinar, 695 pulmonary function testing in, 603, 604t, 605, 606t pulmonary rehabilitation in, 771 radiographic findings in, 473f, 475–476, 476f senile, 264, 699 severity, and airflow obstruction, 714, 714f smoking-related, pathogenesis of, 722–723, 722f subcutaneous after lung resection, 1744–1745, 1745f diving-related, 1046–1047 VATS lung volume reduction in, 655 Empyema, 1489–1493, 1489f, 2028, 2146f after lung resection, 1749–1750 amebic, 2401 clinical features of, 2149t, 2151 definition of, 2141 diagnosis of, 2154 drainage of, 1490–1491, 1491f historical perspective on, 2142–2143 in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, 2239 image-guided drainage of, 535–536 management of, 2157–2158 microbiology of, 2143–2144, 2144t, 2147f mixed, in tuberculosis, 2469 pathogenesis of, 2040

I-39 Index pathophysiology of, 2146–2149 pediatric, treatment of, 2132 pneumococcal, 1490–1493, 1492f radiographic diagnosis of, 2153 in staphylococcal pneumonia, 2143–2144 in children, 2132 in streptococcal pneumonia, 2143–2144 in children, 2133 in surgery and trauma patients, 2199 thoracoscopic management of, 651 thoracostomy for, 1489, 1490t treatment of, 2141–2142 in tuberculosis, 2469, 2473 ENA-78, 340t, 341t, 1973, 2116 Encephalitis, 2101t, 2113 amoebic, 2401 Encephalitozoon, 2410 Encephalomyelitis, paraneoplastic, 1936–1937, 1936t in small cell lung cancer, 1905t, 1906 Endobronchial irradiation, definition of, 1895 Endobronchial ultrasound, 631–632, 632f Endocarditis, 2152–2153, 2154t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2215 right-sided, 2112 Endocrinopathy(ies), autoimmune, sarcoidosis and, 1135 Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor, of anterior mediastinum, 1607 End-of-life care, 2112 Endothelial cell(s) alveolar vs. extra-alveolar, 40 capillary, 40, 40f Endothelin(s) (ET) ET-1, 445–446 and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 118 in pulmonary hypertension, 1369 in Weibel-Palade bodies, 31 and pulmonary vasomotor control, 1343 Endothelin receptor antagonists, for pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1387–1388 Endothelium, 174f capillary, 32–33, 33t, 39, 51–52, 52f avesicular zone of, 40 vascular, 31–32, 31f, 1341, 1342f, 1343f abnormalities of, 446, 447f, 448f injury to, 446 pulmonary, 445–446, 447f–448f Endotoxin and acute lung injury, 2527 in byssinosis, 983, 983t gram-negative, 2081 Endotracheal intubation and aspiration, 1311 complications of, 858 historical perspective on, 2646 indications for, 2649, 2649t

laryngotracheal stenosis after, 854–855 and nosocomial pneumonia, 2196 Endotracheal tube(s), 2651–2653, 2652f, 2653f, 2655–2657, 2656f, 2657f double-lumen, 2657, 2657f placement, monitoring, in acute respiratory failure, 2669–2670 Univent, 2657 Endurance athletes, adaptation in, 230 Energy, conservation of, 8 Energy Employees’ Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act, 689 Enolic acids, and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t Entamoeba infestation, cytopathology of, 524 staining characteristics of, 2037 Entamoeba coli, and eosinophilic pneumonia, 1214t Entamoeba dispar, 2397 Entamoeba histolytica, 1995, 2397–2401 antigen, detection of, 2400 in lung abscess, 2146, 2154t pleural effusion due to, 1494–1495 serology of, 2400 staining characteristics of, 2040f Enteral nutrition, 2694–2695 complications of, 2519, 2695, 2695t nonoral, and aspiration, 1310–1311 Enterobacter in empyema, 2144 infection (incl. pneumonia) in chronic granulomatous disease, 2237 neonatal nosocomial, 2126 nosocomial, 2279, 2280, 2280t, 2281t, 2282, 2289 treatment of, 2285–2288, 2286t in surgery and trauma patients, 2197 pneumonia, 2019, 2022 Enterobacteriaceae in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 742t, 2117, 2121t in acute mediastinitis, 2166t colonization by, in children, 2136 extended spectrum beta lactamase-producing, 2110 infection (incl. pneumonia) in complement deficiency, 2236 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, radiographic findings in, 2249t neonatal nosocomial, 2126 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 nosocomial, 2581 clinical features of, 2282 diagnosis of, 2282 epidemiology of, 2282 microbiology of, 2282 prevention of, 2282 treatment of, 2282

in lung abscess, 2154t pneumonia, 2008, 2019, 2022 in elderly, 2007 Enterococci, vancomycin-resistant, infection, treatment of, 2058 Enterococcus in acute mediastinitis, 2166t in immunocompromised host, 2204 Enterococcus faecalis infection (incl. pneumonia), in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 vancomycin-resistant, infection, treatment of, 2058 Enterococcus faecium infection (incl. pneumonia), in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 vancomycin-resistant, infection, treatment of, 2058 Enterocytozoon, 2410 Enterocytozoon bieneusi, 2410 Enterovirus, 1992 croup caused by, 2087 infection (incl. pneumonia), seasonal variation in, 2374 and pharyngitis, 2378 Entomophthorales, 2316 Environmental exposure(s), 933–934 and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 741, 2118 assessment of, 940–941 prevention of, 941–942 Environmental lung disease cause of, establishing, 936–937 classification of, 934, 934t clinical approach to patient with, 937–941 diagnostic criteria for, 936 diagnostic testing in, 937–940 epidemiology of, 936–937 history-taking in, 937, 938t importance of, 936 physical examination in, 937 principles of, 935–936 toxicology of, 936–937 Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. (EPA), 941, 1010–1011 and outdoor air quality, 1034–1035 Environmental tobacco smoke, 1010–1011 Enzyme(s) as antioxidants, 2626 eosinophil, 310t, 314 in inflammatory response, produced by macrophages, 1972t inhibitors, produced by macrophages, 1972t mast cell, 310t, 311 microbicidal, produced by macrophages, 1972t EOA. See Esophageal obturator airway

I-40 Index Eosinophil(s), 313–318 activation, 315–316, 316f anatomic localization of, 313 in asthma, 317, 317t, 775–776 degranulation, 315–316, 316f development of, 313 discovery of, 307 in disease, 317–318, 317t function, 316–317, 1213 pharmacologic modulation of, 318 granule proteins, 310t, 314 in asthma, 782 granules, 313–314, 313f and host defense, 316–317 and mast cells, interactions of, 316 mediators, 310t, 314–316 lipid, 310t, 314 morphology of, 313–314 priming, 315–316 in pulmonary disease, 317–318, 317t in pulmonary fibrosis, 376 recruitment, 315 rolling, 315 sputum levels of, in asthma, 834 structure of, 313–314, 313f surface receptors, 316 Eosinophil cationic protein, 310t, 314, 316, 317 and aspirin-induced asthma, 804 in asthma, 317, 782 Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, 310t, 314, 317 in asthma, 782 Eosinophilia diseases associated with, 1213, 1214t disorders associated with, 818–819 drug-induced, 1110t–1111t in helminthic disease, 1092, 2414–2415, 2414t infectious causes of, 1092 peripheral blood, 317, 818–819, 1091 in asthma, 776, 818–819 pneumonia with, 2013 pulmonary infiltrate with, 2013 simple pulmonary. See Loeffler syndrome tissue, 2050 tropical pulmonary. See Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia Eosinophilic granuloma of lung, 1106t, 1249, 2014. See also Histiocytosis X computed tomography of, 1112, 1114f Eosinophilic lung disease, drug-induced, 1090t, 1091–1092 Eosinophilic myalgia syndrome, 1093 Eosinophilic pneumonia(s), 1213–1232, 2013 acute, 1091–1092, 1214–1218, 2541t, 2544 clinical features of, 1118t, 1230t computed tomography of, 1118t

differential diagnosis of, 1230t histology of, 1118t idiopathic, 1217–1218, 1217f treatment of, 1118t in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t candidiasis and, 2315 chronic, 1091–1092, 1220–1222, 1221f bronchoscopy in, 1120t clinical features of, 1118t, 1231t computed tomography of, 1118t differential diagnosis of, 1231t histology of, 1118t treatment of, 1118t comparative features of, 1229, 1230t–1231t computed tomography of, 1115t differential diagnosis of, 1230t–1231t, 2298 drug-induced, 1091–1092, 1215t, 1216–1217 evaluation of, 1229–1232, 1229f historical perspective on, 1213 idiopathic, 1092 parasitic infestations associated with, 1214, 1214t, 1215–1216 toxin-induced, 1215t, 1216–1217 Eosinophil peroxidase, 310t, 314, 315 in asthma, 782 Eotaxin, 315, 316, 340t in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 2296 expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 121, 122t, 123 Eotaxin-3, 340t Epicoccum, in indoor air, 1031 Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 118 in lung development, 92–94 and surfactant production, 132 Epidermal growth factor receptor(s) (EGFR) inhibitors for advanced stage NSCLC, 1877–1878 cutaneous toxicity of, 439 pulmonary effects of, 1081t, 1082 Epiglottis abnormalities, 2647 adult, 2647 anatomy of, 2647 infant, 2647 Epiglottitis acute etiology of, 2088 management of, 2088 clinical features of, 2379 differential diagnosis of, 2087, 2379 epidemiology of, 2379 radiographic assessment of, 850f

treatment of, 853 upper airway obstruction in, 853 Epinephrine adverse effects and side effects of, 825t for asthma, 823t, 825t dosage and administration of, 825t dosage forms, 2632t and pulmonary circulation, 1347 receptor activity, 2632t structure of, 2633f Epithelial cell(s) in airways, 280f alveolar, in immune defense, 1973 apoptosis, 377 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1153–1154 in asthma, 777 differentiation of, 96–97, 96f, 97f expression of profibrotic cytokines/growth factors, 377–378 functions of, 137 lineages, in airway, proximal-distal pattern of, 87–88 and loss of antifibrotic function, 378 polarity of, 138 tight junctions of, 137–138 type I, 27f, 31 type II, 27f, 30 Epithelial growth factor, 144 Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, 380 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1156 Epithelial neutrophil-activating protein-78. See ENA-78 Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, 1923 Epithelium, 27–31, 27f, 174f airway biology of, 137–140 cellular composition of, 138 distal, 138 electrolyte transport, 138, 138f cellular and molecular mechanisms of, 139, 139f regulation of, 140 host defense functions of, 143–144 integrated physiology of, 143–144 in vitro studies of, 138 in vivo studies of, 138, 138f ionic permeability of, 138 ion transport across, CFTR and, 2173–2174 morphology of, related to function, 137–138 proximal, 138 repair mechanisms, 144 voltage across, 138, 138f alveolar, 27f, 31, 32–39, 33t, 51–52, 52f. See also Type I alveolar epithelial cells; Type II alveolar epithelial cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 700–702, 701t

I-41 Index cuboidal, 27f, 31, 47f differentiation of, 97f, 98–99, 99f interactions with mesenchyme, in embryonic lung development, 92–94 malignant transformation of, 1807 pseudostratified, 27, 28f ciliated, 280f pulmonary, proximal-distal pattern of, 87–88 in pulmonary fibrosis, 376–378, 377f Epoprostenol, for pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1388–1390, 1389f Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) assays for, 1989t characteristics of, 2375t infection (incl. pneumonia), 2025 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2224 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t radiographic findings in, 2214t immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t lymphadenopathy in, 2028 and net state of immunosuppression, 2205 in pediatric HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2139 pleural effusion in, 1494 and lymphoma, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2259 molecular detection of, 2002 and pharyngitis, 2086, 2376t, 2378 pneumonia, 1994, 1997 and sarcoidosis, 1127 Epworth Sleepiness Scale, 1706, 1706t, 1728–1729, 1729t Equality, principle of, 2718, 2727 Equal pressure point theory, 156–157, 157f Equity, principle of, 2718 Erasistratus, 4, 5t, 11 Ergots, and interstitial lung disease, 1110t Erionite, and mesothelioma, 1537 ERK, 362 in G protein–coupled chemoattractant receptor signaling, 353, 353f Erlotinib for advanced stage NSCLC, 1877–1878 pulmonary effects of, 1082 ERS. See European Respiratory Society Ertapenem for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061t, 2062 pharmacology of, 2056 ERV. See Expiratory reserve volume Erythema multiforme, 390, 2101t Erythema nodosum, 390, 434, 434f, 2006–2007, 2101t chronic/recurrent, 434

clinical presentation of, 434 in coccidioidomycosis, 430 conditions associated with, 434 etiology of, 434 treatment of, 434 Erythrocyte conductance, 58–59 Erythromycin, 2060 indications for, 2157 organisms susceptible to, 2055 pulmonary effects of, 1090t resistance to, 2099 for Rhodococcus pneumonia, 2429t Erythropoiesis, altitude and, 1040 ESBL. See Beta-lactamase, extended spectrum Escherichia, pneumonia, 2019, 2022 Escherichia coli, 1989 and acute lung injury, 2527 in acute mediastinitis, 2166t aspiration pneumonia, 2007 colonization, in cystic fibrosis, 866 in empyema, 2144 immune defense against, 1973 infection (incl. pneumonia) in chronic granulomatous disease, 2237 of deep cervical space, 852 immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t in immunocompromised host, 2207 neonatal, 2126 nosocomial, 2279, 2280, 2280t, 2281t, 2282, 2289 treatment of, 2285–2288, 2286t and parapneumonic effusions, 1489 pathogenesis of, 2080 in surgery and trauma patients, 2197 in lung abscess, 2144 pneumonia, 2020 in elderly, 2007 E-selectin, 315, 347 in inflammation, 782 and leukocyte adherence and migration, 347–348 Esophageal balloon technique, for measurement of elastic properties of lungs, 575, 576f Esophageal cancer and aspiration, 1310, 1312f upper airway obstruction caused by, 857 Esophageal diverticulum, 1563, 1563f, 1566, 1596 Esophageal duplication(s), 1576, 1596. See also Cyst(s), enterogenous Esophageal obturator airway, 2651 Esophageal perforation, 2163t, 2164t and mediastinitis, 1560–1561, 1561f, 1591–1592, 1592f, 2163t, 2164t, 2165, 2166t and pleural effusion, 1495–1496

Esophageal pressure, 2670 in acute respiratory failure, 2672 Esophageal stricture, radiation-related, 1892 Esophagectomy, pulmonary complications of, 666, 666t Esophagitis pain of, 420 peptic, 420 radiation-related, 1892 Esophagomediastinal fistula, 1564 Esophagus contrast examination of, 466, 466f development of, 94, 94f dilated, radiographic features of, 498, 501f duplication cyst, radiographic features of, 498, 501f innervation of, 1302–1304 pain arising from, 420 in swallowing, 1302–1304 tumors, radiographic features of, 498–499 Esparto grass antigens, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t Esters, in indoor air, sources of, 1023t Etanercept for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1158 pulmonary toxicity of, 440 Ethambutol adverse effects and side effects of, 2478, 2483t, 2494, 2503 in children, 2135 interactions with immunosuppressive agents, 2503t mechanism of action of, 2478 for Mycobacterium avium complex infection, 2505 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2494, 2494t for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 dosage and administration of, 2504t ocular toxicity of, 2135 pharmacology of, 2478 for tuberculosis, 2464, 2478 in children, 2135 dosage and administration of, 2482t historical perspective on, 2476 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2490 regimens for, 2481t theoretical basis for, 2476 Ethchlorvynol, pulmonary effects of, 1088 Ethical dilemmas, 2722 Ethics definition of, 2721 and futile medical interventions, 2726 health care law and, 2724 and microallocation of ICU resources, 2726–2728

I-42 Index Ethionamide adverse effects and side effects of, 2483t, 2503 for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 dosage and administration of, 2504t for tuberculosis, 2479 dosage and administration of, 2482t Ethylbenzene exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke Eubacterium in acute mediastinitis, 2166t in empyema, 2144t infection (incl. pneumonia), 2156t Euroglyphus maynei, 1031 European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), prognostic index for mesothelioma, 1546 European Respiratory Society, definition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 707 Euthanasia, passive, 2725 Evelyn, John, 1010 Exercise adaptation to, 223 arterial blood oxygen pressure in, normal, 1324, 2736 and asthma, 807–812 benefits of, 223 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 734–735 and diffusing capacity, 197–198 hemodynamic response to, in treadmill testing, 615–616 oxygen therapy in, 2620, 2620t in pregnancy, respiratory response during, 256 and pulmonary hemodynamics, 1334t, 1339 in pulmonary hypertension, 1376 in pulmonary rehabilitation, 767–768 and blood-gas changes, 768 upper extremity training in, 768 ventilatory muscle training in, 768 ventilatory control in, 241–247 ventilatory costs of, 247–248 ventilatory requirements in, 233–236, 234f ventilatory response to, 166–167, 233, 234f in treadmill testing, 614–615 Exercise capacity age-related changes in, 273–275, 274f, 275t in ankylosing spondylitis, 1626 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 731 in kyphoscoliosis, 1620 in Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, 1248, 1248f

in lymphangioleiomyomatosis, 1258, 1259f with pectus excavatum, 1624 preoperative, analysis, for lung resection, 672 Exercise challenge test, for exercise-induced bronchospasm, 587, 810–811, 818 Exercise-induced bronchospasm, 587 Exercise testing in bullous lung disease, 923 for diagnosis of exercise-induced asthma, 810–811, 818 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1148 Exercise tolerance mechanical limitations and, 249–250 ventilatory constraints and, 248–249 ventilatory limitations and, 249–250 Exercise training adaptation to, 230 in chronic cardiac failure, 620–621 Expectorant(s), 2642 Expiration, duration of, 2592 Expiratory reserve volume, 149t, 569f definition of, 568t, 1326, 2738 measurement of, 571 normal, 1323, 2735 postoperative changes in, 664 Exserohilum, in invasive fungal sinusitis, 2091 External beam radiotherapy, definition of, 1895 External oblique muscle, 72f, 76–77 Extra-alveolar vessels, 1349–1350, 1349f Extracellular matrix (ECM) airway smooth muscle cells and, 123 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1155 proteins and airway smooth muscle proliferation, 119 in pulmonary fibrosis, 371 remodeling, 380–381 Extracellular signal-regulated kinase(s). See ERK Extracorporeal CO2 removal (ECCO2 R), in ALI/ARDS, 2556 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for acute respiratory distress syndrome, in trauma patient, 1765–1766 in ALI/ARDS, 2556 for burn patient, 1061 Extrapleural sign, 502, 505f Extrapulmonary small cell cancer, 1906 Extrapyramidal disorders, upper airway obstruction in, 859 Extrinsic allergic alveolitis, 1106t, 2012. See also Hypersensitivity pneumonitis aspergillosis and, 2292t, 2294, 2295t, 2301

Extubation, in neuromuscular disorders, 1674–1675 protocol for, 1673–1674, 1673t F Fabry’s disease, 1274–1275 and bullous emphysema, 917 FACTT. See Fluid and Catheter Treatment Trial Face masks, for exercise-induced asthma, 811 Facial swelling, with mediastinal lesions, 1587, 1587t Facial trauma, upper airway obstruction caused by, 858 Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy, respiratory abnormalities in, 1658–1659 Factor V Leiden mutation, and risk of venous thromboembolism, 1426–1427 Fagerstrom test, for nicotine dependence, 756–757, 757t Fairness, principle of, 2718 FAK. See Focal adhesion kinase Famciclovir, 2394 indications for, 2375t Family history, 389 Fansidar, prophylactic, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2367 Farmer’s lung, 935t, 1161, 2012 etiology of, 1163t exposures associated with, 1109t prognosis for, 1171 Fas ligand, 1977 FAST Plaque TB, 2462 Fat embolism, 524, 1424–1425, 1443–1444 Fatigue, in pulmonary hypertension, 1371, 1371t Fatty tumors, mediastinal, 1611 Fcγ receptors, 283, 325t, 326, 1972 Fc receptor(s), 283, 325t, 1979 neonatal, 326 FD&C dyes, sensitivity to, in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, 802 FDG. See Positron emission tomography (PET), F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose Fechner tumors, 1925–1926 FEF. See Forced expiratory flow Fenamates, and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t Fenfluramine and interstitial lung disease, 1110t pulmonary effects of, 1093–1094, 1347 and pulmonary hypertension, 447, 1382–1383 Fenn, Wallace Osgood, 5t, 12, 13 Fentanyl, for agitated ICU patient, 2707–2708, 2709t Ferruginous bodies, 516, 517f Fertility, smoking and, 752 Fertilizer lung, etiology of, 1165t

I-43 Index Fetal liver kinase-1, 87 Fetal liver tyrosinase-1, 87 Fetus maternal cardiovascular function and, 258 pulmonary circulation in, 1354 FEV1 . See Forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1 ) FEV3 . See Forced expiratory volume at 3 seconds (FEV3 ) Fever after bronchoscopy, 644 dyspnea in, 403 in infection, 420 in interstitial lung disease, 1108 in pneumonia, 2099 in pulmonary disease, 452 FEV1 /FVC%, 580–581, 580t, 581f, 602–603 in AMA Guides classification of impairment, 682t in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 711–712, 712f, 731 normal, 1323, 2735 postoperative, 664 FEV3 /FVC%, 580, 580t, 581 normal, 1323, 2735 FEVt /FVC%, definition of, 1326, 2738 FEV1 /VC, 602–603 F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose. See Positron emission tomography (PET), F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose Fgf7, and lung development, 84 Fgf9, and lung development, 84 Fgf10, and lung development, 82–83, 83–87, 83f, 88–89, 88f, 89f Fgf18, and lung development, 84 Fgfr1, and lung development, 83 Fgfr2, 87 and lung development, 83 Fgfr3, and lung development, 83, 88 Fgfr4, and lung development, 87, 88 Fgfr2IIIB, 83, 84 Fgfr2IIIb, 83 FGFR2-IIIb, 83, 88 FGFR2-IIIc, 83, 88f FHA. See Filamentous hemagglutinin; Hemagglutinin, filamentous Fiberoptic bronchoscopy, 1987 Fiber system(s) elastic properties of, 53–54 of lung, 52, 52f axial, 52–53, 52f, 54, 56f peripheral, 52–53, 52f, 54, 56f septal, 52–53, 52f, 54, 56f Fibrillin, in lung development, 94 Fibrinolysis, intrapleural, 535–536 Fibroblast(s), 378–381 of alveolar septum, 40f, 41 bone marrow-derived precursors, 379–380 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1155

expansion, cytokines/growth factors in, 378, 378t in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1155–1156 maintenance, in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1155 phenotypes, in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1155 in pulmonary fibrosis, 378–379, 379f origin of, 379–380, 379f recruitment, in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1155 Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) basic and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 118 effects/functions of, 779t mast cells and, 310t, 312 sources of, 779t targets of, 779t FGF1, and lung development, 84 FGF7, and lung development, 84 FGF9, and lung development, 88f, 89f FGF10, and lung development, 82–89, 83f, 88–89, 88f, 89f, 92–94 FGF18, and lung development, 84 and lung development, 83–84 Fibrocyte(s), 380 trafficking in lung, chemokines and, 342 Fibroma, intrapulmonary, 1918 Fibrosis mediastinal, in histoplasmosis, 2336–2337, 2336f diagnosis of, 2337t treatment of, 2339, 2339t pulmonary. See also Progressive massive fibrosis bullae in, 913, 915t CC chemokines in, 343–344 chemokines in, 341–344, 342f, 372–374, 373f CXC chemokines in, 341 cyanosis in, 415 cytotoxic drugs and, 2011–2012, 2012t diffuse interstitial, and elastic properties of respiratory system, 577, 578f drug-induced, 1089, 1090t, 1110t–1111t dyspnea in, 400 epithelial pathway to, 371, 372f, 376–378 gene-environment interactions and, 382 gene-gene interactions and, 382 genetic polymorphisms and, 381–382 genetic susceptibility to, 381–382 idiopathic. See Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis inflammatory cells and, 374–376

inflammatory pathway to, 371–376, 372f interstitial, 2542t in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842 lymphadenopathy in, 2028 radiographic features of, 483 pathophysiology of, 371 pathways to, 371–378, 372f radiation-related, 1890–1892, 1892f. See also Radiation fibrosis in respiratory failure, 2517, 2518t TNF in, 337 vascular remodeling in, CXC chemokines and, 341–342, 342f Fibrothorax, and abnormal breathing pattern, 403 Fibrous tumor, intrapulmonary, 1918 Fick method indirect, for measurement of cardiac output, 2667–2668 for measurement of cardiac output, 2663 Fick principle, 16 Field, radiation, definition of, 1895 Filamentous hemagglutinin, 2069, 2080 Filariasis, 1995, 2013 lymphatic, 2414t pulmonary, 2418–2419 Fine-needle aspiration biopsy, 534–535, 2032, 2033 endobronchial, 513 endoesophageal, 513 percutaneous transthoracic. See Transthoracic needle aspiration and biopsy Finger in glove opacity, 1222, 1224f in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 841 FIO2 . See Fractional inspired oxygen concentration FIVC. See Forced inspiratory vital capacity Fixatives, and occupational asthma, 985t, 986 Flagellin, 1971 Flail chest, 403, 1630–1631, 2514 pathophysiology of, 1630–1631, 1630f, 1631f pulmonary function in, 1630–1631 respiratory mechanics in, 1630–1631, 1630f, 1631f in trauma patient, 1762–1763, 1762f treatment of, 1631–1632, 1632f FLAP. See 5-Lipoxygenase activating protein Flatworms, 2413, 2423–2425 Fleischner’s lines, 508, 508f Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy, with lung biopsy, 2003 FLK-1, 87 Flow cytology, 514

I-44 Index Flow-pressure relationships, terminology for, 1327, 2739 Flow-volume curve(s), 581–583, 581f–582f in asthma, 421, 422f helium-oxygen, 590–591, 590f Flow-volume loops, 155, 155f, 156f in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 849, 850f in neuromuscular disease, 1646–1647, 1647f in upper airway obstruction, 847, 847f–850f Flow-volume relationships, 581–583, 581f–582f FLT-1, 87 FLT-ligand, and B-cell production, 323 Fluconazole for acanthamoebiasis, 2401 for candidiasis, 2316 for coccidioidomycosis, 2345 for cryptococcosis, 2333–2334, 2333t for histoplasmosis, 2340 for invasive fungal infections, 2310t, 2311t resistance to, 2334 Flucytosine for cryptococcosis, 2333–2334, 2333t for invasive fungal infections, 2310t Fludarabine immunologic effects of, 2216 pulmonary effects of, 1076t, 1078 Fluid and Catheter Treatment Trial, 2544, 2552–2554, 2553t, 2554t Fluid balance, altitude and, 1040 Fluid exchange, in lungs, 2523–2524 Fluid overload, radiographic features of, on portable examination, 508–509 Flukes, 2413 Flunisolide adverse effects and side effects of, 826t for asthma, 823t, 826t dosage and administration of, 826t 5-Fluorocytosine, for acanthamoebiasis, 2401 Fluoroquinolones adverse effects and side effects of, 2057, 2480 anti-pneumococcal, indications for, 2060 anti-TB activity, 2464 bioavailability of, 2057 dosage and administration of, 2057 drug interactions with, 2480 indications for, 2061t, 2062 interactions with immunosuppressive agents, 2503t mechanism of action of, 2056–2057 organisms susceptible to, 2057 penetration into lung, 2053, 2057

pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 postantibiotic effect of, 2057 resistance to, 2099 for tuberculosis, 2480 dosage and administration of, 2482t for yersiniosis, 2441 Fluoroscopy, 459–460, 460f historical perspective on, 18 5-Fluorouracil, immunologic effects of, 2216 Fluticasone adverse effects and side effects of, 826t for asthma, 823t, 826t for bronchiectasis, 2191 dosage and administration of, 826t pharmacology of, 2637 Fluticasone/salmeterol adverse effects and side effects of, 826t for asthma, 823t, 826t dosage and administration of, 826t Fluxes, soldering, and occupational asthma, 985t, 986, 990 FNA. See Fine-needle aspiration biopsy Focal adhesion kinase, 362 in G protein–coupled chemoattractant receptor signaling, 353, 353f Fondaparinux, for pulmonary embolism, 1438–1439 Fontana-Masson stain, 2038, 2041f Foramen of Bochdalek, hernias, 502 Foramen of Morgagni, hernia, 502, 504f, 1566–1567, 1567f Forced expiratory flow between 200 and 1200 ml of forced vital capacity (FEF200−1200 ), definition of, 1326, 2738 between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF25−75% ), 580–581, 580f, 580t, 848 definition of, 1326, 2738 in diagnostic spirometry, minimal recommendations for, 570t normal, 1323, 2735 definition of, 1326, 2738 maximal, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 711–712, 712f at 50% of forced vital capacity (FEF50% ), 848 normal, 1323, 2735 Forced expiratory vital capacity, 580–581, 580f, 581f Forced expiratory volume, timed abbreviations for, 1326, 2738 definition of, 1326, 2738 Forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1 ), 580, 580f, 580t, 581f, 582, 582f age-related changes in, 272, 273f in AMA Guides classification of impairment, 682t

in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 711–712, 712f, 730–731, 730f, 731, 732t in diagnostic spirometry, minimal recommendations for, 570t and grading severity of abnormal spirometry, 603, 603t measurement of, 571 normal, 1323, 2735 postbronchodilator, in evaluation of permanent impairment in asthma, 683, 683t postoperative with lobectomy, 671 with pneumonectomy, 671 postoperative changes in, 664 in pregnancy, 254–255 preoperative, and risk of complications, 671 ratio of, to vital capacity, 602 in Social Security Listings for severity of COPD, 686, 686t in upper airway obstruction, 846–849 Forced expiratory volume at 3 seconds (FEV3 ), 580, 580f, 580t, 581 Forced expiratory volume at 6 seconds (FEV6 ), in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 711 Forced inspiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity (FIF25−75% ), 848 definition of, 1327, 2739 at 50% of forced vital capacity (FIF50% ), 848 Forced inspiratory vital capacity, 581, 581f definition of, 1326, 2738 Forced inspiratory volume at 1 second (FIV1 ), in upper airway obstruction, 848 Forced vital capacity (FVC), 579–581, 580f, 580t, 581f age-related changes in, 271, 272, 273f in AMA Guides classification of impairment, 682t definition of, 1326, 2738 in diagnostic spirometry, minimal recommendations for, 570t measurement of, 571 normal, 1323, 2735 preoperative, and risk of complications, 671 in Social Security Listings for severity of restrictive lung disease, 686, 686t Foreign body(ies) aspiration of, 857–858, 2151 and bronchiectasis, 2186 in children, 2136, 2151 hemoptysis caused by, 414 penetration syndrome caused by, 857–858 in hollow organ, removal of, 542

I-45 Index intravascular, removal of, 540–542, 543f removal of, therapeutic bronchoscopy for, 642–643, 642f Formaldehyde as air toxic, 1020 health effects of, 1026 in indoor air, 1026 sources of, 1022t in smoke and inhalation injury, source of, 1054t Formoterol adverse effects and side effects of, 827t for asthma, 822, 823t, 827t for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 738t, 739–740 dosage and administration of, 827t dosage forms, 2632t plus budesonide adverse effects and side effects of, 826t for asthma, 822, 823t, 826t dosage and administration of, 826t receptor activity, 2632t structure-activity relationships, 2633 Forssmann, Werner, 5t, 16 Foscarnet, indications for, 2394 Fothergill, John, 2645 Foxa1, 87 Foxa2, 87 Foxf1, and lung development, 83 Fractalkine, 340t, 1973 Fractal trees, 49 dichotomous branching of, 49 self-similar branching of, 49 Fractional inspired oxygen concentration radiation, definition of, 1895 ventilator setting for, 2682–2683 Francisella tularensis, 2005t, 2006, 2428t, 2432–2434. See also Tularemia bacteriology of, 2428t, 2432 as bioweapon, 2433 culture of, 2429t ecology of, 2432 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2289 hospitalization rate for, 2105t staining characteristics of, 2429t vaccine against, 2434 FRC. See Functional residual capacity Fredericq, Leon, 12 Fremitus, 392 Friction rub, 392 Friedreich’s ataxia, ventilatory impairment in, 1668t Frizzled-related protein, 86 Fume(s), 1053 definition of, 994t occupational lung disease caused by, 934t, 935t Functional residual capacity (FRC), 148, 149t, 568–569, 569f age-related changes in, 271, 271f

and closing capacity, relationship of, 664, 665, 665f, 665t definition of, 568t, 1326, 2738 measurement of by body plethysmography, 571, 572–574, 573f closed-circuit helium method, 571–572, 572f, 574 nitrogen washout method, 571, 572, 574 normal, 1323, 2735 postoperative changes in, 664, 665f, 665t in pregnancy, 254 Fungal infection(s), 1990, 1994–1995, 1996. See also Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis; Pneumonia, fungal and acute mediastinitis, 2166t in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2224–2225, 2229 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t bronchopneumonia caused by, 2042 in cancer patients, 2215, 2216, 2221, 2221t risk factors for, 2217, 2219t cavitating, 2146 in cell-mediated immunodeficiency, 2236 in children, immune defects and, 2138, 2139 in chronic granulomatous disease, 2238 in common variable immunodeficiency, 331–332, 2235 computed tomography of, 1115t cytopathology of, 519–522, 519f–522f dematiaceous, staining characteristics of, 2035t, 2038 diagnosis of, 1999, 2002 sputum culture for, 2000 and diffuse alveolar damage, 2042 and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1295 in DiGeorge’s syndrome, 2236 disseminated, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2246–2247 and empyema, 2144 endemic, 2005–2007, 2005t. See also Blastomycosis; Coccidioidomycosis; Histoplasmosis and extrinsic allergic alveolitis, 2012, 2292t, 2294, 2295t, 2301 in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2305–2306, 2307, 2307f hemoptysis in, 412f, 413 histopathology of, 2034 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t, 2213, 2215, 2242t, 2253–2257 radiographic findings in, 2214t

in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, 2239, 2239f identification of, in tissue, 2034–2035, 2038t imaging findings in, 2019 immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t immune defense against, 1973 in immunocompromised host, 1997, 2204 invasive, treatment of, 2309–2312, 2310t, 2311t laryngitis caused by, 2087 in leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 2239, 2239f and lung abscess, 2154t lymphadenopathy in, 2028 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217–2218 nosocomial, 2274–2275, 2280t, 2281t occupational, 934t opportunistic, 2321–2324. See also Aspergillosis; Candidiasis differential diagnosis of, 2323t of oral cavity, 2087 pathogenesis of, 2040 pathology of, 2043t, 2045, 2049f, 2050 pleural effusion in, 1494 radiographic features of, 483, 498 severity of, Social Security Listings for, 687 sinusitis caused by, 2090–2091 staining characteristics of, 2034, 2035, 2035t, 2037 supraglottitis caused by, 853 in surgery and trauma patients, 2197 systemic effects of, 451–453, 451t Fungal spores, in indoor air, sources of, 1022t Fungus hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t in indoor air, 1030–1031 Fungus balls, 412f, 413, 1991, 2049–2050, 2049f, 2301 in sarcoidosis, 1141 Furosemide, inhaled, 2637 for exercise-induced asthma, 811t, 812 Fusariosis differential diagnosis of, 2323t pulmonary, 2321–2322 Fusarium, 2293 identification of, in tissue, 2035, 2038t infection (incl. pneumonia) in immunocompromised host, 2207 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217–2218, 2218f pathology of, 2045, 2046f, 2050 pneumonia, 1995 Fusarium dimerum, 2321 Fusarium moniliforme, 2321 Fusarium oxysporum, 2321

I-46 Index Fusarium proliferatum, 2321 Fusarium solani, 2321 Fusarium verticilloides, 2321 Fusobacterium, 1998–1999, 2007 in acute mediastinitis, 2166, 2166t infection (incl. pneumonia), nosocomial, 2281t Fusobacterium mortiferum, morphology of, 2147f Fusobacterium necrophorum infection (incl. pneumonia) conditions underlying, 2145t in Lemierre’s syndrome, 853 morphology of, 2147f Fusobacterium nucleatum, 2087, 2142 in empyema, 2144, 2144t infection (incl. pneumonia), 2156, 2156t conditions underlying, 2145t in lung abscess, 2144 morphology of, 2147f Fusobacterium varium, morphology of, 2147f Futile life support, 2726, 2729 Futility medical, 2726 physiological, 2726 G Gag reflex, absent, 2101t Galactomannan, 2308–2309 α-Galactosidase A deficiency, 1274–1275 Galactosylceramide lipidosis, 1273–1274, 1274f Galen, 4, 5t, 6f, 11 Galilei, Galileo, 5t, 6, 11 Gallium-67 citrate imaging, 557 in asbestosis, 949 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 557, 558f in noninfectious inflammatory lung disease, 558, 559f in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 557, 558f in sarcoidosis, 558, 559f of thorax, in immunocompromised host, 557, 558f Gallium scan, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2247t Gallium scintigraphy, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2360, 2361t GALT. See Gut-associated lymphoid tissue Gamma rays, physics of, 1174–1175 Ganciclovir, indications for, 2375t, 2394–2395 Ganglioneuroblastoma, 1611 Gangrene lung, hemoptysis in, 413 pulmonary, 1988, 2141, 2148f, 2153 computed tomography of, 483f

GAS. See Streptococci (Streptococcus spp.), group A Gas(es) definition of, 994t inhalation injury caused by, clinical manifestations of acute, 1000t chronic, 1000t inorganic, lung disease caused by, 934, 934t inspired, distribution of, normal values for, 1323, 2735 irritant bronchiolitis caused by, 893t, 894–895, 894t lung disease caused by, 934, 934t occupational lung disease caused by, 935t in smoke and inhalation injury, 1057 water solubility of and mechanism of lung injury by, 994–995, 994t and site of impact, 995, 995t pleural, reabsorption of, 1518–1519, 1519f respiratory. See also Carbon dioxide (CO2 ); Oxygen chemical reactions of, 192–194 and pulmonary vasomotor control, 1343–1346 toxic bronchiolitis caused by, 889t, 892–894, 893t, 894t, 895f acute phase, 893–894 chronic phase, 894 clinical findings in, 893–894 management of, 894 mechanism of injury in, 892–893 prognosis for, 894 subacute phase, 894 in smoke and inhalation injury, 1054–1057 transport, in blood, 201–206 Gas exchange abnormalities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 398 in cystic fibrosis, 872 detection of, cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 625 abnormalities of, severity of, Social Security Listings for, 686, 687t in acute lung injury, 2524–2525 age-related changes in, 273, 274f in ankylosing spondylitis, 1626 in kyphoscoliosis, 1621 measurement of, 591–596 normal, 1323–1324, 2735–2736 in obesity, 1629 pathway, 173–177, 174f–176f disruption of, 177–187 postoperative changes in, 664–665

pulmonary, 57–65, 58f acinar design and, 61–65, 62f pulmonary microcirculation and, 1348–1350 quantities of, 191 ventilation-perfusion inequality and, 180–187 Gas-exchange barrier, structure of, 32–33 Gas lesion disease(s), 1045 diving-related, 1045 isobaric counterdiffusion, 1049 Gasping, 404 Gas transfer. See also Diffusing capacity efficiency of, isolated reduction in, 607, 607t, 608t Gas transport, pathway, disruption of, 177–187 Gas trapping, airspace enlargement in, differential diagnosis of, 698–699, 698t Gastrectomy, pulmonary complications of, 666, 666t Gastric cancer metastases, survival rates for, 1941, 1942t and pleural effusion, 1505, 1506t Gastric pH, and nosocomial pneumonia, 2196, 2274 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 2087 and aspiration, 1308–1309, 1309f and asthma, 832 and bronchiectasis, 2186 and chronic cough, 410 differential diagnosis of, 819t and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1156 treatment of, 832 Gastrointestinal source(s), and anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections, 2145t GATA-1, and eosinophil development, 313 GATA3, 1976 Gata-6, 83 and lung development, 83 Gatifloxacin, 2056–2057, 2060 adverse effects and side effects of, 2057 anti-TB activity, 2464 for pasteurellosis, 2430 for tuberculosis, dosage and administration of, 2482t Gaucher’s bodies, 1271, 1271f Gaucher’s cells, 1269–1270, 1269f ultrastructure of, 1270f, 1271, 1271f Gaucher’s disease biochemical features of, 1271 clinical features of, 1268–1269 diagnosis of, 1271–1272 genetics of, 1268, 1269 pathology of, 1269–1270, 1269f treatment of, 1271 types of, 1268–1269

I-47 Index Gaw . See Airway conductance Gaw/VL. See Specific conductance GCP-2. See Granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 Gefitinib for advanced stage NSCLC, 1877–1878 pulmonary effects of, 1081t, 1082 Gelatinase B. See Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), MMP-9 Gemcitabine, pulmonary effects of, 1076t, 1078 radiation therapy and, 1181 Gemifloxacin, 2056–2057, 2060 dosage and administration of, 2057 General anesthesia and aspiration, 1312 in neuromuscular disorders, 1675 Genetic abnormalities, airspace enlargement in, 698t, 699 Genetic association study(ies), 793 in asthma, 793–794 Genetics, and pulmonary fibrosis, 381–382 Gentamicin for brucellosis, 2438–2439 for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061 for plague, 2432 for tularemia, 2429t, 2434 Geotrichum candidum, infection (incl. pneumonia), in cancer patients, 2217 Germ cell tumor(s). See also Seminoma malignant, primary pulmonary, 1925 mediastinal, 1604–1608 benign, 1604–1606, 1606t malignant, 1604 nonseminomatous anterior mediastinal, 1606t, 1607–1608 pulmonary metastases, 1943 Germinal center, 324 Gesell, 12 GH. See Growth hormone Ghon’s complex, 2468 GHRH. See Growth hormone–releasing hormone Giant-cell arteritis, 1461 Giant cell carcinoma, 1840–1841 Giant cell interstitial pneumonia, 1144, 2013 occupational exposures and, 935t Giardia lamblia, 2410 infection (incl. pneumonia), immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 2234 Gibbs formula, 54 Gingivitis, 2087 and anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections, 2145t GIP. See Giant cell interstitial pneumonia Gliotoxin, 2294

Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease, 694, 702 definition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 707 Globoid-cell leukodystrophy, 1273–1274, 1274f Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody, and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1281 autoantibodies against, 1463. See also Goodpasture’s syndrome Glomerulonephritis acute poststreptococcal, 2086 pauci-immune, 1281, 1288 rapidly progressive, 1281, 1283f idiopathic, 1289 Glomus cells, 163 Glossopharyngeal breathing, 1674 in neuromuscular disorders, 1662–1663 1,3-β-D-Glucan assay, in detection of Aspergillus, 2309 Glucocorticoid(s) for asthma, 822, 823t for asthma exacerbations, 834 for hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 1171 pharmacology of, 2637 and surfactant production, 132 Glucose control, in critically ill patients, 2698 Glucose intolerance, in SIRS/MODS, 2565, 2570 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), deficiency of, 2238 β-Glucuronidase eosinophil, 310t, 314 mast cell, 310t, 311 Glutathione (GSH) redox cycle, 2626 Glycemic control, in critically ill patients, 2698 Glycogen storage disorders, 1275–1276, 1276f G M1 gangliosidosis, 1272, 1273f GMS. See Gomori methamine silver stain Goal-directed therapy, 2569, 2569f, 2663 Goblet cell(s), 27, 28f, 29, 281, 515, 516f in asthma, 777 metaplasia of, 700–702, 701t, 730 Goiter computed tomography of, 495 intrathoracic, 851f substernal, 1595–1596, 1595f upper airway obstruction caused by, 856–857 GOLD. See Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease Goldenhar syndrome, 2647 Gold salts, 831, 2639 bronchiolitis associated with, 905 pneumonitis caused by, 1205–1206, 2010, 2012t

pulmonary effects of, 1089, 1090t, 1093, 1098–1099 Gomori methamine silver (GMS) stain, 2034–2037, 2035t, 2041f Goodpasture’s syndrome, 330, 1463, 1463f alveolar hemorrhage in, 1239–1241, 1240f clinical features of, 1118t, 1239, 1287 computed tomography of, 1118t diagnosis of, 423, 1239 hemoptysis in, 410, 412f, 414, 1239 histopathology of, 1118t, 1239, 1240f, 1287 immunologic tests for, 1112t, 1239 pathogenesis of, 1287–1288 pathology of, 1285t pathophysiology of, 1239 serology of, 1285t treatment of, 1118t, 1239–1241, 1288 Goose proteins, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t Gottron’s papules, 428, 428f, 1208 Gough, J., 694 Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2222, 2224, 2225, 2226, 2227 in severe combined immunodeficiency, 2236 Grain dust effects, 934t, 981, 983 Gram-negative bacteria in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 742t, 2117, 2121t in acute mediastinitis, 2166t in acute otitis media, 2092 anaerobic, infection (incl. pneumonia), conditions underlying, 2145t in chronic suppurative otitis media, 2094 in empyema, 2144 endotoxin, 2081 immune defense against, 1973 infection (incl. pneumonia), 330–331, 2156t in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2222–2223 in Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 2238 in children, immune defects and, 2138 conditions underlying, 2145t in cystic fibrosis, 875, 880–881, 2176 treatment of, 875, 2179 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2251 hospitalization rate for, 2105t ICU admission rate for, 2106t immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t in leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 2238

I-48 Index Gram-negative bacteria, infection (Cont.) neonatal nosocomial pneumonia caused by, 2126 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 nosocomial, 2279–2280, 2280t, 2281t, 2282, 2289, 2581 treatment of, 2285–2288, 2286t pathology of, 2042–2043, 2043t, 2049f, 2050 in surgery and trauma patients, 2197 treatment of, 2054, 2056–2057, 2058 in lung abscess, 2144 neonatal infection, 2126 in nosocomial sinusitis, 2089 staining characteristics of, 2034, 2035t, 2036f tracheitis caused by, 2088 Gram-positive bacteria in acute mediastinitis, 2166t immune defense against, 1973 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2156t. See also Rhodococcus equi; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococci (Streptococcus spp.), group A; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2222–2223 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t in leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 2238 nosocomial, 2280t, 2281t, 2581–2582 pathology of, 2042–2043 in surgery and trauma patients, 2197 treatment of, 2054, 2056–2057 staining characteristics of, 2034, 2035t, 2036, 2036f Gram stain, tissue, 2034 Granular cell myoblastoma, 1919 Granule proteins, in asthma, 782 Granulocyte(s), 42 transfusion therapy for fusariosis, 2322 in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, 2312 Granulocyte chemotactic protein-2, 340t, 341t Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), 1976 adjunctive therapy with, in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, 2312 effects/functions of, 779t sources of, 779t targets of, 779t Granulocyte disorders, in children, 2138–2139

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 1973, 1976, 1978 adjunctive therapy with in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, 2312 for zygomycosis, 2321 and alveolar macrophage function, 1315, 1316f antibodies, in primary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, 1315, 1317f effects/functions of, 779t and eosinophilia, 2414 eosinophils and, 310t, 313, 315 expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 121, 122t and innate immunity, 1315 and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, 1313–1314, 1315, 1317f sources of, 779t and surfactant catabolism, 132 targets of, 779t therapy with, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2370 Granulocytopenia, 1983t, 2210t in cancer patients, 2216 causes of, 1983t, 2210t infections associated with, 1983t, 2210t, 2216 Granulocytosis, associated with lung tumors, 1930t, 1935 Granuloma(s), 1978 eosinophilic, radiographic features of, 483–484 infectious, presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1817 mediastinal, 1563 in histoplasmosis, 2335 diagnosis of, 2337t treatment of, 2339, 2339t noninfectious, presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1817 plasma cell, 2014 pulmonary hyalinizing, 1949–1951, 1951f tuberculous, 2048 Granulomatosis allergic angiitis and, 2013 bronchocentric, 2013 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842 in aspergillosis, 2292t, 2300–2301 lymphoid, 433, 433f lymphomatoid, 1958–1960, 1959f, 1960t Granzymes, 1977 Graphium, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t Gray (Gy), 1177 definition of, 1895 Greece, Ancient, 3–4, 5t Greenhouse lung, etiology of, 1163t

Gremlin, 85–86 Grepafloxacin, 2057 GRO, 1973 GROα, 2116 GRO-α, 340t, 341t GRO-β, 340t, 341t GRO-γ , 340t, 341t Ground-glass opacity, 482–483, 492f, 2013, 2014, 2019, 2024, 2024f, 2025, 2114 diffuse, 2025, 2027f in interstitial lung disease, 1113f, 1115t in neonatal pneumonia, 2126, 2126f in solitary pulmonary nodule, 1822 Growth factor(s) adjunctive therapy with, in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, 2312 and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 118, 119 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1154 and lung development, 83–84 in lung development, 92–94 produced by macrophages, 1972t profibrotic, epithelial cell expression of, 377–378 Growth hormone (GH), ectopic production of, 1930t, 1934–1935 Growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH), ectopic production of, 1930t, 1934–1935 Growth-related oncogene. See GRO GTPase, Rab27a, in Weibel-Palade bodies, 31 Guaifenesin, 2642 Guanyl hydrazones, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2370 Guedel, Arthur, 2646 Guillain-Barr´e syndrome, 2113 and abnormal breathing pattern, 403 and respiratory failure, 2514 ventilatory impairment in, 1653–1654, 1668t Gum(s), and occupational asthma, 985t, 986 Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), 326–327 Gut hypothesis, for SIRS/MODS, 2567 Gut-liver-lung axis, 446–449, 448f Gynecomastia, paraneoplastic, 445 H Haemophilus in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 742t infection (incl. pneumonia), in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2106t Haemophilus influenzae, 1983, 1989, 1990, 1996, 1996f and acute bronchitis, 2097

I-49 Index in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 742t, 2117, 2121t in acute mastoiditis, 2094 in acute otitis media, 2092 acute sinusitis caused by, 2089 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2060 colonization in children, 2136 in cystic fibrosis, 866 drug-resistant, 2112–2113 immune response to, 324, 1979 infection (incl. pneumonia), 330–331, 2112–2113 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2224 and bronchiectasis, 2186, 2189, 2189t, 2190 in cancer patients, 2216 in Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 2238 in children, 2132 in common variable immunodeficiency, 331, 2235f in complement deficiency, 2236 complicating influenza, 2388 in cystic fibrosis, 2175 of deep cervical space, 852 differential diagnosis of, 2266 epiglottitis caused by, 853 history and physical findings in, 2100t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2101, 2106t, 2251, 2252 radiographic findings in, 2249t hospitalization rate for, 2105t in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, 2239 ICU admission rate for, 2106t immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t in immunocompromised host, 2204 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 nosocomial, 2277, 2279–2280, 2280t, 2281t, 2289 treatment of, 2285–2288, 2286t pathogenesis of, 2080, 2081 supraglottitis caused by, 853 in surgery and trauma patients, 2197 treatment of, 2055, 2056, 2057, 2062, 2113, 2131 in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 2237 in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 331, 2233–2234 and orbital complications of sinusitis, 2090 pneumonia, 2005, 2020 diagnosis of, 1998 in elderly, 2007 nosocomial, 2008 protease, 326

and S. pneumoniae, interactions of, 2081 staining characteristics of, 2036 in supraglottitis, 2088 and tracheitis, 2379 tracheitis caused by, 2088 type B infection (incl. pneumonia), 2132 in lung abscess, 2144 vaccine against, 2111, 2132, 2379 type b, vaccine against, 2066t, 2069, 2080, 2088 virulence factors, 2081 Haemophilus parainfluenzae in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2121t and epiglottitis, 2379 in supraglottitis, 2088 Hairline shadows, 918, 919f, 920f Haldane, John Scott, 5t, 9, 10, 12 Haldane effect, 9, 204, 204f, 205, 205t, 206 Haloperidol, for agitated ICU patient, 2706t Halo sign, 2024, 2024f Hamartoma presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1817 pulmonary, 1919, 1920f Hamman, Louis, 1144 Hamman-Rich syndrome, 1144 Hamman’s sign, 2166 Hampton’s hump, 1431 Hand-Sch¨uller-Christian disease, 1245 Hantavirus, 1994, 2004, 2427 epidemiology of, 1984t historical perspective on, 2113 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2098 clinical characteristics of, 2113 mortality rate for, 2113 pneumonia caused by, 2019 rodent reservoir for, 2113 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 2113, 2389–2390, 2390f pathogenesis of, 2393 HAP. See Pneumonia, hospital-acquired Hard palate, abnormalities, 2647 Harris-Benedict equation, 2696–2697 Harvey, William, 5t, 6–7, 7f, 16 Hashimoto thyroiditis, sarcoidosis and, 1136t Hay, moldy, 2012 Hay fever, 1031 HCAP. See Pneumonia, health care–associated HCC-1, 340t HCC-2, 340t HCC-4, 340t HCoV. See Coronavirus HCTZ. See Hydrochlorothiazide HDAC. See Histone deacetylase(s)

H & E. See Hematoxylin and eosin stain (H & E) Head and neck cancer clinical presentation of, 854 pulmonary metastases, 1943 treatment of, and aspiration, 1312 upper airway obstruction caused by, 854 Health-related quality of life acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and, 2116 in ALI/ARDS survivors, 2559 Heart circadian clock in, 1694 injury to, in trauma patient, emergency department interventions for, 1758–1759, 1759f structure of, in pregnancy, 257 Heart disease dyspnea in, 400 in pregnancy, 258, 259t pulmonary venous hypertension in, radiographic evaluation of, 471, 474f and susceptibility to air pollution, 1032t, 1033 Heart failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, radiographic features of, 476 pulmonary edema in, 2541t, 2542 radiographic features of, 478f, 480f, 494 on portable examination, 508–509 Heart-lung transplantation indications for, 1777 pulmonary complications of, 907–908, 907f in sarcoidosis, 1142 technique of, 1782–1784 Heart rate monitoring, in cardiopulmonary exercise testing, 611 normal, 1334t in pregnancy, 257t Heart transplantation candidate for, cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 626 chest pain after, 420 recipient, cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 626, 627f in sarcoidosis, 1142 Heartworm, 2419, 2420f Heberden’s nodes, 416 Hedgehog-interacting protein 1 (Hip1), 85, 88f, 89, 89f Heiner’s syndrome, 1242 Heliox, for upper airway obstruction, 860–861 Helium-oxygen flow-volume curves, 590–591, 590f

I-50 Index Helminthic disease(s), 2413–2425 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t causes of, 2413, 2414t epidemiology of, 2415 immune response to, 314, 2414–2415 pulmonary approach to patient with, 2415 host-parasite relationships in, 2415 Helminthosporium, in allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, 837 Helminths biology of, 2413–2415 hosts for, 2414 life cycle of, 2413–2414 Hemagglutinin, filamentous, 2080 Hemangioendothelioma pleural epithelioid, 1550–1551 presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1816 Hematemesis, 410 Hematologic syndromes, paraneoplastic, 1935–1936 Hematopoiesis, extramedullary, 1596 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation antifungal prophylaxis in, 2312–2313 and cytomegalovirus infection, prevention of, 2394–2395 pulmonary complications of, 2222–2229, 2222t clinical presentation of, 2224–2225 temporal sequence of, 2222–2224 pulmonary function testing in, 2229 and risk of infection, 2205, 2206f, 2218, 2305–2306, 2307, 2307f Hematoxylin and eosin stain (H & E), 2034, 2035t, 2036f counterstaining, with Gomori methenamine silver, 2036, 2039f Hemodialysis, for SIRS/MODS, 2570 Hemodynamic monitoring in acute respiratory failure indications for, 2659–2660 methods for, 2660–2668 principles of, 2659 invasive, 2543–2544 Hemodynamics. See also Pulmonary hemodynamics changes in pregnancy, 256, 257t in exercise, in treadmill testing, 615–616 management in acute lung injury, 2554, 2554t in acute respiratory distress syndrome, 2554, 2554t Hemoglobin abnormal, oxygen affinity of, 203 carbon monoxide binding to, 203 concentration, and diffusing capacity, 197 knowledge of, historical perspective on, 9

oxygen, 176 oxygen affinity of, 202–203, 202f abnormal, 2617 oxygen binding to, 58–59, 192–193 affinity in, 202, 202f Hemoglobinopathy, and pulmonary hypertension, 1384 Hemolytic anemia, 2113 and pneumococcal infection, 2132 Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), 2207 Hemoptysis, 410–413 after needle biopsy, 534–535 with aspergilloma, 2301 management of, 2303 bronchoscopic evaluation of, 634 with bulla, 925 catamenial, 414 causes of, 410, 412f, 413t control of, bronchoscopy in, 640 definition of, 410 differential diagnosis of, 410 in fibrosing mediastinitis, 856 iatrogenic, 410 in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, 841f, 2307 massive, management of, 414–415 with mediastinal lesions, 1587, 1587t in pulmonary hypertension, 1371 pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis and, 1246 sarcoidosis complicated by, and postoperative pulmonary complications, 667 with transthoracic needle aspiration and biopsy, 647 in tuberculosis, 2470 Hemorrhage. See also Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage alveolar, drug-induced, 1110t–1111t bronchoscopy-related, 645 gastrointestinal, in respiratory failure, 2518t, 2519 intra-alveolar, cytopathology of, 524–525, 525f, 526f mediastinal, spontaneous, 1567 pleural, 2028 postoperative after lung resection, 1750–1751 in lung transplant recipient, 1788 pulmonary, 2020, 2027 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2227 radiographic features of, 482 with transthoracic needle aspiration and biopsy, 647 Hemothorax, 1500–1501, 1500f hemoptysis caused by, 414 in trauma patient, emergency department interventions for, 1758–1759, 1759f

Henderson, Lawrence J., 5t, 10–11, 10f, 227, 227f Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, 207 Henle, Jacob, 15 Henoch-Sch¨onlein purpura, 1463 alveolar hemorrhage in, 1293 Henry’s law, 201 HEPA filters, 942 Heparan sulfate, and lung development, 84 Heparin inhaled, 2639 mast cell, 310–311, 310t in mast cells, 308 pulmonary effects of, 1091t for pulmonary embolism, 1438, 1441 Hepatic veno-occlusive disease, in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2225, 2227 Hepatitis, viral, pleural effusion in, 1494 Hepatitis B virus (HBV), infection (incl. pneumonia) in immunocompromised host, 2204 and net state of immunosuppression, 2205 Hepatitis C virus (HCV), infection (incl. pneumonia) in immunocompromised host, 2204 and net state of immunosuppression, 2205 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), pulmonary metastases, 1943 Heptachlor exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), 437, 437f, 538 complications of, 1477 genetics of, 1468–1469 and pulmonary arteriovenous communications, 1356–1357, 1357f, 1467, 1468 Hering, Ewald, 5t, 13 Hering-Breuer expiratory promoting reflex, 165 Hering-Breuer inspiratory terminating reflex, 168 Hering-Breuer reflex, 165 Hernia(s) diaphragmatic, 502, 504f foramen of Bochdalek, 502 foramen of Morgagni, 502, 504f, 1566–1567, 1567f hiatal, 502, 504f, 1596 traumatic, 502, 504f Heroin pneumonitis caused by, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1088, 1100–1101 Herpangina, 2378 pharyngitis in, 2086 Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 2001 characteristics of, 2375t

I-51 Index and diffuse alveolar damage, 2042 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2025 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2222, 2228–2229 and bronchiectasis, 2186 in cancer patients, 2218 in common variable immunodeficiency, 2235 cytopathology of, 522, 522f diagnosis of, 2001 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t, 2245, 2258 immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t in immunocompromised host, 1997, 2204, 2392 in lung transplant recipient, 1790 neonatal, 2127 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 pathology of, 2043, 2045f pleural effusion in, 1494 treatment of, 2394 laryngitis caused by, 2087 molecular detection of, 2002 and necrotizing tracheobronchitis, 2381 oral infection, 2087 and pharyngitis, 2086, 2376t, 2378 staining characteristics of, 2035t type 1 assays for, 1989t infection, histopathology of, 2034, 2034f type 2, assays for, 1989t Herpes zoster, pain of, 420 Herpes zoster oticus, 2092 Hess-Murray law, 44, 49 15-HETE, eosinophil, 310t, 314 Hetmans, Cornelius, 5t Hexamethylene di-isocyanate hypersensitivity pneumonitis, etiology of, 1164t β-Hexosaminidase, mast cell, 310t, 311 Heymans, C., 13 Heymans, J. F., 13 HFOV. See High-frequency oscillatory ventilation HHT. See Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) Hiatal hernia, 1596 Hif-2α, 87 High altitude simulation test, 735–736 High-frequency jet ventilation, for acute respiratory distress syndrome, in trauma patient, 1765 High-frequency oscillatory ventilation, in ALI/ARDS, 2551–2552 Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 2210–2211

and immune reconstitution syndrome, 2211, 2261, 2330, 2491, 2494–2495 and Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2355, 2365 Hilum, 24, 26 Hippocrates, 3–4, 4f, 5t, 403 Hippocratic corpus, 4 Hippocratic oath, 4 Hippocratic succession, 4 Histamine, 280f in asthma, 310, 782 mast cell, 310–311, 310t in mast cells, 308 and pulmonary circulation, 1347 Histamine (H2 ) antagonists and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 118 and nosocomial pneumonia, 2277–2278 for trauma patient, 2196 Histamine inhalational challenge test, 585t, 586, 789–790, 791f, 818 Histiocyte(s), 41 of alveolar septum, 40f, 41 Histiocytosis, pulmonary Langerhans’ cell. See Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis Histiocytosis X, 1245 pulmonary, 1106t, 2014. See also Eosinophilic granuloma of lung smoking and, 751 Histone deacetylase(s), 363, 365f Histopathology section(s), preparation of, 2033–2034 Histoplasma, 1986, 2005t. See also Histoplasmosis infection (incl. pneumonia), in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, radiographic findings in, 2214 staining characteristics of, 2035t, 2331f–2332f Histoplasma capsulatum, 1994 antigen, detection of, 2337t, 2338 in chronic mediastinitis, 2161, 2169–2171, 2170t culture of, 2337t, 2338 identification of, in tissue, 2038t, 2331f–2332f, 2337t, 2338 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2024. See also Histoplasmosis diagnosis of, 2002 history and physical findings in, 2100t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212, 2212t, 2254–2255 radiographic findings in, 2214t, 2249t lymphadenopathy in, 2028 in organ transplant recipient, 2230, 2231f pathology of, 2047f, 2048

in lung abscess, 2154t serological tests for, 2337t, 2338 sputum culture for, 2000 staining characteristics of, 2034, 2037, 2047f, 2331f–2332f, 2337t, 2338 Histoplasmin skin test, 2002, 2338 Histoplasmosis, 1990, 1991, 1997, 2006, 2334–2341. See also Histoplasma asymptomatic, 2335 chronic progressive disseminated, 2087 clinical manifestations of, 2335 cutaneous lesions in, 390 cytopathology of, 519–520, 520f diagnosis of, 2337–2339, 2337t differential diagnosis of, 2338 disseminated, treatment of, 2339t, 2340 epidemiology of, 1984t, 2327, 2334 and fibrosing mediastinitis, 856, 1563, 1565f–1566f geographic distribution of, 2327, 2328f histopathology of, 2331f history-taking in, 388, 388f in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2246, 2254–2255 treatment of, 2340 immune response to, 2334 in immunocompromised host, 2204 inflammatory syndromes of, treatment of, 2339t, 2340 laryngitis caused by, 2087 mediastinal, 2335–2337 mycology of, 2334 pathogenesis of, 2334–2335 pericarditis in, 2337 pleural effusion in, 1494 prevention of, 2340–2341 progressive disseminated, 2337 diagnosis of, 2337t pulmonary, 2335 acute, 2335, 2336f diagnosis of, 2337t treatment of, 2339, 2339t broncholithiasis in, 2335 treatment of, 2340 cavitary, 2336f chronic, 2335 diagnosis of, 2337t treatment of, 2339, 2339t nodules of, 2335 and sarcoidosis, 2335 differentiation of, 2338–2339 subacute, 2335, 2336f diagnosis of, 2337t treatment of, 2339, 2339t pulmonary alveolar proteinosis complicated by, 2014 radiographic findings in, 388f rheumatological syndromes in, 2337 solitary pulmonary nodule in, 1817 treatment of, 2339–2340, 2339t urinary antigen, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2247t

I-52 Index History-taking, from patient with respiratory symptoms, 388–389 HLMC. See Mast cell(s), human lung HMPV. See Human metapneumovirus Hnf3α, 87 Hnf3β, and lung development, 82, 87 H2 O2 . See Hydrogen peroxide HOA. See Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy Hoarseness acute, 2087 chronic, 2087 with mediastinal lesions, 1587, 1587t in upper airway obstruction, 846 HOBr. See Hypobromous acid HOCl. See Hypochlorous acid Hodgkin’s disease (HD), 1960–1961, 1961f, 2014 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t early-stage, radiation therapy for, and risk of radiation pneumonitis/fibrosis, 1188, 1189f in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, radiographic findings in, 2249t mediastinal, 1602, 1603f primary pulmonary, 1924 radiation therapy for, and risk of radiation pneumonitis/fibrosis, 1186, 1188, 1189f radiographic features of, 497f secondary pulmonary involvement in, 1962 staging system for, 1602, 1602t Hollywood code, 2729 Homeostasis, 226–229 definition of, 226 as feedback process, 228 instabilities of, 229 mechanisms of, 226–228, 228f limitations of, 228 overshooting of, 229 undershooting of, 229 perturbations (malfunctioning) of, 228–229 Homocysteine, effects on vascular endothelium, 451 Honeycombing in interstitial lung disease, 1112, 1115t in Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, 1247 Honeycomb lung, 698t, 699 in collagen vascular disease, 1194t Hooke, Robert, 5t, 7, 11, 575, 2645 Hookworms, 2414t, 2415–2418 treatment of, 2418, 2418t Hoover’s sign, 392, 2598 Hoppe-Seyler, Felix, 5t, 9 Hormone(s), produced by macrophages, 1972t Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and venous thromboembolism, 1425–1426

Horner’s syndrome, 390 Hospital, environmental exposures in, 2204–2205 domiciliary, 2204 non-domiciliary, 2204–2205 Host defense(s) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1156 pulmonary. See Pulmonary host (immune) defense(s) Hot tub lung, 2502 Hot-tub lung, etiology of, 1165t House dust inhalational challenge test, 585t Hoxa3, and lung development, 83 Hoxa5, and lung development, 83 HP. See Hypersensitivity pneumonitis HRQoL. See Health-related quality of life HSV. See Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Human coronavirus, NL-63, 2129–2130. See also Coronavirus Human herpesvirus (HHV) HHV-6 infection (incl. pneumonia) in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2228–2229 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t and sarcoidosis, 1127 HHV-8, 431, 1954–1955, 1964–1965 infection (incl. pneumonia). See also Kaposi’s sarcoma in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t, 2258 in immunocompromised host, 2208 and lymphoma, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2259 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1156 infection (incl. pneumonia) in cell-mediated immunodeficiency, 2236 in DiGeorge’s syndrome, 2236 in severe combined immunodeficiency, 2236 in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 2237 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome of, 2242 immune defense against, 1971 infection alveolar hemorrhage complicating, 1294 antiretroviral therapy for, 2244–2245 and drug-drug interactions, 2261 associated conditions, progression of, 2205, 2206f blastomycosis in, treatment of, 2348 CCR5 and, 351 CD4 cell count in, 2211–2212, 2248 antiretroviral therapy and, 2244–2245 and empiric therapy, 2262, 2262f, 2263f

in infancy, management of, 2139 and survival, 2244 and susceptibility to infection, 2215, 2245 and tuberculosis, 2489 CD4 cell response in, 2243 in children, 2139 clinical presentation of, 388 cytotoxic T-cell response in, 2243 diagnosis of, 2211, 2211t, 2245 and emphysema, 731 epidemiology of, 2245 histoplasmosis in, treatment of, 2340 HIV-2, 2241–2242 immune reconstitution syndrome in, 2211, 2261, 2330, 2491, 2494–2495 immunization in, 2212 and Kaposi’s sarcoma, 431–432, 432f laboratory findings in, 2211, 2211t late-stage, characteristics of, 2244 lung disease in, 2212, 2241, 2242t clinical presentation of, 2246 epidemiology of, 2245, 2248 evaluation of, 2245–2250 imaging of, 2247t, 2248–2249, 2249t laboratory diagnosis of, 2247–2248, 2247t medication history and, 2246 microbiology of, 2247t, 2250 past medical history and, 2246 pathophysiology of, 2243 physical examination in, 2246–2247 lung-specific immunodeficiency in, 2243–2244 lymphadenopathy in, 2028 management of, 2242–2243 empiric therapy in, 2262, 2262f, 2263f special considerations in, 2260–2261 natural history of, 2244 host factors affecting, 2243 virologic factors affecting, 2243 and net state of immunosuppression, 2205 non-infectious pulmonary involvement in, 2258–2260 causes of, 2242t opportunistic infections in, 2212–2213, 2212t, 2306, 2307 pathophysiology of, 2241–2243 pneumonia in, 1997, 2100t primary, clinical features of, 2244 progression of, 2205, 2206f, 2244 pulmonary infections in, 2241–2263 causes of, 2242t diagnosis of, 2213–2215 radiographic findings in, 2214–2215, 2214t

I-53 Index risk factors for, 2211, 2211t and sarcoidosis, 1135 sarcoidosis and, 1136t signs and symptoms of, 2211, 2211t sputum collection in, 2105 stage of immunosuppression in, clinical or laboratory, 2248 subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in, 2292 systemic immunodeficiency in, 2243 treatment of, 2210–2211 tuberculosis in. See Tuberculosis, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients life cycle of, 2242 occupational exposure to, 2261–2262 and pharyngitis, 2376t, 2378 postexposure prophylaxis for, 2261 syncytia-inducing, 2243 Human leukocyte antigen(s) (HLA) and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 2295–2296 and aspirin-induced asthma, 801 and sarcoidosis, 1127 Human metapneumovirus, 1992 and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2116, 2116t assays for, 1989t and bronchiolitis, 2376t, 2382 characteristics of, 2375t infection (incl. pneumonia), 2098, 2114 and asthma, 796 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2228 diagnosis of, 2106 in early infancy, 2128–2130 laryngitis caused by, 2087 pneumonia, 1994 Human papillomavirus (HPV), 1917–1918 infection, 2088–2089 cytopathology of, 523 Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) type 1, infection (incl. pneumonia), in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t type 2, infection (incl. pneumonia), in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), HTLV1, and sarcoidosis, 1127 Humidifier lung, 2012 Humoral immunity, 280, 321–322, 2293 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 715 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2244 Humoral immunodeficiency in cancer patients, 2215–2216 in children, 2138 and lung, 330–331 Hunter, William and John, 13, 2645 Hunter’s syndrome, 1275

Hurler’s syndrome, 1275 Hutchinson, John, 5t, 11, 568, 1125 HVOD. See Hepatic veno-occlusive disease Hyaline membrane, 2042, 2525, 2526f Hyalohyphomycetes, pulmonary infection by, 2321–2324 Hydralazine lupus-like syndrome caused by, 2010, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1090t, 1097 and vasculitis, 1464 Hydrochloric acid, pulmonary injury caused by, 1000 Hydrochlorothiazide and interstitial lung disease, 1110t pneumonitis caused by, 2010, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1091t, 1093, 1097 Hydrocortisone for asthma, 2638 sensitivity to, in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, 802–803 Hydrogen chloride inhalation injury caused by, 1000t in smoke and inhalation injury, 1057 source of, 1054t water solubility of, and mechanism of lung injury by, 994–995, 994t Hydrogen cyanide in indoor air, sources of, 1021t in smoke and inhalation injury, 1056–1057 toxicity of, 1056–1057 Hydrogen fluoride, bronchiolitis caused by, 893t Hydrogen ion(s) central chemoreceptors for, 163–164 concentration, regulation of, 207 Hydrogen peroxide, 2624–2625 formation of, 359–360, 360f Hydrogen sulfide bronchiolitis caused by, 893t in smoke and inhalation injury, 1057 source of, 1054t Hydrolase(s), in asthma, 782 Hydromorphone, for agitated ICU patient, 2707–2708 Hydropneumothorax, 507f Hydroxocobalamin, for cyanide poisoning, 1057 Hydroxychloroquine, 2639 for sarcoidosis, 1140, 1140t Hydroxyl radical, 2624–2625 formation of, 359–360, 360f Hydroxyurea, immunologic effects of, 2216 Hyomental distance, 2647 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, 1049–1051 for arterial gas embolism, 1050–1051, 1050f for carbon monoxide poisoning, 203 in carbon monoxide poisoning, 2617 for decompression sickness, 1050–1051

indications for, 1049–1050, 1050t limitations of, imposed by oxygen toxicity, 1051 for zygomycosis, 2321 Hypercalcemia of malignancy, 1929, 1930–1932, 1930t in small cell lung cancer, 1905–1906, 1905t Hypercapnia, 207, 208t, 217–218, 424 acute and dyspnea, 397 and pulmonary vasomotor control, 1346 adaptive response to, 211–212, 212f ad RNS/ROS, 366, 367f airway occlusion pressure response to, age-related changes in, 269, 269f in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 743 pharmacologic causes of, 2514 ventilatory response to, 2593–2594, 2594f age-related changes in, 268 blunted, and development of respiratory failure, 2594–2595, 2594f–2595f normal, 1324, 2736 Hyperchloremic acidosis, 216 Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), 317–318 Hyperfractionation, radiation, definition of, 1895 Hyperglycemia control of, and outcomes with community-acquired pneumonia, 2110–2111 in critically ill patients, 2698 Hyper-IgE recurrent infection. See Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome Hyper-IgM immunodeficiency, 323 pulmonary infection in, 2235–2236 Hyper-IgM syndrome, 2139 Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, pulmonary infection in, 2239, 2239f Hyperinflation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 713–714, 714f, 731 congenital lobar, 699 respiratory muscle interaction in, 77–78 Hypermetabolism, in critical illness, 2692–2693 Hyperoxia, sequence of pulmonary changes in, 2627, 2627t Hypersensitivity, systemic, drug-induced, 1090t, 1092 Hypersensitivity lung disease aspergillosis and, 2291, 2292t, 2294, 2295t cytotoxic drugs and, 2012, 2012t drug-induced, 1090t

I-54 Index Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 896, 1106t, 1161–1172, 2012, 2027, 2542t. See also Extrinsic allergic alveolitis acute, 1162, 1167–1168 bird-associated, clinical features of, 1162 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t chronic, 1162, 1168 clinical features of, 1118t, 1162 computed tomography of, 1112, 1113f, 1115t, 1118t diagnosis of, 1167–1168 methods for, advantages and disadvantages of, 1168, 1169t differential diagnosis of, 1162 drug-induced, 1092, 1110t–1111t epidemiology of, 1161–1162 etiology of, 1161–1162, 1163t–1164t exposures associated with, 1109t fever with, 420 histopathology of, 1118t, 1168–1169, 1170f–1171f imaging of, 2022 immunopathogenesis of, 1169–1171 impairment due to, evaluation of, 684 laboratory findings in, 1165–1167 occupational, 934t occupational exposures and, 935t onset of, 422 pathophysiology of, 375, 375f prevalence of, 1162 probability of, predictors of, 1168, 1170t prognosis for, 1171–1172 radiographic features of, 482, 485, 1162–1165, 1166f, 1167f subacute, 1162, 1167–1168 treatment of, 1118t, 1171–1172 Hypersensitivity reaction(s), drug-induced, 2010, 2012t Hypertension, sleep apnea and, 1711–1712 Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, 415–418, 417f, 453 Hyperventilation, 404 physiological, in pregnancy, 255, 255f Hyperventilation syndrome, 394 Hypobromous acid, 310t, 314, 315 Hypocapnia, 207, 208t, 595–596 Hypochlorous acid, formation of, 359–360, 360f Hypogammaglobulinemia, 2139 and bronchiectasis, 2188 management of, 2112 thymoma and, 1600–1601, 1601t Hypokalemia, 217–218 Hyponatremia, in tuberculosis, 2470 Hyponatremia of malignancy, 1929, 1930t, 1932–1933 Hypopharynx, 2647 Hypophase, 56

Hypotension, in respiratory failure, 2518t, 2519 Hypothermia, in pneumonia, 2099 Hypoventilation, pathophysiology of, 177 Hypoventilation syndrome(s), ventilatory impairment in, 1668t Hypovolemic shock, oxygen therapy in, 2619 Hypoxemia in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 741, 742t, 2117f acute reversible, in systemic lupus erythematosus, 1198–1199 air travel-related, testing for, 596, 596f in ALI/ARDS, 2536, 2536t arterial, 2616–2617 causes of, 2616, 2616t tissue hypoxia with, oxygen therapy for, 2618–2619, 2619t causes of extrapulmonary, 177 intrapulmonary, 177 in croup, 2379 in Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2361 postoperative, 664–665 Hypoxia acute and dyspnea, 397 and pulmonary vasomotor control, 1343–1344, 1345f airway occlusion pressure response to, age-related changes in, 269, 269f cellular causes of, 2617 chronic, and pulmonary vasomotor control, 1344–1345 chronic continuous, ventilatory adaptations to, 167 circulatory, 2616t, 2617 demand, 2617 fetal, 1354 intermittent, ventilatory adaptations to, 167 mechanisms of, 2615–2617 tissue with arterial hypoxemia, oxygen therapy for, 2618–2619, 2619t causes of, 2616, 2616t clinical manifestations of, 2617–2618, 2618t laboratory studies of, 2618 with normal PaO2 , oxygen therapy for, 2619 ventilatory response to, 597–598, 598f, 2593 acute, 1037–1038, 1038f age-related changes in, 268, 269f blunted, and development of respiratory failure, 2594–2595, 2594f–2595f chronic, 1039, 1039f factors affecting, 598, 599t

in hepatic cirrhosis, 447–448 normal, 598, 1324, 2736 Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1α, 163, 1039, 1039f Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-2α, 87 Hypoxia inhalation testing, 596 Hysteresis, 150 I I-309, 340t IA. See Aspergillosis, invasive IALT. See International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial IBA. See Aspergillosis, invasive bronchial Ibn An Nafis, 4, 5t Ibsen, Bjorn, 2675 Ibuprofen and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t for cystic fibrosis patient, 2179 IC. See Inspiratory capacity ICU. See Intensive care unit Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, 1227–1229 cardiac involvement in, 1227 clinical features of, 1231t diagnosis of, 1228 differential diagnosis of, 1228, 1231t epidemiology of, 1227 historical perspective on, 1227 laboratory findings in, 1228 neurologic involvement in, 1227–1228 pathophysiology of, 1228 prognosis for, 1228–1229 respiratory involvement in, 1227 treatment of, 1228–1229 Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, 1144, 1145 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2226 Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2225–2227, 2225t causes of, 2225–2227, 2225t clinical presentation of, 2226 diagnosis of, 2226–2227 laboratory testing in, 2225–2227, 2226t mortality rate for, 2226 Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1347, 1378–1380 classification of, 1360, 1362t definition of, 1360 epidemiology of, 1378–1379 histopathology of, 1364, 1364f lung transplantation for, 1391 prognosis for, 1379–1380, 1380f Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 330, 492f, 1106t, 1143–1159 acute exacerbations of, 1153, 1156 age of onset, 1143 angiogenesis in, 1154–1155

I-55 Index angiostasis in, 1154–1155 basement membrane injury and, 1154 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t bronchoalveolar lavage in, 1149–1150 classification of, 1144–1145 clinical features of, 1116t, 1143 in collagen vascular disease, 1193 complement in, 349 computed tomography of, 1112, 1114f, 1116t, 1146–1147, 1148–1149, 1149f cytokines in, 337, 1154 definition of, 1145 diagnosis of, 1146–1151 definite, 1151 delay in, 1143 probable or likely, 1151 diagnostic criteria for, 1151 in absence of lung biopsy, 1120–1122, 1122t differential diagnosis of, 1146–1147 eosinophils in, 318 epidemiology of, 1145–1146 epithelial cell apoptosis and, 1153–1154 epithelial-mesenchymal transition in, 1156 exercise testing in, 1148 extracellular matrix in, 1155 familial, 1146 fibroblasts in, 1155–1156 and gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1156 genetics of, 1146 growth factors and, 1154 histology of, 1116t historical perspective on, 1144–1145 history-taking in, 1147 host defense and, 1156 incidence of, 1145–1146 inflammation and, 1153 interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and, 336 laboratory evaluation in, 1147 lung transplantation in, 1774t, 1775–1777 mortality rate for, 1145–1146 multiple-hit hypothesis of, 1156 natural history of, 1151–1152 progression through pathological patterns in, 1156 occupational exposures and, 935t oxygen supplementation in, 1159 pathogenesis of, 1144–1145, 1153–1156 pathology of, 1150–1151 pharmacotherapy for, 1156–1158 physical examination in, 1147 prevalence of, 1145–1146 prognosis for, 1151–1152 composite scoring system for, 1152–1153 pathologic predictors of, 1152

physiological predictors of, 1152 radiographic predictors of, 1152 pulmonary function testing in, 1147–1148 pulmonary rehabilitation in, 1159 radiographic features of, 483–485, 1146, 1147f, 1148–1149, 1149f risk factors for, 1146 scintigraphy in, 558, 559 TGF-β in, 339 treatment of, 1116t, 1156–1159 Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, 1242, 1242f, 1281 clinical course of, 1295–1296 clinical features of, 1295 diagnosis of, 1295 epidemiology of, 1295 histopathology of, 1296, 1296f pathogenesis of, 1296 pathology of, 1285t radiographic findings in, 1296, 1296f serology of, 1285t treatment of, 1296–1297 Ifosfamide, pulmonary effects of, 1073, 1074t, 1075–1076 IHS. See Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome IIP. See Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia ILD. See Interstitial lung disease Ileus, in respiratory failure, 2518t, 2519 ILK. See Inhibitory-κB kinase ILO. See International Labor Organization Iloprost, for pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1388, 1390 IL-1Ra. See Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist Image-guided drainage of air/fluid collections, 535–538 Image-guided needle procedures (in thorax), 534–535 complications of, 534–535 diagnostic, 534 postprocedure care in, 535 results, 534 techniques for, 534 tools for, 534 Imaging modalities, 2017–2018, 2018f in evaluation of impairment/disability, 680 Imatinib mesylate for hypereosinophilic syndrome, 318 for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1158 α-Imidazole regulation, 214 Imipenem for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061, 2061t, 2062 indications for, 2157 interactions with immunosuppressive agents, 2503t for melioidosis, 2440 for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505

pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 pharmacology of, 2056 Immobility and nosocomial pneumonia, 2196 and venous thromboembolism, 1425 Immobilization, postoperative, and risk of pulmonary complications, 670 Immune defect(s) in cancer patients, 2215–2216 chemotherapy-related, 2216 infections associated with, 1982–1983, 1983t and microbial virulence, 2207 primary immunologic work-up of, 2233, 2234t pulmonary infection in, 2232–2239 Immune defense(s), 2077–2078 pulmonary. See Pulmonary host (immune) defense(s) Immune-mediated tissue injury type I, 330 type II, 330 type III, 330 type IV:, 330 Immune recognition, innate, 1970–1971 Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2211, 2261, 2330, 2494–2495 and antituberculosis therapy, 2491 Immune reconstitution syndrome. See Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome Immunity/immune response(s), 286f acquired, 280 adaptive, 280, 1973–1979 afferent, 1974–1976, 1975f, 2041–2042, 2043f antibody-mediated, 323–324, 330 cell-mediated, 330 efferent, 1976, 1977f, 2041–2042, 2043f B cell-mediated, in lung, 1977–1978, 1977f T cell-mediated, in lung, 1976–1977 innate, 280, 1970–1973, 1970f, 1971f, 2293 Immunocompromised host(s) antibiotic therapy for, difficulties of, 2204 clinical management of, 2203–2204 definition of, 2203 diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in, 1293–1294 epidemiologic exposures, 2204–2205 infection in concomitant processes in, 2207–2208 prevention of, 2207–2208, 2209 and recognition of new syndromes, 2207

I-56 Index Immunocompromised host(s), infection in (Cont.) risk of cumulative, 2205 factors affecting, 2204–2205 progressive, 2205 time-limited, 2205 timetable of, 2205–2207 treatment of, 2209–2210 net state of immunosuppression, 2205 factors affecting, 2204, 2204t Immunocytochemistry, 514 of lung tumors, 531 Immunodeficiency cell-mediated, in children, 2139 in granulocyte disorders, in children, 2138–2139 humoral, in children, 2138 hyper-IgM, pulmonary infection in, 2235–2236 primary definition of, 2232–2233 immunologic work-up of, 2233, 2234t pulmonary infection in, 2232–2239 Immunoglobulin(s), 280f, 321–322, 1978 FcR binding, 325t Fc receptors, 325t Fc region, 325 function, 325–328, 325t heavy chain, 322–323, 325t D (diversity) gene, 322–323, 322t J (junctional) gene, 322–323, 322t V (variable) gene, 322–323, 322t in human lung, measurement of, 329 IgA, 280f, 1979, 1983 deficiency, 332 and bronchiectasis, 2188 combined with IgG subclass deficiency, 332 definition of, 332 management of, 332 pathophysiology of, 332 prevalence of, 332 pulmonary infection in, 2235 in human lung, measurement of, 329 respiratory tract, 329–330 secretory, 280, 326, 327f in airways, 281 in mouth, 281 in nasal secretions, 281 structure and function, 325t, 326–327, 328f subclasses of, 325t, 326 IgA1, 325t, 326 IgA2, 325t, 326 IgD, structure and function, 325, 325t IgE, 1976, 1979 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 838–840, 840t, 2295, 2296–2297, 2300 in allergy, 792–793 in aspergillosis-related asthma, 2295

in asthma, 778, 819 monoclonal antibody to. See also Omalizumab for asthma, 823t, 829t, 830, 2641 in nasal secretions, 281 NSAID-specific, 802 receptors, 309–310 high-affinity, 307, 309–310, 327 low-affinity, 309–310, 327–328 respiratory tract, 330 structure and function, 325t, 327–328 IgG, 280, 1979, 1983 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 838–840, 2295, 2296–2297 in alveolar fluid, 282 in coccidioidomycosis, 2344 Fc domain of, 283, 1972 in human lung, measurement of, 329 in nasal secretions, 281 respiratory tract, 330 structure and function, 325t, 326 subclass deficiency, 331 and bronchiectasis, 2188 clinical presentation of, 332 combined with IgA deficiency, 332 pulmonary infection in, 2235 subclasses, 325t, 326 IgG1, 325t, 326 deficiency, 332 IgG2, 325t, 326 deficiency, 332 IgG3, 325t, 326 deficiency, 332 IgG4, 325t, 326 deficiency, 332 IgM, 323, 1979 in coccidioidomycosis, 2343–2344 in human lung, measurement of, 329 structure and function, 325, 325t isotype switching, 323–324 light chain, 322–323 J gene, 322–323, 322t V gene, 322–323, 322t molecular weight of, 325, 325t in nasal secretions, 281 pooled, 2639 production of, 321–322, 322t respiratory tract, 329–330 fate of, 328 origins of, 328 pathology induced by, 330 in saliva, 281 serum levels, 325t structure of, 325–328, 325t switch regions, 323–324 Immunoglobulin/albumin ratio(s), 329 BAL fluid, 329 serum, 329 Immunoglobulin gene superfamily, proteins, in inflammation, 783

Immunohistochemical technique(s), 2039, 2042t Immunologic test(s), for rheumatic disease, 1111, 1112t Immunonutrition, 2697 Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs, 310 Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs, 326 Immunosuppression net state of, 2205 factors in, 2204, 2204t and risk of infection, 2317, 2318 Immunosuppressive therapy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1157 in organ transplant recipient, and pulmonary infection, 2230 for sarcoidosis, 1140t, 1141 Immunotherapy, for chronic stable asthma, 822 Impairment. See also Disability classification of, in AMA Guides, 681–682, 682t definition of, 677 in AMA Guides, 681 evaluation of, 677–678 American Thoracic Society criteria for, 684–685 arterial blood gas analysis in, 681 bronchoprovocation testing in, 681 cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 681 imaging in, 680 medical history in, 678–679 methods for, 678–681 physical examination in, 680 pulmonary function testing in, 680 occupation-related, workers’ compensation programs for federal, 688–690 state, 687–688 permanent, evaluation of, American Medical Association guidelines for, 681–682, 682t Inborn errors of metabolism. See also specific disorder characteristics of, 1266 pulmonary involvement in, 1265–1277 Incentive spirometry, postoperative, 673t, 674 Indirect Fick method, 2667–2668 Indomethacin, and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t Infant(s), susceptibility to air pollution, 1032t Infantile respiratory distress syndrome pathogenesis of, 131f, 132–133 surfactant in, 125, 131f, 132–133 Infarction, pulmonary, 414f, 2014, 2104 CT angiography of, 462, 462f cytopathology of, 524–525, 525f hemoptysis caused by, 414

I-57 Index presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1817 pulmonary embolism and, 1428, 1428f radiographic features of, 462f, 477 Infection(s) and acute lung injury, 2527 after bronchoscopy, 644 and atopic dermatitis, 428 bronchoscopy in, 1120t in bulla, 918, 921f, 922f, 923–925 treatment of, 926 in cancer patients, 2215–2219 in common variable immunodeficiency, 331 cutaneous manifestations of, 430–431 in cystic fibrosis patient, 880–881 cytopathology of, 518–524 deep cervical space clinical presentation of, 852 complications of, 853 microbiology of, 852 risk factors for, 852 treatment of, 853 upper airway obstruction caused by, 852–853 diagnosis of, 422–423, 422f dyspnea in, 403 of ear, 2091–2094 fever in, 420 head and neck, 2163t, 2164t and mediastinitis, 2163t, 2164t, 2165, 2166t hemoptysis in, 410, 413–414, 413t in IgG subclass deficiency, 332 immune defects and, 286–288, 287t lower respiratory tract, in childhood, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 710 in lung transplant recipient, 1790–1791 of mastoid, 2094 mediastinal, 1591–1595 and mediastinitis, 2163t, 2164t, 2165, 2166t non-head and neck, and mediastinitis, 2163t, 2165 occupational, 934t opportunistic, 2204 of oral cavity, 2086–2087 orbital, 2090, 2090f and parapneumonic effusions, 1488–1489 pathogenesis of, 2077 pathophysiology of, 2077–2078 pelvic, and anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections, 2145t peritoneal, and anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections, 2145t pulmonary. See also Pneumonia bacterial. See Bacterial infection(s) and bronchiectasis, 2185–2186, 2185t in Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 2238

chronic, severity of, Social Security Listings for, 687 computed tomography of, 1115t in cystic fibrosis. See Cystic fibrosis diagnosis of in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2031, 2032 invasive procedures for, 2002–2004 molecular testing for, 2002 noninvasive studies for, 1997–2002 serologic testing for, 2001–2002 skin tests for, 2002 work-up for, 2032, 2033f fungal. See Fungal infection(s) histopathology of, 2033–2034, 2034f in immunocompromised host, 2203–2239 mechanisms of, 2078–2079, 2078t molecular factors and processes in, 2078t, 2079–2080 noninfectious processes mimicking, 2010–2014, 2011t, 2020, 2022, 2024 parasitic. See Parasitic infestation(s) pathogenesis of, 1987–1995, 2078–2079, 2078t pathology of, 1987–1995, 2031–2050 patterns of injury in, 2039–2050 in primary immune defects, 2232–2239 pulmonary alveolar proteinosis complicated by, 2014 radiology of, 18, 1982t, 1985, 1986f, 1987f, 1988t, 1995–1997, 2017–2029 tissue response to, 2042, 2043t vaccination against, 2065–2074. See also specific vaccine viral. See Viral infection(s) in X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, 331 in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, 1319 pulmonary hypertension and, 1376 radiographic features of, 483 respiratory, antecedent to surgery, and postoperative pulmonary complications, 669 in respiratory failure, 2518t, 2519 retropharyngeal, 1309, 1310 and sarcoidosis, 1126–1127 in silicosis, 976, 977 spinal, radiographic features of, 499–500, 503f in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 436 transmission of, in indoor air, 1031–1032 upper airway obstruction caused by, 852–854 upper respiratory tract, 2085–2091. See also specific infection

Infection control in prevention of nosocomial pneumonia, 2288–2289, 2288t in pulmonary function testing, 601–602 Infectious agent(s), pulmonary clearance of, 1969–1980 Infectious mononucleosis. See also Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and pharyngitis, 2086 radiographic features of, 498 Infiltrate diffuse in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2224, 2224f in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2214–2215, 2214t diffuse interstitial, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2248, 2249t focal in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2225 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2214t, 2215, 2248, 2249t interstitial in cancer patient, 2220–2221, 2221t in organ transplant recipient, 2231, 2233t nodular. See also Pneumonia, with nodular infiltrates in cancer patient, 2220–2221, 2221t in organ transplant recipient, 2231, 2233t in organ transplant recipient, 2231 peribronchovascular. See also Pneumonia, interstitial in organ transplant recipient, 2231, 2233t pulmonary, 1091 drug-induced, 1110t–1111t with eosinophilia, 2013 in stem cell transplant recipient, diagnostic approach to, 2223f Infiltration, leukemic, 2542t Inflammation/inflammatory response(s), 280, 2042, 2043t, 2079–2080. See also Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and acute lung injury, 2527–2528 and bronchiectasis, 2185t, 2187–2188 cell adhesion molecules in, 782–783 chemotactic cytokines and, 339, 340t chronic, lobar atelectasis in, 486f and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 715 and exercise-induced asthma, 809 exudative, causes of, 2043t granulomatous, causes of, 2043t, 2048–2049 histiocytic, causes of, 2043t and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1153 impairment of, 287t

I-58 Index Inflammation/inflammatory response(s) (Cont.) interstitial, causes of, 2043t in lung injury, 337, 338f necrotizing, causes of, 2043t pattern of, and diagnosis of infection, 2034, 2034f physiology of, 1973, 1974f pulmonary, 335 chemokines in, 339–343, 372–374, 373f cytokines in, 337, 338f leukocyte migration in, 354–356 smoking and, 752 vascular, 2049f, 2050 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) drug treatment of, pulmonary toxicity of, 440 erythema nodosum in, 434 risk of venous thromboembolism in, 1426 upper airway obstruction in, 855 Inflammatory lung disease, noninfectious, scintigraphy in, 558, 559f Inflammatory mediator(s), 280f Inflammatory pseudotumor, 1918–1919 Infliximab pulmonary toxicity of, 440 therapy with, and risk of infection, 2306 Influenza virus, 1992, 2005, 2005t. See also Avian influenza and acute bronchitis, 2097 antigenic shift, 2384–2385 antiviral prophylaxis for, 2388 assays for, 1989t and bronchiolitis, 896, 2382 characteristics of, 2375t and common cold, 2085 and croup, 2087, 2376t, 2379 diagnosis of, 1999 and diffuse alveolar damage, 2042 epidemics, 2384–2385 H5N1, 2384 immune defense against, 1971, 1973 immune response to, 2385 infection (incl. pneumonia), 1985, 2020 in adults, 2389 and asthma, 796, 816 chemokines in, 355 in children, 2130, 2391 clinical features of, 2384 diagnosis of, 2001, 2002, 2386 in early infancy, 2129 epidemiology of, 2004, 2384–2385 hemoptysis in, 413 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2257–2258 radiographic findings in, 2215, 2249t ICU admission rate for, 2106t in immunocompromised host, 2204

morbidity associated with, in children, 2125 mortality from, in children, 2125 mortality rate for, 2065 pathogenesis of, 1993–1994, 2374, 2385, 2393 pathology of, 1993–1994, 2043 pleural effusion in, 1494 reactive nitrogen species in, 365 seasonal variation in, 2374, 2385 in severe combined immunodeficiency, 2236 treatment of, 2387–2388, 2387t nomenclature for, 2386 pandemics, 2384–2385 and pharyngitis, 2376t, 2378 staining characteristics of, 2035t and tracheobronchitis, 2376t, 2380, 2381 transmission of, 2374, 2385 in indoor air, 1031 type A, 1993–1994, 2385–2386 and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2116, 2116t immune response to, 343 infection (incl. pneumonia) diagnosis of, 2106, 2394 hospitalization rate for, 2105t nosocomial, 2280t serotypes of, 2374 type B, 1993–1994, 2385–2386 and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2116, 2116t infection (incl. pneumonia) diagnosis of, 2106 hospitalization rate for, 2105t imaging of, 2021f nosocomial, 2280t type C, 1993–1994, 2385–2386 vaccines against, 2070–2072, 2070t, 2111, 2386–2387, 2386t for asthmatic patient, 821–822 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 734 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2258 INH. See Isoniazid Inhalation challenge tests, 585t, 586–587 Inhalation fever, 1167–1168 Inhalation injury(ies) acute, occupational, 934t adverse effects of, 1011–1012 and bronchiectasis, 2186 classification of, 1054 epidemiology of, 1053 parenchymal, 1059–1060, 1060f toxic, 993–1006 clinical presentation of, 995–998 compounds in, 1053–1055, 1054t definition of, 994t types of, 994t

in conducting airways acute, 996 chronic, 996 determinants of, 993–995 in lower airways and pulmonary parenchyma acute, 996–997, 997f chronic, 998 mechanisms of, 993–995 particle size in, 993–994 pathogenesis of, 993–994, 995–998 in upper airway, 995–996, 1000t water solubility of inhalant and, 994–995, 994t tracheobronchial, 1057–1059, 1058f, 1059f treatment of, 1060–1061 upper airway obstruction caused by, 858 Inhibitory-κB kinase, activation of, 361 Innominate artery, aneurysm, 857 Insect allergen(s) and occupational asthma, 985t, 986 and risk of asthma, 794 Inspection, of chest, 390 Inspiration, duration of, 2592 Inspiratory capacity, 149t, 569, 569f in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 711, 714, 731 definition of, 568t, 1326, 2738 measurement of, 571 normal, 1323, 2735 postoperative changes in, 664 Inspiratory flow rate, ventilator setting for, 2681–2682, 2682f Inspiratory muscle(s) pressure generated by, in first 0.1 s of occluded inspiration (P0.1 ), 599 strength, measurement of, in acute respiratory failure, 2673 Inspiratory reserve volume, 569f definition of, 568t, 1326, 2738 Inspiratory vital capacity, definition of, 568t, 1326, 2738 Inspissated bile syndrome, 867 Instantaneous flows, in diagnostic spirometry, minimal recommendations for, 570t Insulin, and surfactant production, 132 Insulin-like growth factor(s) and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 118 IGF-1, and B-cell production, 323 Integrated response, 223–226 exercise testing of, 225–226 for oxygen uptake, 224–225, 225f–226f Integrin(s) eosinophil, 315 in inflammation, 782–783 in inflammatory/fibrotic lung disease, 374 in lung development, 94

I-59 Index Intensity modulated radiation therapy, definition of, 1895 Intensive care unit access to, ethical considerations in, 2727–2728, 2729–2730 agitated patient in analgesia for, 2706–2710 sedation for, 2701–2706, 2708–2710 allocation of resources in, 2718, 2722 distributive justice and, 2722 clinical decision making in, severity scoring systems and, 2719–2720 conditions commonly seen in outcomes of, 2714–2716 prognoses for, 2714–2716 decision making in, 2713–2720 end-of-life care in. See also DNAR orders discussion of, with patient and family, 2731 principles of, 2724–2726 ethical conflicts in between patient’s desires and providers’ moral values, 2725–2726, 2729 prevention of, 2733 resolution of, 2733 ethical considerations in, 2718, 2721–2734 intubated patient in communication with, 2728–2729 ethical considerations with, 2728–2729 macroallocation of resources in, 2722 microallocation of resources in, 2722 ethical principles related to, 2726–2728, 2730 mortality prediction in, 2716–2718 palliative care in, 2733 patients in, decision-making capacity of, 2724, 2729 assessment of, 2731–2732, 2731t prognoses for patients in, 2714–2716 quality management in, 2719 severity score use in, 2718–2720 Intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM) ICAM-1, 347, 363 in inflammation, 783 in inflammatory/fibrotic lung disease, 374 and leukocyte adherence and migration, 347–348 ICAM-2, in inflammation, 783 Intercostal muscle(s) actions of, 75–76, 75f external, 72f, 75–76, 75f internal, 72f, 75–76, 75f parasternal, 72f, 75, 75f, 77 Interferon(s) (IFN) IFN-α, 1971, 1973 effects/functions of, 779t

sources of, 779t targets of, 779t therapy with, pulmonary effects of, 1090t, 1100 IFN-α 2 b, pegylated, pulmonary effects of, 1100 IFN-β, 1971, 1973 effects/functions of, 779t sources of, 779t targets of, 779t IFN-γ , 283, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1978 adjunctive therapy with in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, 2312 for zygomycosis, 2321 in aspergillosis, 2293 in blood assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 2454, 2462 effects/functions of, 337, 779t expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 121, 122t and isotype switching, 324 in lung inflammation and injury, 337, 338f and SIRS/MODS, 2566–2567 sources of, 779t targets of, 779t IFN-γ 1b, therapy with, for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1158 for SARS, 2394 therapy with, pulmonary effects of, 1089 Interferon-γ -inducible protein, 340t, 341t Interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant, 340t, 341t Interleukin(s) (IL) IL-1, 1970, 1971, 1973 in disease, 336–337 effects/functions of, 336, 779t and leukocyte adherence and migration, 348 in septic shock syndrome, 449 and SIRS/MODS, 2566–2567 sources of, 779t targets of, 779t IL-1α, 336 IL-1β, 336 in asthma, 118 expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 121, 122t IL-2, 1976 effects/functions of, 779t sources of, 779t targets of, 779t therapy with, pulmonary effects of, 1081t, 1082 IL-3, 315 effects/functions of, 779t and eosinophilia, 2414 eosinophils and, 310t, 313, 315

mast cells and, 310t, 312 sources of, 779t targets of, 779t IL-4, 1971, 1976 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 838, 2296 in aspergillosis, 2293 effects/functions of, 779t eosinophils and, 310t, 315 and isotype switching, 324 and leukocyte adherence and migration, 348 in lung inflammation and injury, 337 mast cells and, 310t, 312 sources of, 779t targets of, 779t IL-5, 315, 1971, 1976 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 838, 2296 and asthma, 775, 776 effects/functions of, 779t and eosinophilia, 2414 eosinophils and, 310t, 313, 315 expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 121, 122t mast cells and, 310t, 312 monoclonal antibody against, 317, 318 sources of, 779t targets of, 779t IL-6, 1971, 1973, 1976 in asthma, 118 effects/functions of, 780t expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 121, 122t, 123 and leukocyte adherence and migration, 348 mast cells and, 310t, 312 and SIRS/MODS, 2566–2567 sources of, 780t targets of, 780t IL-7 and B-cell production, 323 effects/functions of, 780t sources of, 780t targets of, 780t IL-8, 340t, 341t, 1973, 1976, 2116 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 838, 2296 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 715 effects/functions of, 780t expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 121, 122t, 123 mast cells and, 310t, 312 sources of, 780t targets of, 780t in Weibel-Palade bodies, 31 IL-9 effects/functions of, 780t sources of, 780t targets of, 780t

I-60 Index Interleukin(s) (IL) (Cont.) IL-10, 1971, 1976 in aspergillosis, 2293–2294 effects/functions of, 337, 780t and isotype switching, 324 in lung inflammation and injury, 337 sources of, 780t targets of, 780t IL-11 effects/functions of, 780t expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 121, 122t sources of, 780t targets of, 780t IL-12, 1971, 1973 in aspergillosis, 2293 effects/functions of, 780t sources of, 780t targets of, 780t Il-12, 1976 IL-13, 1976 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 2296 effects/functions of, 780t and isotype switching, 324 in lung inflammation and injury, 337 mast cells and, 310t, 312 sources of, 780t targets of, 780t IL-14 effects/functions of, 780t sources of, 780t targets of, 780t IL-15 in aspergillosis, 2293 effects/functions of, 780t sources of, 780t targets of, 780t IL-16, 315 effects/functions of, 780t eosinophils and, 315 sources of, 780t targets of, 780t IL-17, 1973, 1976 effects/functions of, 780t sources of, 780t targets of, 780t IL-18 effects/functions of, 780t sources of, 780t targets of, 780t IL-19 effects/functions of, 780t sources of, 780t targets of, 780t IL-20 effects/functions of, 780t sources of, 780t targets of, 780t IL-21 effects/functions of, 781t

sources of, 781t targets of, 781t IL-22 effects/functions of, 781t sources of, 781t targets of, 781t IL-23, 1973, 1976 effects/functions of, 781t sources of, 781t targets of, 781t IL-24 effects/functions of, 781t sources of, 781t targets of, 781t IL-25 effects/functions of, 781t sources of, 781t targets of, 781t IL-26 effects/functions of, 781t sources of, 781t targets of, 781t IL-27 effects/functions of, 781t sources of, 781t targets of, 781t IL-28 effects/functions of, 781t sources of, 781t targets of, 781t IL-29 effects/functions of, 781t sources of, 781t targets of, 781t Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, 336 Intermittent abdominal pressure ventilator, 1669–1670, 1670f Intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV), 2677–2678, 2678f Intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB) in neuromuscular disorders, 1660 postoperative, 674 Intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) mouth piece/lip seal for, 1670, 1670f in neuromuscular disorders, 1670, 1670f, 1671–1672, 1671f noninvasive vs. tracheostomy, outcomes with, 1673–1674 noninvasive complications of, 1672 in neuromuscular disorders, 1670, 1670f, 1671–1672, 1671f outcomes with, 1673–1674 Internal oblique muscle, 72f, 76–77 International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial, 1869–1870, 1869t International Labor Organization, classification system for evaluation of pneumoconiosis, 680

International Labour Office, classification of chest radiographs, 939 Interstitial cells, 33, 33t, 1105 alveolar, 40–41, 40f, 41f of alveolar septum, 51–52, 52f lipid, 41 Interstitial edema, 1234t Interstitial infiltrate(s), 1988t Interstitial lung disease, 371. See also Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis acute, 1108t age distribution of, 1106–1107 in ankylosing spondylitis, 1211, 1211f approach to patient with, 1107–1123 biopsy in, 1120, 1120t bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profiles in, 1120, 1121t bronchoalveolar lavage in, 1114–1120 bronchoscopy in, 1120, 1120t cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 625 chest pain in, 1108 chest radiography in, 1112–1113, 1113f–1114f chronic, 1108t classification of, 934, 935t by duration of symptoms, 1108t in collagen vascular disease, 1193–1195 histopathology of, 1195–1196, 1195f–1196f incidence of, 1193, 1194t computed tomography of, 463, 463f, 1112–1113, 1113f–1114f, 1115t, 1116t–1119t connective tissue disorders and, 2013 cough in, 1108 definition of, 1145 diagnosis of, 1107, 1107f clinicopathologic correlation in, 1122–1123 diffuse, 2027 cyanosis in, 415 dyspnea in, 400 types of, 401t drug-induced, 1089, 1090t drugs associated with, 1110t drug use history in, 1109 dyspnea in, 1108 epidemiology of, 1105–1107 exposure history in, 1108–1109, 1109t family history in, 1109 fever in, 1108 histopathology of, 934, 935t, 1364–1365, 1366f history-taking in, 1108–1109 immunoglobulins in, 330 initial assessment of, 421–424 laboratory evaluation in, 1111–1112 linear, 483, 490f medication history in, 1109

I-61 Index in mixed connective tissue disease, 1210 nodular, 483, 490f occupational, computed tomography of, 939 occupational exposures causing, 934, 935t occupational history in, 1108–1109, 1109t physical examination in, 1109–1111 in polymyositis-dermatomyositis, 1208–1209, 1209f pulmonary airway disease and, 2013 pulmonary function testing in, 1113–1114 pulmonary hypertension in, 1396–1399, 1397f, 1398f racial distribution of, 1107 radiographic features of, 483–486, 490f–492f respiratory bronchiolitis-associated. See Respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease reticular, 483, 490f, 491f in rheumatoid arthritis, 1204–1206 in scleroderma, 1206–1207, 1207f sex distribution of, 1107 SFTPC mutations and, 128–129, 129f in Sj¨ogren’s syndrome, 1210–1211, 1210f smoking and, 1108 subacute, 1108t in systemic lupus erythematosus, 1200–1201 terminology for, 1106t thoracoscopic biopsy in, 652–653 treatment of, 1116t–1119t, 1123 vasculitis and, 2013 Interstitium, 31 alveolar, 32–33, 33t, 40–41, 40f, 41f, 51–52, 52f Interventional pulmonology, in upper airway obstruction, 861–862 Interventional radiology, 533–544 historical perspective on, 533 for pulmonary embolism, 1440 Intrapulmonary vessels alveolar, 1349, 1349f calibers, interplay of pressures and, 1350, 1350f corner, 1349, 1349f extra-alveolar, 1349–1350, 1349f function of, 1348–1350, 1349f structure of, 1348–1350 types of, 1348, 1349f Intravenous (IV) drug abuser(s), pneumonia in, 2024 Intravenous immunoglobulin(s) (IVIG), 2139 for common variable immunodeficiency, 332

in IgA deficiency, 332 for viral pneumonia, 2395 for X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, 331 Intubation blood and secretion management in, 2650 in burn patient, 1060 historical perspective on, 2645–2646 and nosocomial pneumonia, 2196, 2274, 2278–2279 and oxygen source, 2650 positioning for, 2649–2650, 2649f preparation of patient for, 2650 and resuscitation equipment, 2650 saliva and, 2650 tracheal, 2651–2657 Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, 2292t, 2305–2313 clinical features of, 2307–2308 diagnosis of, 2308–2309 differential diagnosis of, 2298–2299, 2323t epidemiology of, 2305–2306 extrapulmonary involvement in, 2307–2308 immune augmentation treatment for, 2312 nonangioinvasive, 2307, 2307f nosocomial, 2306 pathogenesis of, 2306–2307 pathophysiology of, immunosuppression and, 2307, 2307f prevention of, in high-risk patients, 2312–2313 radiographic findings in, 2308, 2308f risk factors for, 2306 subacute, 2292 surgery for, 2312 treatment of, 2309–2312, 2310t, 2311t Inverse ratio ventilation, in ALI/ARDS, 2549–2551, 2552f Iodinated agents, mucolytic/expectorant, 2642 Iodine, and interstitial lung disease, 1110t Iodoquinol, indications for, 2401 Ion transport, epithelial, CFTR and, 2173–2174 IP-10. See Interferon-γ -inducible protein IPA. See Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis IPAH. See Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension IPF. See Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Ipratropium adverse effects and side effects of, 826t, 2636 for asthma, 822, 823t, 826t, 2635–2636 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 738t, 739, 2635 dosage and administration of, 826t

for exercise-induced asthma, 812 pharmacology of, 2635 IPS. See Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome IR. See Interventional radiology IRDS. See Infantile respiratory distress syndrome Irinotecan, pulmonary effects of, radiation therapy and, 1181 IRIS. See Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome Iron, microbial requirement for, 1970, 2079 Iron chelator therapy, for zygomycosis, 2321 Iron dioxide, bronchiolitis caused by, 895–896 Iron overload, and risk of infection, 2317, 2318 Iron oxide, bronchiolitis caused by, 893t Irritant receptors, 164, 164f IRV. See Inspiratory reserve volume Ischemia-reperfusion injury, and respiratory failure, 2585 Ischemic heart disease, cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 621 Isocapnic hyperventilation test, 585t, 810–811, 811f, 818 Isocyanates and occupational asthma, 989–990 occupational lung disease caused by, 935t in smoke and inhalation injury, source of, 1054t Isoetharine dosage forms, 2632t receptor activity, 2632t Isoniazid adverse effects and side effects of, 2477, 2483t, 2503 in children, 2135 hepatotoxicity of, 2135, 2455, 2477 interactions with immunosuppressive agents, 2503t for latent tuberculosis infection, 2455–2456, 2455t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2491 lupus-like syndrome caused by, 2010, 2012t mechanism of action of, 2464 for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 dosage and administration of, 2504t peripheral neuritis caused by, 2477 pharmacology of, 2476–2477 plus phenytoin, 2477 plus rifampin, hepatotoxicity of, 2477, 2478 pulmonary effects of, 1090t resistance to, 2476 mycobacterial, 2451 testing for, 2463

I-62 Index Isoniazid (Cont.) for tuberculosis, 2464, 2476–2477 in children, 2135 dosage and administration of, 2482t historical perspective on, 2476 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2490 regimens for, 2481t theoretical basis for, 2476 Isoprinosine, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2370 Isoproterenol adverse effects and side effects of, 825t for asthma, 823t, 825t dosage and administration of, 825t dosage forms, 2632t and pulmonary circulation, 1347 receptor activity, 2632t Isospora belli, infection (incl. pneumonia), in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t Isotype switching, 323–324 ITAC. See Interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant ITAM. See Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs ITIM. See Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs Ito cell(s), 41 Itraconazole for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842, 2299 for aspergilloma, 2303 for blastomycosis, 2348 for coccidioidomycosis, 2345 for cryptococcosis, 2334 drug interactions with, 2340 for histoplasmosis, 2340 for invasive fungal infections, 2310t, 2311t prophylaxis, 2312–2313 IVC. See Inspiratory vital capacity Ivermectin for ascariasis, 2418t for strongyloidiasis, 2418, 2418t J Jackson, Chevalier, 2646 Jacobaeus, 649 Jacobs, Merkel Henry, 5t, 13 Janeway, 2646 Japanese summer house hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 1161 etiology of, 1165t Jaw thrust maneuver, 2649–2650 Jo-1 antibodies, 429, 1209 Job’s syndrome. See Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome J receptors, 164–165, 398, 400

J reflex, 165, 1340 Justice, principle of, 2722 Juxtacapillary receptors, 164–165 K Kanamycin adverse effects and side effects of, 2483t for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 dosage and administration of, 2504t for tuberculosis, 2479 dosage and administration of, 2482t Kaposi’s sarcoma, 431–432, 432f, 1954–1955, 1964–1965 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 1294, 2213, 2215, 2247, 2258–2259 and pneumothorax, 1523 radiographic findings in, 2214t, 2249t in immunocompromised host, 2209f in lung transplant recipient, 439–440 scintigraphy of, 557 Karatagener’s syndrome, 2138 Karnofsky score, definition of, 1895 Kerley’s lines, 483, 490f, 494 type A, 483 type B, 483 type C, 483 Ketamine, for agitated ICU patient, 2705 Ketoacidosis, 219 Ketoconazole, for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842 Ketolides adverse effects and side effects of, 2056 characteristics of, 2055–2056 for community-acquired pneumonia, 2110 mechanism of action of, 2055 organisms susceptible to, 2056 penetration into lung, 2053, 2053t pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 pharmacology of, 2055 Ketones, in indoor air, sources of, 1023t Ketorolac, and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t Ketotifen, 2639 Kidney(s) in acid-base balance, 208–209 adaptation to respiratory alkalosis, 212 and ammonia recycling, 210–211, 210f and bicarbonate reclamation, 209, 209f biopsy, in immune-mediated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1284–1285, 1285f, 1286f function, altitude and, 1040 net acid excretion by, 209–211 Killian, Gustav, 629 Kinocilia, 27 Kirstein, Alfred, 2646

Klebsiella in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 742t in acute mediastinitis, 2166t colonization, in cystic fibrosis, 866 drug-resistant, 2282 in empyema, 2144 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, radiographic findings in, 2215 hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t infection (incl. pneumonia), 2019, 2022 in Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 2238 in chronic granulomatous disease, 2237 diagnosis of, 1998 hemoptysis in, 413 neonatal nosocomial, 2126 nosocomial, 2280, 2281t, 2282, 2289 treatment of, 2285–2288, 2286t in organ transplant recipient, 2231f, 2232 pathology of, 2043 staining characteristics of, 2036 Klebsiella pneumoniae aspiration pneumonia, 2007 immune defense against, 1973 infection (incl. pneumonia) and bronchiectasis, 2186 of deep cervical space, 852 history and physical findings in, 2100t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2106t nosocomial, 2279, 2280t, 2282 pathogenesis of, 2080 pathology of, 2044f in surgery and trauma patients, 2197 in lung abscess, 2144 pneumonia, 1989, 1995, 1996f, 2005, 2008, 2020 radiologic features of, 1986f in stem cell transplant recipient, 2224f vaccine against, 2080 Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis, 853 Klippel-Feil syndrome, 2647 Kluyvera, in acute mediastinitis, 2166t Koch, Robert, 5t, 15–16, 16f Koch postulates, 16 KOH staining, of Blastomyces dermatitidis, 2346, 2348t Kono-Mead diagram, 75f, 77 Koop, C. Everett, 753 Koplik’s spots, 2391 Krabbe’s disease, 1273–1274, 1274f Kremen1, 86 Kremen2, 86 Krogh, August, 5t, 9–10, 10f Krogh, Marie, 5t, 9–10, 10f

I-63 Index Krypton-81m, ventilation scan using, 549, 550 Kuhn, Franz, 2646 Kussmaul breathing, 394, 404 Kveim, Ansgar, 1125–1126 Kveim reaction, 1126 Kyphoscoliosis, 1617–1623 clinical course of, 1621 control of breathing in, 1620–1621 diagnosis of, 1617–1618 etiology of, 1617–1618, 1618t exercise capacity in, 1620 gas exchange in, 1621 and hypercapnic respiratory failure, 2608–2609 pathophysiology of, 1617–1618, 1618f pulmonary complications of, 1395, 1396f, 1397f pulmonary compression in, 400, 402f pulmonary function testing in, 1618–1620, 1620t and respiratory failure, 2514 respiratory mechanics in, 1618–1620, 1619t sleep-disordered breathing in, 1621 surgery for, and postoperative pulmonary complications, 667 treatment of, 1621–1623, 1622t, 1623f ventilatory impairment in, 1668t L Labetalol, pulmonary effects of, 1096–1097 Laboratory worker’s hypersensitivity pneumonitis, etiology of, 1164t Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2247t, 2248 in Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2361 Lactic acid, measurement of, in acute respiratory failure, 2661 Lactic acidosis, 219 in acute respiratory failure, 2661 Lactobacillus, 2086 in acute mediastinitis, 2166t in empyema, 2144t infection (incl. pneumonia), 2156t Lactoferrin, 1970, 1973 in airway surface liquid, 281 Laënnec, René Théophile Hyacinthe, 5t, 13–14, 15, 15f, 694, 766 LALN. See Lung-associated lymph node(s) LAM. See Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Lambert-Eaton syndrome, 1936t, 1937–1938 in small cell lung cancer, 1905t, 1906 Lamellar body(ies), 36–38, 36f, 37f, 126, 126f species differences in, 36 Laminar flow, 154, 154f, 175, 176f Laminin, in lung development, 94 Laminography, 458–459

Langerhans’ cell granulomatosis. See also Eosinophilic granuloma of lung; Histiocytosis X clinical features of, 1118t computed tomography of, 1115t, 1118t histology of, 1118t treatment of, 1118t Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, pulmonary, 1145, 2025 bronchoscopy in, 1120t clinical course of, 1252–1253, 1252f, 1252t clinical features of, 1245 computed tomography of, 1115t diagnostic evaluation of, 1250–1252 epidemiology of, 1245–1246 exercise physiology in, 1248, 1248f histopathology of, 1248–1249, 1249f, 1250f lung transplantation in, 1774t, 1775–1777 and malignancy, 1245 natural history of, 1245 pathogenesis of, 1250, 1251f prognosis for, 1252–1253 pulmonary function testing in, 1247–1248 radiographic features of, 1246–1247, 1246f, 1247f treatment of, 1252–1253 Langerhans’ cells, 1245 Laplace’s law, 54, 150 Large-cell carcinoma, of lung, 1832t, 1838–1839 variants of, 1839–1840 Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of lung, 1839–1840, 1839f Large-cell undifferentiated lung cancer, cytopathology of, 530, 530f Laryngeal cancer, smoking and, 751 Laryngeal dysfunction, differential diagnosis of, 819t Laryngeal mask airway, 2651, 2652f Laryngeal papillomatosis, 2088–2089 Laryngeal tube airway, 2651 Laryngitis, acute, viral causes of, 2087 Laryngocele, 851f upper airway obstruction caused by, 857 Laryngoscopy, historical perspective on, 2646 Laryngotracheal injury(ies), upper airway obstruction caused by, 858 Laryngotracheal stenosis postintubation, 854–855 post-tracheotomy, 854–855 Laryngotracheobronchitis acute, 2087–2088 upper airway obstruction in, 853 Larynx infant, 2647 stenosis of, 854–855 Laser surgery, for bullae, 928

Laser therapy, endobronchial, 637 LaSRS. See ARDSNet, Late Steroid Rescue Study Lassa fever, 2378 LAT. See Linker for activation of T cells Lateral position test, preoperative, for lung resection, 672 Latex, and occupational asthma, 985t, 986, 989 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 5t, 7–8, 8f, 9, 2613 LCNEC. See Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of lung Lead National Ambient Air Quality Standards for, 1011t in outdoor air exposures to, 1020 health effects of, 1020 sources of, 1011t Lectin(s), C-type, in aspergillosis, 2293 Lef1, 86 Left atrial anastomotic obstruction, in lung transplant recipient, 1788 Left atrial pressure, 1336–1337 Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, in acute respiratory failure, 2663 Left ventricular failure pulmonary edema in, 2541t, 2542 radiographic features of, 476, 478f, 480f, 494 on portable examination, 508–509 Left ventricular stroke work index, in pregnancy, 257t Legallois, 12 Legionella in acute mediastinitis, 2166t diagnosis of, 2000, 2003 epidemiology of, 1984t, 2004 in hospital environment, 2274–2275 in indoor air, 1030t, 1031 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2005t, 2006, 2022, 2146 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2223 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t, 2252 radiographic findings in, 2214t, 2215, 2249t hospitalization rate for, 2105t immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t in immunocompromised host, 2204 nosocomial, 2277, 2280t, 2281t, 2282 treatment of, 2285–2288, 2286t and parapneumonic effusions, 1489 pathology of, 2043t, 2045, 2045f in severe combined immunodeficiency, 2236 signs and symptoms of, 2099 treatment of, 2055

I-64 Index Legionella (Cont.) in lung abscess, 2154t staining characteristics of, 2035t, 2037, 2045, 2045f Legionella bozemanii, infection (incl. pneumonia), nosocomial, 2275 Legionella micdadei infection (incl. pneumonia), pathology of, 2045, 2045f staining characteristics of, 2045, 2045f Legionella pneumophila, 1986, 1996. See also Legionnaires’ disease blood culture for, 2001 diagnosis of, 1999, 2001 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2005t, 2006, 2019, 2019f chest radiograph in, 2103f in children, 2133, 2134 diagnosis of, 2106 differential diagnosis of, 2266 epidemiology of, 2113 history and physical findings in, 2100t–2101t ICU admission rate for, 2106t nosocomial, 2275 pathogenesis of, 2079, 2113 risk factors for, 2113 treatment of, 2053, 2057, 2113 molecular detection of, 2002 serogroups of, 2113 staining characteristics of, 2040f Legionnaires’ disease, 1985. See also Legionella pneumophila in children, 2133, 2134 diagnosis of, 2000, 2001 epidemiology of, 2113 pathogenesis of, 2113 risk factors for, 2098, 2113 treatment of, 2113 Leiomyoma, 1919–1920 mediastinal, 1596 Leishmania, infection (incl. pneumonia), in immunocompromised host, 2209–2210 Leishmania aethiopica, 2409 Leishmania braziliensis, 2409 Leishmania chagasi, 2409 Leishmania donovani, 2409 infection (incl. pneumonia), in immunocompromised host, 2204 Leishmania infantum, 2409 Leishmania major, 2409 Leishmania mexicana complex, 2409 Leishmaniasis, 2409 in cancer patients, 2219 clinical features of, 2409 cutaneous, 2409 epidemiology of, 2409 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2409 mucocutaneous, 2409

New World, 2409 Old World, 2409 pulmonary involvement in, 2409 treatment of, 2409 visceral, 2409 Leishmania tropica, 2409 Lemierre’s syndrome, 853 Lepirudin, for pulmonary embolism, 1439 Leptin, 452 Leptospirosis, epidemiology of, 1984t Letterer-Siwe disease, 1245 Leucogyrophana pinastr, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t Leucovorin, for toxoplasmosis, 2402 Leukemia and infection, 2215–2216 risk of venous thromboembolism in, 1426 Leukemia inhibitory factor, expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 121, 122t Leukemic infiltration, 2542t pulmonary, 1964, 1964f Leukoagglutinins, pulmonary transfusion reaction to, 2014 Leukocyte(s) adherence, 347–349, 348f chemotaxis, 783, 783f diapedesis, 783, 783f emigration, 373f, 374 extravasation into inflamed tissue, 348f migration, 347–349, 372, 373f, 783, 783f G protein–coupled chemoattractant receptor in, 353, 353f in pulmonary inflammation, 354–356 recruitment, 783, 783f vascular adhesion, 783, 783f Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, pulmonary infection in, 2238–2239, 2239f Leukotriene(s) (LT) and aspirin-induced asthma, 803–804, 803f in asthma, 778 cysteinyl formation of, 2640 physiologic effects of, 2640 receptors for, expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 122, 122t and exercise-induced asthma, 809 formation of, 350, 350f, 778, 782f LTA4 , 350, 350f metabolism, 2640 LTB4 , 311, 315, 350–351, 350f, 1973 mast cells and, 310t, 312 LTC4 , 316, 350, 350f and aspirin-induced asthma, 801 eosinophil, 310t, 314 mast cells and, 310t, 312

LTD4 , 350, 350f and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 118 LTE4 , 350, 350f and pulmonary vasomotor control, 1341 synthesis of, 2640 Leukotriene pathway inhibitors, 312, 2640–2641 adverse effects and side effects of, 828t for asthma, 823t, 828t, 830 for eosinophilic disorders, 318 for exercise-induced asthma, 811t, 812 mechanism of action of, 828t Leukotriene receptor antagonists, 2640–2641 clinical use of, 2640 drug interactions with, 2641 pulmonary effects of, 1091t, 1092–1093 safety of, 2640–2641 Levalbuterol adverse effects and side effects of, 824t for asthma, 823t, 824t for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 738t dosage and administration of, 824t dosage forms, 2632t receptor activity, 2632t structure-activity relationships, 2633 Levamisole, for hookworms, 2418t Levator costae muscle, 75, 75f, 76 Levofloxacin, 2056–2057, 2060 dosage and administration of, 2057 for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061, 2061t, 2062 for pasteurellosis, 2430 for tuberculosis, 2480 in children, 2482t dosage and administration of, 2482t Libertarian theory, 2723 Lichtheim, Ludwig, 15 Liddle’s syndrome, 144 Light-chain deposition disease, 1234, 1952 Light wand, flexible, 2654, 2654f Lignac-Fanconi disease, 1276 Liljestrand, G., 16 Limb-girdle dystrophy, respiratory abnormalities in, 1659 Limonene exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Linezolid activity against MRSA, 2058 adverse effects and side effects of, 2058 anti-TB activity, 2464 for cystic fibrosis patient, 875 for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061, 2061t, 2062 mechanism of action of, 2055 for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 organisms susceptible to, 2058

I-65 Index penetration into lung, 2053 pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 pharmacology of, 2058 Lingula, 25 Linkage analysis, 793 in asthma, 793–794 Linker for activation of T cells, 310 LIP. See Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia LIP. See Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis LIP. See Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia Lipid(s), in mycobacterial virulence, 2461 Lipid body(ies), 41 Lipids in host defense, produced by macrophages, 1972t in inflammation, produced by macrophages, 1972t Lipoarabinomannan, 1970 Lipofibroblasts, of alveolar septum, 40f, 41 Lipoid pneumonia, 2014 Lipoma, pleural, 505f, 507 Lipomoblastomatosis, mediastinal, 1611 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 1970, 1971, 2081 Lipoprotein(s), in alveolar fluid, 282 Liposarcoma, mediastinal, 1611 Lipoteichoic acid, 1970 Lipoxygenase, inhibitors, for asthma, 830 5-Lipoxygenase, 2640 in arachidonic acid metabolism, 350, 350f 5-Lipoxygenase, inhibitors, 312 5-Lipoxygenase activating protein, 312 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors, 2640 LIS. See Lung Injury Score Listeria, infection (incl. pneumonia) in cell-mediated immunodeficiency, 2236 immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t Listeria monocytogenes, infection (incl. pneumonia), in cancer patients, 2216 Lithium dilution technique, in acute respiratory failure, 2668 Liver arteriovenous malformations in, 1477 cirrhosis of circulatory effects of, 448–449 pulmonary hypertension in, 449 ventilatory effects of, 447–448 dysfunction, in SIRS/MODS, 2565, 2568 Liver disease, and pulmonary hypertension, 1381–1382 Liver transplantation, pulmonary hypertension and, 1382 LL-3858 (anti-TB drug), 2464 LMA. See Laryngeal mask airway

Loading, external mechanical, ventilatory response to, 167–168 Lobe(s), 52–53 embryology of, 81, 82f of lung, 24–25, 24f, 26 development of, 95, 95f Lobectomy hemoptysis after, 414 for lung cancer, 1855 pulmonary function testing before, 671 VATS technique, 656–657, 657f Lobule(s) involvement in emphysema, 695–696, 695f secondary, 26 Lobule of Miller, 695 Loeffler, 1213 Loeffler syndrome, 1091, 1213, 1214–1215, 2013, 2045 clinical features of, 1230t differential diagnosis of, 1230t, 2298 Löfgren, Sven, 1126 Löfgren’s syndrome, 1136 erythema nodosum in, 434 Lomustine pulmonary effects of, 1079t, 1080–1081 therapeutic uses of, 1078 Lorazepam, for agitated ICU patient, 2703, 2704t Lorrain-Smith, 2613 Loss of heterozygosity (LOH), 1804 5q, in lung cancer, 1806 on short arm of chromosome 9 (9p), in lung cancer, 1806 Louis, 15 Low birth weight, and risk of asthma, 794 Löwen, 2646 Lower, Richard, 5t, 7 Lower esophageal sphincter (LES), 1302, 1304 contraction, in dysphagia, 1306, 1308f incompetence, 1308–1309 Lower motor neuron disease, ventilatory impairment in, 1651–1652 Low-molecular-weight compounds, and occupational asthma, 985t, 986 LPS. See Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) L-selectin, 315 in inflammation, 782 and leukocyte adherence and migration, 347–348 LTA. See Laryngeal tube airway LTBI. See Tuberculosis, latent Ludwig, Karl, 5t Ludwig’s angina, 852, 1309, 2087 and mediastinitis, 2165 Lumsden, Thomas, 5t, 12 Lung(s) adult, dimensions of, 111, 111t age-related changes in mechanical, 264–266 structural, 263–264

anatomy of, related to gas exchange, 173, 174f auscultation of, 392 branching morphogenesis of, 81, 91, 97 integrated model of, 88–89, 88f, 89f bronchopulmonary segments of, 24–25, 24f capillary fusion and differential growth, 104 capillary network of, development of, 101, 103f cell types in, 27 cell volumes in, 33, 33t circadian clock in, 1694 defense system of. See also Pulmonary host (immune) defense(s) structure of, 41–43 development of, 81–83, 91–105 alveolar stage of, 91, 92f, 93t, 94f, 100–101, 102f, 103f canalicular stage of, 91, 92f, 93t, 94f, 96f, 98, 98f cell proliferation in, 101 embryonic stage of, 91–95, 92f, 93t, 94f–95f fetal, 93t, 95–100, 96f–99f growth factor signaling in, 83–84 postnatal, 93t, 100–105, 102f–103f, 105f–107f prenatal, 92–95, 94f–95f pseudoglandular stage of, 91, 92f, 93t, 94f, 96–98, 96f, 97f saccular stage of, 91, 92f, 93t, 94f, 97f, 100 septation in, 101, 102f, 103f species differences in, 93t, 100 stages of, 82, 82f, 91, 92f transition to growth, 106 zones of, 96f, 97–98, 98f distribution of air in, radiographic evaluation of, 473–476 dynamic compliance of. See Dynamic compliance elastic properties of, 149–151, 149f, 575, 576f age-related changes in, 264–266 knowledge of, historical perspective on, 11–12 elastic recoil of, 149–150, 264–266 age-related changes in, 266 embryology of, 81, 82f, 92–95, 94f–95f as endocrine organ, 444–445 as gas exchanger, 57–65 growth of, 93t, 105f, 106–110, 108f–111f injury, in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients infectious etiologies, 2228–2229 non-infectious causes of, 2225 innervation of, 32 maturity of, at birth, species differences in, 100

I-66 Index Lung(s) (Cont.) mechanical properties of, age-related changes in, 264–266 microvasculature of growth of, 109f–110f, 110–111 maturation of, 93t, 104–106, 105f–107f as organ, 23–26 organogenesis, 92–95, 94f–95f penetrating injury of, 1764–1765, 1764f physiology, in acute lung injury, 2524–2525 pressure-volume characteristics of, 149–150, 149f, 150f programmed cell death in, 104 radiation tolerance of, 1184–1185 in partial-lung radiation, 1186–1188 in whole-lung radiation, 1185–1186, 1185f, 1185t secondary lobule of, 26 segments of, 24f, 26 shape of, 24 static compliance of. See Static compliance, of lung structural elements of basic, 26–27 interspecies differences of, 27 structural macromolecules of, age-related changes in, 266–267, 266f structure, age-related changes in, 263–264 subsegments of radiographic anatomy of, 477, 479f topographic anatomy of, 477, 479f–481f surface area of, age-related changes in, 266 systemic effects of, 443–444 tissue, physical properties of, 151 tissue organization of, 26–44 transplantation of in bronchiectasis, 2191 and risk of infection, 2306 zones of, 1350–1351, 1351f Lung-associated lymph node(s), 329 Lung cancer air pollution and, 1020 asbestos-related, 1029, 1029t clinical features of, 955 diagnosis of, 955 epidemiology of, 944, 955 pathogenesis of, 955 pathology of, 955 prognosis for, 955–956 radiographic features of, 955 treatment of, 955–956 with bullous lung disease, 922f, 926 and clubbing of digits, 416 computed tomography of, 460f, 461, 461f cutaneous manifestations of, 432–433 cytogenetics of, 1804

doubling time in, 493f early cytopathology of, 527, 528f detection of, 527 embolization therapy for, 1354 endocrinopathy associated with, 390 epidemiology of, 1899 established, cytopathology of, 527–531 extrapulmonary syndromes associated with, 1929–1938 FDG-PET of, 559–561, 561f for staging, 561–563, 562t, 563f genetic susceptibility to, 1802–1804 acquired genetic changes and, 1802–1804 histological classification of, 528, 528t general considerations in, 1832–1833 WHO system, 1831–1832, 1832t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2259 radiographic findings in, 2249t and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, 418 impairment due to, evaluation of, 684 intrarterial chemotherapy for, 1354 local invasiveness of, 390, 391f molecular changes in, 1804–1807 non-small cell. See Non-small cell lung cancer occupational exposure and, 934t, 935 PET/CT of, 564 and pleural effusion, 1505, 1506t and pneumonia, 2110 radiation therapy for contraindications to, 1883, 1884t dose, 1884t indications for, 1884t local tumor boosting, 1188 and risk of radiation pneumonitis/fibrosis, 1188 type, 1884t radiofrequency ablation of, 536, 537f radiographic features of, 459f, 484f, 487f, 498f radon and, 1028 risk factors for, 1816 small cell. See Small cell lung cancer smoking and, 751 staging, FDG-PET for, 561–563, 562t, 563f and superior vena cava syndrome, 390, 391f transthoracic needle aspiration and biopsy of, 645 treatment of, molecular genetics of, 1811, 1811f and tuberculosis, 2215–2216 Lung capacity(ies), 568t abbreviations for, 1326, 2738 definition of, 568, 1326, 2738 normal, 1323, 2735 Lung compliance, 149–151, 149f age-related changes in, 151, 265–266 Lung disease, systemic effects of, 451–453, 451t

Lung expansion maneuvers, postoperative, 673t, 674 Lung injury nitrosative, 359 oxidative, 359 reactive nitrogen species in in vivo evidence for, 364–365, 365f therapies to attenuate, 366–368 reactive oxygen species in in vivo evidence for, 364–365, 365f therapies to attenuate, 366–368 ventilator-associated, 2529–2530 ventilator-induced, 2529–2530 Lung Injury Score, 2535 Lung resection. See also Lobectomy; Pneumonectomy air leak after, 1744 alveolar pleural fistula after, 1744 antibiotic administration with, 1743 chest tube drainage after amount of, 1745 high-output states, 1745–1746 chest tube management after, 1745 complications of, 1744–1752 effects on pulmonary function, 2579 electrolyte management for, 1743–1744 extubation for, 1742 fluid management for, 1743–1744 lung function alterations after, 1741–1742 lung function optimization before, 1740–1741 morbidity and mortality with, 1740 nutritional support with, 1743–1744 oral intake after, 1743–1744 pain control for, 1742–1743 patient selection for, 1739–1740 and perioperative factors affecting lung function, 1741–1742 postoperative oxygen supplementation for, 1742 preoperative cardiac stress testing for, 1742 preoperative evaluation for, 670–673, 1740–1741 recommended approach for, 672–673, 672f pulmonary function testing before, 1740 pulmonary rehabilitation after, 771 smoking cessation before, 1740–1741 subcutaneous emphysema after, 1744–1745, 1745f Lung sound(s) adventitious, 392–393 classification of, 392–393, 393t duration of, changes in, 392 intensity of, changes in, 392 quality of, changes in, 392 transmission of, changes in, 392 vesicular, 392

I-67 Index Lung tissue resistance, 583 definition of, 1327, 2739 Lung transplantation and acute graft dysfunction, 1788–1789, 1789t in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 843 allograft rejection in, 330, 1786–1788, 1787f, 1787t, 1788f bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t anesthesia for, 1780–1781 antimicrobial therapy with, 1784–1785 bronchiolitis obliterans after, 908 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 744–745 complications of infectious, 1790–1791 neoplastic, 1791 surgical, 1788–1790 contraindications to, 1771–1773, 1772t, 1773t in cystic fibrosis, complications of, 881–882, 882f diaphragm function after, 78 disease-specific considerations in, 1774t, 1775–1777 donor lung preservation for, 1779–1780 donor selection, 1777–1779, 1778t double-lung, 1782, 1783f fluid management after, 1784 functional outcomes with, 1792 historical perspective on, 1769–1770 for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1158–1159 immunosuppression after, 1785–1786 indications for, 1770–1771, 1773t disease-specific, 1775, 1775t for lymphangioleiomyomatosis, 1261 nutritional support after, 1785 postoperative management of, 1784–1791 posttransplant therapy with, 1773 primary graft dysfunction after, 2585 procedure for indications for, 1777, 1778t selection of, 1777, 1778t for pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1391 pulmonary capillaritis after, 1464 pulmonary edema after, 2585 pulmonary rehabilitation in posttransplant, 770–771, 770t pretransplant, 770, 770t recipient immunosuppressive therapy in, dermatologic consequences of, 439–440 selection of, 1770–1777, 1771t results, 1792–1793 and retransplantation, 1792–1793 in sarcoidosis, 1142

single-lung, 1781–1782, 1782f, 1783f survival after, 1792 techniques, 1780–1784 ventilation after, 1784 Lung transplant recipient(s), pneumonia in, 2024 Lung volume(s), 148–149, 568–575, 568t abbreviations for, 1326, 2738 age-related changes in, 270–271, 271f in cystic fibrosis, 872 definition of, 1326, 2738 knowledge of, historical perspective on, 11 in neuromuscular disease, 1647 normal, 1323, 2735 postoperative changes in, 664 in pregnancy, 254, 254f and pulmonary vascular resistance, 1335 radiographic assessment of, 574–575 temperature correction factors, 574, 574t Lung volume reduction, VATS technique, 655 Lung volume reduction surgery, 655 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 743–744, 744f physiologic effects of, 78 pulmonary rehabilitation and, 771 Lupus-like syndrome, drug-induced, 2010, 2012t Lupus pleuritis, 1200 Lupus pneumonitis, 2541t acute, 1199, 1199f Lupus vulgaris, 431 Lusk, Graham, 8 LVEDP. See Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure LVRS. See Lung volume reduction surgery Lymphadenitis, mycobacterial, 2460t, 2472 Lymphadenopathy cervical, upper airway obstruction caused by, 857 hilar in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2214t, 2215, 2249t infectious causes, 2028 noninfectious causes, 2028 in interstitial lung disease, 1115t mediastinal causes of, 498 computed tomography of, 461, 461f infectious causes, 2028 noninfectious causes, 2028 radiographic features of, 495–498, 497f upper airway obstruction caused by, 856 with pneumonia, 1988t, 2019, 2020, 2028

Lymphangiography, dye for, pulmonary effects of, 1295 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, 1145, 1255–1261 clinical presentation of, 1255–1256, 1256t computed tomography of, 1112, 1113f, 1115t diagnosis of, 1259 epidemiology of, 1255 exercise capacity in, 1258, 1259f lung transplantation in, 1774t, 1775–1777 pathogenesis of, 1257–1258 pathology of, 1256–1257, 1257f prognosis for, 1259–1260 pulmonary physiology in, 1258, 1258f radiographic findings in, 1258–1259, 1259f, 1260f survival with, 1259–1260, 1260f treatment of, 1260–1261 Lymphangiomyomatosis clinical features of, 1119t computed tomography of, 1115t, 1119t histology of, 1119t treatment of, 1119t Lymphangitic carcinomatosis bronchoscopy in, 1120t computed tomography of, 1115t and interstitial lung disease, 1397, 1398f radiographic features of, 483, 485, 490f Lymphatic circulation, pulmonary, 42–43, 2040–2041 Lymph node(s), 42–43, 43f intrapulmonary, 1948–1949, 1949f mediastinal, 1557, 1557f tumors of, 1601 pulmonary, 329, 1557, 1557f, 1947–1949 Lymphocyte(s), 42 activation of, 121–122 in airways, 280f in alveolar space, in host (immune) defense, 284–286, 284t, 285f memory, 1974 in pulmonary fibrosis, 374–376 Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, 1145, 2013, 2027 in collagen vascular disease, 1194t histopathology of, 1195, 1195f in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, radiographic findings in, 2249t in Sj¨ogren’s syndrome, 1210, 1210f Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2260, 2260f Lymphoepithelial-like carcinoma, 1840 Lymphoid aggregates in airways, 280f, 282 bronchial-associated, 281 Lymphoid enhancer factor 1, 86 Lymphoid granulomatosis, 433, 433f

I-68 Index Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, 491f, 1106t, 1144, 1949, 1953–1954, 1953f, 2013, 2027 clinical features of, 1116t in collagen vascular disease, 1194t computed tomography of, 1115t, 1116t drug-induced, 1110t–1111t histology of, 1116t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 1953–1954 treatment of, 1116t Lymphoid lesions, malignant, 1955–1962, 1956t Lymphoid processes, reactive, 1949–1955 diffuse, 1952–1955 localized, 1950–1952 Lymphoma(s) angioimmunoblastic T-cell, 1962 body cavity, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2259 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t computed tomography of, 1115t cytopathology of, 531 diffuse large B-cell, 1957–1958, 1958f diffuse large cell, 1959 extranodal marginal zone B-cell, of MALT type, 1955–1957, 1957f follicle center cell, 1957–1958 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2213 radiographic findings in, 2214t and infection, 2215–2216 large B-cell, 1923–1924 intravascular, 1960, 1960f lymphadenopathy in, 2028 lymphocytic, 1602 mantle cell, 1957–1958 mediastinal, 1602 pleural, 1964–1965 and pleural effusion, 1505, 1506t presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1816 primary effusion, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2259 primary pulmonary, 1923–1924 NK/T cell, 1923–1924 pyothorax-associated, 1965, 1965f radiographic features of, 497f, 498 sarcoidosis and, 1136t secondary pulmonary involvement in, 1961–1962 small lymphocytic, 1949 Lymphomatoid granulomatosis, 1923, 1958–1960, 1959f, 1960t Lymphomatosis, intravascular, 1960, 1960f Lymphoproliferative disorders clonality in, 1949 computed tomography of, 1115t histopathology of, 1949 immunophenotyping of, 1949 Lymphotactin, 340t

Lymphotoxin, 1973, 1977 Lysophosphatidic acid, and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 118 Lysophospholipase, 310t, 314 Lysosomal hydrolase, and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 118 Lysozyme, 1970, 1973 in airway surface liquid, 281 in asthma, 782 in nasal secretions, 281 M MAC. See Mycobacterium avium complex Mace, inhalation injury caused by, 1003–1004 Machine operator’s lung, etiology of, 1165t Macintosh, Robert, 2646 Macintosh blade, 2653–2654, 2654f Macleod’s syndrome, 474 MacLeod syndrome. See Swyer-James syndrome Macroaspiration, 1299 α 2 -Macroglobulin, 1970 in lung parenchyma, 721t Macrolides in asthma treatment, 831 characteristics of, 2055 for cystic fibrosis patient, 875 indications for, 2060, 2157 interactions with immunosuppressive agents, 2503t mechanism of action of, 2055 organisms susceptible to, 2055 penetration into lung, 2053, 2053t pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 resistance to, 2055, 2099, 2131 Macrophage(s) airway, 43 in airways, 280f alveolar, 33t, 40f, 41, 43–44, 43f, 47f, 280, 282, 283, 515–516 in asthma, 777 in immune defense, 1971–1973, 1971f, 2042 immune effector role of, 283 phagocytosis of pathogens, 2080 secretory products of, 1971, 1972t, 2042 in asthma, 777 immune effector role of, 283 interstitial, 41–42, 43 of alveolar septum, 40f, 41 intravascular, 43 pink-tailed, 516, 517f in pulmonary fibrosis, 375–376 Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) effects/functions of, 781t

sources of, 781t targets of, 781t therapy with, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2370 Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) MIP-2, 1976 MIP-1α, 315, 340t, 372 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 2296 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 715 MIP-3α, 340t MIP-1β, 340t MIP-3β, 340t MIP-1δ, 340t Macrophage inhibitory protein (MIP) MIP-2, 1973, 1976 MIP-1α, 1973 MIP-3α, 1975 MIP-1β, 1973 Macrophage mannose receptor, 1970 Macrophage scavenger receptor, 1970 Magill, Ivan, 2646 Magill forceps, 2653, 2654f Magnesium sulfate for asthma, 2637 inhaled, 2637 intravenous, 2637 mechanism of action of, 2637 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 420–421, 463–465, 464f, 465f, 500f, 2018 of chest wall, 502 of diaphragm, 503 gadolinium-enhanced, 464, 465, 466 in Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, 1247 of mediastinal masses, 1588–1589, 1589f in Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2360–2361 of pulmonary embolism, 1436 time-of-flight, 464f, 465, 465f of upper airway obstruction, 851–852 Magnus, Heinrich Gustav, 5t Magnus-Levy, 8 Maintenance of Wakefulness Test, 1729–1730 Major basic protein, in asthma, 782 Major basic protein (MBP), 310t, 314, 316 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 323, 1974–1975 Major surface glycoprotein, Pneumocystis, 2353–2354 Malaria, 2405–2407 chloroquine-resistant, 2407 clinical presentation of, 2405 diagnosis of, 2406–2407 epidemiology of, 2405 pathogenesis of, 2405 pulmonary features of, 2405–2406 in splenectomized patient, 2219 treatment of, 2407 Malic acid, and occupational asthma, 989

I-69 Index Malignancy computed tomography of, 1115t cutaneous, in lung transplant recipient, 439–440 hemoptysis in, 413 history-taking in, 388 ICU patient with outcomes with, 2715 prognosis for, 2715 in IgA deficiency, 332 non-bronchogenic, 1917, 1919t, 1920–1926 occupational exposure and, 934, 934t pleural effusion caused by. See Pleural effusion, malignant pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis and, 1245 sarcoidosis and, 1135, 1136t smoking and, 750t, 751 Malignant mesothelioma. See Mesothelioma Malingering, identification of, 680 Mallampati Scale, 2648, 2648t Malnutrition, 2691–2692 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 731, 2605 complications of, 2692 and critical illness, 2692–2693 effects of, 2692–2693 incidence of in advanced lung disease, 2692 in ICU, 2691–2692 pathophysiology of, 2692 and postoperative pulmonary complications, 669 in respiratory failure, 2518t, 2519 Malpighi, Marcello, 5t, 6 MALT. See Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Malt worker’s lung, etiology of, 1163t Mannan-binding lectin, 1970 Mannitol, Aspergillus, 2294 Mantoux test, 2135 Manually assisted coughing, 1672 MAPKp38, in G protein–coupled chemoattractant receptor signaling, 353, 353f Maple bark disease, etiology of, 1163t Maple bark stripper’s lung, 2012 Maple syrup urine disease, 1276 ´ Marey, Etienne Jules, 5t, 16 Marfan’s syndrome and bullous emphysema, 917 sarcoidosis and, 1136t Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, 1275 Mash1, 87 Mass(es), in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2249t Masson bodies, 888, 891 Mast cell(s), 42, 42f, 280f, 307–313 activation, 309 modulators of, 309

of alveolar septum, 40f, 41 anatomic localization of, 308 in asthma, 312–313, 775, 782 and basophils, differences, 307–308 degranulation, morphology of, 308–309 discovery of, 307 and eosinophils, interactions of, 316 in fibrosis, 313 function, 307 pharmacologic modulation of, 312 granule proteins, in asthma, 782 granules, 42, 42f, 308–309, 309f heterogeneity of, 308 human lung, 308 activation, biochemical analysis of, 309–310 mediators, 310–312, 310t chemotactic, 311 in early-phase response, 310, 311f in late-phase response, 310, 311f nonpreformed, 310t, 311–312 preformed, 310–311, 310t morphology of, 308–309, 309f origins of, 308 protease-expressing, 308 in pulmonary disease, 312–313 in pulmonary fibrosis, 376 regranulation, morphology of, 308–309 tryptase-expressing, 308 Mast cell stabilizer(s), 2639–2640. See also Cromolyn sodium; Nedocromil Master Settlement Agreement, 749 Mastoiditis acute, 2094 in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 2237 Matas, Rudolph, 2646 Material safety data sheets, 678, 940–941, 986 Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) in ECM remodeling, 380–381 in emphysema, 720 membrane-type, in emphysema, 720 MMP-1, 719 in emphysema, 720 MMP-2, in emphysema, 720 MMP-8, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 720 MMP-9, 718t in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 720 eosinophil, 314 MMP-12, 718t in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 720 MMP-14, in emphysema, 720 Maximal static recoil pressure, 575, 577, 578t Maximum expiratory flow rate. See Forced expiratory flow, between 200 and 1200 ml of forced vital capacity (FEF200−1200 )

Maximum expiratory pressure, 578–579, 579f, 579t, 1643–1644, 1643t, 1644f, 2673 definition of, 1327, 2739 normal, 1323, 2735 reduced, conditions associated with, 603–604, 604t Maximum inspiratory pressure, 578–579, 579f, 579t, 1643–1644, 1643t, 1644f definition of, 1327, 2739 normal, 1323, 2735 reduced, conditions associated with, 603–604, 604t Maximum insufflation capacity, 1670 Maximum mouth pressures, 1643–1644, 1643t, 1644f Maximum oxygen uptake, in AMA Guides classification of impairment, 682t Maximum static expiratory pressure, 2609 Maximum static inspiratory pressure, in ventilatory pump dysfunction, 2609 Maximum voluntary ventilation, 579, 583, 583f, 615 definition of, 1327, 2739 in diagnostic spirometry, minimal recommendations for, 570t and dyspnea, 395–396 in neuromuscular disease, 1647 normal, 1323, 2735 preoperative, and risk of complications, 671 in upper airway obstruction, 846–849 Mayow, John, 5t, 7, 8, 11, 11f MBC, 2052 MBL. See Mannan-binding lectin MC. See Mast cell(s) MCP-1, expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 121, 122t MCP-1-4, 1973 MCP-2, expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 121, 122t MCP-3, expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 121, 122t MCT . See Mast cell(s), tryptase-expressing MCTC . See Mast cell(s), protease-expressing MDC, 340t MDI. See Metered-dose inhaler Mean airway pressure, 2670 Mean arterial pressure, 2660–2661 normal, 1334t Mean linear intercept, 264 Measles virus assays for, 1989t characteristics of, 2375t and croup, 2376t, 2379 and diffuse alveolar damage, 2042

I-70 Index Measles virus (Cont.) infection (incl. pneumonia) in adults, 2389 in children, 2135, 2391 immune defects and, 2139 in DiGeorge’s syndrome, 2236 in immunocompromised host, 2392–2393 prevention of, 2395 in severe combined immunodeficiency, 2236 treatment of, 2395 pneumonia caused by, 2022 staining characteristics of, 2035t transmission of, 2374 vaccine against, 2070t, 2072 Mebendazole for ascariasis, 2418, 2418t for echinococcosis, 2418t for hookworms, 2418, 2418t Mechanically assisted coughing, 1672 Mechanical ventilation. See also Ventilator(s) for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 741–742, 2119f, 2122, 2122t for acute respiratory distress syndrome, in trauma patient, 1765 aerosolized antibiotic therapy with, dosage and administration of, 2059 in ALI/ARDS acute respiratory acidosis in, contraindications to, 2549, 2551t higher PEEP in, 2547–2548 high-frequency oscillatory ventilation mode, 2551–2552 low vs. traditional tidal volumes in, 2546–2547, 2548t, 2550f, 2551f lung-protective ventilator strategy, 2530, 2531t, 2532, 2546–2549, 2547f adjuncts to, 2552–2558 modes that permit spontaneous breathing, 2551 permissive hypercapnia in, 2552 contraindications to, 2549, 2551t pressure control mode, 2549–2551, 2552f recommended core ventilator management in, 2548–2549 assist-control, 2676–2677 and bronchodilator therapy, 2684–2685 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic, 745 complications of, 2685 controlled, 2676 and dyspnea, 403 historical perspective on, 2675 in hypercapnic respiratory failure, 2611 indications for, 2676

intermittent mandatory ventilation, 2677–2678, 2678f low stretch, 2517–2519 lung-protective ventilator strategy, for ALI/ARDS, 2530, 2531t, 2532, 2546–2549, 2547f adjuncts to, 2552–2558 modes of, 2676–2679 definition of, 2676 new, 2679 monitoring during, 2685 in neuromuscular disorders, 1660–1662, 1660t, 1661t and nosocomial pneumonia, 2275–2277, 2276t, 2278–2279 objectives of, 2675, 2676t pneumomediastinum associated with, 1559–1560 pressure-controlled, 2676 pressure-support, 2677f, 2678–2679, 2678f and pulmonary hemodynamics, 1338–1339 in respiratory failure, 2517–2519 device-related complications of, 2518t, 2519 ventilator settings in, 2679–2684 volume-controlled, 2676 weaning from, 2514, 2686–2689 definition of, 2686 and extubation, 2689 failure, causes of, 2686–2687, 2686f, 2687f timing of, 2687–2688 trial of, 2688–2689 Mechanoreceptor(s), 161, 162f knowledge of, historical perspective on, 13 pulmonary, 164–165, 164f Meclofenamate, and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t Meconium ileus, 866 clinical presentation of, by age group, 866, 867t complications of, by age group, 866, 867t Meconium ileus equivalent, 868, 869f Mediastinal adenitis, in histoplasmosis, 2335 treatment of, 2339, 2339t Mediastinal hemorrhage, spontaneous, 1567 Mediastinal mass(es) biochemical markers of, 1590 biopsy of, 1590–1591 computed tomography of, 1588, 1588f diagnosis of, noninvasive procedures, 1588–1590 esophageal lesions mimicking, 1596 evaluation of, radionuclides for, 1589–1590, 1590t investigation of, 1587–1591

magnetic resonance imaging of, 1588–1589, 1589f pulmonary lesions mimicking, 1596–1597 subdiaphragmatic lesions mimicking, 1597 ultrasound of, 1589 upper airway obstruction caused by, 856 VATS procedures for, 658, 658f Mediastinitis acute, 1560–1563, 2161–2169 antibiotic treatment of, 2164t, 2168–2169 causes of, 1560, 1561t, 2161–2162, 2163t clinical presentation of, 2164t, 2166–2168 complications of, 2169 epidemiology of, 2161–2165 esophageal perforation and, 1560–1561, 1561f head and neck infections and, 2163t, 2164t, 2165, 2166t infections and, 2163t, 2164t, 2165, 2166t laboratory findings in, 2164t, 2166–2168 microbiology of, 2164t, 2165–2166, 2166t nuclear scintigraphy in, 2168 pathogenesis of, 2161–2165, 2164t polymicrobial, 2166t prevention of, 2169 prognosis for, 2169 radiologic diagnosis of, 2164t, 2167, 2167f, 2168f risk factors for, 2164t, 2165t secondary esophageal perforation, 1591–1592, 1592f, 2163t, 2164t, 2165, 2166t, 2167, 2167f secondary to cardiothoracic surgery, 1591, 2162–2163, 2163t, 2164t, 2165t, 2166t, 2167, 2168f surgical treatment of, 2164t, 2168–2169 tracheobronchial perforation and, 1561–1562 anatomical considerations in, 2161 anthrax, 1563, 2436–2437 causes of, 2161 chronic, 1563–1566, 1594, 2161, 2169–2171 clinical presentation of, 2170, 2170t fibrosing, 1594–1595, 1594f laboratory diagnosis of, 2170–2171, 2170t microbiology of, 1594, 2169–2171, 2170t pathogenesis of, 2169, 2170t radiologic diagnosis of, 2170, 2170t surgical treatment of, 2170t, 2171

I-71 Index descending necrotizing, 1562, 1592, 1593f from direct extension, 1562 fibrosing, 856, 1564–1566, 1565f–1566f, 1594–1595, 1594f, 2161, 2169 granulomatous, 1563, 2169 in histoplasmosis, 1594, 2335, 2336f poststernotomy, 1562–1563, 1591 sclerosing, 2161, 2169 subacute, 1594 Mediastinoscopy, 657 in staging of NSCLC, 1853–1854, 1853f, 1854f Mediastinum acquired lesions of, 1583–1584 epidemiology of, 1586 histopathology of, 1586, 1587t historical perspective on, 1584–1585 incidence of, 1586 location of, in adults vs. children, 1586 signs and symptoms of, 1586–1587, 1587t anatomy of, 1555–1557, 1583–1584, 1584f, 2161, 2162f anterior compartment of abnormalities of, 495–498 anatomy of, 495, 495f lesions in, 1585, 1585t, 1586f neoplasms in, 1597–1608 nonseminomatous tumors of, 1606t, 1607–1608 structures in, 1585, 1585t VATS procedures in, 657–658, 657f boundaries of, 1555, 1556f compartments of, 494–495, 495f, 1555–1557, 1556f, 1556t, 1583–1584, 1584f, 1585–1586 congenital cysts in, 1571–1572 lesions in, 1585–1586, 1585t structures in, 1585–1586, 1585t disorders of, computed tomography of, 461, 461f esophageal lesions and, 1596 lymphatics of, 1557, 1557f tumors of, 1601 middle compartment of abnormalities of, 497f, 498–499, 498f–501f anatomy of, 495, 495f lesions in, 1585, 1585t, 1586f masses in, 1608–1609 posterior compartment of abnormalities of, 499–500, 502f–503f anatomy of, 495, 495f lesions in, 1585–1586, 1585t, 1586f masses in, 1609–1611 neurogenic tumors in, 1609–1610 tumors of nerve sheath origin in, 1610–1611 VATS procedures in, 658, 658f radiography of, 494–500 repositioning, in postpneumonectomy syndrome, 1567, 1568f

skeletal lesions in, 1596 tumors of endocrine, 1611 lesions mimicking, 1595–1597 vascular lesions in, 1596 VATS procedures in, 657–658, 657f, 658f Medical need, distribution of resources according to, 2718 Medical Research Council Breathlessness/Dyspnea Scale, 679, 679t, 732, 733t Medication history, 389 Medroxyprogesterone, as respiratory stimulant, 2643–2644 Mefenamic acid, and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t Mefloquine, 2407 Melanoma metastases, survival rates for, 1941, 1942t primary pulmonary, 1925 pulmonary metastases, 1943 Melanoptysis, 971 Melatonin, therapy with, for sarcoidosis, 1140 Melioidosis, 2428t clinical features of, 2440 diagnosis of, 2429t, 2440 differential diagnosis of, 2440 epidemiology of, 1984t, 2428t, 2439 pathogenesis of, 2439 pathophysiology of, 2439–2440 radiologic features of, 2440 treatment of, 2429t, 2440 Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, sarcoidosis and, 1136t Meloxicam, dose-related airway response to, in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, 802 Melphalan, pulmonary effects of, 1073, 1074t, 1075–1076 Membrane conductance, 58–59, 58f Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, sarcoidosis and, 1136t Mendelson’s syndrome, 2150, 2198 Meningitis in anthrax, 2436–2437 tuberculous, 2474 Meningocele, anterior, 1596 Meningococcal vaccine, 2111, 2444 Meningococcus. See Neisseria meningitidis Meningoencephalitis, amebic, in cancer patients, 2219 Meniscal opacity, 2028 Menstruation, hemoptysis associated with, 414 Meperidine, for agitated ICU patient, 2708, 2709t 6-Mercaptopurine, immunologic effects of, 2216

Mercury, inhalation injury caused by, 1000t, 1003 Meropenem for cystic fibrosis patient, 875 for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061, 2061t, 2062 indications for, 2157 for melioidosis, 2440 pharmacology of, 2056 MESA. See Microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration Mesenchymal tumors, 1611 Mesothelin, 1544 Mesothelioma, 934, 934t, 1535–1546 asbestos exposure and, 1029, 1029t, 1536 CALBG prognostic index for, 1546 chemotherapy for, 1546–1547 clinical course of, 1545 clinical features of, 954, 1542 complications of, 1545 computed tomography of, 462f diagnosis of, 954, 1544 differential diagnosis of, 1544 electron microscopy of, 1541–1542, 1541f EORTC prognostic index for, 1546 epidemiology of, 944, 953, 1536 erionite-induced, 1537 etiology of, 1536–1537 extrapleural pneumonectomy for, 1548 FDG-PET of, 563–564, 564f gene therapy for, 1549–1550 genetics of, 1537 histological patterns of, 952 histopathology of, 1537–1540, 1538f, 1539f immunohistochemistry of, 1540–1541, 1541f immunotherapy for, 1549 incidence of, 953 laboratory findings with, 1543–1544 molecular pathogenesis of, 1536–1537 molecular profiling of, 1542 mortality rate for, 1545 nonpleural forms of, treatment of, 1548–1549 paraneoplastic syndromes with, 1545 pathogenesis of, 953–954 pathology of, 952–953 gross, 1537, 1538f pleural, 506, 506f, 507 and pleural effusion, 1505–1506, 1507, 1508f pleurectomy for, 1548 pleurodesis for, 1547–1548 positron emission tomography of, 1543 prognosis for, 954–955, 1546 radiation therapy for, 1547 radiographic features of, 954, 954f, 1542–1543, 1542f radiologic findings in, 563

I-72 Index Mesothelioma (Cont.) serum markers of, 1544 staging of, 1544, 1545t surgery for, 1547–1548 survival with, 953 targeted therapy for, 1549 treatment of, 954–955, 1546–1548 new approaches for, 1549–1550 ultrastructure of, 953 viral oncogenes in, 1537 Mesothelium, 24 Metabolic acidosis, 207, 208t approach to patient with, 215–217 case example, 219–220 causes of, 216t clinical assessment of, 217 compensatory response in, 208t pathogenesis of, 215–216 respiratory response to, 212–213 ventilatory adaptations to, 167 Metabolic alkalosis, 207, 208t case example, 220 causes of, 217, 217t compensatory response in, 208t generation of, 217–218 maintenance phase of, 218 posthypercapneic, 217, 218–219 respiratory response to, 213 Metabolic disturbances in critical illness, 2692–2693 dyspnea in, 403 hypercapnia in, 2514 ventilatory adaptations to, 167 Metabolism, knowledge of, historical perspective on, 5t, 7–8 Metachromatic leukodystrophy, 1272–1273 Metal(s) inhalation injury caused by, clinical manifestations of acute, 1000t chronic, 1000t lung disease caused by, 934, 934t Metal fume fever, 1005 occupational, 934t Metal salts, and occupational asthma, 990 Metapneumovirus. See Human metapneumovirus Metaproterenol adverse effects and side effects of, 824t for asthma, 823t, 824t for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 738t dosage and administration of, 824t dosage forms, 2632t receptor activity, 2632t Metastatic disease computed tomography of, 1115t cytopathology of, 531 hemoptysis in, 413

lymphadenopathy in, 2028 miliary nodules in, 2025 nodules in, 492f presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1816–1817 pulmonary, 1941–1945 disease-free interval and, 1942–1943 histopathology of, 1942–1943 historical perspective on, 1941–1942 isolated lung perfusion for, 1944 mediastinal nodal involvement in evaluation of, 1944 and outcome, 1944 number of metastases and, 1942–1943 pathology of, 1941 prognosis for, 1941, 1942t surgical management of approach to resection, 1943–1944 extent of resection, 1943–1944 operability and, 1942 patient selection for, 1942 resectability and, 1942 survival rates for, by primary site, 1941, 1942t treatment of, 1941–1942 radiographic features of, 483, 485, 490f, 492f Metazoa, staining characteristics of, 2035t Metered dose inhaler, 2633–2634 for ventilated patient, 2685, 2686t drug delivery by, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 738, 738t proper use of, 739 Methacholine inhalational challenge test, 585t, 586, 789–790, 818 in evaluation of permanent impairment in asthma, 683, 683t method for, 586–587, 586t, 587f Methadone pneumonitis caused by, 2012t properties of, 2709t pulmonary effects of, 1088 Methemoglobinemia, 415–416, 2617 clinical manifestations of, 416 Methemoglobin generators, for cyanide poisoning, 1057 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 2009, 2024f, 2081, 2110, 2270, 2282 in acute mediastinitis, 2166 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2098 in children, 2132 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2251, 2252 neonatal nosocomial, 2126 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 nosocomial, 2196 treatment of, 2285–2288, 2287t pathology of, 2044f

post-influenza, 2060 in surgery and trauma patients, 2197 treatment of, 2058, 2061t, 2062, 2112, 2131 Methotrexate, 2639 for asthma treatment, 831–832 immunologic effects of, 2216 and interstitial lung disease, 1110t, 1206 and pleural effusion, 1506t pneumonitis caused by, 1206, 2012, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 389, 440, 1076–1077, 1076t, 1077t, 1090t, 1091t, 1093, 1097–1098, 1206, 1295 for sarcoidosis, 1140t, 1141 for scleroderma, 430 Methyl-CCNU. See Semustine Methyldopa, pulmonary effects of, 1090t Methylene blue, therapy with, for methemoglobinemia, 416 Methylene chloride exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Methylnaltrexone, 2708 Methylprednisolone adverse effects and side effects of, 827t for asthma, 823t, 827t, 2638 dosage and administration of, 827t Methyl sulfate, bronchiolitis caused by, 893t Methylxanthines, 2636–2637. See also Aminophylline; Theophylline adverse effects and side effects of, 828t, 2637 for asthma, 823t, 828t clinical use of, 2636–2637 mechanism of action of, 828t pharmacology of, 2636 as respiratory stimulants, 2643 safety of, 2637 structure-activity relationships, 2636 Metriphonate, indications for, 2418t Metronidazole for cryptosporidiosis, 2404 indications for, 2400–2401 MIC, 2052, 2054 Mica, bronchiolitis caused by, 893t Micafungin, for invasive fungal infections, 2310t Michaelis-Guttmann bodies, 2048f, 2049 Microabscess, eosinophilic, in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842 Microaspiration, 1299 Microbiologic testing, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2250 Microbiology, historical perspective on, 5t, 14–16 Microcirculation, in SIRS/MODS, 2567

I-73 Index Microfilaria, infestation, cytopathology of, 524 Micropolyspora faeni, 2012 antibody, prevalence of, 1166 hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t, 1164t Microscope(s), historical perspective on, 6 Microscopic polyangiitis, 1281–1282 alveolar hemorrhage in, 1241 clinical features of, 1118t, 1456–1457 computed tomography of, 1118t definition of, 1289 diagnosis of, 1456–1457 histology of, 1118t organ systems affected by, 1452t pathology of, 1285t, 1286f, 1290 serology of, 1285t, 1290 treatment of, 1118t, 1290, 1459–1461 Microscopic polyarteritis. See Microscopic polyangiitis Microsporidia. See Microsporidiosis Microsporidiosis in cancer patients, 2219 diagnosis of, 2410 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t, 2248, 2258, 2410 in immunocompromised host, 2208 pulmonary involvement in, 2410, 2410f treatment of, 2410 Microsporidium. See Microsporidiosis Microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration, 882–883 Microvilli, 24, 28f of type II alveolar epithelial cells, 36, 36f Microwave popcorn, volatile flavoring agents, and bronchiolitis, 896, 935t Midazolam, for agitated ICU patient, 2703, 2704t Middle lobe syndrome, and bronchiectasis, 2186 Miescher-Ruesch, 12 MIG. See Monokine induced by interferon-γ MIGET. See Multiple inert gas elimination technique Miliary lesion(s), 1987f, 1988t, 1991, 1997, 2024, 2025, 2026f, 2034, 2034f Miller, Robert, 2646 Miller blade, 2653–2654, 2654f Miller’s lung, etiology of, 1164t Miltefosine, for leishmaniasis, 2409 Mimivirus, infection (incl. pneumonia), 2114 Mineral dusts bronchiolitis caused by, 893t, 895–896 lung disease caused by, 934, 934t Mineral fibers, man-made, health risks with, 1030 Mineral oil pneumonia, 1110t–1111t Minocycline and interstitial lung disease, 1110t

for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 pneumonitis caused by, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1089, 1090t, 1091t, 1092, 1093, 1242 for sarcoidosis, 1140, 1140t and vasculitis, 1464 Minute ventilation, 211, 591, 612 age-related changes in, 268 and dyspnea, 395, 396 in exercise, 612–613, 613f monitoring, in cardiopulmonary exercise testing, 611 normal, 403, 1323, 2735 in pregnancy, 255, 255f Mist(s), 1053 Mitochondria dysfunction, in SIRS/MODS, 2568 in muscle fibers, 72 partial pressure of oxygen in, and generation of ATP, 2614 Mitochondrial myopathy, respiratory abnormalities in, 1659 Mitogen-activated protein kinase(s) (MAPK), 361–362, 716, 716f Mitomycin-C and interstitial lung disease, 1110t and pleural effusion, 1506t pulmonary effects of, 1070t, 1071–1073, 1181 radiation therapy and, 1181 Mitral valve disease, cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 621–622, 621f, 622f stenosis hemoptysis in, 410, 414 pulmonary venous hypertension in, radiographic evaluation of, 471, 474f Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). See also Collagen vascular disease alveolar hemorrhage in, 1241, 1293 aspiration pneumonia in, 1209–1210 interstitial lung disease in, 1210 pleural disease in, 1209 pulmonary complications of, 1194t, 1209–1210 pulmonary involvement in, 1193 pulmonary vascular disease in, 1209 respiratory muscle dysfunction in, 1210 sarcoidosis and, 1136t Mixed venous blood, blood-gas values, changes, in response to ventilation-perfusion inequality, 182f, 184–185, 185t Mixed venous oxygen saturation, in acute respiratory failure, 2662–2663 MK-886, 312 mKatG, and sarcoidosis, 1127 MMR. See Macrophage mannose receptor Mobilization, postoperative, early, 673t, 674

MODS. See Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Mold(s) chronic exposure to, 1010 environmental, and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1295 in indoor air, 1030 health effects of, 1031 opportunistic infections, 2291–2324, 2321–2324. See also Aspergillosis; Candidiasis; Fusariosis; Mucormycosis; Scedosporiosis; Zygomycosis differential diagnosis of, 2323t and risk of asthma, 794, 839 toxic, 1030 Mold inhalational challenge test, 585t Molecular diagnostic testing, 2002 Mometasone furoate adverse effects and side effects of, 826t for asthma, 823t, 826t, 2638 dosage and administration of, 826t, 2638 pharmacology of, 2637 Monaldi procedure, 928 Monday morning fever, 981 Monge’s disease, 229 Monoamine oxidase (MAO), 2633 Monobactams penetration into lung, 2053, 2053t pharmacology of, 2056 Monoclonal antibody(ies) (MAb) anti-IgE, for asthma, 823t, 829t, 830, 2641. See also Omalizumab anti-IL-5, 317, 318 Monocyte chemoattractant protein(s) MCP-1, 340t, 372, 1976 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 2296 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 715 MCP-2, 340t MCP-3, 315, 340t MCP-4, 340t Monod’s sign, 2302, 2302f Monokine induced by interferon-γ , 340t, 341t Monokines, 2042 Mononucleosis, 2378 Monosodium glutamate, sensitivity to, in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, 802 Montelukast adverse effects and side effects of, 828t for asthma, 823t, 828t clinical use of, 2640 contraindications to, 2640 dosage and administration of, 828t safety of, 2640 Moraxella infection (incl. pneumonia), and bronchiectasis, 2186 staining characteristics of, 2442, 2442f

I-74 Index Moraxella catarrhalis, 2007, 2428t, 2441, 2444–2445 in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 742t, 2117, 2121t in acute otitis media, 2092 acute sinusitis caused by, 2089 bacteriology of, 2428t, 2444 colonization by, in children, 2136 culture of, 2444 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2428t clinical features of, 2444–2445 diagnosis of, 2445, 2445t differential diagnosis of, 2266, 2445 epidemiology of, 2428t, 2444 history and physical findings in, 2100t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2106t pathogenesis of, 2444 pathophysiology of, 2444 radiologic features of, 2444–2445 treatment of, 2055, 2056, 2057, 2131, 2445 in laryngitis, 2087 pneumonia, 2005, 2020 diagnosis of, 1998 in elderly, 2007 nosocomial, 2008 staining characteristics of, 2444 Morgagni, Giovanni Battista, 5t, 13, 14, 15f, 694 Morgan-Murray diagram, 224–225, 225f–226f Morphine, for agitated ICU patient, 2707–2708, 2709t Morquio’s syndrome, 1275 Mortality prediction, 2716–2718 Mortality prediction model, 2718 Motor neuron disease(s). See also Lower motor neuron disease; Upper motor neuron disease ventilatory impairment in, 1668t Motor unit(s) fast-fatiguable, 72 fast-fatigue resistant, 72 in respiratory muscles, 72 slow, 72 Mounier-Kuhn syndrome, 856, 2138 differential diagnosis of, 701t, 702 Mountain sickness acute, 1040–1041 chronic, 1042–1043 Mouse, lung development in, 81, 82f stages of, 82, 82f Mouse allergens, exposure to, 1031 Mouth, in host (immune) defense, 281 Mouth opening ability, clinical significance of, 2647 Moxifloxacin, 2056–2057, 2060 anti-TB activity, 2464

dosage and administration of, 2057 for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061t, 2062 for pasteurellosis, 2430 for tuberculosis in children, 2482t dosage and administration of, 2482t MPC. See Mutant prevention concentration MPIF-1, 340t MPIF-2, 340t MPM. See Mortality prediction model MPO. See Myeloperoxidase M protein, 2080 MRSA. See Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MSG. See Major surface glycoprotein MSLT. See Multiple sleep latency testing mSpry2, 85 mSpry4, 85 MSR. See Macrophage scavenger receptor MSUD. See Maple syrup urine disease 99m Tc HAM. See Technetium-99m-labeled human albumin microspheres 99m Tc MAA. See Technetium-99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin Mucicarmine, 2035t, 2037–2038, 2041f Mucin(s), respiratory, pathogen binding to, 2080 Mucin stains, 2035t, 2037–2038, 2041f Mucociliary clearance, 143, 280, 281 in cystic fibrosis, 2174–2175, 2174f evaluation of, scintigraphy in, 559 factors affecting, 559 in normal airway, 2174–2175, 2174f postoperative changes in, 665 Mucociliary escalator, 27–29, 1969–1970, 2040 defects in, 2138 Mucocutaneous candidiasis, in purine nucleoside phosphatase deficiency, 2237 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 1845–1846, 1847f, 1925 Mucokinetic agents, 2641–2642 Mucolytics for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2121–2122 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 740 for cystic fibrosis patient, 876 Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) biochemical features of, 1275 definition of, 1275 diagnosis of, 1275 genetics of, 1275 pathology of, 1275 Mucor, 2316t, 2317

hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t infection (incl. pneumonia). See also Mucormycosis hemoptysis in, 413 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 pathology of, 2050 in invasive fungal sinusitis, 2091 staining characteristics of, 2036f Mucoraceae, 2316, 2316t infection (incl. pneumonia). See also Mucormycosis cavitation in, 2146 in lung abscess, 2154t Mucorales, classification of, 2316t Mucormycosis, 1995. See also Mucor; Mucoraceae diagnosis of, sputum culture for, 2000 pulmonary, 2316–2321 rhinocerebral, 2091 Mucosa, tracheobronchial, bronchoscopic assessment of, 632–634, 633f Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), 282, 326–327, 1923, 1948 Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule, MadCAM-1, in inflammation, 783 Mucositis, in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2222 Mucous glands, 27f, 28f, 29 adenoma, 1917 hyperplasia of, 730 Mucous ball(s), 860 Mucous plug, in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842 Mucus, 27–29, 28f, 280f in cystic fibrosis, 2175 hypersecretion of, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 717 Multidrug resistance, 2280–2282 emergence of, 2009, 2010t in plague, 2432 and pneumonia, 2008, 2009, 2196, 2273–2274 risk factors for, 2062 in surgery and trauma patients, 2197 treatment of, 2062 prevalence of, 2099 Multinucleated giant cell(s), 516, 516f in berylliosis, 517, 517f Multiple chemical sensitivity, 1010 Multiple inert gas elimination technique, 713, 713f Multiple myeloma (MM), 1962, 1962f infection in, 2216, 2306

I-75 Index Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), 2196. See also Sepsis; Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) clinical patterns of, 2562f, 2564–2565 definition of, 2563 diagnostic criteria for, 2562t epidemiology of, 2565 general criteria for, 2563–2564, 2564t historical perspective on, 2561 inotrope therapy in, 2568–2569 management of, 2568–2570 source control in, 2568 metabolic management in, 2570 in miliary tuberculosis, 2475 mortality rate for, 2565 pathogenesis of, 2561–2562, 2562f pathophysiology of, 2565–2566 perfusion management in, 2568 prognosis for, 2715 sepsis-induced, 449–450 underlying basis of, hypotheses of, 2566–2568 vasopressor therapy in, 2568–2569 Multiple sclerosis (MS), ventilatory impairment in, 1649–1651, 1650t, 1668t Multiple sleep latency testing (MSLT), 1729–1730 Multiple sulfate deficiency, 1272 Multivesicular bodies, 36, 37f, 38 Mumps, and bronchiolitis, 2382 Muscarinic receptors, 2635 Muscle fiber(s), 71–72 morphology of, 72 motor units, organization of, 72 type I (slow oxidative), 72 type II (fast-twitch), 72 type IIa (fatigable/glycolytic), 72 type IIa (fatigue-resistant/glycolytic oxidative), 72 Muscular dystrophy and respiratory failure, 2514 ventilatory impairment in, 1668t Musculoskeletal disorders, dyspnea in, 403 Mushroom spores, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t Mushroom worker’s disease, etiology of, 1163t Mustard gas, bronchiolitis caused by, 894t Mutant prevention concentration, 2052 MVV. See Maximum voluntary ventilation MWT. See Maintenance of Wakefulness Test Myasthenia gravis (MG), 1584–1585, 1599–1600, 1601t and abnormal breathing pattern, 403 and postoperative pulmonary complications, 667 and respiratory failure, 2514 staging of, 1599, 1601t ventilatory impairment in, 1655–1656

Mycetoma, 2301 in sarcoidosis, 1141 as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1817 zygomycetes and, 2319 Mycobacteria, 1987 atypical, 1999 infection (incl. pneumonia) in chronic granulomatous disease, 2237 imaging of, 2021 lymphadenopathy in, 2028 pathology of, 2048–2049 staining characteristics of, 2035t, 2039 cell wall of, 2461 contamination of bronchoscope, 2279 culture of, 2462 in cutaneous disease, species causing, 2460t drug-resistant, 2451 testing for, 2463 drug susceptibility testing, 2463 immune response to, 2460–2461 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2020 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2223 and bronchiectasis, 2189, 2189t, 2190 in cell-mediated immunodeficiency, 2236 in children, immune defects and, 2139 in common variable immunodeficiency, 331–332, 2235 in cystic fibrosis, 880, 2176 cytopathology of, 518, 518f differential diagnosis of, 2266 disseminated in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2247 species causing, 2460t histopathology of, 2034 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2213, 2242t, 2252–2253, 2487–2496 and pneumothorax, 1523 radiographic findings in, 2214–2215 immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t pathogenesis of, 2040 pathology of, 2043t, 2050 pulmonary involvement in, species causing, 2460t severity of, Social Security Listings for, 687 supraglottitis caused by, 853 laryngitis caused by, 2087 in lung abscess, 2154t in lymphadenitis, 2472 species causing, 2460t

multidrug-resistant, 2451 nontuberculous, 2459–2460, 2460t culture of, 2500 drug susceptibility testing, 2500 infection clinical manifestations of, 2500–2501 clinical presentation of, 2502–2503 in cystic fibrosis, 2502 epidemiology of, 2499, 2500 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2491–2496, 2500 hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 2502 immune response to, 2500–2501 in organ transplant recipients, 2502–2503 pathogenesis of, 2500 treatment of, 2503–2505, 2503t laboratory diagnosis of, 2500 microbiology of, 2499–2500 pulmonary disease, 2501–2502 diagnosis of, bacteriologic criteria for, 2501, 2501t radiographic findings in, 2501, 2501f, 2502, 2502f, 2503, 2504f from respiratory specimens, 2500 staining characteristics of, 2500 pathogenicity of, 2461 sputum culture for, 2000 staining characteristics of, 2037, 2039 virulence factors, 2461 Mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase protein, and sarcoidosis, 1127 Mycobacterium abscessus, 2049, 2500 culture of, 2462 in cutaneous disease, 2460t geographic distribution of, 2460t infection, 2460t, 2505 in cystic fibrosis, 2176 disseminated, 2460t in lymphadenitis, 2460t morphology of, 2460t Mycobacterium africanum, 2459 Mycobacterium asiaticum, infection (incl. pneumonia), 2460t Mycobacterium avium complex, 2459, 2499, 2500 in cutaneous disease, 2460t environmental sources of, 2492 geographic distribution of, 2460t infection (incl. pneumonia), 463f, 2460t bronchiectasis in, 463f, 2190 disseminated, 2460t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2253, 2491–2496 clinical manifestations of, 2493 epidemiology of, 2491–2492, 2491f pathogenesis of, 2492–2493

I-76 Index Mycobacterium avium complex, infection (Cont.) prevention of, 2493–2496, 2495t radiographic findings in, 2493, 2493f treatment of, 2493–2496, 2494t imaging of, 2022f scintigraphy in, 557 in lymphadenitis, 2460t morphology of, 2460t pulmonary disease, 2503–2505 Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 1999, 2000, 2001 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2023–2024 and bronchiectasis, 2186 in cystic fibrosis, 2176 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t, 2215 radiographic findings in, 2249t pathology of, 2048f in lung abscess, 2154t Mycobacterium bovis, 2459, 2467 Mycobacterium canetti, 2459 Mycobacterium celatum, infection (incl. pneumonia), 2460t Mycobacterium chelonae, 2459, 2500 culture of, 2462 in cutaneous disease, 2460t geographic distribution of, 2460t infection, 2505 disseminated, 2460t in lymphadenitis, 2460t morphology of, 2460t Mycobacterium chelonei in acute mediastinitis, 2166t infection, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2496 Mycobacterium conspicuum, nontuberculous, culture of, 2500 Mycobacterium fortuitum, 2500 in acute mediastinitis, 2166t culture of, 2462 in cutaneous disease, 2460t geographic distribution of, 2460t infection, 2460t, 2505 disseminated, 2460t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2496 in lymphadenitis, 2460t morphology of, 2460t Mycobacterium genavense culture of, 2500 infection disseminated, 2460t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2496 Mycobacterium gordonae, 2459, 2500 Mycobacterium haemophilum culture of, 2500 in cutaneous disease, 2460t

geographic distribution of, 2460t infection, 2460t disseminated, 2460t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2496 in lymphadenitis, 2460t morphology of, 2460t Mycobacterium immunogenum, 2502 Mycobacterium intracellulare, 2499, 2500 Mycobacterium kansasii, 2049, 2459, 2462, 2500 in cutaneous disease, 2460t geographic distribution of, 2460t infection, 2460t, 2505 differential diagnosis of, 2266 disseminated, 2460t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2496 in lung abscess, 2154t in lymphadenitis, 2460t morphology of, 2460t staining characteristics of, 2039, 2041f Mycobacterium leprae, 2499 staining characteristics of, 2039 Mycobacterium malmoense geographic distribution of, 2460t infection, 2460t disseminated, 2460t in lymphadenitis, 2460t morphology of, 2460t Mycobacterium marinum, 2462 in cutaneous disease, 2460t geographic distribution of, 2460t infection, 2505 morphology of, 2460t Mycobacterium microti, 2459 Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, in cutaneous disease, 2460t Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, 2499, 2500 geographic distribution of, 2460t in lymphadenitis, 2460t morphology of, 2460t Mycobacterium sherrisii, infection, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2496 Mycobacterium shimodii, infection, 2460t Mycobacterium simiae, infection, 2460t disseminated, 2460t Mycobacterium smegmatis in cutaneous disease, 2460t infection, 2460t Mycobacterium szulgai, 2462 infection, 2460t Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 1996, 2459–2460, 2467, 2499 Ag85B antigen, 2463 blood assay for, 2454 CFP-10 protein, 2454, 2461, 2462, 2490 contamination of bronchoscope, 2279 culture of, 2462, 2471 diagnosis of, phage technology for, 2462 in empyema, 2144

ESAT-6 protein, 2454, 2461, 2462, 2463, 2490 genotyping of, 2452 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients. See Tuberculosis, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients immune response to, 2460–2461, 2463 infection (incl. pneumonia). See Tuberculosis in lung abscess, 2154t molecular detection of, 2002 molecular epidemiology of, 2452 nucleic acid amplification tests for, 2462, 2471 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2490 staining characteristics of, 2035t, 2039, 2041f strains of, 2460 transmission of, 2451–2452 vaccine against. See Bacille Calmette-Gu´erin (BCG) vaccine Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, 2459 Mycobacterium ulcerans culture of, 2462 in cutaneous disease, 2460t geographic distribution of, 2460t morphology of, 2460t Mycobacterium xenopi geographic distribution of, 2460t infection, 2460t disseminated, 2460t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2496 morphology of, 2460t Mycolic acids, 2461 Mycophenolate mofetil, for sarcoidosis, 1140t, 1141 Mycoplasma, infection (incl. pneumonia) and asthma, 816 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2223 in cancer patients, 2221 differential diagnosis of, 2443 pathology of, 2043–2045 systemic effects of, 451–453, 451t treatment of, 831 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1992, 1996, 1997 and acute bronchitis, 2097 in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2121t and bronchiolitis, 896, 897 and croup, 2087, 2379 epidemiology of, 2004 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2005, 2005t, 2020, 2025 in children, 2133 clinical features of, 2381 in common variable immunodeficiency, 331

I-77 Index diagnosis of, 2001–2002, 2106 differential diagnosis of, 2266 epidemiology of, 2113 extrapulmonary manifestations of, 2113 history and physical findings in, 2101t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, radiographic findings in, 2215 hospitalization rate for, 2105t ICU admission rate for, 2106t imaging of, 2021, 2021f signs and symptoms of, 2099 treatment of, 2055, 2057, 2113 in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 2234 molecular detection of, 2002 pharyngitis caused by, 2086 Mycoses. See Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis; Fungal infection(s) Mycosis fungoides, 1962 myc proto-oncogenes and cell cycle, 1810–1811 in lung cancer, 1804 MyD88 adapter protein, 355–356 Myelin, tubular, 38, 38f, 39, 56, 126, 126f Myelopathy, ventilatory impairment in, 1668t Myeloperoxidase (MPO), 360, 1973 in asthma, 782 Myeloproliferative disorders, sarcoidosis and, 1136t Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus, 1304 Myocardial infarct/infarction acute, oxygen therapy in, 2619 in lung transplant recipient, 1789–1790 in respiratory failure, 2518t, 2519 Myocardial ischemia pain of, 418 in SIRS/MODS, 2568 Myocarditis, 2113 Myoclonus, paraneoplastic, 1937 Myofibril(s), 72 Myofibroblasts, 378–381 of alveolar septum, 40f, 41 expansion, cytokines/growth factors in, 378, 378t in pulmonary fibrosis, 378–379, 379f persistence in active fibrotic site, 380 Myopathy acquired, respiratory abnormalities in, 1656, 1656t, 1659–1660 inflammatory, respiratory abnormalities in, 1659 inherited respiratory abnormalities in, 1656–1659, 1656t ventilatory impairment in, 1668t metabolic, ventilatory impairment in, 1668t

steroid, respiratory abnormalities in, 1659–1660 of systemic disease, ventilatory impairment in, 1668t ventilatory impairment in, 1668t Myosin, 72 Myotonic dystrophy, respiratory abnormalities in, 1658 N NAA. See Nucleic acid amplification NAAQS. See National Ambient Air Quality Standards NAC. See N-Acetylcysteine Nadolol, pulmonary effects of, 1097 NADPH oxidase, 359–360, 360f Naegleria, infection (incl. pneumonia) in cancer patients, 2219 in immunocompromised host, 2210 Nafcillin, 2056 for staphylococcal pneumonia, in children, 2132 NALT. See Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue NAP2, 340t, 341t, 1973 Naproxen and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t pneumonitis caused by, 2012t Narcotics, pneumonitis caused by, 2012t Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), 326 Nasal dilators, for obstructive sleep apnea, 1714 Nasal septal deviation, 2647 Nasogastric intubation, and nosocomial pneumonia, 2196, 2278 Nasopharynx, 2646–2647 Nasotracheal intubation, 2650, 2651–2653, 2652f, 2653f National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 1016 for criteria pollutants, 1011f National Cancer Institute (NCI), model for smoking intervention, 753–754 National Emphysema Treatment Trial, 711 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 941–942 Natural killer (NK) cells, in immune defense, 1973 NCIC JBR10 trial, 1869t, 1870 Near syncope, in pulmonary hypertension, 1371, 1371t Nebulized drug solutions, 2633–2634 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 738, 738t Necator americanus, 2414t, 2415, 2416 Neck flexion/extension, assessment of, 2647–2648

soft tissues of, pathology of, upper airway obstruction caused by, 857 Neck muscle(s), actions of, 76 Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis, 1464–1465, 1464f Nedocromil adverse effects and side effects of, 827t for asthma, 822, 823t, 827t, 2640 dosage and administration of, 827t for exercise-induced asthma, 811t, 812 mechanism of action of, 2640 pharmacology of, 2640 Needle(s), for transbronchoscopic aspiration and biopsy, 631 Neergaard, K. von. 11, 12 Neisseria, infection (incl. pneumonia), immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t Neisseria catarrhalis, pneumonia, 2020 Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection (incl. pneumonia), in complement deficiency, 2236 pharyngitis caused by, 2086 protease, 326 Neisseria meningitidis, 2105, 2428t, 2441–2444 bacteriology of, 2428t, 2442 carriers, 2086 colonization of host, 2079 identification of, in tissue, 2442, 2442f immune response to, 324, 1979 infection (incl. pneumonia), 330–331, 2428t, 2441–2444, 2441f in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2224 chemoprophylaxis for, 2444 clinical features of, 2443 in complement deficiency, 2236 diagnosis of, 1998, 2443, 2443t differential diagnosis of, 2443–2444 epidemiology of, 2442 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2106t immunoprophylaxis for, 2444 pathogenesis of, 2443 pathophysiology of, 2443 prevention of, 2444 radiologic features of, 2443 treatment of, 2444 in X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, 331 pharyngitis caused by, 2086 protease, 326 serogroups of, 2442 staining characteristics of, 2442, 2442f superinfection, in adenoviral pneumonia, 2389 vaccine against, 2080. See also Meningococcal vaccine

I-78 Index Nematodes, 2413, 2415–2418 infestation, pathology of, 2045 Neoadjuvant, definition of, 1895 Neonate(s), pulmonary circulation in, 1354 Neoplasm(s). See also Malignancy; Tumor(s); specific neoplasm cytopathology of, 527–531 fever with, 420 hemoptysis caused by, 413 lymphangitic spread of and interstitial lung disease, 1397, 1398f radiographic features of, 483, 485, 490f pulmonary, 2014 histological classification of, 528, 528t immunocytochemistry of, 531 systemic effects of, 451–453, 451t. See also Paraneoplastic syndromes Neopterin, assay for, 2107 Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy, 437–438, 438f Nephrotic syndrome, risk of venous thromboembolism in, 1426 Nerve(s), pulmonary innervation by, 32 Nerve gas, bronchiolitis caused by, 894t Nerve growth factor, 316 NETT. See National Emphysema Treatment Trial Neurilemmoma, in posterior mediastinum, 1610 Neuroblastoma, 1611 Neuroendocrine cells, 30, 30f. See also Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells Neuroepithelial bodies, 30, 444 Neurofibromatosis (NF), computed tomography of, 1115t Neurogenic tumor(s), radiographic features of, 499–500, 502f Neuroleptic drugs, adverse effects and side effects of, 859 Neuromuscular disorders. See also specific disorder alveolar ventilation in, aids for, 1671–1672 chest wall mobility in, aids for, 1670–1671 clearance of airway secretions in, aids for, 1672 control of breathing in, 1636–1640 extubation in, 1674–1675 protocol for, 1673–1674, 1673t general anesthesia in, 1675 history-taking in, 1640–1641 and hypercapnic respiratory failure, 2608 lung and chest wall mechanics in, 1637–1639, 1639t oximetry feedback respiratory aid protocol for, 1672

physical examination in, 1641 pulmonary compliance in, aids for, 1670–1671 radiographic findings in, 1641–1642 respiratory assessment in, 1640–1643 and respiratory failure, 2514 respiratory mechanics in, 1637–1639, 1639t respiratory muscle dysfunction in, 1636–1637, 1637f respiratory pathophysiology in, 1635–1636 sleep-disordered breathing in, 1639–1640, 1639t upper airway obstruction in, 858–859 ventilatory impairment in, 1635, 1647–1660 levels of, 1635, 1636t pathophysiology of, 1668–1669 preventive therapy for, 1660 treatment of, 1660–1664, 1667–1675 clinical goals for, 1670–1672 principles of, 1660 Neuromuscular junction (NMJ), disorders, ventilatory impairment in, 1655–1656 Neuron(s) inspiratory, 165 pacemaker, 165 phrenic, 166 Neuropathy, ventilatory impairment in, 1668t Neutropenia and acute lung injury, 2528 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2222–2224 in cancer patients, 2216, 2216t causes of, 2216, 2216t cyclic, 2216, 2216t in children, 2138 fever in, empiric antibiotic therapy in, 2220 hereditary, 2216, 2216t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2243, 2248 iatrogenic, 2216, 2216t immune, 2216, 2216t in children, 2138 infection in, microbiology of, 2216–2219 infection-induced, 2216, 2216t and risk of infection, 2306, 2317 Neutrophil(s) in asthma, 776 cell killing by, defects of associated infections, 1983t, 2210t causes of, 1983t, 2210t chemotaxis, defects of associated infections, 1983t, 2210t causes of, 1983t, 2210t

chemotherapy-related dysfunction, 2216 granule proteins, in asthma, 782 killing, defects of, infections associated with, 1983t in pulmonary fibrosis, 376 Neutrophil-activating protein-2. See NAP2 Neutrophil collagenase. See Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), MMP-8 Neutrophil elastase, 718t in emphysema, 720 Neutrophilic dermatoses, 434 of dorsal hands, 434, 435f New York Heart Association classification, 614–615, 622 NF-κB, 2116 NICK. See Nuclear factor κB-inducing kinase Nickel airborne, 1020 and occupational asthma, 990 Nicotine addiction to, 747–748 and cigarette consumption rate, 748 dopamine in, 748 epidemiology of, 748 gene-environment interactions and, 748 cravings, management of, 757 dependence, evaluation for, 756–757, 757t in indoor air, sources of, 1022t pharmacology of, 747 replacement, 754–755 combination approach for, 755 inhaler method, 755 nasal spray for, 755 transdermal method, 755 vaccines, 756 withdrawal and depression, 757, 759 management of, 757 symptoms of, 747, 748t, 757 Nicotine polacrilex, 754–755 Nidogen, in lung development, 94 Niemann-Pick disease biochemical features of, 1268 clinical features of, 1266 diagnosis of, 1268 genetics of, 1266 histology of, 1266–1268, 1267f pathology of, 1266 pulmonary involvement in, 1266, 1266f types of, 1266 ultrastructure in, 1268, 1268f Nilutamide, and interstitial lung disease, 1110t Nimesulide, dose-related airway response to, in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, 802

I-79 Index NIPPV. See Positive-pressure ventilation, noninvasive Nitazoxanide, for cryptosporidiosis, 2404 Nitrates, methemoglobinemia caused by, 416 Nitric oxide amelioration of tissue injury, 366 diffusing capacity for, 195, 195f inhaled, and ARDS, 366 production of, 360–361, 361f and superoxide, interactions of, 2625, 2625f Nitric oxide (NO), 446 in asthma, 122, 778–782 chemical properties of, 1341 exhaled in asthma, 834 in asthma diagnosis, 819 measurement of, 585 expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 122, 122t inhaled, 1342 in ALI/ARDS, 2555–2556 pulmonary effects of, 1093 in oxidative injury, 450 protective effect against free radicals, 450–451 in pulmonary hypertension, 1368–1369 and pulmonary vasomotor control, 1341–1342, 1343f in septic shock syndrome, 449–450 synthesis of, 1342, 1343f Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), 360, 361f, 446, 1342, 1343f inducible, 1978 Nitrite, 361, 361f Nitrofurantoin and interstitial lung disease, 1110t lung damage caused by, 389, 389f pneumonitis caused by, 2010, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1089, 1090t, 1091t, 1092, 1093, 1099–1100 Nitrogenated compounds, in indoor air, sources of, 1021t Nitrogen balance, 2697–2698 Nitrogen dioxide, 360, 1010 bronchiolitis caused by, 893–894, 893t health effects of, 1017 in indoor air, sources of, 1021t inhalation injury caused by, 1001–1002 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for, 1011t occupational lung disease caused by, 935t in outdoor air, exposures to, 1017 pulmonary effects of, acute and chronic, 1024–1025 in smoke and inhalation injury, 1054 sources of, 1011t water solubility of, and site of impact, 995t

Nitrogen mustard derivatives, pulmonary effects of, 1073 Nitrogen oxide(s) inhalation injury caused by, 1000t, 1001–1002, 1054, 1057 water solubility of, and mechanism of lung injury by, 994–995, 994t Nitrogen tetroxide, bronchiolitis caused by, 893 Nitrogen washout, 158, 571, 572, 574, 589–590, 589f Nitroglycerin, methemoglobinemia caused by, 416 Nitrosamines, in indoor air, sources of, 1021t Nitrosoureas and interstitial lung disease, 1111t pulmonary effects of, 1073, 1078–1081, 1079t S-Nitrosylation, 363 Nitroxyl, 360 NLH. See Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia Nocardia, 1985, 1986, 1990, 1996 in acute mediastinitis, 2166t diagnosis of, 1998, 1999 infection (incl. pneumonia) in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2223 in cancer patients, 2221, 2221t in chronic granulomatous disease, 2237–2238, 2238f history and physical findings in, 2101t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2251, 2252 radiographic findings in, 2249t hospitalization rate for, 2105t in immunocompromised host, 2209 pneumonia, 2022 staining characteristics of, 2035t, 2036–2037, 2039, 2039f Nocardia asteroides, 1989 in empyema, 2144 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2146 and bronchiectasis, 2189, 2189t in children, immune defects and, 2139 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t radiographic findings in, 2214t in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217, 2218f in organ transplant recipient, 2230, 2232 in lung abscess, 2154t staining characteristics of, 2039f Nocardiosis cytopathology of, 518 in immunocompromised host, 1997 pulmonary alveolar proteinosis complicated by, 2014

Nocturnal oxygen desaturation, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 735 Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia, 1949–1950, 1950f Nodule(s), pulmonary. See also Solitary pulmonary nodule diagnosis of, thoracoscopy in, 655–656 drug-induced, 1110t–1111t excision of, thoracoscopy in, 656, 656f in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2214t, 2215, 2248, 2249t in interstitial lung disease, 1113f, 1115t multiple computed tomography of, 494 disorders associated with, 494 radiography of, 494, 494f parenchymal, in collagen vascular disease, 1194t, 1198, 1198f rheumatoid, 494, 494f Noggin, 85–86, 88f, 89f Noma, 2087 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), 2014 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2247, 2259 radiographic findings in, 2249t mediastinal, 1602–1603, 1603f primary pulmonary, 1923–1924, 1955–1957 staging system for, 1602, 1603t Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation, in hypercapnic respiratory failure, 2611 Nonmaleficence, principle of, 2722–2723 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, pharmacology of, 2261 Non-small cell lung cancer, 444 advanced stage anti-angiogenesis therapy for, 1876 chemotherapy for, 1875–1878 first-line, 1876 second-line, 1877–1878, 1877t EGFR inhibitor therapy for, 1877–1878 treatment of, advances in (future directions for), 1878 ancillary studies of, 1847 chemotherapy for, 1867–1878 effectiveness of, 1867–1868 efficacy of, 1867–1868 results of, criteria for reporting, 1867–1868 chest wall resection in, 1859–1860, 1860f cytopathology of, 528–529, 529f diagnosis of, 1851–1853 in asymptomatic patient with abnormal chest radiograph, 1852–1853 in symptomatic patient, 1852

I-80 Index Non-small cell lung cancer (Cont.) early stage, chemotherapy for, 1868–1871 endocrine and hematologic syndromes associated with, 1930t histochemical stains for, 1847–1848 immunohistochemistry of, 1847–1848 inoperable, definition of, 1855 lobectomy for, 1855 localized chemotherapy for, 1868–1871 adjuvant, 1868–1871, 1869t advances in (future directions for), 1871 radiation therapy for, adjuvant, 1871 locally advanced chemotherapy and radiation therapy for concurrent, 1873, 1874t followed by surgery, 1875 chemotherapy for followed by radiation therapy, randomized trials of, 1872–1873 followed by surgery, 1873–1875 definition of, 1857, 1871 radiation therapy for, 1871–1872, 1874t treatment of, 1872, 1873f advances in (future directions for), 1875 locally advanced nonoperative but non-metastatic, treatment of, 1886–1889, 1886f–1887f, 1888t mediastinal involvement in, by direct extension, 1860–1861, 1861f pneumonectomy for, 1856–1857 prognosis after, after resection, 1862–1863, 1863t prognosis for, 1867, 1884 radiation therapy for, 1883–1896 adjuvant, 1871 adjuvant (postoperative), 1883, 1885–1886 definitive, 1883 for locally advanced nonoperative cancer, 1886–1889, 1886f–1887f, 1888t neoadjuvant (preoperative), 1883, 1884–1885 palliative, 1883, 1889–1890, 1889t patient selection for, 1883 recurrence, sites of, 1863 resectability, definition of, 1855 segmental resection of, 1855–1856, 1856f sleeve resection for, 1856–1857, 1856f staging of, 1853–1855, 1853f, 1854f, 1868, 1868f subtypes of, 1831–1832, 1832t surgery for, 1855–1864 advances in (future directions for), 1863–1864 complications of, 1862 follow-up after, 1863

mediastinal lymph node resection in, 1857 morbidity after, 1862 mortality after, 1862 in N2 disease, 1857–1859 palliative, 1862 plus chemotherapy, 1858, 1858f, 1858t prognosis after, 1862–1863, 1863t recurrence after, sites of, 1863 results, 1862–1863 treatment of, 1884 advances in (future directions for), 1863–1864 WHO classification of, 1831, 1832t Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, 1106t, 1145, 1953 clinical features of, 1116t in collagen vascular disease, 1194t histopathology of, 1195 computed tomography of, 1115t, 1116t histology of, 1116t and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1156 lung transplantation in, 1774t, 1775–1777 in mixed connective tissue disease, 1210 occupational exposures and, 935t in polymyositis-dermatomyositis, 1208–1209 in rheumatoid arthritis, 1204–1206 in Sj¨ogren’s syndrome, 1211 treatment of, 1116t Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and airway narrowing, in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, 802t anaphylactic response to, 802 and aspirin, cross-reactivity of, 801–803 asthma induced by, 313, 799, 801–803, 816 and interstitial lung disease, 1111t pulmonary effects of, 1090t, 1091t, 1092, 1093 tolerated by aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, 802t Norepinephrine, and pulmonary circulation, 1347 Nortriptyline, in smoking cessation, 756 Nose, in host (immune) defense, 280–281 Nosema, 2410 Nosocomial infection, immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t NPPV. See Positive-pressure ventilation, nasal NSCLC. See Non-small cell lung cancer NSIP. See Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia NTM. See Mycobacteria, nontuberculous Nuclear factor E2-related factor, 716 Nuclear factor κB, 355–356, 716, 716f activation of, 361

Nuclear factor κB-inducing kinase, 361 Nuclear imaging, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2247t, 2248–2249 Nuclear magnetic resonance, 463–465 Nucleic acid amplification, for rapid diagnosis of mycobacteria, 2462, 2471 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2490 Nutrition in acute respiratory failure, 2691–2699 in ICU, 2691–2692 Nutritional status assessment of, 2693–2694 functional, 2693 metabolic, 2693–2694 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2605, 2692 and postoperative pulmonary complications, 669 Nutritional support in acute respiratory failure, effects of, 2693 administration route, 2694–2695 in advanced lung disease, 2698–2699 arginine in, 2697 basic nutritional prescription in, 2695–2696, 2696t in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 735 complications of, 2694–2695, 2695t in cystic fibrosis, 877 energy requirements in, 2696–2697 fat requirements in, 2697 glucose requirements in, 2697 glutamine in, 2697 goals of, 2694 and immunonutrition, 2697 indications for, 2694, 2694t micronutrient requirements in, 2697 monitoring during, 2697–2698 and nitrogen balance, 2697–2698 omega-3 fatty acids in, 2697 preoperative, 669 protein requirements in, 2697 Nystatin, 2299 O O3 . See Ozone Obesity, 1627–1629 abnormal breathing pattern in, 403 and asthma, 795–796, 832–833 control of breathing in, 1628–1629 epidemiology of, 1627 gas exchange in, 1629 and hypercapnic respiratory failure, 2608 and postoperative pulmonary complications, 668–669 pulmonary effects of, 1395 pulmonary function testing in, 1627–1628

I-81 Index respiratory mechanics in, 1627–1628, 1628t respiratory morbidity in, 1627 treatment of, 832–833, 1629 and venous thromboembolism, 1426 Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, 2514, 2608 definition of, 1698–1699 diagnosis of, 1722, 1722t, 1723f management of, 1722 pathophysiology of, 1627–1628, 1628f respiratory mechanics in, 1627–1628, 1628t ventilatory impairment in, 1668t Obstruction, mechanical, and aspiration pneumonia, 2150t, 2151 Obstructive airway disease. See also Bronchitis, chronic; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); Emphysema radiographic evaluation of, 474–476 reversible versus irreversible, 605 Obstructive lung disease, cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 624–625 Obstructive overinflation, differential diagnosis of, 699 Occupation and asthma, 933–934. See also Asthma, occupational and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 708t, 709–710, 933–934 Occupational lung disease. See also Asthma, occupational; Bronchitis, industrial cause of, establishing, 936–937 classification of, 934, 934t clinical approach to patient with, 937–941 diagnostic criteria for, 936 diagnostic testing in, 937–940 epidemiology of, 936–937 exposure assessment in, 940–941 history-taking in, 937, 938t importance of, 936 laboratory diagnosis of, 940 physical examination in, 937 prevention of, 941–942 principles of, 935–936 toxicology of, 936–937 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 941, 942, 1011 Occupation-related disease diagnosis of, 423 workers’ compensation programs for, 687–688 federal, 688–690 state, 687–688 ODTS. See Organic dust toxic syndrome O’Dwyer, Joseph, 2646 Off-label agents, in smoking cessation, 756

Ofloxacin, 2056 adverse effects and side effects of, 2483t for nontuberculous mycobacteria, dosage and administration of, 2504t of lung, 1962, 1962f OH− . See Hydroxyl radical OHS. See Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Oleoresin capsicum, inhalation injury caused by, 1003–1004 Omalizumab adverse effects and side effects of, 829t, 2641 for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842–843 for asthma, 823t, 829t, 830 clinical use of, 2641 dosage and administration of, 829t for eosinophilic disorders, 318 mechanism of action of, 829t pharmacology of, 2641 OME. See Otitis media, with effusion Oncogene(s) dominant, 1802–1803, 1803f in lung cancer, 1804–1805 recessive, 1802, 1803, 1803f Ondine’s curse, 168 Opiate(s) for agitated ICU patient, 2707–2708 properties of, 2709t toxicity of, 2708 pulmonary effects of, 1091t, 1093, 1100 toxicity of, 2708 Opisthorchis, and eosinophilic pneumonia, 1214t Opportunistic infection(s), 2204 fungal, 2321–2324. See also Aspergillosis; Candidiasis differential diagnosis of, 2323t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212–2213, 2212t, 2245, 2246–2247 prevention of, 2366 by mold, 2291–2324. See also Aspergillosis; Candidiasis; Fusariosis; Mucormycosis; Scedosporiosis; Zygomycosis differential diagnosis of, 2323t by molds, 2321–2324 Opsoclonus, paraneoplastic, 1937 Opsonins, 1970, 1979, 1983 in alveolar fluid, 282, 283 Optical coherence tomography, 634 Oral appliances, for obstructive sleep apnea, 1718–1720, 1719f Oral cancer, smoking and, 751 Oral cavity bacteria in, 281 in host (immune) defense, 281 infections of, 2086–2087

Oral contraceptives, and venous thromboembolism, 1425–1426 Orbital cellulitis, 2090, 2090f Organic acidosis, 219 Organic antigens, lung disease caused by, 935t Organic compounds airborne health effects of, 1026 sources of, 1026, 1027t in indoor air, health effects of, 1026 Organic dusts, bronchiolitis caused by, 896 Organic dust toxic syndrome, 1006, 1167 Organ transplantation bronchiolitis associated with, 906–909 pulmonary complications of, 906–909 Organ transplant recipient(s) nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in, 2502–2503 pneumonia in, 2024, 2100t and risk of infection, 2317, 2318, 2318f risk of infection in, 2205, 2206f Oropharynx, 2646–2647 in host (immune) defense, 280–281 Orotracheal intubation, 2653–2654, 2654f Orthopnea, 400–401 Ortner syndrome, 1371 Oseltamivir indications for, 2375t for influenza, 2387–2388, 2387t Osler-Weber-Rendu disease. See Rendu-Osler-Weber disease Osmostat, reset, in tuberculosis, 2470 Osteogenesis imperfecta, ventilatory impairment in, 1668t Osteophytes, cervical, 2647–2648 upper airway obstruction caused by, 857 Osteoporosis, smoking and, 752 Otis, A. B., 12 Otitis externa, 2092 acute, 2092 in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, 2239 invasive (malignant), 2092 Otitis media, 281 acute, 2092–2093, 2093f complications of, 2094 in Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 2238 chronic complications of, 2094, 2094f in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 2237 chronic suppurative, 2093–2094, 2093f with cholesteatoma, 2093–2094, 2093f without cholesteatoma, 2093–2094, 2093f common cold and, 2086 in common variable immunodeficiency, 331 complications of, 2094

I-82 Index Otitis media (Cont.) with effusion, 2093 in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, 2239 Ovarian cancer, and pleural effusion, 1505, 1506t Overlap syndrome, 735 Oxacillin, 2056 Oxamniquine, indications for, 2418t Oxazolidinones activity against MRSA, 2058 mechanism of action of, 2058 pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 Oxford physiologists, 5t, 6–7, 8, 11 Oxidant(s) inhalation/ingestion, injury caused by, 451 pulmonary injury due to, drug-induced, 1088, 1089 Oxidant-antioxidant imbalance, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 716–717, 716f Oxidative injury, mechanism of, 450 Oxidative phosphorylation, 57, 58, 65 Oxidative stress, 716–717, 716f Oxygen affinity of hemoglobin for, 202, 202f alveolar, 592 alveolar and blood capacitances, and diffusive equilibrium, 192 capillary content of, 415 consumption, 611 in exercise, 65–66, 66f, 67–68 at rest, normal, 1323, 2735 in tissues, 57, 65 diffusing capacity for, 58–61, 58f, 194–195 diffusion of, 47, 48f, 176, 177 knowledge of, historical perspective on, 5t, 9–10 discovery of, 7, 8, 2613 exchange, kinetics of, 205t extraction, 612 calculation of, 612t in exercise, 612–613, 613f flow, through respiratory system, 65–68, 65f intake, decreased, and arterial hypoxemia, 2616–2617, 2616t partial pressures of alveolar, and diffusing capacity, 197 from atmosphere to tissues, 2614, 2615f cascade of, 57–58, 65 secretion of, Bohr’s theory of, 5t, 9–10 supplementation. See also Oxygen therapy effects on ventilatory response to hypercapnia, 2593–2594, 2594f tissue requirements for, 612 transplacental transfer of, 258

transport, 201–203, 611, 2614–2615, 2615f abnormalities, and tissue hypoxia, 2616t, 2617 to alveoli, 47, 48f calculation of, 612t disruption of, 167–187 in exercise, 612–613 pathway, 173–177 resting, 612 uptake, 591–592 in exercise, 235, 235f, 612–613, 613f integrated response for, 224–225, 225f–226f in lung, 57, 65 maximal, 612–613, 613f in classification of cardiac and circulatory failure, 614–615, 615t pathway, 173–177, 174f–176f resting, 612 utilization calculation of, 612t oxygen delivery and, 2615, 2615f Oxygenation, monitoring, in acute respiratory failure, 2668–2669 Oxygen content, of blood, 2511, 2614 Oxygen cost of breathing, 159–160 mechanical ventilation and, 2676, 2677f Oxygen delivery, 1337–1338, 1338f, 2511, 2614–2615, 2615f hyperbaric oxygen therapy and, 1049, 1049f and oxygen utilization, 2615, 2615f reduced, 2616t, 2617 Oxygen dissociation curve, 201, 202f in exercise, 224 historical perspective on, 9 Oxygen equilibrium curve, 201, 202f Oxygen flow rate, 57–58, 65 structure-function relations and, 66–68, 67t, 68t Oxygen therapy acute, delivery systems for, 2621–2623 for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 741, 742t, 2122 administration of, techniques of, 2620–2624 air-oxygen blenders for, 2623 in ALI/ARDS, 2545–2546 failure of, 2539, 2539f for asthma exacerbations, 835 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and air travel, 735–736, 736f long-term, 736–737 delivery systems for, 2620, 2621f in acute setting, 2621–2623 high-flow devices, 2621f, 2622–2623, 2622t

low-flow devices, 2621–2622, 2621f, 2622t Venturi masks for, 2622–2623, 2622t, 2623f historical perspective on, 2613–2614 for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1159 indications for, 2618–2620 long-term delivery systems for, 2623–2624 indications for, 2620, 2620t nasal cannulae for, 2621, 2622t, 2624 for obstructive sleep apnea, 1714 oxygen masks for, 2621–2622, 2622t partial non-rebreathing, 2622, 2623f partial rebreathing, 2622, 2623f with reservoir bags, 2622, 2622t, 2623f in pulmonary hypertension, 1376 in pulmonary rehabilitation, 767 reservoir nebulizers and humidifiers for, 2623 responses to, in tissue hypoxia, 2616, 2616t short-term, indications for, 2618–2619, 2619t transtracheal catheter for, 2622t, 2624 Oxygen toxicity, 1051, 1051f bronchiolitis caused by, 893t pulmonary, 2624–2626 acute, 2627–2628 biochemical alterations caused by, mechanisms of, 2625–2626, 2626t cellular dysfunction caused by, 2626–2627 mechanisms of, 2625–2626, 2626t cellular mechanisms of, 2624–2625 chronic, 2628 clinical syndromes of, 2627–2628 destruction phase of, 2626–2627 diagnosis of, 2628 inflammatory phase of, 2626 initiation phase of, 2626 molecular mechanisms of, 2624–2625 morphology of changes in, 2626–2627 pathophysiology of, 2626–2627 potentiation of, 2628 prevention of, 2628–2629 proliferation and fibrosis phase of, 2627 pulmonary function testing in, 2628 radiographic findings in, 2628 secondary changes in, 2627 sequence of changes in, 2627, 2627t signs and symptoms of, 2628 subacute, 2628 treatment of, 2628–2629

I-83 Index Oxyhemoglobin, 9 Oxytocin, pulmonary effects of, 1093 Ozone bronchiolitis caused by, 893t, 895 exposures to, 1019–1020 health effects of, 1019–1020 inhalation injury caused by, 1000t, 1002 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for, 1011t sources of, 1011t water solubility of and mechanism of lung injury by, 994–995, 994t and site of impact, 995t P P0.1 , 599 PA. See Alveolar pressure PA-824 (anti-TB drug), 2464 Pacemaker(s), 165 Pachydermoperiostosis, 433 Paclitaxel, pulmonary effects of, 1083–1084, 1083t PAE. See Postantibiotic effect Paecilomyces variottii, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Pain of aortic dissection, 420 cardiac, 419–420 chest wall, 418–419 esophageal, 420 musculoskeletal, 418–419 pleuritic, 418 pulmonary, 418 spinal causes of, 420 thoracic, 418–420 PALE. See Postantibiotic leukocyte enhancement Palivizumab, 2128, 2384, 2395 Palliative care, for ICU patients, 2733 Palliative therapy, definition of, 1895 Palpation, of chest, 390–392 PAMPs. See Pathogen-associated molecular patterns Panbronchiolitis computed tomography of, 1115t differential diagnosis of, 703 diffuse, 909–910, 910f in rheumatoid arthritis, 1204 Pancreatic cancer, metastases, survival rates for, 1941, 1942t Pancreatitis, and pleural effusion, 1495 Panton-Valentine leukocidin, 2058, 2081, 2098, 2132 Staphylococcus aureus strains with mortality rate for, 2112 pathology of, 2112 Pao. See Pressure at airway opening Papanicolaou, George, 511

PA–Pbs. See Transthoracic pressure Papillomatosis, respiratory, recurrent, 860 PA–Ppl. See Transpulmonary pressure Para-aminosalicylic acid adverse effects and side effects of, 2483t pneumonitis caused by, 2012t for tuberculosis, 2479–2480 dosage and administration of, 2482t Paracoccidioides, epidemiology of, 1984t Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, 2007 Paracoccidioidomycosis, 2007 Paraffin, and interstitial lung disease, 1111t Paragonimiasis, 1991, 2414t, 2425 and acute mediastinitis, 2166t clinical presentation of, 1495 cytopathology of, 524, 524f pleural effusion due to, 1495 staining characteristics of, 2035t Paragonimus, 2425 infection, pathology of, 2050 Paragonimus westermanii, 1995, 2414t, 2418t and eosinophilic pneumonia, 1214t infection, 1092 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2146 in lung abscess, 2154t pleural effusion due to, 1495 Parainfluenza virus, 1992 and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2116, 2116t assays for, 1989t and bronchiolitis, 896, 2382–2383 characteristics of, 2375t and common cold, 2085, 2376, 2376t and croup, 2087–2088, 2376t, 2379 infection (incl. pneumonia) in adults, 2389 and asthma, 796, 816 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2228 chemokines in, 355 in children, 2130, 2391 immune defects and, 2139 cytopathology of, 523, 523f diagnosis of, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2106, 2394 in early infancy, 2129 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2258 in immunocompromised host, 2204, 2392 pathology of, 2043 seasonal variation in, 2374 and pharyngitis, 2086 staining characteristics of, 2035t type 3, vaccine against, 2380 Paramyxovirus immune response to, 343 serotypes of, 2374 Paraneoplastic pemphigus, 438, 438f

Paraneoplastic syndromes, 444–445, 1929–1938 endocrine, 1929, 1930t in small cell lung cancer, 1906 hematologic, 1935–1936 neurologic, 1936–1937, 1936t in small cell lung cancer, 1905t, 1906 in small cell lung cancer, 1904–1906, 1905t Parapneumonic effusions, 2154 image-guided drainage of, 535–536 management of, 2157–2158 Paraquat, pulmonary effects of, 1089 Parasitic infestation(s), 1990–1991, 1995, 2013. See also Helminthic disease(s) in cancer patients, 2219 cytopathology of, 523–524, 524f and diffuse alveolar damage, 2042 and eosinophilic pneumonia, 1214, 1214t, 1215–1216 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2242t, 2258 immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t and lung abscess, 2154t pathology of, 2045–2047, 2050 pleural, 1494–1495 staining characteristics of, 2035t Paraspinal line(s), 503f posterior, 459f, 500, 503f Parathyroid adenomas, 1611 Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), ectopic production of, 1930–1932, 1930t, 1931f Parenchyma, pulmonary age-related changes in, 264, 264t, 265f alveolar, 174f biomechanics of, 53–56 cells of morphometric characteristics of, 33t volume of, 33, 33t design of, 50–57 diseases affecting radiographic features of, 476–494 thoracoscopy in, 652–655 internal support of, 51–53 late alveolarization in, 97f, 105f, 106–108, 108f smoke and inhalation injury to, 1059–1060, 1060f unit of, 26 Parenteral nutrition, 2695 complications of, 2519, 2695, 2695t Parkinson’s disease upper airway obstruction in, 859 ventilatory impairment in, 1649 Paromomycin for cryptosporidiosis, 2404 indications for, 2401 Paronychia, chronic, 416 Parotid gland(s), obstruction, 281

I-84 Index Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, 401–402 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), risk of venous thromboembolism in, 1426 Partial liquid ventilation, in ALI/ARDS, 2558 Particulate matter in indoor air, sources of, 1021t in outdoor air exposures to, 1017–1019 health effects of, 1017–1019 PM2.5 , 1018 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for, 1011t sources of, 1011t PM10 , 1018 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for, 1011t sources of, 1011t Particulate soot, in indoor air, sources of, 1021t Parturition, respiratory response during, 256 Parvovirus, B19, infection (incl. pneumonia), in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t PAS. See Para-aminosalicylic acid; Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain Pasteurella multocida, 1998, 2289, 2428t, 2429–2430. See also Pasteurellosis bacteriology of, 2428t, 2429–2430 culture of, 2429t ecology of, 2430 staining characteristics of, 2429t virulence factors, 2430 Pasteurellosis, 2428t clinical features of, 2430 diagnosis of, 2429t, 2430 differential diagnosis of, 2430 epidemiology of, 1984t, 2428t, 2430 pathogenesis of, 2430 pathophysiology of, 2430 radiologic features of, 2430, 2430f treatment of, 2429t, 2430 Patched, in lung development, 94 Patched 1 (Ptch1), 88f, 89 Patched receptor, 82, 85, 87, 88, 89f Pathogen(s) intracellular, immune response to, 1976f, 1977 isolation of, 2031, 2032t Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, 355, 355f, 1970, 1971 Pathogen recognition receptor(s), 1970, 1971 endocytic, 1970 secreted, 1970 signaling, 1970 PAVM. See Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation(s)

P-BAL. See Protected bronchoalveolar lavage (P-BAL, PTC-BAL) Pbs. See Pressure at body surface Pbx. See Plethysmograph pressure PC20 , in evaluation of permanent impairment in asthma, 683, 683t PCP. See Pneumocystis carinii PD20 . See Provocative dose Peak airway pressure, 2670–2671 Peak expiratory flow age-related changes in, 271–272, 272f in asthma, 833 definition of, 1327, 2739 in diagnostic spirometry, minimal recommendations for, 570t Peak expiratory flow rate, in upper airway obstruction, 846–847 Peclet number, 64–65, 64f Pectoralis major muscle, clavicular head of, actions of, 76 Pectus excavatum, 1624–1625 computed tomography of, 1624, 1624f exercise capacity with, 1624 pulmonary function testing in, 1620t respiratory mechanics in, 1619t, 1624 treatment of, 1624–1625, 1625f PEF. See Peak expiratory flow Pelvic infection, and anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections, 2145t PEmax . See Maximum expiratory pressure Pemphigus, paraneoplastic, 438, 438f Penciclovir, 2394 Penicillamine and interstitial lung disease, 1111t pneumonitis caused by, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1089, 1091t, 1098, 1242, 1294 and vasculitis, 1464 Penicillin(s) allergy to, 2056, 2061t, 2062 amino-, 2056 for anaerobic infections, 2157, 2157t for anthrax, 2429t anti-pseudomonal, 2056 anti-staphylococcal, 2056 for community-acquired pneumonia, 2109 for meningococcal pneumonia, 2444 natural, 2056 for pasteurellosis, 2429t, 2430 penetration into lung, 2053, 2053t pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 pharmacology of, 2056 pneumonitis caused by, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1090t resistance to, 2056, 2099, 2108 for staphylococcal pneumonia, in children, 2132 for streptococcal pharyngitis, 2086

Penicillin-binding protein 3, 2055 Penicillin G, 2056 Penicillin V, 2056 Penicilliosis, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2254, 2256 Penicillium contamination of bronchoscope, 2279 hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t, 1164t in indoor air, 1031 infection (incl. pneumonia) in cancer patients, 2217 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t in immunocompromised host, 2208 Penicillium marneffi, infection (incl. pneumonia), in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2254, 2256 Pentamidine for acanthamoebiasis, 2401 adverse effects and side effects of, 2367, 2369 aerosol, 2366–2367 for leishmaniasis, 2409 for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2367–2368, 2368t, 2369 prophylaxis, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2366–2367 Pentavalent antimony, for leishmaniasis, 2409 Pentoxifylline, for sarcoidosis, 1140, 1140t Pentraxin, PTX3, in aspergillosis, 2294 Pepper spray, inhalation injury caused by, 1003–1004 Peptic ulcer disease, smoking and, 752 Peptococci, 2007 in acute mediastinitis, 2166, 2166t infection (incl. pneumonia), 2156t nosocomial, 2281t Peptostreptococcus, 2007, 2086, 2142 in acute mediastinitis, 2166, 2166t in empyema, 2144, 2144t infection (incl. pneumonia), 2156, 2156t conditions underlying, 2145t nosocomial, 2281t in lung abscess, 2144 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, in empyema, 2144t Peptostreptococcus magnus, in empyema, 2144t Peptostreptococcus micros, in empyema, 2144t Percussion of chest, 392 historical perspective on, 14 Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting, venous, 540 Percutaneous ventilation, 2654–2655 Perflubron, 2558 Perforans, 1977

I-85 Index Peribronchovascular infiltrate. See Pneumonia, interstitial Peribronchovascular space, 53 Pericardial effusion with pneumonia, 2028 radiographic evaluation of, 460 Pericardial fluid, imaging of, 2028 Pericardial window, 658 Pericarditis, 2028 amebic, 2400, 2400f, 2401 in histoplasmosis, 2337 pain of, 419 radiation-induced, 1892 in respiratory failure, 2519 Perichondritis, 2091–2092 Pericyte(s), 39 of alveolar septum, 40f, 41 Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain, 2035t, 2037 Periodic breathing, altitude and, 1040 Periodontitis, 2087, 2101t Peripheral nervous system abnormalities, and respiratory failure, 2514 disorders, ventilatory impairment in, 1653–1655 Peristalsis primary, 1304 secondary, 1304 Peritoneal infection, and anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections, 2145t Permissible exposure limits, 941 Peroxynitrite, 360, 2625, 2625f biochemical alterations caused by, 2625–2626, 2626t cellular dysfunction caused by, 2625–2626, 2626t Pertactin, 2069, 2080 Pertechnegas, 549, 551 Pertussis diagnosis of, 1999 differential diagnosis of, 2382 vaccine against, 2066t, 2069 Pertussis toxin, 2069, 2080 PET. See Positron emission tomography Pet(s), and risk of asthma, 794 PET/CT, 547–548, 564–565 applications of, 564–565 attenuation artifacts, 565, 565f of lung cancer, 564 Petriellidium boydii, infection (incl. pneumonia), in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t Pfl¨uger, 8 PF ratio, in acute respiratory failure, 2669 p53 gene and cell cycle, 1810–1811 in lung cancer, 1805–1806 Phage technology, for rapid diagnosis of mycobacteria, 2462

Phagocyte(s) defects of immunologic work-up of, 2234t pulmonary infection in, 2237–2239 epithelium and, 143–144 reusable, 283 Phagocytosis, 280, 282, 283, 1972–1973 bacterial resistance to, 2080 phases of, 283 Phagolysosome(s), 42 Phantom tumor, 505 Pharmaceuticals, and occupational asthma, 985t, 986 Pharmacodynamics of antibiotics, 2054–2055 definition of, 2054 Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics, 2054–2055 definition of, 2054 Pharmacotherapy, 2631–2644. See also specific drug for obstructive sleep apnea, 1714 Pharyngeal cancer, and aspiration, 1310 Pharyngeal muscle stimulation, for obstructive sleep apnea, 1715 Pharyngitis, 2086 in Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 2238 clinical features of, 2377–2378 diagnosis of, 2378 differential diagnosis of, 2378 epidemiology of, 2086 exudative, 2086 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2086 nonexudative, 2086 pathogenesis of, 2378 prevention of, 2378 streptococcal, 2086, 2378 and laryngitis, 2087 treatment of, 2378 viral causes of, 2086, 2376t, 2378 Pharyngoconjunctival fever, 2378 Pharynx anatomy of, 1299, 1300f mucosa, traumatic alteration, and aspiration, 1310 Phenacetin, methemoglobinemia caused by, 416 Phenylephrine and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 118 and pulmonary circulation, 1347 Phenytoin and interstitial lung disease, 1111t pneumonitis caused by, 2010, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1089, 1090t, 1092, 1097 Pheochromocytoma mediastinal, 1611 radiographic features of, 502f Phialophora, infection (incl. pneumonia), in cancer patients, 2217

Phlebotomy, for polycythemia, 1378 Phlogiston, 5t, 7 Phosgene bronchiolitis caused by, 893t, 894 inhalation injury caused by, 1000t, 1002 in smoke and inhalation injury, 1054, 1057 source of, 1054t water solubility of and mechanism of lung injury by, 994–995, 994t and site of impact, 995t Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, for pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1388 Photodynamic therapy, 639 bronchoscopy in, 639 in upper airway obstruction, 862 Phrenic nerve dysfunction in neuromuscular disease, 1653 ventilatory impairment in, 1668t Phrenic nerve injury, 2586–2587 Phrenic nerve stimulation, 1644–1646, 1645f Phrenic neurons, 166 pH-temperature relationship, and acid-base balance, 214 Phthalic acid, and occupational asthma, 989 Phthiocerol dimycoserate, 2461 Physical–chemical synthesis, knowledge of, historical perspective on, 5t, 10–11 Physical examination, of patient with respiratory symptoms, 389–393 Physiological dead space, 592 ratio of, to tidal volume definition of, 1327, 2736, 2739 in Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, 1248, 1248f in lymphangioleiomyomatosis, 1258, 1258f normal, 1324, 2736 and ventilatory demands of exercise, 235f, 236, 238–241, 239f, 240f Pickwickian syndrome, definition of, 1698 Picornavirus, 1992 and common cold, 2376, 2376t PIE. See Pulmonary infiltrate with eosinophilia Pierre-Robin syndrome, 2647 PIE syndrome, 2013 Pigeon breeder’s disease, 1161–1162, 2012 clinical features of, 1162 etiology of, 1164t prognosis for, 1162, 1171 radiographic features of, 1166f PIIA. See Postinspiratory inspiratory activity PI3K, in G protein–coupled chemoattractant receptor signaling, 353, 353f

I-86 Index Pilmx hypertension, primary, in collagen vascular disease, 1194t Pilus (pl., pili), 2080 PImax . See Maximum inspiratory pressure Pimecrolimus, 428 Pindolol, pulmonary effects of, 1097 a-Pinene exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Pink puffer, 476, 713, 1403–1405, 1406f PIOPED. See Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis Piperacillin, 2056 for cystic fibrosis patient, 875 Piperacillin/tazobactam, 2056 for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061, 2061t, 2062 indications for, 2157 Piperazine, for ascariasis, 2418t Pirbuterol adverse effects and side effects of, 824t for asthma, 823t, 824t for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 738t, 739 dosage and administration of, 824t dosage forms, 2632t receptor activity, 2632t structure-activity relationships, 2633 Pirfenidone, for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1158 Piritrexim, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2368t PIRO classification system, 2562–2563, 2563t Piroxicam, and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t PISAPED. See Prospective Investigative Study of Acute Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis Pituitary snuff taker’s disease, etiology of, 1164t Plague, 2006, 2428t. See also Yersinia pestis bubonic, 2431 clinical presentation of, 2431 diagnosis of, 2429t, 2432 differential diagnosis of, 2432 epidemiology of, 1984t, 2428t, 2431 historical perspective on, 2430–2431 multidrug resistant, 2432 pathogenesis of, 2431 pathophysiology of, 2431 pneumonic, 2430–2431, 2432 prevention of, 2432 radiologic features of, 2431–2432 spread of, 2431 treatment of, 2429t, 2432 vaccine against, 2432 Plain film radiography, 2017, 2018f Plants, and occupational asthma, 985t, 986 Plaque dental, 281

pleural, asbestos-related clinical features of, 945 diagnosis of, 946 epidemiology of, 944–945 natural history of, 944–945 pathogenesis of, 944 pathology of, 944 pathophysiology of, 945 radiographic features of, 945–946, 945f, 947f treatment of, 946 Plasma cell(s), 42, 280f Plasma cell granuloma, 1918–1919, 2014 Plasmacytoma, 1925 of lung, 1962, 1962f Plasmalemmal vesicles, 31, 34 Plasmodium falciparum, 2405–2407, 2406f Plasmodium malariae, 2405 Plasmodium ovale, 2405–2407 Plasmodium vivax, 2405–2407 Plateau pressure, 2670, 2670f, 2671 Platelet-activating factor (PAF), 311, 315, 350 eosinophil, 310t, 314 mast cells and, 310t, 312 Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 118 effects/functions of, 781t and lung development, 87 sources of, 781t targets of, 781t Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule, PECAM-1, in inflammation, 783 Platelet factor-4, 340t, 341t Platelet inhibitors, and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1295 Platinum, and occupational asthma, 990 Platyhelminths, 2413 Platypnea, 400–401 PLCH. See Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, pulmonary Pleconaril, 2086 Pleistophora, 2410 Pleomorphic carcinoma, 1840–1841 Plethysmograph(s) pressure, 572–573, 573f pressure-corrected flow, 572–573 volume, 572 Plethysmograph pressure, 584, 584f Plethysmography body, 571, 572–574, 573f definition of, 572 Pleura. See also Pleural thickening biopsy of, 651 development of, 95, 95f lymphomas of, 1964–1965 metastases to, 505f nodules of, radiographic features of, 505f, 507

parietal, 23–24, 24f radiographic evaluation of, 503–508 tumors of. See also Mesothelioma primary, 1550–1552 solitary fibrous, 1550, 1551f visceral, 23–24, 24f Pleural effusion, 392, 2050. See also Benign asbestos pleural effusions and abnormal breathing pattern, 403 acute benign, asbestos-related, 947–948, 947f asbestos-related, 947–948, 947f, 1498–1499 atelectasis with, 480 bilateral, 506 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2225 causes of, 2153 in collagen vascular disease, 1194t drug-induced, 1498 esophageal perforation and, 1495–1496 fungal, 1494 in heart failure, 494 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 1502, 2215 intra-abdominal abscess and, 1496, 1496f laboratory examination of, 2154 loculated, 505–506 in lung transplant recipient, 1789 malignant, 1505–1515 causes of, 1505–1506, 1506t clinical presentation of, 1507–1509 diagnosis of, 1511–1512 fluid characteristics in, 1510–1511 management of, 1513–1515, 1513t pathogenesis of, 1506–1507 prognosis for, 1512 radiographic findings in, 1509–1510, 1509f–1510f thoracoscopic management of, 651–652 management of, 2157–2158 with mediastinitis, 2167 in mixed connective tissue disease, 1209 non-malignant, 1487–1502 causes of, 1487, 1488t differential diagnosis of, 1487, 1488t evaluation of, 1487–1488 exudative, 1487–1488, 1488t transudative, 1487–1488, 1488t pancreatitis and, 1495 paramalignant, 1505 causes of, 1505, 1506t management of, 1513–1515, 1513t parapneumonic, 1488–1489 drainage of, 1490–1491, 1491f thoracostomy for, 1489, 1490t with pneumonia, 2028 in post-cardiac injury syndrome, 1502 postoperative, 1501

I-87 Index pulmonary embolism and, 1495 pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis and, 1246 radiation-induced, 1184 radiographic features of, 457–458, 457f, 458f, 503–506, 505f, 506f on portable examination, 508 rheumatoid, 505f in rheumatoid arthritis, 505f, 1202 in sarcoidosis, 1501–1502 in scleroderma, 1206 in staphylococcal pneumonia, in children, 2132 in streptococcal pneumonia, in children, 2133 thoracoscopic management of, 651 in tuberculosis, 2472–2473, 2473f tuberculous, 1493–1494 unilateral, causes of, 506 in uremic pleuritis, 1502 viral, 1494 in yellow nail syndrome, 1502 Pleural fluid cellular composition of, 24 circulation of, 24 homeostasis of, 24 imaging of, 2028 infrapulmonary, 458f, 503–505 laboratory examination of, 2154 loculated, 505–506 subpulmonic, 503 volume of, 24 Pleural friction rub, 393 in pneumonia, 2099 radiation-induced, 1184 Pleural pressure(s), 152, 575, 575f during breathing cycle, 148, 148f in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 398 gradients, in upright lungs, 157, 158f measurement of, historical perspective on, 11–12 Pleural thickening, 2028 diffuse asbestos-related clinical features of, 946 diagnosis of, 946–947 pathogenesis of, 946 pathology of, 946 pathophysiology of, 946 radiographic features of, 946, 947f treatment of, 947 radiographic features of, 506 Pleurectomy, for mesothelioma, 1548 Pleurisy in interstitial lung disease, 1108 in mixed connective tissue disease, 1209 in rheumatoid arthritis, 1202 Pleuritic pain, 418 pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis and, 1246 radiation-induced, 1184

Pleuritis, 2028, 2050, 2050f lupus, 1200 radiation-induced, 1184 uremic, 1502 Pleurodesis for mesothelioma, 1547–1548 for pneumothorax, 1527–1529 thoracoscopic, 651–652 Pleuroscopy, 649 Plexogenic arteriopathy, 1196 in CREST syndrome, 1207–1208 in rheumatoid arthritis, 1202 in scleroderma, 1207 in systemic lupus erythematosus, 1201 Plugged telescopic catheter sampling, 1987 in nosocomial pneumonia, 2283 PMF. See Progressive massive fibrosis PNA. See Protein nucleotide agglutination PNE. See Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells Pneumatocele, 1989 in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, 2239 Pneumococcal vaccine(s), 2066–2068, 2066t, 2111, 2132 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 734 Pneumococcus, transmission of, in indoor air, 1032 Pneumoconiosis coal worker’s, 2025 computed tomography of, 1115t definition of, in Black Lung Benefit Act, 689 evaluation for, International Labor Organization classification system for, 680 FDG-PET in, 565 fever in, 420 hard metal, 1106t imaging of, 2022 impairment due to, evaluation of, 684 lymphadenopathy in, 2028 metal-induced, exposures associated with, 1109t occupational, 934, 934t radiographic features of, 483 scintigraphy in, 559 severity of, Social Security Listings for, 686 Pneumocystis, infection (incl. pneumonia) bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t pathology of, 2043t Pneumocystis carinii, 1985, 1986, 1987 attack rates, 2354t cytomorphology of, 521, 521f, 522f drug resistance in, 2366 extrapulmonary disease, 2356f, 2358 growth of, 2353 histologic diagnosis of, 2361–2364, 2363f historical perspective on, 2351–2352

infection (incl. pneumonia), 422f, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2351–2370 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 2354t adjunctive therapies for, 2370 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2223, 2224f, 2229 in cancer patients, 2215, 2221, 2221t in cell-mediated immunodeficiency, 2236 with central nervous system tumor, 2354t in children, 2355 in chronic granulomatous disease, 2237 clinical presentation of, 2356–2358 coinfections (dual infections) with, 2358, 2360f in collagen vascular disease, 2354t in common variable immunodeficiency, 331–332, 2235 conditions associated with, 2354, 2354t corticosteroid therapy and, 2355 corticosteroid therapy for, 2370 cytology of, 2357f cytomegalovirus infection and, 2355, 2357f, 2358, 2359, 2360f, 2364 cytopathology of, 520–522, 521f–522f diagnosis of, 1999–2000, 2003, 2358–2365 in DiGeorge’s syndrome, 2236 in early infancy, 2130 epidemiology of, 2354–2356 fiberoptic bronchoscopy in, 2361t, 2364–2365 gallium-67 citrate imaging in, 557, 558f in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212, 2212t, 2213, 2251, 2252, 2351, 2352, 2354–2355, 2356f clinical presentation of, 2246, 2356–2358 empiric therapy for, 2262, 2262f, 2263f prevention of, 2365–2367 radiographic findings in, 2214–2215, 2214t, 2215, 2248, 2249t, 2359, 2360 in Hodgkin’s disease, 2354t in hyper-IgM immunodeficiency, 2236 immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t immune response to, 2355–2356, 2358 in immunocompromised host, 2204, 2208, 2351, 2354, 2354t laboratory findings in, 2361, 2361t lung biopsy in, 2361t, 2365

I-88 Index Pneumocystis carinii (Cont.) in lung transplant recipient clinical presentation of, 2356–2358 radiographic findings in, 2359 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217, 2218, 2355 nosocomial, 2280t nuclear medicine scans in, 2359–2360 in organ transplant recipient, 2230, 2232, 2355, 2356 clinical presentation of, 2356–2358 prevention of, 2367 pathophysiology of, 424 percutaneous needle aspiration in, 2361t, 2365 prophylaxis, 2365–2367 in purine nucleoside phosphatase deficiency, 2237 radiographic findings in, 483, 2356f, 2357f, 2358–2361, 2359f, 2360f in rhabdomyosarcoma, 2354t scintigraphy in, 559 in severe combined immunodeficiency, 2236, 2354t sputum examination in, 2361–2364, 2361t in stem cell transplant recipient, 2224f tracheal aspiration in, 2361t, 2364 transmission of, 2355 treatment of, 2352, 2367–2370, 2368t response to, 2370 in Wegener’s granulomatosis, 2354t in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 2237 in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 2234 latent infection, reactivation of, 2355 life cycle of, 2352–2353, 2352f in lung abscess, 2154t major surface glycoprotein, 2353–2354 microbiology of, 521 molecular biology of, 2353–2354 molecular detection of, 2002 reinfection, 2355 staining characteristics of, 2356f, 2357f, 2362–2364, 2363f strains of, 2353 structure of, 2352, 2352f taxonomy of, 2353 Pneumocystis jiroveci, 2031, 2351 and diffuse alveolar damage, 2042 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2025, 2027f in children, 2136–2137, 2137f immune defects and, 2139 differential diagnosis of, 2255 epidemiology of, 2098 history and physical findings in, 2100t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2101, 2245, 2253–2254, 2254f hospitalization rate for, 2105t

lymphadenopathy in, 2028 pathology of, 2047, 2047f in pediatric HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2139 pneumothorax in, 1523–1524 treatment of, 2054, 2056 Pneumocystosis, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis complicated by, 2014 Pneumolysin, antibody assay, 2106, 2130 Pneumomediastinum, 1557–1560, 2167, 2167f anatomic considerations in, 1557, 1558f–1559f etiology of, 1557, 1560t mechanical ventilation and, 1559–1560 in pregnancy, 259t spontaneous, 1557–1558 Pneumonectomy extrapleural, for mesothelioma, 1548 hemoptysis after, 414 preoperative evaluation for, 670–673 pulmonary edema after, and respiratory failure, 2584 pulmonary function testing before, 671 VATS technique, 656–657 Pneumonia alveolar (airspace), 1995–1996 in anatomic disorders, 1982t ancillary findings in, 2027–2028 approach to patient with, 1981–1987 atypical, 2005–2007, 2005t, 2099 in children, 2133 bacterial, 1988–1991, 2005t, 2006, 2023. See also Bacterial infection(s); specific bacterium animal product, 2435–2441 in children, 2130–2134 chest radiographs in, 2130, 2131f clinical features of, 2130 etiologic diagnosis of, 2131 laboratory findings in, 2130 microbiology of, 2131 pathogenesis of, 2130 treatment of, 2131 complicating influenza, 2388 in early infancy, 2127–2128, 2127f environmental, 2435–2441 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2245, 2246, 2248, 2249t, 2250–2253, 2251f, 2252f radiographic findings in, 2249t in lung transplant recipient, 1790 neonatal, 2125–2127 obligate human commensals causing, 2441–2445 pathogenesis of, 1988–1991 pathology of, 1988–1991 in pediatric HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2139 secondary to viral infection, in children, 2135 unusual, 2428, 2428t

in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2222 broncho-, 1986f, 1995, 1996 in cancer patients, 2216 causes of, 2220, 2221t differential diagnosis of, radiologic findings in, 2220–2221, 2221t cavitating, 2148f in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2214t, 2215 microbiology of, 2146 centrilobular, 2018, 2020–2022 in Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 2238 in children after first 6 months of life, 2130–2134 bacterial, 2130–2134 complicating viral exanthems, 2135 in early infancy, 2127–2130 morbidity associated with, 2125 mortality from, 2125 neonatal, 2125–2127 recurrent, 2137–2139, 2137f viral, 2130 cholesterol, 2014 in chronic granulomatous disease, 2237 classification of, by clinical setting, 1981, 1982t clinical manifestations of, 2099 clinical specimens in, examination of, 1985–1987, 1987f in common variable immunodeficiency, 331 community-acquired, 1982t, 2004–2007 adjunctive therapy for, 2110–2111 anaerobes in, 2143, 2143t in children, 2130 clinical manifestations of, 2099 complicated course in, risk factors for, 2101–2102, 2107t definition of, 2097 diagnostic work-up for, 2104 empiric therapy for, 2108, 2109t epidemiology of, 2004, 2098 etiology of, 2004, 2101, 2104t–2106t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2098 hospitalization for, admission decision, 2101–2104 hospitalization rate for, 2098 in immunocompromised host, 2098 microbiology of, 2098 mortality from functional status for previous week and, 2103–2104 predictive clinical rules for, 2102, 2107t, 2108t risk factors for, 2101–2102, 2107t mortality rate for, 2005, 2098 in organ transplant recipients, 2098 outcomes with, 2110 timing of treatment and, 2060

I-89 Index pathogens causing, 2059, 2059t prevention of, 2111–2112 requiring hospitalization, etiology of, 2101, 2105t requiring ICU care, etiology of, 2101, 2106t risk factors for, 2098 severity-of-illness scoring system for, 2102, 2107t, 2108t treatment of, 2051–2052, 2059–2061, 2108–2110 failure of, 2110, 2111t initial regimen for, 2059–2060 quality of care measures for, 2112–2114 worsening during treatment, 2110, 2111t consolidation in, 1988t cryptococcal, diagnosis of, 2002 cryptogenic organizing. See Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia in cystic fibrosis, 1982t definition of, 2097 diagnosis of, 1982t, 1985–1987 diffuse in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2225 radiographic features of, 482 diffuse lung opacification, 2018 etiology of, 2025 imaging of, 2025, 2027f pathogenesis of, 2025 drug-induced organizing, 1089–1091, 1090t in early infancy, 2127–2130 in elderly, 1982t, 2007 etiology of, 2101 prevention of, 2111 signs and symptoms of, 2099 treatment of, 2110 eosinophilic. See Eosinophilic pneumonia(s) epidemiology of, 1984, 1984t, 2098 etiologic diagnosis of, 2101, 2104t etiology of clues to, in history and physical exam, 2099, 2100t–2101t and imaging, 2018 evaluation of patient with, 1981, 1982t in evolution, 2009 focal opacity in, 1988t fungal, 1990, 1994–1996, 2023, 2025 diagnosis of, 1999, 2002 sputum culture for, 2000 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2253–2257 imaging of, 2019 in immunocompromised host, 1997 giant cell, in immunocompromised host, 2392–2393

health care–associated, 2007, 2008–2009, 2008f, 2051, 2193, 2273–2274 hemoptysis in, 410, 413 history-taking in, 1982t, 1984–1985 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 1997, 2021, 2023, 2207–2208, 2207f, 2208f etiology of, 2101, 2106t hospital-acquired, 2008–2009, 2008f, 2193, 2273–2274 adequate therapy for, 2061 antibiotic therapy for, 2061–2062, 2061t appropriate therapy for, 2061 definition of, 2097–2098 diagnosis of, 2003 empiric therapy for, 2061–2062, 2061t treatment of, 2051–2052 host defenses and, 1982–1983, 1983t in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, 2239 idiopathic, in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2225–2227, 2225t imaging of, ancillary findings in, 2027–2028 in immunocompromised host, 1982t, 1997, 2022, 2023–2024, 2207–2208, 2207f, 2208f differential diagnosis of, 1988t radiographic features of, 1988t institution-acquired, 2098 interstitial, 1995, 1996–1997 acute. See Acute interstitial pneumonia in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2225 chronic, of unknown cause, 2013 desquamative. See Desquamative interstitial pneumonia giant cell. See Giant cell interstitial pneumonia idiopathic. See Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia lymphocytic. See Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia lymphoid. See Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia nonspecific. See Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia radiographic features of, 483, 491f usual. See Usual interstitial pneumonia laboratory testing in, 1982t, 1985 lipid, cytopathology of, 524, 525f lipoid, 2014 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842 computed tomography of, 1115t lobar, 1995–1996, 1996f, 2018

abnormal breathing pattern in, 403 etiology of, 2019 imaging of, 2019–2020, 2019f pathogenesis of, 2018–2019 lymphoid interstitial, in pediatric HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2139 macronodular, 2023f, 2024, 2024f differential diagnosis of, 2020 management of antimicrobial therapy for, 1987 guidelines for, 1983–1987 meningococcal, 2428t, 2441–2444. See also Neisseria meningitidis epidemiology of, 2428t microbiology of, 1982t, 1984t, 1985–1987, 2193, 2194 micronodular, 2018 etiology of, 2024, 2025 intermediate, 2024 imaging of, 2025, 2026f miliary, 2018, 2024, 2025, 2026f imaging of, 2025, 2026f mineral oil, 1110t–1111t morbidity associated with, 2065 in children, 2125 mortality from, 2051–2052 in children, 2125 in hospitalized patients, 2110 mortality rate for, 2065, 2098 mycobacterial, 2023 mycoplasmal, differential diagnosis of, 2443 necrotizing, 1988, 1989, 1990f, 2007, 2028, 2141, 2148f, 2153 microbiology of, 2144–2146 in surgery and trauma patients, 2199 neonatal, 2125–2127 nodular, 2018, 2022–2024 etiology of, 2022–2024 imaging of, 2024, 2024f, 2025f noninfectious processes mimicking, 2024 pathogenesis of, 2022 with nodular infiltrates, 1995, 1997 nonresolving, 2008–2009, 2008f nosocomial, 1982t, 2020, 2051, 2193, 2196, 2518t, 2519 anaerobes in, 2143, 2143t approach to, 2274 bacterial, 2008–2009 costs of, 2273 definition of, 2097–2098, 2273 diagnosis of, 2194, 2283–2285, 2284t enteral nutrition and, 1311 epidemiology of, 2273 evaluation of patient for, 2008, 2008f in immunocompromised host, treatment of, 2288 incidence of, 2275–2277, 2276t microbiology of, 2193, 2273, 2279–2283, 2581

I-90 Index Pneumonia, nosocomial (Cont.) mortality rate for, 2273, 2279, 2279t in neonates, 2126–2127 pathogenesis of, 2274–2275, 2275f polymicrobial, 2280, 2281t prevention of, 2273, 2288–2289, 2288t, 2582 and respiratory failure, 2580–2582 risk factors for, 2193–2194, 2277–2278, 2278t, 2580–2581 hospital, 2277–2278 intrinsic (host), 2277, 2278t transmission of pathogens in, 2274 treatment of, 2273, 2285–2288, 2285f, 2286t, 2287t, 2582 in nursing home patients mortality from, 2110 treatment of, 2111 obstructive in cancer patients, 2217, 2217f in neoplasia, 2014 organizing computed tomography of, 1115t drug-induced, 1110t–1111t in organ transplant recipient, 2229–2232 radiologic diagnosis of, 2230–2232, 2231f, 2232f, 2233t outcomes with, factors affecting, 2004, 2004t, 2005 pathogens causing, 1984, 1984t peribronchiolar, 2018, 2020–2022 physical findings in, 1985, 2099, 2100t–2101t plague, 2006 pneumococcal, 1985, 1995, 1996f, 2004. See also Streptococcus pneumoniae in children, 2131–2132 clinical features of, 452 diagnosis of, 2001, 2106 drug-resistant, 2065 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2098, 2101 mortality rate for, 2005 in pediatric HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2139 penicillin-resistant epidemiology of, 2099 risk factors for, 2099 postantibiotic effect in, 2054 treatment of, 2055, 2056, 2057, 2060–2061, 2108–2110 Pneumocystis. See Pneumocystis carinii; Pneumocystis jiroveci polymicrobial, 2101t hospitalization rate for, 2105t postobstructive, 2110 in cancer patients, 2221, 2221t hospitalization rate for, 2105t postoperative, 2193–2200. See also Pneumonia, nosocomial

after lung resection, 1746–1747 and respiratory failure, 2580–2582 posttraumatic, 2193–2200. See also Pneumonia, nosocomial in pregnancy, 259t prognosis for, 2004, 2004t, 2005 progressive, 2028 radiographic diagnosis of, 2099–2101, 2101f–2103f radiographic features of, 477, 477f radiologic findings in, 1982t, 1985, 1986f, 1987f, 1988t, 1995–1997 radiology of, modalities for, 2017–2018 recurrent, in children, 2137–2139, 2137f in different locations, 2138 focal, 2137–2138, 2137f pulmonary defense defects and, 2138 systemic host defense defects and, 2138–2139 round, 2022–2024 seasonal occurrence of, 2098 spherical, 1995 streptococcal, 2042–2043 pathology of, 2042–2043 in surgery and trauma patients, 2193–2200. See also Pneumonia, nosocomial clinical features of, 2197–2199 complications of, 2198–2199 diagnosis of, 2194, 2197–2199 early-onset, 2197 epidemiology of, 2194 late-onset, 2197 microbiology of, 2193, 2197 mortality rate for, 2194 pathogenesis of, 2196–2197 prevention of, 2194, 2195t, 2199 risk factors for, 2193–2196 operative, 2195, 2195t postinjury, 2195t, 2196 postoperative, 2195t, 2196 preinjury, 2194–2195, 2195t trauma-related, 2195–2196, 2195t treatment of, 2194, 2199–2200 systemic effects of, 451–453, 451t tuberculous, hemoptysis in, 413 tularemic, 2006. See also Tularemia typical, 2099 unresolving, in immunocompromised host, 2009–2010 ventilator-associated, 2008–2009, 2008f, 2020, 2193, 2273–2274 costs of, 2273 definition of, 2197 diagnosis of, 2197, 2198t incidence of, 2275–2277, 2276t invasive diagnostic testing in, 2003 microbiology of, 2196, 2282 mortality rate for, 2276t risk factors for, 2277–2278, 2278t treatment of, 2051–2052, 2058–2059 viral, 2025, 2027f, 2388–2395

in adults, 2388, 2389–2390 causes of, 2376t and bacterial superinfection, 2388 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2228 causes of, 2376t, 2388–2393 in children, 2135, 2388, 2391 causes of, 2376t chest radiographs in, 2130, 2131f differential diagnosis of, 2394 clinical features of, 2388 diagnosis of, 2393–2394 differential diagnosis of, 2388–2393 in DiGeorge’s syndrome, 2236 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2257–2258 in immunocompromised host, 2391–2393 causes of, 2376t pathogenesis of, 2393 prevention of, 2394–2395 treatment of, 2394–2395 Pneumonia Severity Index, 2028 Pneumonitis aspiration, 2198. See also Aspiration pneumonia chemical, 2150–2151, 2150t chronic, in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 2237 drug-induced, 2010–2011, 2011t, 2542t in cancer patient, 2221, 2221t in immunocompromised host, 1997 hypersensitivity, 330, 2012 aspergillosis and, 2294, 2295t in nontuberculous mycobacterial infection, 2502 Rhizopus and, 2319 interstitial, 896 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842 desquamative, radiographic features of, 482 in scleroderma, 430 lupus, 2541t lymphocytic interstitial, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2214t, 2215, 2260, 2260f noninfectious, in cancer patient, 2221 pathogenesis of, 283 post-obstructive, 2020 radiation. See Radiation pneumonitis Pneumopericardium, 1560 Pneumoperitoneum, 2167 diagnostic, 469 in respiratory failure, 2519 Pneumotachography, 569–570, 569f Pneumotaxic center, 12 Pneumothorax, 24, 2028 and abnormal breathing pattern, 403 after needle biopsy, 534–535 aspiration of, 1526–1527, 1528f bronchoscopy-related, 644–645

I-91 Index with bulla, 925 in bullous lung disease, 918, 920f catamenial, 1523 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 742–743 treatment guidelines for, 1530–1531 clinical features of, 1524 complications of, 1531–1533 in cystic fibrosis, 1521–1522, 2176 treatment guidelines for, 1531 diagnostic, 469 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 1523–1524 treatment guidelines for, 1531 iatrogenic, 1517 treatment guidelines for, 1531 in interstitial lung disease, 1115t in lung transplant recipient, 1789 observational management of, 1526 and open chest wound, in trauma patient, emergency department interventions for, 1758 operative therapy for, 1529–1530 pathophysiology of, 1517–1518, 1518f with percutaneous aspiration of solitary pulmonary nodule, 1824, 1825f pleurodesis for, 1527–1529 pulmonary barotrauma and, 1047 pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis and, 1246 radiographic features of, 507–508, 507f, 1524–1526, 1525f, 1526f reabsorption of, 1518–1519, 1519f secondary, VATS management of, 654 simple, in trauma patient, emergency department interventions for, 1758 size of, calculation of, 1525, 1526f spontaneous, 1517 primary, 1517 epidemiology of, 1519 etiology of, 1519–1520 incidence of, 1519 treatment guidelines for, 1530, 1531t secondary, 1517 epidemiology of, 1520 etiology of, 1520–1521, 1521t incidence of, 1520 treatment guidelines for, 1530–1531 smoking and, 751 VATS management of, 653–654, 653f tension, 1531–1532 in trauma patient, emergency department interventions for, 1758, 1758f treatment guidelines for, 1531 thoracoscopy for, 1530 with transthoracic needle aspiration and biopsy, 647 traumatic, 1517, 1522–1523 treatment guidelines for, 1531

treatment of, 1526–1531 tuberculous, 2469, 2470f PNP. See Paraneoplastic pemphigus Pod1, 87 Poikiloderma, photodistributed, 428–429, 429f Poiseuille’s law, 570 Poliomyelitis, ventilatory impairment in, 1651, 1668t Pollen(s) in indoor air, 1030t sources of, 1022t and risk of asthma, 794 Pollen inhalational challenge test, 585t Pollutant(s), environmental, 795 Polyangiitis overlap syndrome, 2013. See also Microscopic polyangiitis Polyarteritis nodosa, 2013 classic, 1461 cutaneous manifestations of, 435 Polychlorinated biphenyls exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 1020 exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Polycythemia, 1378 adaptation to, 230 cyanosis due to, 415 Polycythemia vera, risk of venous thromboembolism in, 1426 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 2002, 2033 in detection of Aspergillus, 2308–2309 in diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis, 2344 in diagnosis of histoplasmosis, 2338 multiplex, 2106–2107, 2130 Polymer fume fever, 1005–1006 occupational, 934t Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, 280, 282, 283, 1973 Polymyositis-dermatomyositis, 428–429, 428f, 429, 429f. See also Collagen vascular disease alveolar hemorrhage in, 1293 aspiration pneumonia in, 1208 BOOP in, 905 clinical features of, 1117t computed tomography of, 1117t histology of, 1117t interstitial lung disease in, 1208–1209, 1209f pulmonary complications of, 1193, 1194t, 1208–1209 pulmonary involvement in, 2013 and respiratory failure, 2514 respiratory muscle dysfunction in, 1208 treatment of, 1117t

Polymyxin, aerosolized, 2059 Polyp(s), nasal, 807, 2647 Pompe’s disease, 1275–1276, 1276f Pontiac fever, 2113 Pores of Kohn, 35f, 36, 37, 51f, 104, 107f, 151, 695 in emphysematous lungs, 719, 719f Porphyria cutanea tarda, sarcoidosis and, 1136t Porphyromonas, 2007 Porphyromonas gingivalis, 2087 Portable chest examination, 508–509, 508f Portal-pulmonary hypertension, 449 Portopulmonary hypertension, 1381–1382 PORT Severity Index (PSI), 2004, 2102, 2107t Posaconazole for blastomycosis, 2348 for coccidioidomycosis, 2345 for cryptococcosis, 2334 for fusariosis, 2322 for histoplasmosis, 2340 prophylaxis, 2313 for zygomycosis, 2320 Positional cloning, 710–711 Position therapy, for obstructive sleep apnea, 1714–1715 Positive airway pressure, bilevel, in neuromuscular disorders, 1667, 1671 Positive end-expiratory pressure, 2670, 2671 in ALI/ARDS, 2545, 2683–2684, 2683t higher levels, as lung-protective strategy, 2547–2548, 2684, 2684f intrinsic, 2676, 2683 in acute respiratory failure, 2670, 2671, 2672f in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 78, 2678, 2681, 2682f and pulmonary hemodynamics, 1338–1339 Positive-pressure ventilation complications of, 2645 historical perspective on, 2645 nasal for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2119f, 2122, 2122t in hypercapnic respiratory failure, 2611 noninvasive in hypercapnic respiratory failure, 2611 for respiratory failure, 2588 and pulmonary hemodynamics, 1338–1339

I-92 Index Positron emission tomography (PET), 420–421, 547–548 and computed tomography, integrated. See PET/CT F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 565f, 566 indications for, 559 of lung cancer, 559–561, 561f for staging, 561–563, 562t, 563f of mesothelioma, 563–564, 564f metabolic considerations in, 559, 560f in pneumoconiosis, 565 in sarcoidosis, 565–566, 1136, 1138f of solitary pulmonary nodule, 559–560, 560f, 561t standard uptake value for, 560 with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose, 2018, 2018f in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2248–2249 of mesothelioma, 1543 in small cell lung cancer, 1903 of solitary pulmonary nodule, 1819–1820 Postantibiotic effect, 2054, 2057 Postantibiotic leukocyte enhancement, 2054 Post-cardiac injury syndrome, 1502 Postcommissurotomy syndrome, 419–420 Postinspiratory inspiratory activity, 2592 Postnasal drip, and chronic cough, 410 Postpericardiotomy syndrome, 419–420 Postpneumonectomy syndrome, 860 mediastinal repositioning in, 1567, 1568f Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), 1791, 1962–1964, 1963f, 1963t in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2224 Posttussive syncope, 409–410 Potassium channels, in pulmonary hypertension, 1369–1370 Potassium sulfite, sensitivity to, in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, 802 Potato riddler’s lung, etiology of, 1163t Potocytosis, 31 Pott, Percival, 2473 Pott’s disease, 2473 Pott’s puffy tumor, 2090, 2090f PPD. See Purified protein derivative (PPD) test Ppl. See Pleural pressure(s) Ppl–Pbs. See Chest wall, pressure difference across PPV. See Positive-pressure ventilation Practolol, and interstitial lung disease, 1111t p21ras, and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 120, 120f

Praziquantel, indications for, 2418t Prealbumin, serum, in nutritional assessment, 2694 Prednisolone adverse effects and side effects of, 827t for asthma, 823t, 827t dosage and administration of, 827t for hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 1171 Prednisone adverse effects and side effects of, 827t for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842, 2299 for asthma, 823t, 827t, 2638 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2638 dosage and administration of, 827t for hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 1171 for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1157 for sarcoidosis, 1139–1140, 1140t Preeclampsia, pulmonary edema in, 259t Pregnancy, 253–260 acute respiratory distress syndrome in, 258–259, 259t and airway management, 2648 anatomic changes of, 253–254 asthma in, 259, 259t cardiovascular physiology in, 256–258 and cystic fibrosis, 260 cystic fibrosis and, 882–883 dyspnea in, 258, 403 erythema nodosum in, 434 exercise in, respiratory response during, 256 hemodynamic changes in, 256, 257t lung volumes in, 254, 254f physiological anemia of, 256 physiological changes of, 254–258 and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, 1468, 1469f pulmonary hypertension in, 260, 1392 respiratory diseases in, 259–260, 259t respiratory physiology in, 254–256 sarcoidosis and, 1135, 1141 sleep-disordered breathing in, 260 sleep disturbances in, 256 venous thromboembolism in, 259–260, 259t, 1425 ventilatory changes in, 254–256, 255f Prematurity and risk of asthma, 794 and risk of infection, 2306 Pressure at airway opening, 575, 575f during breathing cycle, 148, 148f Pressure at body surface, 152, 575f Pressure control ventilation, in ALI/ARDS, 2549–2551, 2552f Pressure-flow curve(s), isovolume, 155–156, 156f Pressure-flow relationships, 154–155 Pressure-volume curve(s) in acute respiratory failure, 2672, 2672f

in emphysema, 265, 265f of lung, 149–150, 149f, 150f normal in elderly, 265, 265f in young persons, 265, 265f relaxation, 152–153, 152f Prevotella, 2086 in empyema, 2144, 2144t nonpigmented, infection (incl. pneumonia), 2156t pigmented, infection (incl. pneumonia), 2156t Prevotella buccae, in empyema, 2144t Prevotella denticola-melaninogenica group, in empyema, 2144t Prevotella intermedia, 2087 Prevotella intermedia-nigrescens group, in empyema, 2144t Prevotella melaninogenica, 2007, 2142, 2146f infection (incl. pneumonia), 2156 Prevotella oralis, in empyema, 2144t Prevotella oris, in empyema, 2144t Priestley, Joseph, 5t, 7, 8, 9, 9f, 12, 2613 Primaquine, 2407 methemoglobinemia caused by, 416 Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), sarcoidosis and, 1135, 1136t Primary ciliary dyskinesia and bronchiectasis, 2185t, 2187 diagnosis of, 2187 genetics of, 2187 Primary effusion lymphoma, 1964–1965, 1965f Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), sarcoidosis and, 1136t Primum non nocere, 2722 Procainamide lupus-like syndrome caused by, 2010, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1090t pulmonary toxicity of, 1096 Procalcitonin, serum, assay for, 2107–2108 Procarbazine and pleural effusion, 1506t pneumonitis caused by, 2012, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1083, 1083t Progesterone, dyspnea caused by, 403 Progressive massive fibrosis in coal workers clinical features of, 971 complicated, 970–971 management of, 973–974 mortality rate for, 970 pathology of, 970–971 radiographic findings in, 969, 971–972 in silicosis, 975–976, 976f Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), sarcoidosis and, 1136t

I-93 Index Progressive systemic sclerosis, 429–430. See also Scleroderma pulmonary complications of, 905 Proguanil, 2407 for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2370 Proopiomelanocortin (POMC), 1933, 1934f Properdin factor B, in alveolar fluid, 282–283 Prophylactic radiation therapy, definition of, 1895 Propionibacteria, infection (incl. pneumonia), 2156t Propionibacterium acnes in empyema, 2144t and sarcoidosis, 1126–1127 Propionic acids, and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t Propofol, for agitated ICU patient, 2703–2704, 2706t Propoxyphene pneumonitis caused by, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1088 Propranolol, pulmonary effects of, 1096–1097 Propylthiouracil (PTU) and interstitial lung disease, 1111t pulmonary effects of, 1091t, 1092, 1242, 1294–1295 and vasculitis, 1464 Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis, 552–554, 553t, 554t, 555f, 1428–1429, 1432–1433, 1433t, 1434t Prospective Investigative Study of Acute Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis, 552 Prostacyclin pulmonary effects of, 1091t in pulmonary hypertension, 1368–1369, 1369f and pulmonary vasomotor control, 1340–1341, 1341f Prostacyclin analog(s), for pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1388 Prostaglandin(s) (PG) biologic effects of, 1341 formation of, 778, 782f PGD2 , 316 in asthma, 778 mast cells and, 310t, 312 PGE2 , 1976 and aspirin-induced asthma, 803–804, 803f expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 122, 122t, 123 and pulmonary vasomotor control, 1341 Prostanoids in asthma, 778 formation of, 778, 782f

Protease(s), 1979 bacterial, 326 mast cell, 308, 310t, 311 Protease inhibitors interactions with antituberculosis therapy, 2490 pharmacology of, 2261 Protected bronchoalveolar lavage (P-BAL, PTC-BAL), 1987 Protected-specimen brush, 636 Protected specimen brushing, 1987 in nosocomial pneumonia, 2283 Protein(s) altered, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t handling, in lungs, 2523–2524 Proteinase(s) in asthma, 782 cysteine, in emphysema, 720–721 elastolytic, 718, 718t in emphysema, 719–721 Proteinase 3, 718t Proteinase-antiproteinase imbalance and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 715–716 and emphysema, 717–718 Proteinase inhibitor(s), in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 721–722, 721t Protein kinase, cGMP-dependent, activation of, 361 Protein kinase C (PKC), 361–362 Protein nucleotide agglutination, 2039 Proteoglycans, 53 mast cell, 310–311, 310t Proteus in acute mediastinitis, 2166t aspiration pneumonia, 2007 in empyema, 2144t infection (incl. pneumonia) in Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 2238 nosocomial, 2280, 2281t, 2282, 2289 treatment of, 2285–2288, 2286t in invasive (malignant) otitis externa, 2092 Proteus mirabilis, immune response to, 1979 Prothrombin, mutation, and risk of venous thromboembolism, 1427 Proton beam radiotherapy, definition of, 1896 Proto-oncogenes, 1802–1803 Protozoa, in indoor air, sources of, 1022t Protozoan infection(s), 2397–2410. See also Amebiasis; Babesiosis; Cyclosporiasis; Leishmaniasis; Malaria; Microsporidiosis; Trypanosomiasis in cancer patients, 2215 in cell-mediated immunodeficiency, 2236

ciliated, 2409–2410 flagellates, 2410 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t nosocomial infection, 2280t staining characteristics of, 2035t Protriptyline, as respiratory stimulant, 2644 Provocative dose, 789 PRRs. See Pathogen recognition receptor(s) PRSP. See Streptococcus pneumoniae, penicillin-resistant Pruritus, 435 PSB. See Protected specimen brushing P-selectin, 315, 347, 363 in inflammation, 782 and leukocyte adherence and migration, 347–348 in Weibel-Palade bodies, 31 Pseudallescheria fungus ball, 2049 identification of, in tissue, 2035, 2038t infection, pathology of, 2045, 2050 staining characteristics of, 2035t Pseudallescheria boydii, 2293, 2323 in allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, 837 identification of, in tissue, 2050 infection (incl. pneumonia) in cancer patients, 2217 pathology of, 2046f Pseudo-abdominal paradox, 2609 Pseudoaneurysm aortic, computed tomography of, 466, 470f traumatic, CT angiography of, 462–463 Pseudolymphoma, in Sj¨ogren’s syndrome, 1210 Pseudomonas and acute lung injury, 2527 in acute mediastinitis, 2166t drug-resistant, 2282 exoenzyme U, 2527, 2528 hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1165t infection (incl. pneumonia) in Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 2238 in chronic granulomatous disease, 2237 in cystic fibrosis, 880, 883–884 immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t in immunocompromised host, 2209 in organ transplant recipient, 2230, 2232 and parapneumonic effusions, 1489 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1988, 1997, 2001 in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 742t, 2117, 2121t and acute lung injury, 2527 in acute mastoiditis, 2094

I-94 Index Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Cont.) in acute otitis externa, 2092 in bronchiectasis, 2184 in chronic suppurative otitis media, 2094 colonization, in cystic fibrosis, 866–867, 872–873, 874, 880–881 contamination of bronchoscope, 2279 in empyema, 2144 immune defense against, 1973 immune response to, 1979 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2020 and bronchiectasis, 2186, 2189, 2189t, 2190 in children, immune defects and, 2138 in cystic fibrosis, 880, 883–884, 2081–2082, 2175–2176 treatment of, 875–876, 883–884, 2178–2179 in elderly, 2007 history and physical findings in, 2100t, 2101t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2106t, 2251, 2252 radiographic findings in, 2249t mortality rate for, 2005 neonatal nosocomial pneumonia caused by, 2126 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 nosocomial, 2196, 2277, 2279–2280, 2280t, 2281t, 2581–2582 clinical features of, 2282–2283 diagnosis of, 2282–2283 epidemiology of, 2282 microbiology of, 2282 prevention of, 2283 treatment of, 2283, 2285–2288, 2286t, 2287t pathogenesis of, 2080 pathology of, 2049f risk factors for, 2059–2060 in surgery and trauma patients, 2197 treatment of, 2054, 2055, 2056, 2057, 2058, 2061t, 2062 in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 2233–2234 in invasive (malignant) otitis externa, 2092 in lung abscess, 2144, 2152f, 2154t pathogenicity of, 282 in perichondritis, 2091 quorum sensing by, 2080–2081 septic emboli, 2152f toxin produced by, 2081 vaccine against, 2080 Pseudomonas cepacia. See Burkholderia cepacia Pseudomonas fluorescens-putida, contamination of bronchoscope, 2279

Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, colonization, in cystic fibrosis, 881 Pseudomonas pseudomallei. See Burkholderia pseudomallei Pseudotumor, 1817, 1818f PSI. See PORT Severity Index (PSI) Psittacosis, 1987, 2005t, 2006. See also Chlamydophila psittaci diagnosis of, 2001 Psoriasis, drug treatment of, pulmonary toxicity of, 440 Pst. See Static pulmonary pressure Psychomotor Vigilance Task, 1730 PTC. See Plugged telescopic catheter sampling Ptc, 82, 85, 87, 89f PTC-BAL. See Protected bronchoalveolar lavage (P-BAL, PTC-BAL) PTEN, in G protein–coupled chemoattractant receptor signaling, 353, 353f PU.1, and eosinophil development, 313 Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, 1313–1320, 2014, 2027, 2541t acquired, pathophysiology of, 43 animal models of, 1314–1315, 1316f bronchoalveolar lavage in, 1120, 1122f, 1318, 1318f bronchoscopy in, 1120t, 1318 clinical features of, 1118t, 1317–1319 computed tomography of, 1112, 1113f, 1115t, 1118t congenital, 1313, 1317 diagnosis of, 1319 epidemiology of, 1317 experimental therapies for, 1320 histology of, 1118t and infections, 1319 laboratory findings in, 1317 natural history of, 1319 occupational exposures and, 935t pathogenesis of, 1313–1317 pathology of, 1318, 1319f primary (acquired, idiopathic), 1313 ultrastructure of, 1314, 1315f pulmonary function testing in, 1318 radiographic features of, 482, 489f radiographic findings in, 1317, 1318f secondary, 1313, 1316 severity, classification of, 1319, 1319t therapeutic bronchoscopy for, 643 treatment of, 1118t, 1319–1320 whole lung lavage in, 1320 Pulmonary arterial hypertension. See also Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension acute cor pulmonale in, 1408–1409 and acute hemodynamic instability, clinical presentation of, 1408, 1408t associated with other diseases, 1360, 1362t, 1381–1384

cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 623–624, 623t, 624f classification of, 1360, 1362t in collagen vascular disease, 1381 in CREST syndrome, 1381 definition of, 1359–1360 epidemiology of, 1378, 1378t extracellular matrix in, 1370–1371 familial, 1360, 1362t, 1380–1381 growth factors and, 1370 histopathology of, 1364, 1366f in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 1381 idiopathic, 1196 lung transplantation in, 1774t, 1775–1777 in mixed connective tissue disease, 1381 molecular genetics of, 1370 portal hypertension and, 1381–1382 radiographic evaluation of, 471, 474f respiratory failure in, 1408–1409 in rheumatoid arthritis, 1381 risk factors for, 1378, 1378t in scleroderma, 1381, 1381f in situ thrombosis of small vessels in, 1364, 1366f, 1370, 1423 in Sj¨ogren’s syndrome, 1381 in systemic lupus erythematosus, 1381 treatment of, 1386–1392 anticoagulation in, 1391 combination therapy for, 1390–1391 surgical, 1391–1392 Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation(s) causes of, 1468 clinical presentation of, 1469–1470 complications of, 1475–1477 central nervous system, 1476–1477, 1476f–1477f pulmonary, 1475 diagnosis of, 1470–1475 diseases associated with, 1468 embolization of, 466, 538–540, 542f, 1477–1479, 1478f complications of, 540 results, 540 genetics of, 1468–1469 hemoptysis in, 410, 413, 1475 and hemothorax, 1475 historical perspective on, 1467 location of, 1468 management of, algorithm for, 540, 541f number of, 1468 pathophysiology of, 1467–1468 pregnancy and, 1468, 1469f presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1817 prognosis for, 1479 and pulmonary hypertension, 1475 radiographic features of, 459f, 487, 1470, 1471f–1475f

I-95 Index and screening of probands or relatives, 1473–1475 size of, 1468 structure of, 1467–1468 treatment of, 1477–1479 Pulmonary artery(ies), 47f, 174f, 175 anatomy of, 25, 25f branches of, 25, 25f diameter of, 49, 50f chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and, 703–704, 704f connective tissue support of, 53 embolization, for treatment of arteriovenous malformation, 466 interspecies variations in, 1332, 1333f postoperative obstruction, in lung transplant recipient, 1788 radiographic evaluation of, 465f, 469–472, 471f–475f relationship to lung parenchymal units, 25f, 26 resistance profile of, 49 thrombectomy, 542–543 wall structure of, 31–32, 31f Pulmonary artery catheter, in ALI/ARDS, 2554, 2554t Pulmonary artery catheter/catheterization, in acute respiratory failure, 2663–2666 noninvasive alternatives to, 2666–2668 outcome studies, 2663–2664 precautions with, 2664–2666 Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in acute respiratory failure, 2663–2666, 2664f–2666f in ALI/ARDS, 2536 clinical significance of, 2543–2544 Pulmonary artery pressure, 1334, 1334f, 1336 diastolic, normal, 1334t mean, normal, 1334t normal, 1334t systolic, normal, 1334t with unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion, preoperative, for lung resection, 672 Pulmonary artery sling, 857 Pulmonary artery steal, 2585 Pulmonary artery systolic/diastolic pressure, normal, 1324, 2736 Pulmonary barotrauma, in respiratory failure, 2517, 2518t Pulmonary blood flow distribution of, radiographic evaluation of, 469–473, 472f–475f normal, 1324, 2736 topographic distribution of (zones), 1350–1351, 1351f Pulmonary blood volume, 1338

Pulmonary capillary(ies). See also Capillaritis alveolar, 41f, 53, 174f fibrous support of, 51f, 52 network of, 49–50, 50f, 51f, 174f, 175 distention of, 1352 oxygen content of, 415 recruitment of, 1352 Pulmonary capillary blood volume, 1348 age-related changes in, 273 definition of, 1328, 2740 measurement of, 196–197 normal, 1324, 2736 Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis, 1386 Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure clinical significance of, 2543–2544 normal, 1324, 2736 in pregnancy, 257t Pulmonary circulation, 443–444, 2040. See also Pulmonary vasculature age-related changes in, 270 altitude and, 1040 and atherosclerosis, 446 in bullous lung disease, 923 distribution of, and gas exchange, 1348 fetal, 1354 gravity and, 178, 178f, 470, 471, 472f, 473, 475f, 1335, 1350, 1350f in zones of lung, 1350–1352, 1351f initial tone of, 1339–1340, 1339f, 1340f lung inflation and, 1352 neonatal, 1354 neural mediators of, 1340 nonrespiratory functions of, 1332 physiology of, knowledge of, historical perspective on, 4–6, 5t, 16–17 reflex effects on, 1340 systemic artery communication with, 1355–1356 topographic distribution of (zones), 1350–1352, 1351f vasculogenesis of, 95, 95f vasoconstrictor mediators of, 1339–1340, 1339f, 1340f vasodilator mediators of, 1339–1340, 1339f, 1340f Pulmonary compliance. See Lung compliance Pulmonary complications, postoperative factors associated with, 666, 666t intraoperative risk factors for, 666t, 669–670 postoperative prophylaxis for, 673–674, 673t postoperative risk factors for, 666t, 670 preoperative risk factors for, 666–669, 666t with thoracic surgery, 666, 666t Pulmonary edema, 2027 in acute lung injury, pathophysiology of, 2523–2525

after lung resection, 1748 alveolar-capillary leak, 2020 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2222, 2227 in cancer patients, 2221, 2221t cardiogenic, 2541t, 2542, 2543 drug-induced, 2542t in heart failure, 494 high-altitude, 1041–1042 hydrostatic, 2020 in immunocompromised host, 1997 increased permeability, 2524 increased pressure, 2524 interstitial, radiographic features of, 485, 490f, 492f noncardiogenic, 2524, 2541t drug-induced, 1091t, 1093 in lung transplant recipient, 2585 postpneumonectomy, 1749, 1749f, 1750f and respiratory failure, 2584 in preeclampsia, 259t radiographic features of, 478f, 482 re-expansion, 1532–1533 tocolytic, 259t Pulmonary embolectomy, 1440 Pulmonary embolism acute, diagnosis of, lung scanning in, 551–556, 556f acute major, 2542t angiography of, 466, 468f, 1436, 1436f in cancer patients, 2221, 2221t clinical assessment of, 1429–1430 clinical presentation of, 1429, 1430t CT angiography of, 462, 462f D-dimer testing with, 1431–1432 diagnosis of, 1428–1438 approach to, 1436–1438, 1437f computed tomographic angiography in, 554–556, 556f ECG findings with, 1430, 1433f echocardiography with, 1433 hemoptysis in, 410 incidence of, 1423, 1424f interventional radiology for, 1440 laboratory findings with, 1430 long-term management of, 1440–1442 lower extremity evaluation with, 1433–1436 magnetic resonance imaging of, 464f, 465, 1436 mortality rate for, 551, 1423, 1424f pleural effusion caused by, 1495 prediction scoring systems for, 1429–1430, 1431t–1432t prophylaxis, 1442–1443, 1442t and pulmonary infarction, 1428, 1428f radiographic features of, 472, 475f, 1430–1431 and respiratory failure, 2587 in respiratory failure, 2517, 2518t sources of, 1424, 1424f

I-96 Index Pulmonary embolism (Cont.) treatment of, 551, 1438–1443 long-term, 1440–1442 ventilation-perfusion lung scanning of, 549, 549f, 1432–1433, 1433t, 1434f, 1435f Pulmonary endocrine cells, 444 Pulmonary function, postoperative changes in, 663–665, 664t Pulmonary function testing, 567–608 abnormal gas transfer on, 602 age and, 270–273 in AMA Guides classification of impairment, 681–682, 682t in asbestosis, 950 in asthma, 603, 604t, 605, 606t, 817–818 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2229 in bronchiectasis, 2188–2189 in bullous lung disease, 921–922, 925t, 926t, 927t in cancer patients, 1068–1069 in chemotherapy patient, 1068–1069 combined obstructive-restrictive pattern on, 602, 607 in cystic fibrosis, 871–872 in dyspnea, 404–405, 405t in elderly, interpretation of, 276 in environmental lung disease, 939–940 in evaluation of impairment/disability, 680 historical perspective on, 11, 11f, 568 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2249 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1147–1148 indications for, 424 infection control in, 601–602 interpretation of, 602–608 in elderly, 276 sequence of test review for, 602, 603f in interstitial lung disease, 1113–1114 in kyphoscoliosis, 1618–1620, 1620t in Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, 1247–1248 in lymphangioleiomyomatosis, 1258, 1258f in obesity, 1627–1628 obstructive pattern on, 602, 603f, 604–606, 604t, 608t in occupational asthma, 986–987 in occupational lung disease, 939–940 in oxygen toxicity, 2628 in Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2361 preoperative, 670 for lung resection, 671 in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, 1318 quality control in, 600–602 analytical factors and, 601 costs of, 601 nonanalytical factors and, 600–601 responsibility for, 601 and test results, 601

restrictive pattern on, 602, 606–607, 608t causes of, 606–607, 607t in sarcoidosis, 1133 test selection in, 424 Pulmonary hemodynamics, 1332–1339 exercise and, 1334t, 1339 induced changes in, 1338–1339 mechanical ventilation and, 1338–1339 normal, 1324, 2736 Pulmonary herniation, after lung resection, 1752 Pulmonary host (immune) defense(s), 279–288, 1969, 1970f, 2039–2042, 2079–2080 alveolar macrophages in, 1971–1973, 1971f, 2042 antibody-mediated, 321–332 antigen-specific, 328–329 components of, 279–280 defects in in children, 2138 and pulmonary disease, 287t, 288 and respiratory infections, 286–288, 287t epithelium and, 143–144 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2243–2244 integrated action of, 279–280, 280f mechanical, 1969–1970, 1971f mechanisms nonspecific, 279–280 specific, 280 and microbes, interactions of, 1979–1980, 1979t nasal, 280–281 oropharyngeal, 280–281 and pneumonia, 1982–1983, 1983t postoperative changes in, 665 specialized regional, 280–286 structure of, 41–43 Pulmonary hypertension acidosis and, 1366–1367 in alveolar hypoventilation, 1395, 1396f, 1397f anatomic alterations caused by, 1360–1362 associated with extrinsic restriction of pulmonary venous blood flow, 1392–1393 associated with hypoxemia, 1362t, 1393–1399 associated with left heart disease, 1392–1393 cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 623–624, 623t, 624f in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 1393–1395, 1394f chronic thromboembolic, 1362t, 1400–1402, 1400f, 1401f clinical classification of, 1360, 1362t

clinical manifestations of, 1371, 1371t complex lesions of, 1364, 1364f constrictive lesions of, 1363 in CREST syndrome, 430 definition of, 1359 diagnostic testing in, 1373t, 1374–1376 dietary, 446–447, 1382 dilation lesion of, 1364, 1364f drug-induced, 1091t, 1382–1384 evaluation of patients with, 1373t exercise in, 1376 fluid management in, 1376–1377 in hepatic cirrhosis, 449 histopathology of, 1363–1365, 1363f, 1364f history-taking in, 1371–1372 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2259–2260 hypercapnia and, 1366–1367 hypoxia and, 1366–1367 idiopathic, radiographic findings in, 1372f infectious complications of, 1376 in interstitial lung disease, 1396–1399, 1397f, 1398f intimal thickening in, 1363, 1363f management of, 1376–1378 mechanisms of hyperkinetic, 1365, 1367t idiopathic, 1366, 1367–1371, 1367t, 1368f obliterative, 1365, 1367t obstructive, 1365, 1367t passive, 1365, 1367t vasoconstrictive, 1365–1367, 1367t, 1368f medial hypertrophy in, 1363, 1363f miscellaneous causes of, 1362t in mixed connective tissue disease, 1209 in obstructive sleep apnea, 1395–1396 oxygen therapy in, 1376 pain in, 418 pathogenesis of, 1365–1366, 1367f, 1367t pathology of, 703–704, 1360–1371. See also Cor pulmonale physical examination in, 1372–1374 plexiform lesion of, 1364, 1364f in pregnancy, 260 primary, 1360 in collagen vascular disease, 1196 lung transplantation in, 1777 radiographic features of, 471, 472, 474f, 476, 1374–1375, 1374f radiographic findings in, 1371, 1372f rehabilitation in, 1376 in sarcoidosis, 1133 in scleroderma, 1207 secondary, 1360 sleep apnea and, 1713 in systemic lupus erythematosus, 1201 toxin-induced, 1382–1384

I-97 Index vasoactive mediators and, 1368–1370, 1369f vasodilator testing in, 1376, 1386–1387, 1387f vasodilator therapy in, 1377–1378 ventilation-perfusion lung scan in, 556 World Health Organization functional classification of, 1379, 1379t Pulmonary infiltrate with eosinophilia, 1213, 2013 diseases associated with, 1213, 1214t Pulmonary insufficiency, after lung resection, 1750 Pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis. See Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis Pulmonary ligament, 24, 24f Pulmonary mechanics, 147–160 in acute lung injury, 2524–2525 in bullous lung disease, 922–923, 927t Pulmonary medicine, scientific, historical perspective on, 13–17 Pulmonary microvasculopathy, 1364, 1365f Pulmonary nervous plexus, 32 Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, 30, 30f, 87, 444 primary diffuse hyperplasia of, 910 Pulmonary occlusive venopathy, 1364, 1365f Pulmonary renal syndromes, ANCA-associated clinical features of, 1290–1291 and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1288–1290 treatment of, 1292 Pulmonary resistance, 583 normal, 1323, 2735 Pulmonary stretch receptor(s), 164–165, 164f Pulmonary sulcus tumor, 419f pain of, 419 Pulmonary torsion, after lung resection, 1751, 1751f Pulmonary vascular communication(s) abnormal, 1355–1357 systemic artery-, 1355–1356 acquired, 1355 congenital, 1355 Pulmonary vascular disease in collagen vascular disease, histopathology of, 1196–1197 in mixed connective tissue disease, 1209 obliterative, 424 and postoperative pulmonary complications, 668 in rheumatoid arthritis, 1202 in scleroderma, 1207–1208 in systemic lupus erythematosus, 1201 Pulmonary vascular pressure(s), 1330f, 1335–1337

Pulmonary vascular resistance, 1332–1335 alternative approaches to, 1334–1335, 1335f calculation of, 1332–1334 in exercise, 616, 1334–1335, 1334t, 1335f lung inflation and, 1352 normal, 1334t passive modifiers of, 1335 in pregnancy, 257t at rest, 1334–1335, 1334t, 1335f Pulmonary vasculature. See also Intrapulmonary vessels incorporation into pulmonary parenchyma, 1331, 1332f passive influences on, 1331 radiographic evaluation of, 465f, 469–472, 471f–475f in erect position, 470, 472f gravity and, 470, 471, 472f, 475f in supine position, 470, 472f in upside-down position, 470, 472f Pulmonary vasomotor control, 1339–1348 Pulmonary vein(s), 174f, 175 anatomy of, 25–26, 25f branches of, 25, 25f, 49, 50f connective tissue support of, 53 radiographic evaluation of, 465f, 469–472, 471f–475f relationship to lung parenchymal units, 25f, 26 wall structure of, 31–32 Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, 1384–1386, 1385f in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2228 Pulmonary venous hypertension, 623 classification of, 1362t in heart disease, radiographic evaluation of, 471, 474f Pulmonary vessels, radiographic evaluation of, 465f, 469–472, 471f–475f Pulmonary wedge pressure (s), 1334t, 1336–1337, 1337f. See also Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure Pulse contour analysis, in acute respiratory failure, 2668 Pulse oximetry, 2104 in acute respiratory failure, 2668–2669 Pulse pressure, 2661 Pulularia, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t Pure large cell carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype, 1840 Purified protein derivative (PPD), 2462, 2470, 2471t Purified protein derivative (PPD) test intermediate, 2002 second-strength, 2002

Purine nucleoside phosphatase deficiency, pulmonary infection in, 2236–2237 PVOD. See Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease PVR. See Pulmonary vascular resistance Pw . See Pulmonary wedge pressure (s) Pyoderma gangrenosum, 434, 435f sarcoidosis and, 1136t Pyopneumothorax, 2153 Pyorrhea, and anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections, 2145t Pyothorax-associated lymphoma(s), 1965, 1965f Pyrantel for ascariasis, 2418t for hookworms, 2418t Pyrazinamide adverse effects and side effects of, 2478, 2483t hepatotoxicity of, 2478, 2491 for latent tuberculosis infection, 2455–2456 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2491 mechanism of action of, 2464 pharmacology of, 2478 for tuberculosis, 2464, 2478 in children, 2135 dosage and administration of, 2482t historical perspective on, 2476 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2490 regimens for, 2481t theoretical basis for, 2476 Pyridoxine, isoniazid and, 2477 Pyrimethamine prophylactic, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2367 and sulfadiazine, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2368t, 2370 for toxoplasmosis, 2402 Pyrogen(s), 452 Pythagoras, 4 PZA. See Pyrazinamide Q Q fever, 1985, 1987, 1995, 2005–2006, 2005t, 2427. See also Coxiella burnetii chest radiograph in, 2101f diagnosis of, 2002 epidemiology of, 1984t pneumonia, 2022 QFT-G. See QuantiFERON-TB Gold test Quadriplegia, respiratory muscle action in, 75, 75f, 76, 77 Quality of life, 2726. See also Health-related quality of life QuantiFERON-TB Gold test, 2454, 2462, 2471

I-98 Index QuantiFERON-TB test, 2471 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2490 Quinghaosu, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2370 Quinidine, pulmonary effects of, 1089 Quinidine gluconate, 2407 Quinine dihydrochloride, 2407 Quinine sulfate, 2407 Quinolones for cystic fibrosis patient, 2178–2179 penetration into lung, 2053, 2053t Quinsy, 2086 Quinupristin, 2058 pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 Quorum sensing, 2055, 2080–2081 R R. See Resistance; Respiratory gas exchange ratio R207910 (anti-TB drug), 2464 R. bronchialis, and acute mediastinitis, 2166t RA. See Rheumatoid arthritis rad (unit), 1177 definition of, 1896 Radiation absorption, measurement of, 1177 dose, units for, 1177 dosimetry, 1173, 1175–1177 equivalent dose, 1177 exposure, measurement of, 1177 external beam, in upper airway obstruction, 862 immunologic effects of, 2216 lung disease caused by, 935t pulmonary toxicity of, 1173–1174. See also Radiation fibrosis; Radiation pneumonitis acute manifestations of, 1181 clinical syndromes of, 1181–1184 cytopathology of, 526–527 late manifestations of, 1181–1184 pathophysiology of, 1179–1181 tissue effects of, 1173–1174 Radiation fibrosis, 1176f, 1184, 2014 Radiation oncology, historical perspective on, 1173 Radiation pneumonitis, 1890–1892, 2014 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t in cancer patient, 2221, 2221t clinical manifestations of, 1182–1184 computed tomography of, 1115t grading system for, 1181, 1182t in immunocompromised host, 1997 pathogenesis of, 1174, 1176f pathophysiology of, 1179–1181 prevention of, advances in (future directions for), 1190 prognostic assays for, 1189–1190

radiographic features of, 1176f, 1182, 1183f–1184f risk of assessment of, with partial-lung radiation, 1186–1188, 1187f chemotherapy and, 1181 Radiation recall, 1181 Radiation therapy accelerated treatment, 1893 advances in, 1173–1174, 1189, 1893–1894 and cell survival, 1178, 1178f combined modality, 1894 delivery of, advances in, 1893–1894, 1893f, 1894f dose-volume histogram, 1174, 1175f, 1894 fractionated, 1173, 1178–1179, 1178f and cell survival, 1178–1179, 1178f historical perspective on, 1173 hyperfractionation, 1893 for lung cancer definitive medically inoperable, 1884t definitive unresectable (with chemotherapy), 1884t dose, 1884t indications for, 1884t palliative unresectable, 1884t postoperative, 1884t preoperative (with chemotherapy), 1884t type, 1884t for mesothelioma, 1547 for non-small cell lung cancer, 1883–1896 planning, 1173–1174, 1175f prevalence of, 1174 pulmonary toxicity of. See also Radiation fibrosis; Radiation pneumonitis clinical syndromes of, 1181–1184 radiation dose-fractionation modulation, 1893 radiobiology of, 1177–1179 radiosensitizers and, 1894 for small cell lung cancer, 1884t prophylactic cranial, 1890, 1909 thoracic, 1890, 1909 technical planning for, 1893–1894, 1893f terminology for, 1895–1896 therapeutic ratio for, 1178–1179, 1179f thoracic acute pulmonary complications of, 1890–1892, 1891f cardiac complications of, 1892 esophageal complications of, 1892 late pulmonary complications of, 1892, 1892f toxicity of, 1890–1892 V20 , 1174, 1175f

Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG), definition of, 1896 Radiation tolerance, of lungs, 1184–1185 in partial-lung radiation, 1186–1188 in whole-lung radiation, 1185–1186, 1185f, 1185t Radiofrequency ablation, of lung cancer, 536, 537f Radiology, 420–421, 455–509. See also Interventional radiology; specific modality air contrast studies, 469 contrast examinations, 465–466, 466f–468f historical perspective on, 18 physics of, 1174–1177 portable chest examination, 508–509, 508f of pulmonary infections, 18, 1982t, 1985, 1986f, 1987f, 1988t, 1995–1997, 2017–2029 Radionuclides, for evaluation of mediastinal masses, 1589–1590, 1590t Radiopharmaceuticals historical perspective on, 547 in ventilation-perfusion lung scanning, 548–551 Radioprotector(s), 1190 Radiosensitizers, 1894 definition of, 1896 Radon, 1010 in coal mines, 967 decay products of, 1026, 1028 exposure to, reduction of, 1028 health effects of, 1026–1028 in indoor air, 1026–1028 management of, 1028 sources of, 1022t–1023t sources of, 1026–1028 RADS. See Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome RADT. See Rapid antigen detection test Rahn, H., 12, 13 Raldh2, and lung development, 82 Rales, 393, 393t in asbestosis, 950 Ramsay Hunt syndrome, 2092 RANTES, 315, 316, 340t, 1973 expression of, by airway smooth muscle cells, 121, 122t, 123 Rapeseed oil contaminant(s) and pulmonary hypertension, 1383–1384 pulmonary hypertension caused by, 1093 Rapid antigen detection test, for streptococcal pharyngitis, 2086 Rapidly adapting (irritant) receptors, 164–165, 164f Rasmussen’s aneurysm, 1468, 2470 hemoptysis from, 413

I-99 Index ras protein, in lung cancer, 1805 ras proto-oncogenes, in lung cancer, 1804–1805 Rationing, 2727 Rat urine proteins, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t Ravuconazole, for cryptococcosis, 2334 Raw. See Airway resistance Raynaud’s disease, 415 Raynaud’s phenomenon, 423f in rheumatoid arthritis, 1202 in scleroderma, 429, 430f RB-ILD. See Respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease Rds, definition of, 1327, 2739 Re. See Reynolds number Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome clinical presentation of, 996 management of, 996 occupational, 934t pathogenesis of, 996 toxins causing, 996, 1000t Reactive airways viral syndrome, differential diagnosis of, 819t Reactive dermatoses, 433–436 Reactive nitrogen intermediates byproducts of, 363 produced by macrophages, 1972t, 1978 Reactive nitrogen species actions of, 360, 362t in lung injury in vivo evidence for, 364–365, 365f therapies to attenuate, 366–368 production of, 360–361, 361f Reactive oxygen intermediates, 2624–2625, 2625f biochemical alterations caused by, 2625–2626, 2626t byproducts of, 363 cellular dysfunction caused by, 2625–2626, 2626t eosinophils and, 310t, 315 generation of, 450–451, 450f injury caused by, 450–451 produced by macrophages, 1972t, 1973, 1978 Reactive oxygen-nitrogen species, 359–361 as signaling molecules, 361, 362t Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation of, 359–360, 360f in lung injury in vivo evidence for, 364–365, 365f therapies to attenuate, 366–368 Reactive upper airway dysfunction syndrome, 996 Recoil force, of lungs, 575, 576f Recommended exposure limits, 941–942 Recruitment maneuvers, in ALI/ARDS, 2555 Rectus abdominis muscle, 72f, 76–77 Recurrent laryngeal nerve(s) anatomy of, 391f

course of, 1751, 1752f injury, in lung resection, 1751–1752 Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, 1917–1918, 2088–2089 Red-cell aplasia, 1600, 1601t Red man syndrome, 2169 Reduction pneumoplasty, for bullae, 928 Redwood dust, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t Reflux laryngitis, 1308 Regional enteritis, erythema nodosum in, 434 Rehabilitation, pulmonary, 763–764 advances in (future directions for), 771 benefits of, 768–769, 769t breathing retraining techniques in, 766–767 bronchial hygiene in, 766 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 734–735 definition of, 764 diagnostic testing for, 765 effects on health care utilization, 769, 770f exercise in, 767–768 exercise testing before, 765 goals of, 766 for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1159 individualization of, 764 and lung resection, 771 and lung surgery, 769–771 in lung transplant recipient, 770–771, 770t and lung volume reduction surgery, 771 medical evaluation for, 765 multidisciplinary aspects of, 764 oxygen therapy in, 767 patient education in, 766 patient evaluation for, 764–766, 765t patient interview for, 765 patient selection for, 764, 764t physical and social aspects of, 764 psychosocial assessment for, 765–766 psychosocial support in, 768 respiratory and chest physiotherapy techniques in, 766 successful, characteristics of, 764 Rehabilitation program, content, 765t, 766–768 Relapsing polychondritis and bronchiectasis, 2187 large airway lesions in, differential diagnosis of, 701t, 702 upper airway obstruction in, 855 rem (unit), 1177 Remifentanil, for agitated ICU patient, 2708 Renal cell carcinoma, pulmonary metastases, 1943 magnetic resonance imaging of, 465f

Renal failure acute, in respiratory failure, 2518t, 2519 after lung resection, 1750 and risk of infection, 2317 in SIRS/MODS, 2566, 2568, 2570 Renal replacement therapy, for SIRS/MODS, 2570 Renal tubular acidosis, 217 Rendu-Osler-Weber disease, 1467. See also Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) Renin-angiotensin system, 444, 445f, 1332, 1332f Reovirus, 1992 Replacement therapy, 2642–2643 Residual volume, 148–149, 149t, 569, 569f, 582 age-related changes in, 271, 271f in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 711 definition of, 568t, 1326, 2738 determination of, 571 normal, 1323, 2735 postoperative changes in, 664 Residual volume/total lung capacity ratio in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 711 definition of, 1326, 2738 normal, 1323, 2735 Resistance vessels, 1332 Resorcinols. See also specific drug dosage forms, 2632t receptor activity, 2632t structure-activity relationships, 2632 structure of, 2633f Respiration, knowledge of, historical perspective on, 5t, 7–8 Respirator(s), in prevention of inhalation exposures, 942 Respiratory acidosis, 207, 208t acute, 595t, 596 adaptive response to, 211–212, 212f chronic, 595t compensatory response in, 208t Respiratory alkalosis, 207, 208t, 595–596 acute, 595–596, 595t chronic, 595t, 596 compensatory response in, 208t renal adaptation to, 212 Respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease, 900, 900f, 901f, 1106t, 1145 clinical features of, 1116t computed tomography of, 1115t, 1116t histology of, 1116t treatment of, 1116t Respiratory center(s) chemical stimulation of, knowledge of, historical perspective on, 12–13 knowledge of, historical perspective on, 5t, 12

I-100 Index Respiratory cycle inspiration phase of, 165 late expiration phase of, 165 postinspiration phase of, 165 Respiratory dead space, normal, 1323, 2735 Respiratory depression, postoperative, 665 Respiratory device(s) care of, in prevention of nosocomial pneumonia, 2288–2289, 2288t and nosocomial pneumonia, 2278–2279 Respiratory distress syndrome, of premature neonates pathophysiology of, 39 treatment of, 39 Respiratory effort-related arousal event, 1698 Respiratory exchange ratio, 591–592 Respiratory failure acute, 2509, 2510, 2510t arterial blood pressure measurement in, 2660–2661 central venous catheterization in, 2661–2663 complications of, 2517–2519, 2518t goal-directed therapy for, 2569, 2569f, 2663 hemodynamic monitoring in indications for, 2659–2660 methods for, 2660–2668 principles of, 2659 history-taking in, 2660 imaging in, 2673 laboratory testing in, 2661 monitoring of patient with, 2517 morbidity and mortality in, 2519–2520 nutritional support in, effects of, 2693 perioperative, 2573–2588 physical examination in, 2660 postoperative, 2573–2588 pulmonary artery catheterization in, 2663–2666 noninvasive alternatives to, 2666–2668 outcome studies, 2663–2664 precautions with, 2664–2666 respiratory monitoring in methods for, 2668–2673 principles of, 2659 signs and symptoms of, 2515, 2516t in surgical patient, 2573–2588 after lung resection, 1750 airway abnormalities and, 2514–2515 airway management in, 2515–2516 in ALI/ARDS, management of, 2545–2558 alveolar abnormalities and, 2515 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 1652 in asbestosis, 950 causes of, identification of, 2517

chest wall abnormalities and, 2514 chronic, 2509, 2510, 2510t classification of, 2510–2511, 2510f clinical presentation of, 2509 CNS abnormalities and, 2513–2514 in cystic fibrosis, 881 device-related complications of, 2518t, 2519 diagnosis of, 2515 hypercapnic, 2510–2511, 2510f asthma and, 2607, 2607f causes of, 2592 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and, 2605–2607, 2607f compensatory/adaptive mechanisms and, 2592–2598 decompensating/maladaptive responses and, 2598–2605 definition of, 2592 kyphoscoliosis and, 2608–2609 morbidity and mortality in, 2520 neuromuscular disease and, 2608 obesity and, 2608 pathophysiology of, 2511–2512 signs and symptoms of, 2516t treatment of, 2609–2611 treatment of hypercapnia in, 2516–2517 hypoxemic, 2510–2511, 2510f differential diagnosis of, 2540, 2540t morbidity and mortality in, 2519–2520 pathophysiology of, 2511 signs and symptoms of, 2516t treatment of hypoxemia in, 2516–2517 management of, principles of, 2515 neuromuscular, 2514 outcomes of, 2714–2715 pathogenesis of, blunted chemosensitivity and, 2594–2595, 2594f–2595f pathophysiology of, 2510, 2511–2513 PNS abnormalities and, 2514 postoperative, 2573–2588 causes of, 2579–2588, 2579t risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and, 2574–2575 predicting, 2575–2576, 2576t smoking and, 2575 by surgical procedure, 2574, 2574t prognosis for, 2519–2520 in pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1408–1409 treatment of, noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation for, 2588 triage decisions in, 2515 Respiratory Failure Risk Index, 2575–2576, 2576t Respiratory gas exchange ratio, 613

Respiratory load compensatory response to, age-related changes in, 269 heightened, compensatory/adaptive responses to, 2595–2596 Respiratory mechanics assessment of, in acute respiratory failure, 2670–2672 synthesis of, historical perspective on, 12 Respiratory motor output compensatory/adaptive, in response to hypercapnia or hypoxia, 2596–2597 indices of, 2592–2593 Respiratory muscle(s), 71, 72f, 161, 1669. See also specific muscle accessory in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, FDG-PET of, 565f, 566 in ventilatory pump dysfunction, 2609 actions of, 74–77 in quadriplegia, 75, 75f, 76, 77 in tetraplegia, 76 adaptations of, 71 age-related changes in, 267–268, 268f during breathing cycle, 147–148 changes in, and ventilation, 2597–2598 coordinated activity of, 165–166 dysfunction, 1669 in collagen vascular disease, 1194t in mixed connective tissue disease, 1210 in neuromuscular disorders, management of, 1667–1675 in polymyositis-dermatomyositis, 1208 in systemic lupus erythematosus, 1201, 1201f in dyspnea, 2596–2597 effort, assessment of, 603–604, 604t expiratory, aids for, 1669–1670 fatigue, 2598–2602 and abnormal breathing pattern, 403 activity and, 2601, 2602f, 2603f blood flow and, 2601–2602 causes of, 2598–2599 central, 2599, 2599t in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2606–2607, 2607f classification of, 2599, 2599t definition of, 2599 detection of, 2599–2601 high-frequency, 2599, 2600f low-frequency, 2599, 2600f pathogenesis of, 2601–2602, 2602f, 2603f peripheral, 2599, 2599t treatment of, 2610–2611, 2610t in weaning from mechanical ventilation, 2514

I-101 Index fiber types in, 71–72 morphology of, 72 force-frequency relationships of, 73, 74f force-length relationships of, 72–73, 73f, 167–168 force-velocity relationships of, 73–74, 74f, 167–168 function, in neuromuscular disorders, 1636–1637 functions of, 72–74 innervation of, 1641t inspiratory, aids for, 1669–1670 interactions of, 77, 165–166 pathological conditions affecting, 77–78 physiological conditions affecting, 77 in quiet breathing, 77, 165–166 knowledge of, historical perspective on, 11 length-tension curves of, 72–73, 73f mechanical costs to, in exercise, 247–248 metabolic costs to, in exercise, 248 motor units organization of, 72 types of, 72 power-frequency relationships of, 73–74 in pregnancy, 254 regulation of, 161, 162f strength of, 578–579, 579f, 579t assessment of, 603–604, 604t evaluation, in neuromuscular disease, 1643–1647 measurement of, in acute respiratory failure, 2673 structure of, 71–72 training in neuromuscular disorders, 1660 in pulmonary rehabilitation, 768 Respiratory patches, 47f Respiratory pattern generator, 165 Respiratory protective equipment, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 734 Respiratory pump, 2511, 2511f Respiratory quotient, 592 Respiratory rate, 2592–2593 abnormal, causes of, 403 monitoring, in cardiopulmonary exercise testing, 611 normal, 403, 1323, 2735 ventilator setting for, 2681, 2681f Respiratory resistance, 583–585 Respiratory rhythm abnormalities, pathophysiology of, 168–170 central neural mechanisms of, 165 Respiratory stimulant(s), 2643–2644 Respiratory structure, changes in, and ventilation, 2597–2598

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 1992 and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2116, 2116t assays for, 1989t and bronchiolitis, 896, 897, 2376t, 2382–2384 characteristics of, 2375t and common cold, 2085, 2376, 2376t and croup, 2087, 2379 diagnosis of, 1999 immune response to, 314, 2383 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2020, 2025, 2027f in adults, 2389 and asthma, 774–775, 796, 816 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2228 chemokines in, 355 in children, 2130, 2391, 2391f immune defects and, 2139 cytopathology of, 523 diagnosis of, 2001, 2002, 2106, 2394 in early infancy, 2128–2129 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2258 in immunocompromised host, 2204, 2392 in lung transplant recipient, 1790 nosocomial, 2280t pathogenesis of, 2393 pathology of, 2043 prevention of, 2395 risk factors for, 2098 seasonal variation in, 2374 staining characteristics of, 2035t transmission of, 2374 vaccine against, 2384 Respiratory system dynamic mechanical properties of, 153–157, 579–585 elastic properties of, 152–153, 576–577, 576f, 577f in health and disease, 577–578, 578f, 578t elastic recoil pressure of, 152 functional components of, 2511, 2511f functional divisions of, age-related changes in, 263, 264t static mechanical properties of, 149, 575–579 Respiratory system compliance, 2670f, 2671 normal, 1323, 2735 Restrictive lung disease abnormal breathing pattern in, 403 cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 625 causes of, 400, 400t dyspnea in, 400 initial assessment of, 421–424

and postoperative pulmonary complications, 667 severity of, Social Security Listings for, 686, 686t Retinoblastoma gene, in lung cancer, 1805 Retinoic acid, and lung development, 82 Retinoic acid syndrome, 1295 Retinopathy, cancer-associated, 1936t, 1937 Reverse precautions, complete, 2207–2208 Reverse shunt effect, 312 Reverse transcriptase, retroviral, 2242–2243 Reynolds number, 154–155 RFA. See Radiofrequency ablation Rheumatic disease(s), that may cause interstitial lung disease, immunologic tests for, 1111, 1112t Rheumatic fever, 2086 Rheumatoid arthritis. See also Collagen vascular disease airway disease in, 1203–1204, 1203f, 1204f alveolar hemorrhage in, 1241, 1293 and bronchiectasis, 2185t, 2187 bronchiolitis obliterans in, 903–904, 1203–1204 and bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia, 904, 1204, 1205f clinical features of, 1117t in coal workers, 972–973 computed tomography of, 1117t constrictive bronchiolitis in, 903–904, 1203–1204 drug treatment of, pulmonary toxicity of, 440, 1205–1206 follicular bronchiolitis in, 904–905, 904f, 905f, 1203–1204, 1204f histology of, 1117t immunologic tests for, 1112t interstitial lung disease in, 1204–1206 pleural effusion in, 505f, 1202, 1496–1497 pulmonary complications of, 1193, 1194t, 1201–1206 pulmonary vascular disease in, 1202 and risk of infection, 2306 sarcoidosis and, 1136t solitary pulmonary nodule in, 1817 treatment of, 1117t Rheumatoid factor, in coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, 972–973 Rheumatoid (necrobiotic) nodules, 1202, 1203f, 2048 in collagen vascular disease, 1198, 1198f, 1202, 1203f Rhinorrhea, immune function of, 280 Rhinoscleroma, 853 Rhinosinusitis chronic, treatment of, 832 differential diagnosis of, 819t

I-102 Index Rhinovirus and acute bronchitis, 2097 and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2116, 2116t and bronchiolitis, 2382 characteristics of, 2375t and common cold, 2085, 2376, 2376t and croup, 2087, 2379 infection (incl. pneumonia) and asthma, 774–775, 796, 816 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2229 chemokines in, 355 in children, 2391 diagnosis of, 2106 pathogenesis of, 2085–2086, 2374 seasonal variation in, 2374 and pharyngitis, 2086, 2376t, 2378 pneumonia, 2020 serotypes of, 2085, 2374 and tracheobronchitis, 2376t, 2380, 2381 transmission of, 2374 Rhizomucor, in sinusitis, 2319 Rhizomucor pusillus, 2316t, 2317 Rhizopus hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t, 1165t, 2319 infection (incl. pneumonia), in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 in invasive fungal sinusitis, 2091 Rhizopus arrhizus, 2316, 2316t Rhizopus microsporus, 2316t, 2317 Rhodococcus epidemiology of, 1984t infection (incl. pneumonia) diagnosis of, 2429t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2215 pathology of, 2043t treatment of, 2429t Rhodococcus equi, 1990, 2428t bacteriology of, 2428t, 2434 culture of, 2429t historical perspective on, 2434 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2248, 2435 infection (incl. pneumonia) clinical features of, 2435 clinical manifestations of, 2270 diagnosis of, 2270–2271, 2434, 2434t, 2435 differential diagnosis of, 2435 epidemiology of, 2270, 2428t, 2434 history and physical findings in, 2100t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t, 2251–2252 radiographic findings in, 2214t, 2249t

in immunocompromised host, 2208 pathogenesis of, 2434 pathology of, 2048f, 2049 pathophysiology of, 2434–2435 radiologic features of, 2435 treatment of, 2271, 2435 microbiology of, 2270 staining characteristics of, 2048f, 2049, 2429t Rhodotorula rubra, contamination of bronchoscope, 2279 Rhonchi, 392–393, 393t Rib(s) fractures, 418. See also Flail chest in trauma patient, 1762 tumors of, metastases, 502, 505f Ribavirin, indications for, 2375t, 2394, 2395 Rib cage, motion, analysis of, 1646 Rich, Arnold, 1144 Richards, Dickinson W., 5t, 16, 17f, 228–229, 229f Rickettsia, infection histopathology of, 2034 pathology of, 2050 Rickettsia helvetica, and sarcoidosis, 1126–1127 Riding school lung, etiology of, 1164t RIF. See Rifabutin Rifabutin adverse effects and side effects of, 2478, 2494, 2503 and antiretroviral therapy, 2490 drug interactions with, 2478, 2503 interactions with immunosuppressive agents, 2503t for Mycobacterium avium complex infection, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2494, 2494t prophylactic regimen, 2495, 2495t for nontuberculous mycobacteria, dosage and administration of, 2504t pharmacology of, 2478 for tuberculosis, 2478 dosage and administration of, 2482t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2478 Rifampin adverse effects and side effects of, 2477–2478, 2483t, 2503 for anthrax, 2437 for brucellosis, 2429t, 2438–2439 dosage and administration of, 2477 hepatotoxicity of, 2477–2478, 2491 interactions with antiretroviral therapy, 2490 with immunosuppressive agents, 2503t for latent tuberculosis infection, 2455–2456, 2455t

in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2491 mechanism of action of, 2464, 2477 for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 dosage and administration of, 2504t pharmacology of, 2477 plus isoniazid, hepatotoxicity of, 2477, 2478 resistance to, 2477 testing for, 2463 for Rhodococcus pneumonia, 2429t for tuberculosis, 2464, 2477–2478 in children, 2135 dosage and administration of, 2482t historical perspective on, 2476 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2490 regimens for, 2481t theoretical basis for, 2476 Rifamycins and antiretroviral therapy, 2490–2491 interactions with clarithromycin, 2503 with immunosuppressive agents, 2503t Rifapentine pharmacology of, 2478 for tuberculosis, 2478 dosage and administration of, 2482t regimens for, 2481t Right atrial pressure, normal, 1334t Right middle lobe syndrome hemoptysis in, 413–414 radiographic features of, 485f Right ventricular end-diastolic pressure, in acute respiratory failure, 2663 Right ventricular failure after lung resection, 1748 bronchial circulation in, 1353, 1354f diuretic therapy for, 1377 in pulmonary hypertension, 1371 Right ventricular systolic pressure, 1374 Rigid spine syndrome, ventilatory impairment in, 1668t Riluzole, for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 1652 Rimantadine, for influenza, 2387–2388, 2387t Rimonabant, in smoking cessation, 756 Ring shadows, 1222 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 841 Ritodrine, pulmonary effects of, 1091t Rituximab, pulmonary effects of, 1081t, 1083 RL. See Total pulmonary resistance RMP. See Rifampin RNA (ribonucleic acid), viral double-stranded, 1971 single-stranded, 1971

I-103 Index Rocky Mountain spotted fever, differential diagnosis of, 2444 Roentgen (unit), 1177 Roentgen, Wilhelm Conrad, 18, 1173 Rofecoxib, lack of airway response to, in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, 801, 802f Rohrer, Fritz, 5t, 12 RONS. See Reactive oxygen-nitrogen species ROS. See Reactive oxygen species (ROS) Roundworms, 2413, 2415–2418 Rowbotham, Stanley, 2646 RPT. See Rifapentine RRP. See Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis Rrs. See Respiratory resistance RSV. See Respiratory syncytial virus Rt. See Transepithelial electrical resistance Rti. See Lung tissue resistance Rubeola, vaccine against, 2070t, 2072 Rubner, Max, 8 RUDS. See Reactive upper airway dysfunction syndrome Rule of rescue, 2724 Rus, definition of, 1327, 2739 Ruysh, 694 RV. See Residual volume RVEDP. See Right ventricular end-diastolic pressure RV/TLC. See Residual volume/total lung capacity ratio Rw. See Chest wall resistance S Saccamanno’s fixative, 514 Saccharomonospora viridis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t Saccharomyces cerevisiae in allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, 837 infection (incl. pneumonia), in cancer patients, 2217 Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula. See Micropolyspora faeni Safety margin, definition of, 1896 Salbuterol, structure-activity relationships, 2632–2633 Salicylate and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t dose-related airway response to, in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, 801 Saligenins. See also specific drug dosage forms, 2632t receptor activity, 2632t structure-activity relationships, 2632–2633 structure of, 2633f Saline, hypertonic, inhalation therapy, for cystic fibrosis patient, 876 Salivary glands, in immune defense, 281

Salivary gland tumors, 1845–1846, 1925–1926 Salla disease, and bullous emphysema, 917 Salmeterol adverse effects and side effects of, 827t for asthma, 823t, 827t for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 738t, 739 dosage and administration of, 827t dosage forms, 2632t plus fluticasone adverse effects and side effects of, 826t for asthma, 823t, 826t dosage and administration of, 826t receptor activity, 2632t structure of, 2633f Salmonella, infection (incl. pneumonia) in chronic granulomatous disease, 2237 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t, 2215 immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t in immunocompromised host, 2207 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 Sanfilippo’s syndrome, 1275 SAP. See Serum amyloid protein SAPS. See Simplified acute physiological score Sarcoid-like granulomatous lesions, occupational exposures and, 935t Sarcoidosis, 1125–1142, 2542t abdominal, 1128t, 1131t, 1134 acute, with or without erythema nodosum, 1130, 1132 asymptomatic, 1130, 1131–1132 and autoimmune disease, 1135, 1136t bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t bronchoscopy in, 1120t and cancer, 1135 cardiac, 1128t, 1131t, 1134 diagnosis of, 1136, 1137f treatment of, 1141 cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 625 classification of, 1130–1131 clinical assessment in, 1137, 1139t clinical course of, 1137–1139 clinical features of, 1118t, 1128t, 1130–1135 and common variable immunodeficiency, 1135 complement in, 349 computed tomography of, 1112, 1113f, 1115t, 1118t cutaneous, 1128t, 1131t, 1133 cutaneous lesions in, 390, 438, 439f–440f

cytopathology of, 525–526, 526f diagnosis of, 1135–1137, 1137f, 1138f endocrine, 1128t, 1131t, 1134 epidemiology of, 1126 erythema nodosum in, 434 etiology of, 1126–1127 exocrine gland involvement in, 1128t, 1131t, 1134 extrapulmonary, 1128t, 1131t, 1133–1135 FDG-PET in, 565–566 fever in, 420 fibrocystic, 1141 gastrointestinal, 1128t, 1131t, 1134 genetics of, 1127 genitourinary, 1128t, 1131t, 1135 heart transplantation in, 1142 hematologic, 1128t, 1131t, 1134 hepatic, 1128t, 1131t, 1133–1134 histology of, 1118t histoplasmosis and, 2335 differentiation of, 2338–2339 historical perspective on, 1125–1126 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 1135 IFN-α therapy and, 1100 imaging of, 2022, 2025 immunoglobulins in, 330 immunopathology of, 1128–1130, 1130f joint and musculoskeletal involvement in, 1128t, 1131t, 1134 lung transplantation in, 1142, 1774t, 1775–1777 lymphadenopathy in, 2028 mediastinal involvement in, 1604 neurologic involvement in, 1128t, 1131t, 1134 treatment of, 1141 ocular, 1128t, 1131t, 1133 treatment of, 1141 pathogenesis of, 1128–1130, 1130f pathology of, 1127–1128, 1129f pathophysiology of, 1128–1130 pleural effusion in, 1501–1502 and postoperative pulmonary complications, 667 and pregnancy, 1135, 1141 prognosis for, 1137–1139 psychosocial manifestations of, 1128t, 1135 management of, 1141 pulmonary, 1128t, 1130–1131, 1131t, 1132–1133, 1397–1398, 1398f chest imaging in, 1132–1133, 1132f computed tomography of, 1133 necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis in, 1133 pulmonary function testing in, 1133 pulmonary hypertension in, 1133, 1141 pulmonary lesions of, 1991, 1993f, 2014 and quality of life, 1141

I-104 Index Sarcoidosis (Cont.) radiographic features of, 482, 483, 485, 490f, 497f, 498 radiographic findings in, 423, 423f rare associations with other systemic and organ-specific diseases, 1135, 1136t rare manifestations of, 1131, 1131t renal, 1128t, 1131t, 1134 scintigraphy in, 558, 559, 559f solitary pulmonary nodule in, 1817 Th1 immunity and, 1130, 1135 treatment of, 1118t alternative agents for, 1140–1141, 1140t corticosteroids for, 1139–1140, 1140t indications for, 1139, 1139t systemic, 1139–1140, 1140t upper airway obstruction in, 855 of upper respiratory tract and oral cavity, 1128t, 1131t, 1133 work-up for, exclusion of histoplasmosis in, 2338–2339 Sarcoma presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1816 primary pulmonary, 1926, 1926t pulmonary metastases, 1942 synovial, pleural, 1550, 1552 Sarcomatoid carcinoma, of lung, 1840–1841 variants of, 1840–1841 Sarcomere(s), 72 Sarin, bronchiolitis caused by, 894t SARS. See Severe acute respiratory syndrome Sauna taker’s disease, etiology of, 1164t Sauropus androgynus, bronchiolitis associated with, 906 Sax lung, etiology of, 1165t Scalene muscle(s), 72f actions of, 76, 77 Scedosporiosis, pulmonary, 2323–2324 Scedosporium, infection (incl. pneumonia), 2321 differential diagnosis of, 2322 Scedosporium apiospermum, 2323–2324 Scedosporium prolificans, 2323–2324 Schaumann, Jorgen, 1125 Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 5t, 7, 8, 9 Scheie’s syndrome, 1275 Schistosoma, 1995 and eosinophilic pneumonia, 1214t infection, 1092 pathology of, 2050 staining characteristics of, 2039 Schistosoma haematobium, 2414t, 2418t, 2423–2425 Schistosoma intercalatum, 2423 Schistosoma japonicum, 2414t, 2418t, 2423, 2425

Schistosoma mansoni, 2414t, 2418t, 2423–2425 immune response to, 314 infection, pathology of, 2049f Schistosoma mekongi, 2423 Schistosomes, 2413 Schistosomiasis, 395, 2414t, 2423–2425, 2424f staining characteristics of, 2035t Schwannoma pleural, thoracoscopic management of, 651, 651f in posterior mediastinum, 1610, 1610f Scintigraphy, historical perspective on, 547 SCLC. See Small cell lung cancer Sclerodactyly, 429, 429f Scleroderma, 429–430, 429f, 430f. See also Collagen vascular disease alveolar hemorrhage in, 1241 aspiration pneumonia in, 1208, 1208f clinical features of, 1117t computed tomography of, 1115t, 1117t diagnosis of, 422–423, 423f diffuse, immunologic tests for, 1112t follicular bronchiolitis in, 905 histology of, 1117t histopathology of, 1364–1365, 1366f with interstitial lung disease, 1206–1207, 1207f computed tomography of, 1115t, 1206, 1207f pigmentary disturbances in, 429, 430f pleural disease in, 1206 pulmonary complications of, 388, 1193, 1194t, 1206–1208 pulmonary vascular disease in, 1207–1208 radiographic features of, 490f sarcoidosis and, 1135, 1136t treatment of, 1117t SCM-1β, 340t Scrofuloderma, 431 SDB. See Sleep-disordered breathing SDF-1. See Stromal cell-derived factor-1 Seafood, and occupational asthma, 985t, 986 Secondhand tobacco smoke, 1010 health effects of, 1025–1026, 1025t Secreted Frizzled-related protein 1, 86 Secreted Frizzled-related protein 2, 86 Secretion(s), aspiration of, therapeutic bronchoscopy for, 643 Secretory component, 280f, 326, 327f in nasal secretions, 281 Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, in lung parenchyma, 721, 721t Sedation, for agitated ICU patient, 2701–2706 adequacy of, assessment of, 2702 agent for, selection of, 2702 indications for, 2701–2702

strategies for, 2708–2710 Sedative/hypnotics, pulmonary effects of, 1091t Segmented worms, 2413, 2421–2423 Seizure(s), 2101t Selectins, in inflammation, 782 Selective digestive decontamination, 2582 Selective IgA deficiency, pulmonary infection in, 2235 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), for obstructive sleep apnea, 1714 Self-determination, 2723 Self-expandable metallic stent(s), 639–640, 640f Seminoma, mediastinal, 1604, 1606–1607, 1606t, 1607f Semivolatile chemicals exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t SEMS. See Self-expandable metallic stent(s) Semustine pulmonary effects of, 1079t, 1080–1081 therapeutic uses of, 1078 Sepsis. See also Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS); Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and acute lung injury, 2527 definition of, 2563 diagnostic criteria for, 2562t goal-directed therapy for, 2569, 2569f leukocyte migration in, 354–355 multiple organ failure in, 449–450 outcomes of, 2715 prognosis for, 2715 staging, PIRO classification system for, 2562–2563, 2563t Septata, 2410 Septic emboli, 1444–1445, 2152f, 2154t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2214t Septic shock cytokines in, 336–337 diagnostic criteria for, 2562t goal-directed therapy for, 2569, 2569f maldistributive hypoxia in, 2617 Sequoisis, etiology of, 1163t Sericulturist’s lung, etiology of, 1164t Serine proteinase(s), inhibitors of, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 721 Serologic tests, 2001–2002 Serosa, of lung, 23–24, 24f Serotonin and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 118 gut-liver-lung axis and, 1347–1348, 1348f metabolism of, 444f and pulmonary circulation, 1347–1348 in pulmonary hypertension, 1369

I-105 Index Serotonin receptor(s), 1348 Serous otitis, 2093 Serpula lacrymans, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t Serratia infection (incl. pneumonia) neonatal nosocomial, 2126 nosocomial, 2280, 2281t, 2282, 2289 pneumonia, 2019, 2022 Serratia marcescens contamination of bronchoscope, 2279 infection (incl. pneumonia) in chronic granulomatous disease, 2237 history and physical findings in, 2101t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2106t nosocomial, 2279, 2280t treatment of, 2285–2288, 2286t Serum amyloid-associated protein, 1234 Serum amyloid protein, 1970 Servetus, Michael, 4–6, 5t, 6 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 1994, 2020, 2390–2391, 2427, 2428 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2229 chemokines in, 355 coronavirus, 1994 assays for, 1989t infection (incl. pneumonia), 2098 clinical presentation of, 2114 treatment of, 2114 pneumonia caused by, 2019 staining characteristics of, 2035t epidemiology of, 1984t historical perspective on, 2114 pathology of, 2044f treatment of, 2394 Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), 2139 pulmonary infection in, 2236 and risk of infection, 2306 Severity of illness scoring system(s), 2716–2718 calibration of, 2717, 2717f characteristics of, 2717 development of, 2716–2717 and discrimination, 2717, 2717f use in ICU, 2718–2720 Sexual function, smoking and, 752 SFrp1, 86 SFrp2, 86 SFrp4, 86 SGaw. See Specific conductance Shagreen patches, 438 Shell lung, etiology of, 1164t Shell proteins, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t

Shh gene, 87, 88 Shigella, infection (incl. pneumonia), in Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 2238 Shivering primary motor center for, 452 in pulmonary disease, 452 Shock, metabolic response to, 2693 Shoulder girdle muscle(s), actions of, 76 Shunt(s) and arterial hypoxemia, 2616–2617, 2616t oxygen therapy for, 2619 and gas transport, 177–178 intracardiac, cyanosis due to, 415 left-to-right, 1354 pathophysiology of, 177–178 physiological, in ventilation-perfusion inequality, 187 pulmonary, symbols for, 1328, 2740 Shuttle-walking test, 600 Shy-Drager syndrome, upper airway obstruction in, 859 SIADH. See Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion Sicca syndrome, 281 Sick-building syndrome, 1010, 1032, 1034, 1035f Sickle cell disease and pneumococcal infection, 2131–2132 pneumonia in, 2100t pulmonary embolism in, 1425, 1445–1446 and pulmonary hypertension, 1384 pulmonary thrombosis in, 1445–1446 SID. See Strong ion difference Siderophores, 1970, 2079 Sievert (Sv) (unit), 1177 Sildenafil adverse effects and side effects of, 1388 for pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1388 Silica bronchiolitis caused by, 893t, 895–896 crystalline forms of, 974 as carcinogens, 977 exposure to in coal mines, 968, 968f high-risk occupations for, 974–975 free, 974 lung disease caused by, 934, 934t occupational lung disease caused by, 935t, 974 Silicates, sheet, bronchiolitis caused by, 893t, 895–896 Silicosis, 934, 934t, 2025. See also Progressive massive fibrosis accelerated, 976 acute, 976

bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t chest radiographs in, 937–938, 938f chronic (classic), 975, 975f clinical features of, 976–977 complications of, 977 treatment of, 978–979 computed tomography of, 1115t definition of, 974 diagnostic issues in, 977 exposures associated with, 1109t forms of, 975–976 infectious complications of, 976, 977 lung function in, 977 lymphadenopathy in, 2028 management of, 978–979 medical screening and surveillance in, 978 pathogenesis of, 976 presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1817 prevalence of, 974 prevention of, 978, 979 radiographic features of, 483, 485, 977 radiographic findings in, 423 risk factors for, 974 and risk of infection, 976 and tuberculosis, 976 Silo-filler’s disease, 423, 892, 895f, 1001, 1341, 2013 incidence of, 892 Siltzbach, Louis, 1126 Silver impregnation, 2035t, 2037 Simian virus-40, 1537 Simon focus, 1990 Simple pulmonary eosinophilia. See Loeffler syndrome Simplified acute physiological score, 2718 Simulation, definition of, 1896 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 711 Sin Nombre virus, 2113 characteristics of, 2375t infection, 1994 Sinonasal cancer, occupational exposure and, 934t Sinus(es) mucociliary transport in, 2089 paranasal, development of, 2089 Sinusitis, 281, 2089–2091 bacterial acute community-acquired, 2089 chronic, 2089–2090 complications of, 2090, 2090f nosocomial, 2089 causes of, 2089 in Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 2238 chronic, and exacerbations of asthma, 807 common cold and, 2086

I-106 Index Sinusitis (Cont.) in common variable immunodeficiency, 331 fungal, 2090–2091 allergic, 2090–2091 in immunocompromised host, 2091 invasive, 2090–2091 risk factors for, 2089 Sirolimus interactions with drugs for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2503t pneumonitis caused by, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1099 SIRS. See Systemic inflammatory response syndrome Sitaxsentan, for pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1388 Sitophilus granarius proteins, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t 6-minute walk test, 225, 599–600 Sj¨ogren’s syndrome. See also Collagen vascular disease airway disease in, 1210 and bronchiectasis, 2187 clinical features of, 1117t, 1210 computed tomography of, 1117t histology of, 1117t immunologic tests for, 1112t interstitial lung disease in, 1210–1211, 1210f obstructive airway disease in, 905 pulmonary complications of, 1194t respiratory complications of, 905 sarcoidosis and, 1135, 1136t secondary, interstitial lung disease in, 1211 treatment of, 1117t Skeletal deformity, and abnormal breathing pattern, 403 Skeletal pathology, and ventilatory impairment, 1668t Skin inspection of, 390 neoplastic disorders involving, 431–433 wrinkling, smoking and, 752–753 Skin cancer, in lung transplant recipient, 439–440 Skin disease, 427–440 drug therapy for, pulmonary toxicity from, 440 paraneoplastic, 445 SLE. See Systemic lupus erythematosus Sleep age and, 1681–1682 age-related changes in, 275–276 arousal during, 1693 autonomic regulation during, 1682–1683

cardiovascular control during, 1689, 1690f characteristics of, 1679–1682 CNS regions governing, 1683–1685, 1684f drugs and, 1732–1733 function of, 1682 non–rapid eye movement (NREM), 1679–1681, 1680f, 1681f light, periodicities of ventilation in, 1693–1694, 1693f stages of, 1679, 1680f oxygen therapy in, 2620, 2620t periodic breathing in, 1040 physiological mechanisms of, 1683–1685, 1684f pulmonary disorders during, 1725 quality of, 1731 quantity of, 1730–1731, 1731f rapid eye movement (REM), 1679, 1680f, 1681 features of, 1685–1686 and respiratory chemosensitivity, 2597 species differences in, 1681 ventilatory responses during, 168, 1690–1693, 1690f–1692f, 2597 altitude and, 1040 Sleep apnea, 169, 1697–1725 central, 169, 1712, 1722–1724, 1723f cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 622 definition of, 1698 mortality rate for, 622 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 735 conditions associated with, 1707, 1707t consequences of, 1710–1713, 1711f cardiovascular, 1711–1713 neurocognitive, 1711 history-taking in, 2647 obstructive, 169 anatomic considerations in, 1700–1701, 1700f, 1701f apneic event in, 1702 cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 622 clinical presentation of, 1705–1706, 1705t definition of, 1698 diagnosis of, 1707–1710, 1708f–1710f economic effects of, 1713 epidemiology of, 1702–1703 genetic considerations in, 1705 impairment due to, evaluation of, 684 management of, 2649 neural considerations in, 1701–1702, 1702f pathogenesis of, 1699–1702, 1699f, 1700f pulmonary hypertension in, 1395–1396

and respiratory failure, 2587–2588 risk factors for, 1703–1705, 1704t surgical treatment of, 1720–1722, 1720t treatment of, 1713–1722, 1713t screening for, 1706–1707, 1707f in upper airway obstruction, 846 Sleep-disordered breathing definition of, 1698 historical perspective on, 1697–1698 in kyphoscoliosis, 1621 in neuromuscular disorders, 1639–1640, 1639t in pregnancy, 260 spectrum of, 1699, 1699f ventilatory impairment in, 1668t Sleep disorders, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 735 Sleep disturbances, in pregnancy, 256 Sleepiness. See also Somnolence characteristics of, 1727–1728 daytime, causes of, 1733, 1733t differential diagnosis of, 1733–1734 drugs and, 1732–1733 evaluation of patient with, 1733–1734 excessive daytime, prevalence of, 1733 factors affecting, 1730–1733 objective measures of, 1729–1730 quantifying, 1728–1730 performance tests for, 1730 vigilance tests for, 1730 subjective measures of, 1728–1729 Sling-ring complex, 857 Slow code, 2729 SLPI. See Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor Sly’s syndrome, 1275 Smad, 338–339 Small-airway disease in cystic fibrosis, 872 pulmonary function testing in, 604t, 605, 606t radiographic features of, 492f Small cell cancer, extrapulmonary, 1906 Small-cell carcinoma, 444 doubling time in, 493f Small cell lung cancer chemotherapy for, 1908–1909 second-line, 1909–1910 clinical presentation of, 1904, 1904f diagnosis of, 1902–1903 endocrine and hematologic syndromes associated with, 1930t epidemiology of, 1899–1900 genetic abnormalities in, 1901–1902, 1901t histopathologic classification of, 1900–1901, 1900f immunohistochemistry of, 1903 late complications of, 1910 limited-stage

I-107 Index prophylactic cranial irradiation for, 1890 thoracic radiation therapy for, 1890 metastases, sites of, 1902, 1902t natural history of, 1902 paraneoplastic phenomena with, 1904–1906, 1905t presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1816 prognosis for, 1906–1907 prophylactic cranial irradiation in, 1909 radiation therapy for, 1884t prophylactic cranial, 1890 thoracic, 1890 radiographic findings in, 1903, 1904, 1904f risk factors for, 1899–1900 stage at presentation, 1902, 1902t staging of, 1902t, 1903–1904 thoracic radiotherapy for, 1909 treatment of, 1907–1910 in patients with poor performance status, 1910 surgical, 1907–1908 tumor biology of, 1901–1902 Small-cell undifferentiated lung cancer, cytopathology of, 530–531, 530f Smog, 1019 Smoke composition of, 1053 definition of, 994t Smoke bombs, inhalation injury caused by, 1003, 1004f Smoke inhalation epidemiology of, 1053 occupational, 934t parenchymal injury in, 1059–1060, 1060f toxic compounds in, 1053–1055, 1054t tracheobronchial injury in, 1057–1059, 1058f, 1059f treatment of, 1060–1061 Smoking. See also Nicotine and asbestosis, 949 and bronchiolitis caused by mineral dusts, 896 and carbon monoxide in blood, 1023–1024 and cardiovascular disease, 751–752 cessation, 753–759 and ability to quit, 756 acupuncture and, 754 aversive conditioning and, 754 behavioral approaches, 753–754 benefits of, 730–731, 730f, 758–759 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 734 coal workers and, 973 cravings during, management of, 757 and depression, 757, 759 educational techniques for, 754 evaluation process, 756–757

by gradual reduction vs. abrupt abstinence, 754 group counseling for, 754 hypnosis and, 754 National Cancer Institute’s model for, 753–754 pharmacologic treatment in, 754–756 and postoperative pulmonary complications, 668 pragmatic approaches, 756 preoperative, 1740–1741 preparing smokers for, 757–758 and reason for quitting, 756 risks of, 759 stages of, 753 and weight gain, 757–758 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 708–709, 708t, 709f, 749–751 as chronic relapsing disease, 759 cultural aspects of, 749 cytological responses to, 516, 517f diseases associated with, 749, 750t and elastic fiber synthesis, 718–719 emphysema due to, pathogenesis of, 722–723, 722f epidemiology of, 708, 753 harm reduction strategies for, 759–760 history of, and postoperative pulmonary complications, 668 indoor air contaminants from, 1021t–1022t and interstitial lung disease, 1108 and Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, 1245, 1250, 1251f and lung cancer, 1816 and malignancy, 750t, 751 hemoptysis in, 413 and Master Settlement Agreement, 749 maternal, and risk of asthma in children, 794–795 oxidant-produced injury in, 450, 451 and oxidative stress, 716, 716f in pregnancy, adverse effects of, 752 prevention of, 760 as public health problem, 749 and pulmonary vasculature, 703 and risk of postoperative respiratory failure, 2575 and small airways, histopathology of, 702 social aspects of, 749 and susceptibility to air pollution, 1032t toxins inhaled in, 749 trends in, 708 Smoothened (SMO), 89, 89f Smooth muscle. See also Airway smooth muscle of airway wall, 27f, 31 of pulmonary vasculature, 31–32 Smooth muscle cell(s)

airway, in asthma, 777 of alveolar septum, 40f, 41, 41f differentiation of, 96–97, 96f, 97f Smudge cells, 2043, 2045f SNARE proteins, 316 Sniffing position, 2646, 2647, 2648f, 2649–2650, 2649f Sniff nasal inspiratory force. See SNIF test Sniff test, 460, 1642, 2586 SNIF test, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 1652 Social Security disability evaluation under, 685–687 Listings of Impairments, 685 Office of Disability Determination Services, 685 Social Security Act Title II (disability insurance), 685 Title XVI (supplemental security income), 685 Sodium benzoate, sensitivity to, in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, 802 Sodium bicarbonate, mucolytic effects of, 2642 Sodium channels, 144 Sodium nitrite, for cyanide poisoning, 1057 Sodium sulfite, sensitivity to, in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, 802 Sodium thiosulfate, for cyanide poisoning, 1057 Sodium transport diseases involving, 144 epithelial, 138 cellular and molecular mechanisms of, 139, 139f Soldering fluxes, and occupational asthma, 985t, 986, 990 Solid organ transplantation pneumonia after, 2229–2232 radiologic diagnosis of, 2230–2232, 2231f, 2232f, 2233t pulmonary infection after, 2229–2232 beyond 6 months posttransplant, 2230, 2232f in first month posttransplant, 2229–2230 1 to 6 months posttransplant, 2230, 2231f timetable of, 2206f, 2229 Solitary fibrous tumors, pleural, 1550, 1551f Solitary pulmonary nodule, 1815–1828 benign, 1817, 1817t benign and malignant differentiation of, 559–560, 561t, 1820–1823 radiographic features of, 486 biopsy of, 1823–1824 bronchoscopy of, 1824, 1824f calcification of, 1820–1822, 1821f calcifications in, 486

I-108 Index Solitary pulmonary nodule (Cont.) causes of, 486 cavitation in, 487–489 computed tomography of, 489–494 definition of, 1815 diagnosis of, 494 thoracoscopy in, 655–656 diagnostic approach for, 1826–1828, 1827f differential diagnosis of, 486, 1817, 1817t doubling time of, 487, 493f, 1822 epidemiology of, 1816 excision of, 656 FDG-PET of, 559–560, 560f, 561t with ground-glass appearance, 560 growth rate, assessment of, 1822 imaging of, 1818–1820 repeat, frequency of, 1822–1823 incidence of, 1816 malignant, 1816–1817, 1817t management of, 656 percutaneous needle aspiration of, 1824 positive bronchus sign with, 1824 prevalence of, 1816 probability of malignancy, estimation of, 1823 radiographic findings with, 456f, 459f, 486–494, 493f shape of, 1820–1822, 1820f, 1821f thoracostomy for, 1824–1826 thoracotomy for, 1824–1826 transthoracic needle aspiration and biopsy of, 645, 645f Soluble amyloid P protein, 1233 Somnolence. See also Sleepiness postoperative, after lung resection, epidural analgesia and, 1747 Sonic hedgehog, 88, 88f, 89, 89f and Fgf10 expression, 85 and lung development, 82–83, 92–94 Sore throat. See Pharyngitis South American blastomycosis, history-taking in, 388, 388f Soybean hull antigens, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t Soybean lung, etiology of, 1163t Soy sauce brewer’s lung, etiology of, 1164t SP-A. See Surfactant protein(s) Sp-A, and lung development, 83 Spallanzani Lazaro, 8 Sparfloxacin, 2057 Sp-B, and lung development, 82 SP-C. See Surfactant protein(s) Sp-C, and lung development, 82–85, 82f SP-D. See Surfactant protein(s) Specific compliance, definition of, 1328, 2740 Specific conductance, 584 definition of, 1327, 2739 normal, 1323, 2735 Spherulin skin test, 2344

Sphingosine 1-phosphate, and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 118 Spider nevi, 449 Spinal cord injury(ies), ventilatory impairment in, 1648–1649, 1668t Spindle cell carcinoma, 1840–1841 Spirochetes, 2142. See also specific spirochete infection, pathology of, 2050 staining characteristics of, 2037, 2040f Spirometer(s), 568–569 dry rolling-seal, 569, 569f flow-type, 569 measurements made by, 568–569, 569f volume-type, 569, 569f water-sealed, 569, 569f Spirometry, 579 abnormal, severity of, grading, based on FEV1 , 603, 603t in asthma, 833 diagnostic, 570–571 minimal standards for, 570, 570t in dyspnea, 404 forced respiratory maneuvers during abbreviations for, 1326–1327, 2738–2739 definition of, 1326–1327, 2738–2739 monitoring, 571 in neuromuscular disease, 1646, 1646f in upper airway obstruction, 846 Splendore-Hoepllei phenomenon, 2037, 2039f Splenectomy associated infections, 1983t, 2210t, 2219 infections associated with, 1983t vaccinations with, 2111 SPN. See Solitary pulmonary nodule Sporothrix, infection (incl. pneumonia), in immunocompromised host, 2207 Sporothrix schenckii, infection (incl. pneumonia), in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t Sporotrichosis, 1990 diagnosis of, 2002 Sprouty2, 85, 88f, 89 Spry2, 85, 89f Spry4, 85 Sputum assays, 423, 2031 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2247t, 2250 bacterial antigen detection in, 2001 bloody, 414 cultures, 2000–2001, 2104 in cystic fibrosis, 872–873 cytologic examination of, 1988f, 1997–1998 Diff-Quik staining, 2000 direct examination of, 1997–2001

direct immunofluorescent microscopy of, 1999 examination of, 819 in Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2361–2364, 2361t in pneumonia, 1985–1987, 1987f fluorochrome-stained, examination of, for bacteria, 1999 foul-smelling, 2101t fungal wet mounts, 1999 Giemsa-stained smears, 1999–2000 Gram-stained smear, examination of, for bacteria, 1998–1999, 1998f, 1999f induced, 512 microscopic examination of, 2000 postbronchoscopy, 513 specimen collection, 2104 spontaneously produced, 512, 512f stain and culture, 2104–2107 Ziehl-Neelsen-stained, examination of, for bacteria, 1999 Squamous cell(s), 514–515 Squamous cell carcinoma, 514, 515f of lung, 1832t, 1833–1835, 1834f, 1835f cytopathology of, 528–529, 529f doubling time in, 493f in lung transplant recipient, 439–440 presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule, 1816 Squamous papilloma, 1917–1918 SS. See Scleroderma Stachybotrys chartarum, 1030–1031 and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1295 Stahl, Georg Erst, 5t, 7 Stain(s), histochemical, 2034–2039, 2035t. See also specific stain Standard uptake value, for FDG-PET, 560 Staphylococci (Staphylococcus spp.) in acute mediastinitis, 2166t cavitation caused by, 2043 coagulase-negative in acute mediastinitis, 2166 in empyema, 2144t in empyema, 2143 exotoxin A, 2133 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, radiographic findings in, 2215 infection (incl. pneumonia) in children, 2132 complicating influenza, 2388 hemoptysis in, 413 lymphadenopathy in, 2028 Staphylococcus aureus, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1996, 2001 and accessory gene regulator (agr) network, 2080–2081 in acute mastoiditis, 2094 in acute otitis externa, 2092 acute sinusitis caused by, 2089 antibiotic resistance in, 2270

I-109 Index and atopic dermatitis, 428 in auricular cellulitis, 2091 bronchopneumonia caused by, 2042 in chronic suppurative otitis media, 2094 colonization, in cystic fibrosis, 866–867, 872–873, 874 drug-resistant, 2131 in empyema, 2144 immune defense against, 1973 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2005, 2020, 2022, 2023f, 2098 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2224 and bronchiectasis, 2186, 2189, 2189t in Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 2238 in children, 2132 immune defects and, 2138 in chronic granulomatous disease, 2237 clinical manifestations of, 2269 in common variable immunodeficiency, 331 complications of, 2112, 2269 in cystic fibrosis, treatment of, 875–876, 2178, 2179 of deep cervical space, 852 diagnosis of, 1998, 1998f, 2269–2270 differential diagnosis of, 2266 in elderly, 2007 and empyema, 1490 epidemiology of, 2269 history and physical findings in, 2100t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2106t, 2251 radiographic findings in, 2249t hospitalization rate for, 2105t in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, 2239 ICU admission rate for, 2106t immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t in leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 2238 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 nosocomial, 2279–2280, 2280t, 2281t, 2282, 2581–2582 treatment of, 2285–2288, 2286t and parapneumonic effusions, 1489 pathogenesis of, 2080, 2269 postinfluenza, 2060 risk factors for, 2112 signs and symptoms of, 2099 supraglottitis caused by, 853 in surgery and trauma patients, 2197 treatment of, 2112, 2270 in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 331, 2233–2234 in invasive (malignant) otitis externa, 2092 in lung abscess, 2144, 2154t

methicillin-resistant. See Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus microbiology of, 2268–2269 in nosocomial sinusitis, 2089 and orbital complications of sinusitis, 2090 in perichondritis, 2091 PVL-positive, infection (incl. pneumonia) mortality rate for, 2112 pathology of, 2112 in supraglottitis, 2088 toxin produced by, 2081 toxins produced by, 2052, 2055 and tracheitis, 2379 in tracheitis, 853 tracheitis caused by, 2088 vaccine against, 2080 Staphylococcus epidermidis, infection, of deep cervical space, 852 Starling equation, 2523–2524 Starling resistor, 1350, 1350f STAT1, 1976 STAT4, 1976 STAT6, 1976 Static compliance of chest wall, 575–576, 575f, 576f of lung, 575, 576f, 577 age-related changes in, 267, 267f definition of, 1328, 2740 normal, 1323, 2735 of respiratory system, age-related changes in, 267, 267f Static pulmonary pressure, at specified lung volume, definition of, 1328, 2740 Status asthmaticus outcomes of, 2714 prognosis for, 2714 Stavudine, adverse effects and side effects of, with isoniazid, 2490 Steeple sign, 2379 Steiner stain, 2037 Stem cell factor, 308, 316 and B-cell production, 323 effects/functions of, 781t sources of, 781t targets of, 781t Stemphylium languinosum, in allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, 837 Stenotrophomonas, infection (incl. pneumonia), in organ transplant recipient, 2230 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection (incl. pneumonia) in cystic fibrosis, 875, 881 treatment of, 875, 2179 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 nosocomial, 2196 pneumonia, 2009

Stent(s) airway, 862 complications of, 644 endobronchial, 639–640 self-expandable metallic, 639–640, 640f tube, 639–640 Sternocleidomastoid muscle(s), 72f actions of, 76 Sternotomy, median, pulmonary complications of, 666, 666t Sternum, fracture, in trauma patient, 1763 Steroid(s) inhaled, for bronchiectasis, 2191 interactions with drugs for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2503t resistance to, 2639 Steroid myopathy, respiratory abnormalities in, 1659–1660 Stethoscope, historical perspective on, 13–14 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 436, 436f, 2099, 2113, 2207 Stipatosis, etiology of, 1164t Stokes, William, 403 Stomach, pathogens from, and nosocomial pneumonia, 2274 Streptococci (Streptococcus spp.) in acute mediastinitis, 2166t in acute otitis externa, 2092 acute sinusitis caused by, 2089 α-hemolytic in empyema, 2144t and epiglottitis, 2379 in auricular cellulitis, 2091 beta-hemolytic, 2024, 2024f in empyema, 2143, 2144 infection (incl. pneumonia), lymphadenopathy in, 2028 bronchopneumonia caused by, 2042 cavitation caused by, 2043 coagulase-negative, in acute mediastinitis, 2166 in empyema, 2144, 2144t group A in acute mastoiditis, 2094 antiphagocytic factors, 2080 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2271 in Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 2238 in children, 2133 clinical presentation of, 2113 epidemic, 2113 epidemiology of, 2113 invasive, 2113 mortality rate for, 2113 supraglottitis caused by, 853 treatment of, 2113 and orbital complications of sinusitis, 2090

I-110 Index Streptococci (Streptococcus spp.), and orbital complications of (Cont.) pharyngitis, 2079, 2086 in supraglottitis, 2088 tracheitis caused by, 2088 group B in acute otitis media, 2092 infection (incl. pneumonia), 2271 neonatal infection, 2125–2126, 2126f vaccine against, 2080 group C, pharyngitis, 2086 group D, nonenterococcal, in empyema, 2144t group F, infection (incl. pneumonia), 2271 group G infection (incl. pneumonia), 2271 pharyngitis, 2086 immune defense against, 1973 infection (incl. pneumonia) in children, 2133 of deep cervical space, 852 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2106t hospitalization rate for, 2105t ICU admission rate for, 2106t immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t nosocomial, 2280, 2281t in lung abscess, 2154t microaerophilic, 2007, 2147f infection (incl. pneumonia), 2156 conditions underlying, 2145t staining characteristics of, 2036f and tracheitis, 2379 viridans, in acute mediastinitis, 2166 Streptococcus agalactiae, neonatal infection, 2125–2126, 2126f Streptococcus epidermidis in acute mediastinitis, 2166t immune defense against, 1973 infection (incl. pneumonia) hospitalization rate for, 2105t immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t Streptococcus intermedius, in empyema, 2144t Streptococcus mitis, 2086 Streptococcus mutans, 2086–2087 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1989, 1995–1996, 1996f and acute bronchitis, 2097 in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 742t, 2117, 2121t in acute mastoiditis, 2094 in acute otitis media, 2092 acute sinusitis caused by, 2089 antibiotic resistance in, 2267–2268 bronchopneumonia caused by, 2042 colonization of host, 2079 diagnosis of, 2001

drug-resistant, 2065, 2108, 2131 infection risk factors for, 2059–2060 treatment of, 2056–2057, 2060–2061 infection (incl. pneumonia), epidemiology of, 2099 in empyema, 2143–2144 and H. influenzae, interactions of, 2081 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, radiographic findings in, 2215 immune response to, 324 infection (incl. pneumonia), 330–331, 2004, 2005, 2019, 2019f. See also Pneumonia, pneumococcal in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2224 and bronchiectasis, 2186, 2189t, 2190 in cancer patients, 2216 chest radiograph in, 2102f in children, 2131–2132 clinical manifestations of, 2266–2267 in common variable immunodeficiency, 331 in complement deficiency, 2236 complicating influenza, 2388 of deep cervical space, 852 diagnosis of, 1998, 2267, 2267f differential diagnosis of, 2266–2267 in elderly, 2007 and empyema, 1490–1493, 1492f epidemiology of, 2004, 2266 history and physical findings in, 2100t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2106t, 2251, 2252 radiographic findings in, 2214t, 2249t hospitalization rate for, 2105t ICU admission rate for, 2106t immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t in immunocompromised host, 2204 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 nosocomial, 2008, 2277, 2280, 2280t, 2282 treatment of, 2285–2288, 2286t and parapneumonic effusions, 1489 pathogenesis of, 2080, 2081, 2265–2266 in pediatric HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2139 prevention of, 2268 risk factors for, 2112 signs and symptoms of, 2099 supraglottitis caused by, 853 in surgery and trauma patients, 2197 treatment of, 2055, 2062, 2112, 2268 in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 2237 in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 331, 2233–2234

macrolide-resistant, 2108–2110 microbiology of, 2265 MICs for penicillin, 2112 and orbital complications of sinusitis, 2090 and otitis media, 2131 penicillin-resistant, 2109, 2112, 2131 infection (incl. pneumonia), epidemiology of, 2099 protease, 326 quinolone resistance, 2057 and sinusitis, 2131 in sputum, 2104 in supraglottitis, 2088 and tracheitis, 2379 tracheitis caused by, 2088 vaccines against, 2066–2068, 2066t, 2080, 2111, 2132, 2268 virulence factors, 2081 Streptococcus pyogenes infection (incl. pneumonia), 2113, 2271 and empyema, 1490 in lung abscess, 2144 pharyngitis caused by, 2086 pneumonia, 2005 Streptococcus salivarius, 2086 Streptococcus viridans, 2007 infection of deep cervical space, 852 supraglottitis caused by, 853 Streptokinase, 535–536 for pulmonary embolism, 1439–1440 Streptomyces, infection (incl. pneumonia), in immunocompromised host, 2207 Streptomyces albus, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1165t Streptomycin adverse effects and side effects of, 2483t, 2503 for brucellosis, 2429t, 2438–2439 interactions with immunosuppressive agents, 2503t for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 dosage and administration of, 2504t for plague, 2429t, 2432 for tuberculosis, 2479 dosage and administration of, 2482t historical perspective on, 2476 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2490 theoretical basis for, 2476 for tularemia, 2429t, 2434 Stress response, 2561–2562, 2562f Stress ulcer(s) prevention of, 835 in respiratory failure, 2518t, 2519 Stridor, 392–393 causes of infectious, 2379 noninfectious, 2379 inspiratory, in children, 2379 in upper airway obstruction, 846

I-111 Index Stripe sign, 554, 555f Stroke and aspiration, 1307–1308 ventilatory impairment in, 1648 Stromal cell-derived factor-1, 340t, 341t Strong ion difference, 213–214 Strongyloides infection, 1092 infestation immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t pathology of, 2045, 2046f Strongyloides stercoralis, 1995, 2013, 2414t, 2415–2418, 2416f biology of, 2414 and eosinophilic pneumonia, 1214t, 1215–1216 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2248, 2258 hyperinfection syndrome caused by, 2414t, 2415, 2417, 2417f, 2418, 2418t infestation in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2223 in cancer patients, 2219 history and physical findings in, 2100t in immunocompromised host, 2204, 2210 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 pathology of, 2050f in lung abscess, 2154t Strongyloidiasis, 2000, 2414t, 2415–2418, 2417f cytopathology of, 523–524, 524f Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment, 2719–2720 Subacute sensory neuropathy, paraneoplastic, 1936–1937, 1936t Subarachnoid pleural fistula, after lung resection, 1746 Subclavian vein, obstruction of, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting for, 540 Suberosis, etiology of, 1163t Subglottic stenosis, 855 Submucosal glands, 137 biology of, 141–143 cell types of, 141 development of, 141 electrolyte transport in, 141–142, 142t macromolecular products of, 142–143, 142t physiology of, 141 protein products of, 142–143, 142t structure of, 141, 141f Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus, 1304

Substance P, and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 118 Substituted judgment, 2725 Sudden death, in pulmonary hypertension, 1371–1372 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), maternal smoking and, 752 Sugar cane, moldy, 2012 Sulbactam, 2056 Sulfadiazine for acanthamoebiasis, 2401 for toxoplasmosis, 2402 Sulfa drugs, pneumonitis caused by, 2010, 2012t Sulfamides, and interstitial lung disease, 1111t Sulfasalazine eosinophilic pneumonia caused by, 1216f and interstitial lung disease, 1111t pneumonitis caused by, 2010, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1089 and vasculitis, 1464 Sulfatase, 2633 Sulfatide lipidosis, 1272–1273 Sulfonamides and interstitial lung disease, 1111t pulmonary effects of, 1090t, 1091t, 1092 Sulfur dioxide bronchiolitis caused by, 893t, 894 health effects of, 1016–1017 in indoor air, sources of, 1021t inhalation injury caused by, 1000t, 1001 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for, 1011t occupational lung disease caused by, 935t in outdoor air, exposures to, 1016–1017 in smoke and inhalation injury, source of, 1054t sources, 1011t water solubility of and mechanism of lung injury by, 994–995, 994t and site of impact, 995t Sulindac, and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t Superior vena cava obstruction of, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting for, 540 venography of, 467–469, 471f Superior vena cava syndrome, 390, 1564, 1566f, 1611–1612, 1903 Superoxide anion, 2624–2625 eosinophils and, 310t, 315 formation of, 359–360, 360f Superoxide dismutase, 360, 360f, 2625, 2626 Aspergillus, 2294 SUPPORT, 2719–2720

Supraglottitis, 2088 treatment of, 853 upper airway obstruction in, 853 Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 743 Surface forces, 125–126 and micromechanics of alveolar septum, 56–57, 56f, 57f and stabilization of lung structure, 54–56, 150–151, 151f Surfactant, 56, 125, 282 in airways, 39 apoproteins of, 36, 37f, 38f, 39, 41 mutations of, 39 biophysical activity of, assessment of, 39 catabolism, 126f, 131–132, 1314, 1314f by alveolar macrophages, 43, 126f composition of, 36, 126–127 damage to, 39 deficiency of, 39 degradation of, 38 discovery of, 12 distribution of, in lung, 39 dysfunction, 39 exogenous, in ALI/ARDS, 2557–2558 functions of, 36, 39, 151, 151f homeostasis, 1314, 1314f inactivation by plasma proteins, 134 inhibition of, in respiratory distress syndrome, 133–134 intraalveolar, 38 intracellular storage form of, 37–38, 37f phospholipids, 126 recycling and catabolism of, 126f, 131–132 synthesis of, regulation of, 132 production of, 1314, 1314f reduction, in respiratory distress syndrome, 134 regulation of, 132 recycling of, 38, 38f, 1314, 1314f replacement therapy with, 39, 2642–2643 reuptake of, by type II cells, 38 SA/LA ratio, 39 secretion of, 38, 38f species differences in, 36, 37f, 39 and stabilization of lung structure, 54, 54f, 55f subtypes of, 36, 37f, 38, 38f synthesis of, 37f, 38, 38f, 39f, 41 reduction, in respiratory distress syndrome, 134 Surfactant protein(s) function of, 127–130 recycling and catabolism of, 126f, 131–132 SP-A, 126–127, 130–131, 282, 1973, 1983 in aspergillosis, 838, 2293 functions of, 127

I-112 Index Surfactant protein(s), SP-A (Cont.) nitration of, 363 structure of, 127f SP-B, 126–127, 126f deficiency of, and respiratory failure at birth, 129–130 functions of, 129 gene for (SFTPB), 129 mutations of, disorders associated with, 129f, 130 structure of, 128f, 129 SP-C, 87, 89f, 126–127, 126f functions of, 127–128 gene for (SFTPC), 127 mutations of, and interstitial lung disease, 128–129, 129f and lung development, 84 structure of, 127–128, 128f SP-D, 126–127, 282, 1973, 1983 in aspergillosis, 838, 2293 functions of, 127, 131, 131t structure of, 127f structure of, 127–130 synthesis of reduction, in respiratory distress syndrome, 134 regulation of, 132 Surgery cardiac, effects on pulmonary function, 2578–2579 effects on pulmonary function, 2577–2579 pulmonary complications of, 666, 666t upper abdominal, effects on pulmonary function, 2577–2578 Surgical incision, type of, and postoperative pulmonary complications, 669–670 Surgical patient(s) acute respiratory failure in, 2573–2588 risk factors for, 2574–2575 risk of, predicting, 2575–2576, 2576t pneumonia in, 2193–2200. See also Pneumonia, nosocomial postoperative interventions for ineffective, 674 and prevention of pulmonary complications, 673–674, 673t postoperative pulmonary complications in, 2573. See also Pulmonary complications preoperative evaluation of, 670, 671f arterial blood gas analysis in, 670 chest radiography in, 670 history-taking in, 670 physical examination in, 670 pulmonary function testing in, 670 preoperative pulmonary preparation, 673, 673t pulmonary function testing in, preoperative, 670

pulmonary rehabilitation for, 769–771 risk assessment in, cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 626–628 Surgical procedure, and risk of postoperative respiratory failure, 2574, 2574t Surgical site, and postoperative pulmonary complications, 669 Surrogate decision makers, 2725, 2729 and best interests of patient, 2725 identification of, 2732 role of, 2732 and substituted judgment, 2725 Survival, meaningful, 2726 Swallowing difficulty. See Dysphagia muscles involved in, 1299, 1301t–1302t phases of, 1299–1304, 1303f muscles involved in, 1301t–1302t and ventilation, integration of, 1304 Swallowing center(s), 1304 Sweating, in pulmonary disease, 452 Sweat test, in diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, 870, 870f Sweet syndrome, 434, 434f Swimmer’s ear, 2092 Swyer-James syndrome, 474, 897 Symmorphosis, 66–68, 68t Sympathectomy, VATS procedure, 658–659, 659f Sympathomimetics. See Beta-adrenergic agonists Syncope posttussive, 409–410 in pulmonary hypertension, 1371, 1371t, 1392, 1392f Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), 390, 444–445, 1932–1933 in small cell lung cancer, 1905, 1905t in tuberculosis, 2470 Systemic arterial pressure, normal, 1334t Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), 2196. See also Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS); Sepsis clinical patterns of, 2562f, 2564–2565 definition of, 2563 diagnostic criteria for, 2562t epidemiology of, 2565 historical perspective on, 2561 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2246 inotrope therapy in, 2568–2569 maldistributive hypoxia in, 2617 management of, 2568–2570 source control in, 2568 metabolic management in, 2570 outcomes of, 2715 pathogenesis of, 2561–2562 pathophysiology of, 2565–2566 perfusion management in, 2568 prognosis for, 2715

underlying basis of, hypotheses of, 2566–2568 vasopressor therapy in, 2568–2569 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 1281. See also Collagen vascular disease acute lung syndromes in, 1198, 1198t alveolar hemorrhage in, 1241, 1292–1293, 1293f and bronchiectasis, 2187–2188 bronchiolitis in, 905, 1201 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t clinical features of, 1117t, 1198–1201 computed tomography of, 1117t drug-induced, 1090t, 1097 histology of, 1117t immunologic tests for, 1112t pathology of, 1285t pleural effusion in, 1497, 1498f pulmonary involvement in, 905, 1193, 1194t, 1198–1201, 1198t, 2013 pulmonary vascular disease in, 1201 respiratory abnormalities in, 1659 respiratory muscle dysfunction in, 1201, 1201f and risk of infection, 2306 sarcoidosis and, 1136t serology of, 1285t treatment of, 1117t and vasculitis, 1462–1463, 1462f Systemic sclerosis. See Scleroderma Systemic vascular resistance in exercise, 616 in pregnancy, 257t T Tabun, bronchiolitis caused by, 894t Tachypnea, in pregnancy, 254 Tacrolimus, 428 interactions with drugs for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2503t Taenia, infestation, in immunocompromised host, 2210 Takayasu’s arteritis, 1461 Talc, bronchiolitis caused by, 893t, 894t Talcum powder, bronchiolitis caused by, 893t Tapeworms, 2413 TARC. See Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine Tartrazine, lack of airway response to, in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, 802 Taxanes, pulmonary effects of, 1083–1084, 1083t radiation therapy and, 1181 Taylor dispersion, 176 Tazobactam, 2056 TBB. See Biopsy, transbronchial

I-113 Index T-bet, 1976 TBNA. See Transbronchoscopic needle aspiration TBX4, 84–85 T-cell antigen receptor (TCR), 323 T-cell factor 1, 86 T-cell receptor(s), 1974, 1976 T cells (T lymphocytes), 42, 1974, 1976 activation, 323 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 838, 2295–2296 in allergy, 792, 792f antigen-specific, migration to lung, 1976, 1977f in asthma, 776–777 CD4+, 323, 1975, 1976, 1978, 2293 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 2296 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 715 RSV and, 2128 CD8+, 1975, 1976, 1978 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 715 RSV and, 2128 chemotherapy and, 2216 cytotoxic. See Cytotoxic (cytolytic) T lymphocytes (CTL) defects of associated infections, 1983t, 2210t causes of, 1983t, 2210t helper, 324, 776 in aspergillosis, 838, 2293 and isotype switching, 324 memory, 1977 central, 1977 effector, 1977 in pulmonary fibrosis, 374–375 regulatory, 776–777, 1976 Th0, 776 Th1, 324, 776, 1976 in allergy, 792, 792f in aspergillosis, 838, 2293 in pulmonary fibrosis, 374–375 RSV and, 2128 and sarcoidosis, 1130 Th2, 324, 776, 1976 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 838, 2296 in allergy, 792, 792f in aspergillosis, 838, 2293–2294 in pulmonary fibrosis, 374–375 RSV and, 2128 Th17, 1976 Tcf1, 86 Tcf4, 86 Tc-99m Acutetec, 551 TE . See Expiration, duration of Tear duct(s), occlusion of, 281 Tear gas, inhalation injury caused by, 1003–1004 Technegas, 549, 551

Technetium-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), 550 in assessment of alveolar-capillary membrane permeability, 558–559 Technetium-99m glucoheptonate, 550 Technetium-99m-labeled aerosols, 549, 550–551 in assessment of alveolar-capillary membrane permeability, 558–559 in evaluation of mucociliary clearance, 559 Technetium-99m-labeled human albumin microspheres, 548 Technetium-99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin, 548, 548f in evaluation of mucociliary clearance, 559 scan using, in pulmonary hypertension, 556 Technetium-99m methylenediphosphonate (MDP), 550 Technetium-99m pyrophosphate, 550 Technetium-99m sulfur colloid, 550 in evaluation of mucociliary clearance, 559 Technology, advances in, 17–18 TECK, 340t TEE. See Transesophageal echocardiography Televancin, 2058 Telithromycin adverse effects and side effects of, 2056 for community-acquired pneumonia, 2110 dosage and administration of, 2056 for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 penetration into lung, 2053, 2053t resistance to, 2110 Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease, signs and symptoms of, 2647 Tenascin-C, in lung development, 94 Teprostinol, for pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1388, 1390 Teratocarcinoma, of anterior mediastinum, 1607 Teratoma(s) malignant, primary pulmonary, 1925 mediastinal benign, 1604–1606, 1606t malignant, 1606, 1606t radiographic features of, 495–498, 498f Terbinafine for invasive fungal infections, 2311, 2312 for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2370 Terbutaline adverse effects and side effects of, 825t for asthma, 823t, 825t

for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 738t dosage and administration of, 825t dosage forms, 2632t for exercise-induced asthma, 812 pulmonary effects of, 1091t receptor activity, 2632t structure-activity relationships, 2632 structure of, 2633f Terpenes exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Terry, Luther, 753 Tertiary contractions, 1304 Tetrachloroethylene exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Tetrachlorophthalic acid, and occupational asthma, 989 Tetracycline(s) adverse effects and side effects of, 2055 characteristics of, 2055 for cystic fibrosis patient, 875 mechanism of action of, 2055 organisms susceptible to, 2055 for pasteurellosis, 2430 penetration into lung, 2053, 2053t pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 for plague, 2432 pneumonitis caused by, 2012t pulmonary effects of, 1090t resistance to, 2055, 2099 for sarcoidosis, 1140, 1140t for tularemia, 2434 Tetralogy of Fallot, dyspnea in, 400 Tetraplegia, respiratory muscle action in, 76 Tetraspanin CD63/LAMP-3, in Weibel-Palade bodies, 31 Thalassemia, and pulmonary hypertension, 1384 Thalidomide, for sarcoidosis, 1140t, 1141 Thatched roof disease, etiology of, 1163t Theophylline adverse effects and side effects of, 828t, 2637 anti-inflammatory effects of, 2636 for asthma, 822, 823t, 828t for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 740 clinical use of, 2636–2637 diaphragmatic effects of, 2636 dosage and administration of, 828t for exercise-induced asthma, 811t, 812 extrapulmonary effects of, 2636 mechanism of action of, 828t pharmacology of, 2636 for pulmonary hypertension, 1377 as respiratory stimulant, 2643 structure-activity relationships, 2636 therapeutic effects of, 2636

I-114 Index Thermal injury(ies), upper airway obstruction caused by, 858 Thermoactinomyces, 2012 Thermoactinomyces candidus, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t Thermoactinomyces faeni, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t Thermoactinomyces sacchari, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1163t, 1164t Thermodilution technique for measurement of cardiac output, 2663 transpulmonary, in acute respiratory failure, 2668 θ , definition of, 1328, 2740 Thiabendazole, for strongyloidiasis, 2418t Thiacetazone, adverse effects and side effects of, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2490 Thick filament(s), 72 Thin filament(s), 72 Thoracentesis, in children, 2132 Thoracic collections, drainage of, 535–538 Thoracic duct, embolization of, 542, 544f Thoracic electrical bioimpedance, in acute respiratory failure, 2668 Thoracic surgery, pulmonary complications of, 666, 666t Thoracoabdominal movement, abnormal, in ventilatory pump dysfunction, 2609 Thoracoplasty pulmonary function testing after, 1620t, 1623 respiratory mechanics after, 1620t, 1623 ventilatory effects of, 1623, 1623f Thoracoscopy, 650–659 complications of, 659 current techniques, 650–651 historical perspective on, 649–650, 650f incisions for, 650, 650f instrumentation for, 651 mediastinal procedures, 657–658, 657f–658f in parenchymal disease, 652–655 pericardial drainage procedure, 658 in pleural disease, 651–652, 651f in staging of NSCLC, 1854–1855 for sympathectomy, 658–659, 659f video-assisted, 2032, 2033 in children, 2132 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2247t, 2250 Thoracostomy, for solitary pulmonary nodule, 1824–1826 Thoracostomy tube(s) in children, 2132

for parapneumonic effusion or empyema, 1489, 1490t Thoracotomy and anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections, 2145t emergency room, in trauma patient, 1759 with lung resection, pulmonary complications of, 666, 666t open in children, 2132 for pneumothorax, 1530 for solitary pulmonary nodule, 1824–1826 Thorax elastic properties of, 151–152 in pregnancy, 254 Thorium dioxide, and mesothelioma, 1537 Thorotrast, and mesothelioma, 1537 Threshold limit values, 941–942 Thrombectomy, pulmonary artery, 542–543 Thrombin, 446 α-Thrombin, and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 118 Thrombin inhibitors, for pulmonary embolism, 1439 Thrombocytopenia, 2113 and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1295 sarcoidosis and, 1136t Thrombocytosis associated with lung tumors, 1930t, 1935 essential, risk of venous thromboembolism in, 1426 Thromboembolic disease. See also Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension; Venous thromboembolism associated with lung tumors, 1930t, 1935–1936 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2260 postoperative, prevention of, 673t, 674 Thromboendarterectomy, pulmonary, and respiratory failure, 2585 Thrombolytic agents and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1295 for pulmonary embolism, 1439–1440 Thrombophilia, inherited, risk of venous thromboembolism in, 1426–1427 Thrombophlebitis, migratory superficial, in cancer patient, 433 Thromboxane A2 , 1341 and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 118 mast cells and, 310t, 312 in pulmonary hypertension, 1369f Thrush, 2087, 2207 Thymectomy, VATS technique, 657, 657f Thymic carcinoid, 1601

Thymic carcinoma, 1601 Thymic hyperplasia, 1601 Thymic malignancy, 1597, 1597t. See also Thymoma staging of, 1597, 1597t Thymolipomas, 1601 Thymoma, 1597–1601, 1598f–1600f and extrathymic cancer, 1601, 1601t paraneoplastic syndromes with, 1599–1601, 1601t radiographic features of, 495, 496f, 498 resection, VATS technique, 657, 657f surgery for, and postoperative pulmonary complications, 667 Thymus, lesions of, 1597–1601 Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, 340t Thyroid disorders, radiographic features of, 495, 496f masses, radiographic features of, 495, 496f substernal, radiographic features of, 496f Thyroid cancer radiographic features of, 485 sarcoidosis and, 1136t TI . See Inspiration, duration of TICAM-1, 355–356 Ticarcillin, 2056 Ticarcillin/clavulanate, 2056 indications for, 2157 Tidal volume, 149t, 569f, 591, 2592–2593 definition of, 568t, 1326, 2738 measurement of, 571 monitoring, in cardiopulmonary exercise testing, 611 normal, 403, 1323, 2735 in pregnancy, 254, 255f ventilator setting for, 2680–2681 Tigecycline, 2058 for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 Tight junctions of airway epithelial cells, 137–138 of type I alveolar epithelial cells, 34, 35f Time zero, in diagnostic spirometry, minimal recommendations for, 570t Tinidazole, indications for, 2400–2401 Tiotropium adverse effects and side effects of, 829t, 2636 for asthma, 822, 823t, 829t, 2635–2636 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 738t, 739, 2635 dosage and administration of, 829t mechanism of action of, 829t pharmacology of, 2635 Tissue culture, sample preparation for, 2033 Tissue diagnosis, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2250

I-115 Index Tissue factor pathway inhibitor, for community-acquired pneumonia, 2110 Tissue gram stain, 2034 Tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP), 338, 339 in ECM remodeling, 380–381 in lung parenchyma, 721–722, 721t TIMP3 and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 1171 and pigeon breeder’s disease, 1162 Tissue oxygenation, 2614–2617 Tissue plasminogen activator recombinant, for pulmonary embolism, 1439–1440 in Weibel-Palade bodies, 31 Tissue sampling, 2031–2032 TLC. See Total lung capacity TLRs. See Toll-like receptors Tobacco control, 753, 760 Tobacco smoke, environmental, and risk of asthma, 795 Tobacco use. See also Smoking cultural aspects of, 749 economic aspects of, 749 historical perspective on, 747 and Master Settlement Agreement, 749 social aspects of, 749 Tobacco worker’s disease, etiology of, 1163t Tobramycin, 2058 for cystic fibrosis patient, 875, 2179 for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061 nebulized, 2058–2059 for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 plus ceftazidime, for cystic fibrosis patient, 875 Tocainide, pneumonitis caused by, 2012t Tocolytic agents, pulmonary effects of, 1091t, 1093 Tocolytic pulmonary edema, 259t, 1091t, 1093 Tolerance to beta-adrenergic agonists, 2634 definition of, 2634 Toll-like receptors, 1970–1971, 1973, 1976 in aspergillosis, 2293–2294 and mast cell activation, 309 in viral infection, 355–356, 355f Tolmetin, and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t Toluene exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Toluene diisocyanate hypersensitivity pneumonitis, etiology of, 1164t Toluene diisocyanate inhalational challenge test, 585t Tomography, standard, of solitary pulmonary nodule, 1818

Tongue, assessment of, 2647 Tonsillectomy, and anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections, 2145t Tonsillitis, and anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections, 2145t Toothpaste shadows, 1222 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 841 Topoisomerase inhibitors, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2370 Topoisomerase IV, 2056–2057 Torulopsis, infection (incl. pneumonia), immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t Total Exposure Assessment Methodology, 1026, 1027t Total lung capacity, 23, 148, 149t, 568–569, 569f, 582, 582f absolute, 577, 578f age-related changes in, 270–271, 271f definition of, 568t, 1326, 2738 in health and disease, 577, 578f normal, 1323, 2735 percent predicted, 577, 578f postoperative changes in, 664 in pregnancy, 254 Total lymphocyte count, in nutritional assessment, 2694 Total pulmonary resistance, definition of, 1327, 2739 Toxic epidermal necrolysis, 436, 436f Toxic gas(es), inhalation of, 2013 Toxic oil syndrome, and pulmonary hypertension, 1383–1384 Toxic pneumonitis, occupational, 934t Toxic shock syndrome, 2112, 2133 Toxin(s), inhaled. See also Inhalation injury(ies), toxic and diffuse alveolar damage, 2042 systemic illness from, 1004–1006 Toxocara, infection, 1092 Toxocara canis, 2013, 2414t, 2418t, 2419–2421, 2421f and eosinophilic pneumonia, 1215–1216 Toxocara catis, 2414t, 2418t, 2419 Toxocara spiralis, 2421 Toxocariasis, 2419–2421 Toxoplasma gondii, life cycle of, 2401 Toxoplasmosis, 1995, 2401–2402 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2223, 2229 in cancer patients, 2219 in cell-mediated immunodeficiency, 2236 clinical features of, 2401–2402 congenital, 2402 cytopathology of, 524 diagnosis of, 2002, 2402 epidemiology of, 2401

in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212, 2212t, 2215, 2248, 2258, 2402 radiographic findings in, 2214, 2214t, 2249t immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t in immunocompromised host, 2209, 2401–2402 prophylaxis for, and prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2367 pulmonary-thoracic involvement in, 2402, 2403f reactivation, 2401, 2402 treatment of, 2402 TPE. See Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia Trachea, 44 adenoid cystic carcinoma of, 854 development of, 94, 94f embryology of, 81, 82f extrinsic compression of, 856–857 focal compression of, 852f idiopathic giant, 856 malignancy of, 854 metastases to, 854 squamous cell carcinoma of, 854 upper-airway obstruction caused by, 849f stenosis of, 854–855 tumors, radiographic features of, 498–499 Tracheal gas insufflation, in ALI/ARDS, 2556 Tracheal pressure, 2670 Tracheitis bacterial, 2088, 2379 adult, upper airway obstruction in, 853 pain in, 418 viral, 2376t, 2380, 2381 Tracheobronchial compression, 1564, 1566f Tracheobronchial injury(ies), in trauma patient, 1759–1760, 1760f Tracheobronchial perforation, and mediastinitis, 1561–1562 Tracheobronchial tree duplication cyst, radiographic features of, 498 topographic anatomy of, 477, 479f–481f Tracheobronchiomalacia, therapeutic bronchoscopy in, 642 Tracheobronchiopathia osteoplastica, differential diagnosis of, 701t, 702 Tracheobronchitis acute, 742t in acute oxygen toxicity, 2627–2628 Aspergillus, 2304 pseudomembranous, 2292t, 2304 ulcerative, 2292t, 2304 clinical features of, 2379, 2380–2381 differential diagnosis of, 2381

I-116 Index Tracheobronchitis (Cont.) infectious, treatment of, 2058 pain in, 418 pathogenesis of, 2381 prevention of, 2381 treatment of, 2381 viral causes of, 2376t, 2380–2381 Tracheobronchomegaly, 2138 differential diagnosis of, 701t, 702 Tracheoesophageal fistula, 857, 1564 Tracheomalacia, 2138 diagnosis of, 856 management of, 856 upper airway obstruction in, 855–856 Tracheomegaly, 856 differential diagnosis of, 701t, 702 Tracheopathia osteoplastica, 851f upper airway obstruction in, 855 Tracheostomy, 861 and aspiration, 1311 laryngotracheal stenosis after, 854–855 percutaneous, kit for, 2654 Trachipleistophora, 2410 Tractor lung, etiology of, 1165t TRALI. See Transfusion-related acute lung injury Tramline shadows, 1222, 1224f in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 841 Tranquilizers, pneumonitis caused by, 2010 Transbronchial aspiration, 513 Transbronchoscopic needle aspiration, 631, 634–635 image-guided, 634 ultrasound-guided, 634 Transbronchoscopic needle biopsy, 634–635 Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring, in acute respiratory failure, 2669 Transdiaphragmatic pressure measurement, 1644 Transepithelial electrical resistance, 138 Transepithelial voltage, 138, 138f Transesophageal echocardiography, in acute respiratory failure, 2667 Transferrin, 1970 serum, in nutritional assessment, 2694 Transforming growth factor (TGF) α, eosinophils and, 310t, 315 Transforming growth factor (TGF) β, 1971, 1976 effects/functions of, 338, 781t eosinophils and, 310t, 315 isoforms of, 338 and isotype switching, 324 in lung development, 92–94 in lung inflammation and injury, 338–339 mast cells and, 310t, 312 sources of, 338, 781t

and surfactant production, 132 targets of, 781t Transfusion reaction(s), 2207 Transfusion-related acute lung injury and respiratory failure, 2584–2585 treatment of, 2586 Transitional flow, 154, 154f Transpulmonary indicator dilution techniques, in acute respiratory failure, 2668 Transpulmonary lithium dilution, in acute respiratory failure, 2668 Transpulmonary pressure, 149–150, 149f, 150f, 157, 575, 575f, 576f at end-expiration, 148 at end-inspiration, 148 Transpulmonary thermodilution, in acute respiratory failure, 2668 Transthoracic esophageal echocardiography, in acute respiratory failure, 2667 Transthoracic needle aspiration and biopsy, 513, 629–630, 2105–2106 complications of, 647 contraindications to, 645–646 image guidance for, 646 indications for, 645 needle for insertion of, 646 selection of, 646 results, 646–647 technique for, 646 Transthoracic pressure, 575f, 576 Transthyretin, 1233–1234 Transtracheal aspiration, 1987, 2143 Transversus abdominis muscle, 72f, 77 actions of, 77 Trapezius muscle, 72f Traube, Moritz, 15 Trauma abdominal, pulmonary complications of, 1446 and abnormal breathing pattern, 403 chest, and anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections, 2145t head, pulmonary complications of, 1446 hemoptysis caused by, 413t, 414 oxygen therapy in, 2619 thoracic, 1757–1766 airway management in, 1757–1758 ARDS after, 1765–1766 blunt, 1757, 1759–1764 breathing management in, 1757–1758 emergency department interventions for, 1758–1759 initial management of, 1757–1759 penetrating, 1757, 1764–1765, 1764f upper airway obstruction caused by, 858

Trauma patient(s), pneumonia in, 2193–2200. See also Pneumonia, nosocomial Treacher-Collins syndrome, 2647 Treadmill exercise Bruce protocol for, 614 invasive, 615–616 modified Naughton protocol for, 614, 614t noninvasive, 614–615, 614t Treatment right to forgo, 2724–2725 withdrawal of, 2724–2725, 2731 withholding of, 2724–2725, 2731 Tree-in-bud opacity(ies), 2021, 2021f, 2022f, 2023f in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 840f, 841 Trematodes, 2413, 2423–2425 Trench mouth, 2087 Triage, 2726–2727 Triamcinolone acetonide adverse effects and side effects of, 826t for asthma, 823t, 826t dosage and administration of, 826t Triangularis sterni muscle actions of, 76, 77 anatomy of, 76, 77f Trichinella spiralis and eosinophilic pneumonia, 1214t immune response to, 314 1,1,1-Trichloroethane exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Trichloroethylene, bronchiolitis caused by, 893t Trichomonas, infestation, cytopathology of, 524 Trichomonas tenax, 2410 Trichosporon cutaneum contamination of bronchoscope, 2279 hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1165t Trichosporon terrestris, and eosinophilic pneumonia, 1214t Trimellitic anhydride and occupational asthma, 989 pulmonary effects of, 1294–1295 Trimellitic anhydride hypersensitivity pneumonitis, etiology of, 1164t Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, penetration into lung, 2053, 2053t Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) adverse effects and side effects of, 2056, 2207, 2367 for brucellosis, 2429t, 2439 for cryptosporidiosis, 2404 for cystic fibrosis patient, 875 dosage and administration of, 2056 mechanism of action of, 2056

I-117 Index for melioidosis, 2429t, 2440 for Moraxella catarrhalis infection, 2445 for nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2505 organisms susceptible to, 2056 for Pneumocystis jiroveci infection, 2254 for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2367–2369, 2368t prophylactic in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2245, 2246, 2252 for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2366 resistance to, 2056, 2099 toxicity of, 2366 for yersiniosis, 2441 Trimethylbenzenes exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Trimetrexate, for Pneumocystis pneumonia, 2368t, 2370 Tripe palms, 432, 432f Troleandomycin, 2639 Tropheryma whippelii, staining characteristics of, 2037 Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, 818, 2013, 2418–2419 clinical course of, 1219–1220 clinical features of, 1218, 1230t diagnosis of, 1219 differential diagnosis of, 1230t etiology of, 1219 histopathology of, 1219 historical perspective on, 1218 laboratory findings in, 1218 prognosis for, 1219–1220 pulmonary function testing in, 1218–1219 treatment of, 1219 Trovafloxacin, 2057 for pasteurellosis, 2430 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, 2409 Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, 2409 Trypanosoma cruzi, 2407, 2408f infestation in cancer patients, 2219 in immunocompromised host, 2209 Trypanosomiasis, 2407–2409 African, 2409 American, 2407–2409. See also Chagas’ disease Tryptase and airway smooth muscle proliferation, in vitro, 118 and aspirin-induced asthma, 804 in asthma, 782 mast cell, 308, 310t, 311, 316 L-Tryptophan, pulmonary effects of, 1090t, 1091t, 1093, 1110t T Spot-TB, 2462, 2471 TST. See Tuberculin skin test TTE. See Transthoracic esophageal echocardiography

TTF1, gene for, and lung development, 82 TTI. See Diaphragm tension–time index TTNA. See Transthoracic needle aspiration and biopsy TTNB. See Transthoracic needle aspiration and biopsy Tuberculids, 431 Tuberculin skin test, 2002, 2452–2454, 2453t, 2470, 2471t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2490 Tuberculoma, 2023f Tuberculosis, 2022, 2024, 2101, 2146 age and, 2449 anatomic sites involved in, 2450 bone/joint involvement in, 2473 and bronchiectasis, 2186 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t bronchogenic, 2025 imaging of, 2021, 2022f in cancer patients, 2216–2217 case classification of, 2448, 2448t cavitary, 1990, 1991f CDC case definition of, 2448, 2448t central nervous system involvement in, 2474 in children, 2134–2135, 2134f, 2450 age distribution of, 2475 clinical features of, 2475 drug dosages for, 2482t immune defects and, 2139 mortality rate for, 2475 in chronic granulomatous disease, 2237 clinical case definition of, 2448, 2448t computed tomography of, 1115t congenital, 2475 control of, 2452 cutaneous lesions in, 390, 431 in cystic fibrosis patient, 880 diagnosis of, 1999, 2452–2454, 2461–2462, 2470–2472 by direct microscopic examination, 2462 indirect methods, 2461–2462 rapid, 2462 differential diagnosis of, 2266 disseminated, 2468 drug-resistant, 2451 testing for, 2463 treatment of, 2484 theoretical basis for, 2476 drug treatment of, pulmonary effects of, 1090t in elderly clinical presentation of, 2475 radiographic findings in, 2475–2476 empyema in, 2469, 2473 endobronchial, 854 epidemiology of, 1999, 2447–2451 ethnic distribution of, 2449 extensively (extremely) resistant, 2484 extrapulmonary, 2468

anatomic sites involved in, 2450, 2472 frequency of, 2472 gastrointestinal/peritoneal involvement in, 2473–2474 genitourinary, 2474 hemoptysis in, 410, 412f, 413–414 high-risk groups for, 2448–2449 positive tuberculin skin test in, criteria for, 2453t historical perspective on, 14–15, 2467 history and physical findings in, 2100t–2101t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 1999, 2212, 2212t, 2213, 2246, 2252–2253, 2253f, 2447, 2450–2451, 2487–2491 clinical features of, 2475, 2489–2490 diagnosis of, 2475, 2489–2490 epidemiology of, 2248, 2487–2488, 2488f extrapulmonary involvement in, 2489 incidence of, 2475 infection control considerations in, 2247 miliary, 2475 pathogenesis of, 2488–2489 and pneumothorax, 1524 prevention of, 2490–2491 pulmonary involvement in, 2468 radiographic findings in, 2213f, 2214t, 2215, 2249t, 2475, 2489, 2489f treatment of, 2455–2456, 2484, 2490–2491 adverse effects and side effects of, 2490 drug regimens for, 2481t in homeless persons, 2451 hospitalization rate for, 2105t host determinants of, 2460–2461 imaging findings in, 2019 immune response in, 2460–2461, 2468 in immunocompromised host, 1997, 2204 in incarcerated persons, 2451 incidence of, 2448–2449 trends in, 2448–2449, 2449f Koch’s work on, 16, 2470 laboratory diagnosis of, diagnostic criteria for, 2448, 2448t laryngeal involvement in, 854, 2087 latent, 2450, 2452 diagnosis of, 2462, 2470–2471 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2491 treatment of, 2455–2456, 2455t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2491 lung cancer and, 2215–2216 lymphadenitis in, 2472

I-118 Index Tuberculosis (Cont.) lymphadenopathy in, 2028 meningeal, 2474 epidemiology of, 2450 miliary, 1985, 1987f, 1991, 1997, 2025, 2048, 2474–2475, 2474f in children, 2134–2135, 2134f, 2475 complications of, 2474–2475 cutaneous manifestations of, 431 in elderly, 2475 epidemiology of, 2450 fever with, 420 high-risk groups, 2475 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2475 mortality rates for, 2475 radiographic features of, 483, 485 multidrug-resistant, 2447–2448, 2451, 2484 exposure to, management of, 2456 neonatal, 2475 in neutropenic host, 2217 nosocomial, 2280t occupational, 934t pathogenesis of, 2079, 2080, 2467–2468 pathology of, 1990, 1991f, 2048, 2050f pleural effusion in, 1493–1494 pleural involvement in, 2472–2473 post-primary, 2021–2022, 2023f, 2449 prevention of, 2452, 2463 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2490–2491 primary, radiographic findings in, 2468–2469, 2468f progressive primary, 2021, 2468 pulmonary clinical presentation of, 2468–2470 complications of, 2469–2470, 2470f computed tomography of, 2469 epidemiology of, 2468 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2468 laboratory findings in, 2468 radiographic findings in, 2468–2469, 2468f, 2469f signs and symptoms of, 2468 pulmonary alveolar proteinosis complicated by, 2014 racial distribution of, 2449 radiographic features of, 498 radiography of, historical perspective on, 18 reactivation, 2449, 2468 radiographic findings in, 2469, 2469f relapse, treatment of, 2484 scintigraphy in, 557 and silicosis, 976 solitary pulmonary nodule in, 1817 spinal, 2473 radiographic features of, 503f in substance abusers, 2451 surveillance, 2448

transmission of, 2451–2452 in indoor air, 1032 treatment of, 2464. See also specific drug adherence to, 2484 adjunctive corticosteroids in, 2484 advances in (future directions for), 2464 adverse effects and side effects of, 2483t in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2490 monitoring for, 2480–2481 and antiretroviral therapy, 2482t, 2490 common errors in, 2480, 2480t directly observed therapy in, 2476, 2484 drug interactions with, 2456 drug regimens for, 2480, 2481t, 2482t duration of, 2481–2484 first-line drugs for, 2476–2478 dosage and administration of, 2482t historical perspective on, 2476 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2484, 2490–2491 adverse effects and side effects of, 2490 initiation of, 2480 in patients with negative sputum, 2483 in patients with positive pretreatment sputum, 2481–2483 in relapse, 2484 response to, evaluation of, 2481–2484 second-line drugs for, 2479–2480 dosage and administration of, 2482t in older adults, 2482t surgical, 2484 theoretical basis for, 2476 in United States age distribution of, 2449 ethnic distribution of, 2449 in foreign-born persons, 2449–2550, 2550f high-risk groups, 2448–2449 racial distribution of, 2449 trends in, 2448–2449, 2449f upper airway obstruction in, 854 Tuberous sclerosis, 1255 computed tomography of, 1115t epidemiology of, 1261, 1261t with pulmonary involvement, 1261–1262, 1261t skin lesions in, 438–439 without pulmonary involvement, 1261–1262, 1261t Tularemia, 1985, 2006, 2020, 2428t, 2432–2434. See also Francisella tularensis clinical features of, 2433

diagnosis of, 2002, 2429t, 2433–2434 differential diagnosis of, 2433–2434 epidemiology of, 2004, 2428t, 2432–2433 lymphadenopathy in, 2028 pathogenesis of, 2433 pathophysiology of, 2433 prevention of, 2434 radiologic features of, 2433, 2433f treatment of, 2429t, 2434 Tumor(s). See also Malignancy; Neoplasm(s); specific tumor acinic cell, 1925–1926 benign, 1917–1920, 1918t esophageal, and aspiration, 1310, 1312f Fechner, 1925–1926 immune defects caused by, 2215–2216 malignant non-bronchogenic, 1917, 1919t, 1920–1926 types of, 1831–1832, 1832t WHO classification of, 1831–1832, 1832t pharyngeal, and aspiration, 1310 pleural, thoracoscopic management of, 651, 651f salivary gland, 1845–1846, 1925–1926 Tumor embolism, 1445 Tumorlets, 444 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1978 in acute lung injury, 2528–2529 in aspergillosis, 2293, 2501 in asthma, 118 in coccidioidomycosis, 2501 in disease, 336 effects/functions of, 336, 781t in fibrosis, 337 in histoplasmosis, 2334, 2501 and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 1171 inhibitors, 2501 pulmonary toxicity of, 440 for sarcoidosis, 1140t, 1141 and leukocyte adherence and migration, 347–348 in listeriosis, 2501 mast cells and, 310t, 312, 316 in nontuberculosis mycobacterial infection, 2501 and pigeon breeder’s disease, 1161–1162 in septic shock syndrome, 449 and SIRS/MODS, 2566–2567 sources of, 781t and surfactant production, 132 targets of, 781t therapy with, pulmonary effects of, 1093 in tuberculosis, 2461, 2501 Tumor suppressor gene(s), 1802–1804 and cell cycle, 1809–1811, 1810f in lung cancer, 1805–1806

I-119 Index Tungsten carbide, and occupational asthma, 990 Turbulent flow, 154, 154f, 176 Turkey handler’s disease, etiology of, 1164t Turkey proteins, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t TV. See Tidal volume TWAR agent. See Chlamydia pneumoniae Two-hit hypothesis, for SIRS/MODS, 2567 Type I alveolar epithelial cells, 33–35, 33t, 34f, 40, 40f, 47f, 87, 282 formation of, 99, 101 functions of, 35 molecular markers for, 33, 34t repair of, 35 tight junctions, 34, 35f Type II alveolar epithelial cells, 33, 33t, 34f, 35f, 36–39, 36f, 87, 282 formation of, 99, 101 functions of, 36 lamellar bodies, 36–38, 36f, 37f microvilli of, 36, 36f molecular markers for, 33, 34t organelles of, 36, 36f, 37f programmed cell death in, 104 and surfactant catabolism, 126, 126f, 132 surfactant synthesis and secretion by, 37–39, 37f, 38f Typhlitis, in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 U UARS. See Upper airway resistance syndrome UIP. See Usual interstitial pneumonia Ulcerative colitis, and bronchiectasis, 2185t, 2188 Ulcerative colitis (UC) erythema nodosum in, 434 sarcoidosis and, 1135, 1136t Ultrasound, 2018 of diaphragm, in acute lung injury, 2673 endobronchial, 631–632, 632f of mediastinal masses, 1589 Undernutrition, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2605 Unexplained dyspnea and shrinking lungs syndrome, 1201 Univent tube, 2657 UPET. See Urokinase Pulmonary Embolism Trial Upper airway airflow in, 2647 anatomy of, 845, 2646–2648 in adult, 2646f in infant, 2646f bronchoscopic assessment of, 632 definition of, 845 disorders, signs and symptoms of, 2647 extrinsic compression of, 856–857

function, bronchoscopic assessment of, 632 malignancy of, 854 Mallampati Scale for, 2648, 2648t management of, 2648–2649 airways for, 2650, 2650f equipment for, 2649–2650 extraglottic devices for, 2651, 2652f historical perspective on, 2657–2658, 2657f masks for, 2650–2651, 2650f resuscitation bags for, 2650, 2651f techniques for, 2649–2650 muscles of coordinated activity of, 166 innervation of, 166 physical examination of, 2647 Upper airway cough syndrome, 410 Upper airway obstruction causes of, 845, 846, 852–860 clinical features of, 846–852 diagnosis of, delayed, 846 differential diagnosis of, 819t fixed, 605, 606f, 848, 848f historical perspective on, 846 and lower airway obstruction, 846 management of, 845, 846, 860–862 physiological assessment of, 846–850, 847f–850f pulmonary function testing in, 604t, 605–606, 606f, 606t radiographic assessment of, 850–852, 850f–852f signs and symptoms of, 846 in tuberculosis, 854 variable, 605, 848–849 extrathoracic, 605, 606f intrathoracic, 605–606, 606f Upper airway resistance syndrome, 1724–1725, 1724f definition of, 1698 Upper esophageal sphincter (UES), 1302, 1304 contraction, in dysphagia, 1306, 1307f incompetence, 1308–1309 Upper extremity(ies), exercise training, in pulmonary rehabilitation, 768 Upper motor neuron disease, ventilatory impairment in, 1648–1651 Upper respiratory tract infections of, 2085–2091. See also specific infection irritation, occupational exposure and, 934t Ureaplasma urealyticum, infection (incl. pneumonia), in early infancy, 2130 Uremic pleuritis, 1502 Urine, bacterial antigen detection in, 2001 Urine anion gap, 216–217 Urokinase, 535 for pulmonary embolism, 1439–1440

Urokinase Pulmonary Embolism Trial, 551 Urticaria, 435 Urticarial vasculitis, 435–436 U.S. Anti-Doping Agency, 812 Usual interstitial pneumonia, 491f, 1144, 1145, 2013 in collagen vascular disease, 1194t histopathology of, 1195–1196, 1196f computed tomography of, 1112, 1114f, 1115t and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1156 in mixed connective tissue disease, 1210 occupational exposures and, 935t pathology of, 1150–1151, 1150f, 1151f, 1154 in polymyositis-dermatomyositis, 1208 in rheumatoid arthritis, 1204–1206, 1205f in Sj¨ogren’s syndrome, 1211 Uterine cancer, pulmonary metastases, 1943 Utilitarianism, 2718, 2723 V Vaccine(s) advances in (future directions for), 2073–2074, 2080 adverse effects and side effects of, in severe combined immunodeficiency, 2236 for asthmatic patient, 821–822 against bacterial pathogens, 2066–2070, 2066t in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 734 cost-effectiveness of, 2065–2066 for HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212 for immunocompromised host, 2209 mycoplasmal, and IgA antibody, 281 nicotine, 756 against pulmonary infection, 2065–2074, 2080. See also specific vaccine safety of, 2065 viral, 2375t and IgA antibody, 281 against viral pathogens, 2070–2073, 2070t. See also specific vaccine Vacuum-assisted closure, 2169 Valganciclovir, indications for, 2395 Valvular heart disease cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 621–622, 621f, 622f pregnancy and, 258 Vanadium, and occupational asthma, 990 Vancomycin adverse effects and side effects of, 2169 for cystic fibrosis patient, 875 for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2061, 2061t, 2062 penetration into lung, 2053

I-120 Index Vancomycin (Cont.) pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 2054 for staphylococcal pneumonia, in children, 2132 Vanishing lung, 913, 915t VAP. See Pneumonia, ventilator-associated Vapor, definition of, 994t Varenicline, in smoking cessation, 756 Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) assays for, 1989t characteristics of, 2375t and diffuse alveolar damage, 2042 in herpes zoster oticus, 2092 infection (incl. pneumonia) in adults, 2389 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2223, 2229 in cancer patients, 2218 in children, 2135 in common variable immunodeficiency, 2235 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t immune defect associated with, 1983t, 2210t in immunocompromised host, 2204, 2209, 2392 in neutropenic host and cancer patient, 2217 seasonal variation in, 2374 in severe combined immunodeficiency, 2236 treatment of, 2394 pneumonia, 1994, 2025, 2026f in immunocompromised host, 1997 transmission of, 2374 vaccine against, 2070t, 2072–2073 Vasa vasorum, 32 Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), VCAM-1, 347 in inflammation, 783 in inflammatory/fibrotic lung disease, 374 and leukocyte adherence and migration, 347–348 Vascular disorders, hemoptysis in, 410 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 717 and lung development, 87, 89, 89f in lung development, 92–94 VEGF-120, 87 VEGF-164, 87 VEGF-188, 87 VEGF-C, 87 VEGF-D, 87 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor(s) and lung development, 87 VEGFR1, 87 VEGFR2, 87 VEGFR3, 87

Vascular ring(s), respiratory symptoms caused by, 857 Vascular tree, design of, 49–50 Vasculitis, 1449–1465 ANCA-associated, 1241, 1283, 1449–1450, 1450f, 1450t, 1451–1461, 1451f and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1288–1290 organ systems affected by, 1452t pathophysiology of, 1458–1459 treatment of, 1459–1461 Churg-Strauss, 2013 classification of, 1449–1450, 1450t in collagen vascular disease, 1194t, 1196–1197 computed tomography of, 1115t cutaneous manifestations of, 435–436 drug-induced, 1091t, 1092–1093, 1241–1242, 1463–1464 epidemiology of, 1450–1451 interstitial lung disease associated with, 2013 large vessel, 1450t medium-sized vessel, 1450t in mixed connective tissue disease, 1209 nomenclature for, 1449–1450, 1450t primary systemic, 1449, 1450t in rheumatoid arthritis, 1202 sarcoidosis and, 1136t secondary, 1449 small vessel, 1450t systemic, and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1288 in systemic lupus erythematosus, 1201 urticarial, 435–436 Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), in pulmonary hypertension, 1369 Vasoactive substances processing of, by lungs, 445–446, 446t production of, by lungs, 445–446, 446t Vasoconstriction, hypoxic, 179–180 Vasoconstrictor(s), and pulmonary circulation, 1347 Vasodilator(s) and pulmonary circulation, 1347 pulmonary effects of, 1093 for pulmonary hypertension, 1377–1378 Vasopressin, hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by, 1164t Vasovagal events, in pulmonary hypertension, 1392, 1392f VC. See Vital capacity Vc. See Pulmonary capillary blood volume V D /VT . See Physiological dead space, ratio of, to tidal volume Veillonella, 2086 in acute mediastinitis, 2166t

Vein(s) percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting of, 540 pulmonary, development of, 97, 100, 108–110 Vena cava filter, for pulmonary embolism, 1441 Vena cava interruption, for pulmonary embolism, 1441 Venography, 467–469 Venous oxygen content, calculation of, 612t Venous thromboembolism, 1423 associated with lung tumors, 1930t, 1935–1936 chronic, management of, 1441–1442 and gas-exchange abnormalities, 1428, 1429f hemodynamic effects of, 1427–1428, 1427f pathophysiology of, 1427–1428 in pregnancy, 259–260, 259t prophylaxis, 1442–1443, 1442t risk factors for acquired, 1425–1426 genetic, 1426–1427 Ventilation assessment of, in acute respiratory failure, 2669 central neural mechanisms involved in, 165 changes in, in respiratory failure, 2515, 2516t control of, 161–171 disorders of, pathophysiology of, 168–171 distribution of, in lungs, radiographic evaluation of, 473–476 of each lung separately, for acute respiratory distress syndrome, in trauma patient, 1766 in exercise, 235, 235f determinants of, 236, 236t expired volume of, 591 inspired volume of, 591 maldistribution of, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 711, 712–713 measurements related to, terminology for, 1327, 2739 nocturnal, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 743 regional, mechanical determinants of, 157–159 regulation of, 2592–2593 and swallowing, integration of, 1304 total, changes, in response to ventilation-perfusion inequality, 181f, 185–186, 185f Ventilation-perfusion inequality, 178–187 age and, 273 anatomically based, 179

I-121 Index and arterial hypoxemia, 2616–2617, 2616t oxygen therapy for, 2618–2619 assessment of, 187–188 alveolar-arterial oxygen difference in, 187 arterial PO2 :FIO2 ratio in, 187 multiple inert gas elimination technique, 187 venous admixture in, 187 collateral blood flow and, 179 collateral ventilation and, 179 compensatory mechanisms for, 184–187 fractally based, 178–179 and gas exchange, 180–187 principal effects of, 184 gravity-based, 178, 178f, 473 longitudinally based, 179 reactive vasoconstriction and, 179–180 Ventilation-perfusion lung scanning in bullous disease, 921, 923f, 924f in diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism, 551–554, 555–556, 556f matched defects on, 549 mismatched defects on, 549, 549f preoperative, for lung resection, 671 of pulmonary embolism, 549, 549f, 1432–1433, 1434f, 1435f in pulmonary hypertension, 556 quantitative, 556–557, 557f radiopharmaceuticals in, 548–551 reverse mismatch on, 549, 549f techniques, 548–551 views used in, 548, 548f Ventilation-perfusion ratio and gas exchange, 180–187 in small homogeneous unit of lung, and gas exchange, 180–184, 180f–182f Ventilation-perfusion relationships, 61, 61f knowledge of, historical perspective on, 13 mismatch, 549, 549f in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 711, 712–713, 713f, 731 parallel ventilation/parallel perfusion and, 61f, 65 reverse mismatch, 549, 549f serial ventilation/parallel perfusion and, 61f, 65 two-compartment models of, 182–184, 182f, 183t Ventilator(s). See also Mechanical ventilation fractional inspired oxygen concentration with, 2682–2683 inspiratory flow rate with, 2681–2682, 2682f

positive end-expiratory pressure with, 2683–2684, 2683t respiratory rate with, 2681, 2681f settings, 2679–2684 tidal volume setting, 2680–2681 triggering, 2679–2680, 2679f, 2680f Ventilator-associated lung injury, 2529–2530 Ventilator-induced lung injury, 2529–2530 Ventilator lung, etiology of, 1164t Ventilator waveforms, in acute respiratory failure, 2672–2673 Ventilatory control age-related changes in, 264t, 268–270 in exercise, 241–247 arterial chemoreflex control and, 245–246, 247f cardiocirculatory reflex control and, 246–247 central chemoreflex control and, 244–245 central neural control, 241–242 long-term potentiation and, 242–243 muscle reflex control and, 243–244, 244f, 245f short-term potentiation and, 239f, 242 Ventilatory demand factors increasing, 2512–2513, 2514t vs. supply, 2512–2513, 2512f Ventilatory drive, nonventilatory measures of, 599 Ventilatory pump, 2511, 2511f abnormalities assessment of, 2609 physical findings with, 2609 signs and symptoms of, 2609 treatment of, 2609–2611 failure, 2591–2611 compensatory/adaptive mechanisms and, 2592–2598 decompensating/maladaptive responses and, 2598–2605 rapid, shallow breathing in, 2602–2605, 2605f treatment of, 2609–2611 Ventilatory supply factors reducing, 2512–2513, 2513t vs. demand, 2512–2513, 2512f Ventilatory support, noninvasive, in neuromuscular disorders, 1670, 1670f, 1671–1672, 1671f criteria for successful use of, 1674, 1674t Venturi mask, 2622–2623, 2622t, 2623f Verrucosa cutis, tuberculosis, 431 Very late antigen, VLA-4, in inflammatory/fibrotic lung disease, 374 Vesalius, Andreas, 4, 5t, 11, 2645, 2675 Video-assisted thoracoscopy, 650–659 in plication of bullae, 928 for pneumothorax, 1530

for solitary pulmonary nodule, 1824–1826 Videobronchoscopy, 630 Vilanova’s disease, 434 Villemin, 15 Vinblastine and interstitial lung disease, 1111t pulmonary effects of, 1083t, 1084 Vinca alkaloids, pulmonary effects of, 1083t, 1084 Vincent’s angina, 2087 Vincristine, pulmonary effects of, radiation therapy and, 1181 Vindesine, pulmonary effects of, 1083t, 1084 Vinorelbine, pulmonary effects of, 1083t, 1084 Viomycin, adverse effects and side effects of, 2483t Viral infection(s), 1996, 2005, 2005t, 2020, 2025, 2027f, 2373–2395. See also specific virus and acute bronchitis, 2097 and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 742t, 2116, 2116t, 2121t and acute otitis media, 2092 antecedent to surgery, and postoperative pulmonary complications, 669 and asthma, 774–775, 816 and bacterial colonization, 2375 in bone marrow and stem cell transplant recipients, 2222–2223, 2224, 2228 and bronchiolitis, 896, 897 bronchoalveolar lavage cellular profile in, 1121t in cancer patients, 2215, 2216, 2218, 2221, 2221t in cell-mediated immunodeficiency, 2236 chemokines in, 355–356, 355f in children, 2374 and common cold, 2085–2086 in common variable immunodeficiency, 332 croup caused by, 2087–2088, 2379 cytopathic, 2043t cytopathology of, 522–523, 522f–523f diagnosis of, 2000–2001, 2002, 2393–2394 assays for, 1986–1987, 1989t and diffuse alveolar damage, 2042 in DiGeorge’s syndrome, 2236 epidemiology of, 2004, 2373–2374 histopathology of, 2034 in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, 2212t, 2213, 2242t, 2257–2258 radiographic findings in, 2215 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1156 imaging findings in, 2019, 2022

I-122 Index Viral infection(s) (Cont.) immune response to, 314, 1971, 1973, 1976–1977 in immunocompromised host, 2204, 2207, 2207t immunomodulating in immunocompromised host, 2207, 2207t and net state of immunosuppression, 2205 laryngitis caused by, 2087 lower respiratory tract and asthma, 796 and exacerbations of asthma, 796 wheezing syndromes associated with, 796 of lower respiratory tract, 1993–1994 in lung transplant recipient, 1790 lymphadenopathy in, 2028 mortality rate for, 2374 nosocomial, 2008, 2280, 2280t, 2281t occupational, 934t in organ transplant recipient, 2230 pathogenesis of, 1991–1994, 2080, 2374–2376, 2393 pathology of, 1991–1994, 2043, 2043t and pharyngitis, 2086 pleural effusion in, 1494 pneumonia caused by. See also Pneumonia; specific virus in children, 2130–2134, 2135 in early infancy, 2128–2130 neonatal, 2127 in purine nucleoside phosphatase deficiency, 2236–2237 rapid diagnosis of, by antigen detection, 2001 and sarcoidosis, 1127 seasonal variation in, 2374 serum procalcitonin in, 2107–2108 in severe combined immunodeficiency, 2236 staining characteristics of, 2035t supraglottitis caused by, 853 systemic effects of, 451–453, 451t transmission of, 2374 vaccines against, 2070–2073, 2070t. See also specific vaccine virology of, 2374–2376 in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 2234 Virchow, Rudolph, 1425 Virchow’s triad, 1425, 1425t Virulence, microbial definition of, 2207 host-pathogen interactions and, 2207 and infection, 2207 Virulence determinant(s), 2077 Virulence factor(s), 2080–2081 Virus(es) DNA, assays for, 1989t emerging, 2389–2391

in indoor air, sources of, 1022t respiratory antigenic types of, 2374 characteristics of, 2374, 2375t classification of, 2374 transmission of, 2374 RNA assays for, 1989t infection (incl. pneumonia) in immunocompromised host, 2392–2393 treatment of, 2394 Visceral larva migrans, 2414t Vital capacity, 149t, 569f, 571, 602–603 definition of, 568t, 1326, 2738 in diagnostic spirometry, minimal recommendations for, 570t measurement of, 571 closed-circuit method, 571 open-circuit method, 571 normal, 1323, 2735 postoperative changes in, 664 in pregnancy, 254 relaxed (slow), 580–581 subdivisions of, 569f, 571 Vitamin A, as antioxidant, 2626 Vitamin C as antioxidant, 2626 deficiency of, hemoptysis associated with, 414 Vitamin E, as antioxidant, 2626 Vitiligo, sarcoidosis and, 1136t Vitreous fibers, man-made, health risks with, 1030 Vocal cord(s) anatomy of in adult, 2647 in infant, 2647 dysfunction of, 859–860, 859f after toxic inhalation injury, 996 paralysis of, 391f, 848, 858, 859 Voice, changes in, in upper airway obstruction, 846 Volatile chemicals exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Volatile flavoring agents, and bronchiolitis, 896 Volatile organic compounds, in indoor air, sources of, 1023t Volume of isoflow, 591 Volume-pressure relationships, terminology for, 1328, 2740 Volutrauma, 2530, 2546 Vomiting, 1304–1305, 1304t von Euler, U. S., 16 von Helmholtz, Herman, 8 von Mayer, Julius Robert, 5t, 8 von Pettenkofer, Max, 8 von Voit, Carl, 5t, 8

von Willebrand factor in acute lung injury, 2528 in Weibel-Palade bodies, 31 Voriconazole, 2299 for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 842 for blastomycosis, 2348 for candidiasis, 2316 for coccidioidomycosis, 2345 for cryptococcosis, 2334 for histoplasmosis, 2340 for invasive fungal infections, 2310t, 2311t, 2312 prophylaxis, 2313 Vt. See Transepithelial voltage VT . See Tidal volume VTE. See Venous thromboembolism VX, bronchiolitis caused by, 894t VZV. See Varicella-zoster virus W Wakefulness drive, 161, 162f Walk test 6-minute, 225, 599–600 timed, 600 Wangiella, infection (incl. pneumonia), in cancer patients, 2217 Warfarin drug interactions with, 1392 for pulmonary arterial hypertension, 1391 for pulmonary embolism, 1440–1441 Warthin-Starry stain, 2037 Wasting in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2605 in pulmonary disease, 452–453 Water lily sign, 2422, 2423f Wave speed limitation theory, 157 Wegener’s granulomatosis, 1281–1282, 1288–1289, 1289f, 1997 alveolar hemorrhage in, 1241 cavitary disease in, 1991, 1992f clinical features of, 1118t, 1451–1456, 1453f computed tomography of, 1115t, 1118t cutaneous manifestations of, 435 diagnosis of, 1451–1456, 1453f–1457f differential diagnosis of, 1464 hemoptysis in, 410 histology of, 1118t immunologic tests for, 1112t organ systems affected by, 1451, 1452t pathology of, 1283f, 1285t, 2048 pulmonary involvement in, 2013 serology of, 1285t solitary pulmonary nodule in, 1817 treatment of, 1118t, 1459–1461 upper airway obstruction in, 855 Weibel-Palade bodies, 31 Weigert, Carl, 15

I-123 Index Weight gain, smoking cessation and, 757–758 Weight loss for obesity, 1629 for obstructive sleep apnea, 1714 in pulmonary disease, 452–453 West African trypanosomiasis, 2409 Westermark’s sign, 468f, 472, 475f, 1431 Western red cedar wood dust, and occupational asthma, 990 Wheezes, 392–393, 393t Wheezing in bronchiolitis, 2381–2383 evaluation of, in evaluation of impairment/disability, 679 laryngeal, 859 Whipple’s disease. See also Tropheryma whippelii pathology of, 2043t Whispered pectoriloquy, 392 Wine grower’s lung, etiology of, 1163t Winterstein, Hans, 5t, 12–13 Wirz, K., 11, 12 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), pulmonary infection in, 2237 Withdrawal of treatment, 2724–2725, 2731 Withholding treatment, 2724–2725, 2731 Wnt growth factor(s), and lung development, 86–88, 89f Wood dust and occupational asthma, 985t, 986, 990 occupational lung disease caused by, 934t Wood dust hypersensitivity pneumonitis, etiology of, 1163t Woodman’s disease, etiology of, 1164t Wood pulp worker’s disease, etiology of, 1163t Wood smoke, health effects of, 1026 Wood trimmer’s disease, 2319 etiology of, 1163t Wood worker’s lung, 935t Wool-sorter’s disease, 2428t Workers’ compensation programs federal, 688–690 for occupational lung disease, 941 state, 687–688 World Anti-Doping Agency, 812 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lung tumors, 1831–1832, 1832t classification of non-small cell lung cancer, 1831–1832, 1832t functional classification of pulmonary hypertension, 1379, 1379t

World Trade Center collapse, emergency responders at asthma in, 984–986, 990 reactive upper airway dysfunction syndrome in, 996 Worms, parenchymal and vascular diseases caused by, 2413, 2414t Wuchereria bancrofti, 2414t, 2418–2419, 2418t and eosinophilic pneumonia, 1214t, 1219 X Xanthine dehydrogenase, 360 Xanthine oxidase, 360, 360f Xanthomonas, drug-resistant, 2282 Xanthomonas maltophilia. See Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Xenon-127, ventilation scan using, 549, 550 Xenon-133, ventilation scan using, 549–550, 550f X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 331, 2139 and bronchiectasis, 331, 2188 pulmonary infection in, 331, 2233–2234 X-rays discovery of, 1173 physics of, 1174–1175 X-ray therapy, definition of, 1895 Xylenes exposure to, 1027t sources of, 1027t Y Yellow nail syndrome, 436, 436f, 1502 Yersinia, infection (incl. pneumonia). See also Plague in immunocompromised host, 2207 Yersinia enterocolitica, 2428t, 2440–2441 bacteriology of, 2428t culture of, 2429t pharyngitis caused by, 2086 staining characteristics of, 2429t Yersinia pestis, 2005t, 2006, 2428t, 2430–2432. See also Plague bacteriology of, 2428t, 2431 as bioweapon, 2430–2431 culture of, 2429t ecology of, 2431 epidemiology of, 1984t infection (incl. pneumonia), 2289 staining characteristics of, 2429t Yersiniosis, 2428t, 2440–2441 diagnosis of, 2429t epidemiology of, 2428t treatment of, 2429t

Young syndrome, and bronchiectasis, 2185t, 2187 Z Zafirlukast adverse effects and side effects of, 828t for asthma, 823t, 828t clinical use of, 2640 dosage and administration of, 828t safety of, 2640 Zanamivir indications for, 2375t for influenza, 2387–2388, 2387t Zenker’s diverticulum, 1309, 1310, 1311f Ziehl-Neelsen stain, 2035t, 2038–2039, 2041f Zileuton, 312 for asthma, 823t, 828t contraindications to, 2640–2641 dosage and administration of, 828t Zinc chloride, inhalation injury caused by, 1000t, 1003, 1004f Zinc oxide, inhalation injury caused by, 1000t, 1003, 1004f Zinc powder, stearate, bronchiolitis caused by, 893t Zomepirac, and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t Zoonotic bacteria, as bioweapons, 2428 Zoonotic infection(s), 2427–2435, 2428t Zorpin, and aspirin-induced asthma, 802t Zuntz, Nathan, 5t, 8 Zygomycetes. See also Zygomycosis classification of, 2316t fungus ball, 2049 in hospital environment, 2274–2275 identification of, in tissue, 2035, 2038t staining characteristics of, 2034, 2035t, 2036f Zygomycosis. See also Zygomycetes angioinvasion in, 2318, 2318f clinical features of, 2318–2319 diagnosis of, 2319–2320 differential diagnosis of, 2319, 2323t epidemiology of, 2317 histopathology of, 2319, 2319f mycology of, 2316t, 2317 pathogenesis of, 2317–2318 pathophysiology of, 2317 pulmonary, 2316–2321 radiographic findings in, 2318–2319 risk factors for, 2317 surgery for, 2320–2321 treatment of, 2320–2321 Zymosan, 1970