IIT JODHPUR RAJASTHAN CAMPUS MASTERPLAN by Vimal Paul

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN Campus Masterplan Campus Masterplan (CMP) Report for Approval- Design Stage March 2014 DSR v16

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN CMP Report for Approval - March 2014

Credits and Contacts Project

Campus Masterplan for Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan

Client

Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan Address: Old Residency Road, Ratanada, Jodhpur - 342011 Phone: 91. 291. 244 9024, 91. 291. 251 6823 Website: www.iitj.ac.in

Document Status

Campus Masterplan Report for Approval- Design Stage, Issued September 2013

(Project Management Group)

(Campus Design Consortium)

Members

Studio for Habitat Futures Contact Person: Sanjay Prakash Address: E-31, Third Floor, Hauz Khas Market, New Delhi 110 016 Phone: +91. 11. 4101 6916 Email: sp@sanjayprakash.co.in Website: www.sanjayprakash.co.in

1. Prof. Rajiv Shekhar, IIT Jodhpur, Chairman 2. Prof. A. K.Mittal, IIT Kanpur 3. Mr. A. K. Jain, CPWD 4. Prof. N. Gupta, Central University of Rajasthan 5. Mr. T. R. Sharma, PWD, Govt. of Rajasthan 6. Dr. B. Ravindra, IIT Jodhpur

Building Design Partnership (BDP.) India Contact Person: Freddie Ribeiro Address: L- 20 Green Park Main, New Delhi - 110016 Phone: 91. 11. 4333 7333 Email: bdpindia@bdp.com website: www.bdp.com

7. Dr. R. Chibbar, IIT Jodhpur 8. Mr. S. Mukherjee, IIT Jodhpur, Secretary Advisor 1. Mr. S. R. Pandey, CPWD Expert Group

Environmental Design Solutions (EDS) Global Contact Person: Tanmay Tathagat Address: D 1/25 Vasant Vihar, New Delhi - 110057 Email: info@edsglobal.com Phone: 91. 11. 2614 7085/ 91. 11. 4056 8633 website: www.edsglobal.com

1. Prof. A. K. Jain, IIT Delhi 2. Mr. N. M. D. Jain, CPWD 3. Prof. C. Venkobachar 4. Dr. V. V. N. Kishore, TERI 5. Mr. S. K. Rohilla, Centre for Science & Environment 6. Prof. A. S. Patel, MS University of Baroda 7. Mr. Navpreet Singh, IIT Kanpur

Integrated Design Contact Person : Mohan S. Rao Address: 698, First Floor, 10th ‘A’ Main, 33rd Cross, 4th Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore - 560 011 Email : integrateddesign@yahoo.co.in/indeinde@gmail.com Phone : 91. 80. 2663 1398 website:www.inde-design.org

8. Mr. Gaurav P. Sinha 9. Prof. A. Mani, IIT Madras 10. Mr. Herb Debban, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA

Administrative & Legal 1. Mr. Amardeep Sharma, IIT Jodhpur 2. Mr. Sanjeet Purohit

(Consultants) Institute Works Department 1. Mr. Sanjeeb Mukherjee 2. Mr. Vinay Yadav 3. Mr. Chandresh Pareek 4. Mr. Pankaj Singh Special thanks to Diredtor, IIT Jodhpur 1. Dr. Prem Kalra (former Director) 2. Dr. C.V.R. Murty Jury members 3. Jury members 4. 5. 6. Students of IIT Jodhpur Faculty of IIT Jodhpur

Sterling India Contact Person: G.C. Modgil Address: E-104 Kalkaji New Delhi-110 019 Phone: +91. 11. 2646 4732 Email: sterling.modgil@gmail.com website: www.sterlingindia.in Innovative Transport Solutions (iTrans) Private Limited Contact Person: Anvita Arora Address: C-5/12, Grand Vasant, Vasant Kunj New Delhi-110070 Phone: 91. 11. 4101 2611 Email: info@itrans.co.in website: www.itrans.co.in TARU Leading Edge Pvt. Ltd. Contact Person: Gopalakrishna Bhat Address: Plot No. 541/2, Sector 8, Gandhinagar-382 008, Gujarat Email: info@taru.org Phone: 91. 79. 2324 0479 website: www.taru.co.in

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN CMP Report for Approval - March 2014

Preface Preface This Campus Master Plan (CMP) for IIT Jodhpur has been developed by the team comprising- Studio for Habitat Futures (SHiFt), Building Design Partnership (BDP.) India, Environmental Design Solutions (EDS) Global and Integrated Design (INDE), under the contract with IIT Jodhpur , and is being submitted as a part fulfilment of the requirement of deliverable 8.22 ‘Campus Master Plan - Design Stage’ as per the Request for Proposal (RfP) dated September 2011. The CMP presents an integrated approach for developing the physical environment that meets the aspiration as expressed in the project RfP. The CMP responds to the strategic vision, central to IIT Jodhpur’s ethos of innovation, excellence, and sustainability as expressed in the RfP and subsequent briefings, meetings, and review sessions with the IIT Jodhpur committees, Faculty, staff, and Students over the last 2 years. The design and specifications of the structures, services, and infrastructure set out the framework which meets all the requirement as envisioned till date, and will be detailed out further during the next phase of the project. The CMP has been designed to be inherently flexible and adaptable so that future needs and unforeseen requirements can easily be accommodated in a way that results in enhanced facilities and infrastructure. The CMP will act as a blueprint for new creative ideas and solutions as the IIT Jodhpur Campus and its requirements grow over the years.” (Campus Design Consortium members)

(Consultant group members)

SHiFt

Sterling India

Sanjay Prakash

Gian Modgil

Nitin Sharma

R. K. Khanna

Mayank Mishra

Khushboo Modgil

Prashant Anand

Deepak Kondal

Priya Gupta

Salman Sabir

Megha Mittal

iTrans

Deepak Arya Madhulika Baronia

Anvita Arora Parvesh Sehrawat

BDP. (Urban Design)

TARU

Shyam Khandekar

Gopalakrishna Bhat

Manisha Bhartia Shalinee D. Prakash

Emaho

Rajat Mukherjee

Rajeshwari Prakash

Shuchita Jain

Pushpa Nair

Ashim Manna

Jaskaran Singh

BDP. (Landscape) Frederick Ribeiro Vimal Paul Subhagya Atale Divyajyoti Sharma Ali Mahafuj

EDS Global Tanmay Tathagat Spondon Bhagowati Nabeel Ahmed Anshul Chawla Hisham Ahmad Waseem Shah Khan Gurneet Singh Monga Gopal N. P. Md. Asif Raza

InDe Mohan Rao Rahul Paul Jobin Varughese

iii

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN CMP Report for Approval - March 2014

Preamble Preamble This unique master plan conceptualizes the workings of all parts of the campus as an interlocking,

Energy

integral network of complex dynamic systems, like the metabolism of a living organism.

The energy consumption of this campus is reduced to about one-third of business-as-usual with passive and traditional techniques of building (expected energy use = 45 kWh/sqm.yr instead

This meta-system shall be actively studied and monitored (partly to generate intelligent control

of 130-160 kWh/sqm.yr), integrated with renewable energy technologies, with compact building

instructions and partly to mine data) and in that sense is a settlement evolving through trials and tests,

clustering, and by encouraging a low energy lifestyle (creating a 250 W society). The buildings shall

a “Living Laboratory”.

be some of the most energy efficient and low resource consuming buildings globally.

The ideas for this “Smart Intelligent Eco-campus” encompass the ideals of social, economic and

With 15 MWe consolidated and the 7.5 MWe roof distributed solar generation smart grid systems

environmental sustainability, and integrate aspects of landscape and biodiversity, food, water and

operational, this becomes a net-zero energy campus for a population of 14,880 people, with

waste, solid waste, mobility, energy and ICT to create an intricate life-like system of campus metabolism

almost no captive power or net grid contribution.

(refer Annexure A3.3 Metabolism diagram, page 470).

Landscape

The spaces provide adaptive conditioned comfort for nearly all habitable areas while minimizing energy and reducing water.

Earthen berms act as signature bounding elements containing compact desert settlements. They mitigate noise, dust, heat, and are part of the de-desertification strategy along with green buffer

A nested series of smart grids for water and electricity by real-time smart monitoring and adjustment

zones, green infrastructure, compact settlement pattern, and east-west streets.

of supply/generation matches the demand. Device level storage (such as solar street lights) intelligently interact with cluster level grids with their own renewable energy supplies and storage,

This campus is a sustainable oasis in a challenging desert context, providing a protected habitat for

which in turn interacts with the campus level grid with its own central renewable energy farm and

flora and fauna (including humans). It rejuvenates the site by providing biodiversity corridors to allow

interaction with the grid for storage.

native species to have contiguous habitat and passage across the site and within the region than be isolated in island sanctuaries in a human settlement.

Mobility The campus segregates motorized, non-motorized vehicles (NMV), and shaded pedestrian

The landscape plan aims at minimizing its water requirement uses recycled water. The campus uses

movement for a mobility system that provides safety, with better health and quality of life.

hardy native species of plants, conserving water and improving soil moisture, while requiring little

It demonstrates a compact development with access to all facilities within a 10 minute walk

upkeep and easy disease management.

or cycling trip, and to non-motorized public transport, with adequate parking and external road connections for conventional vehicles.

The landscape is designed to absorb storm water even during extreme rainfall incidents and prevent erosion or flooding.

A particular user-friendly innovation is the nukkad near the buildings: places for information, recreation, and NMV parking.

The integrated agriculture plan provides appropriate space for organic agriculture suited to arid climates and improves soil moisture and controls desertification while keeping the campus chemical

ICT

free.

The plan provides for a high speed ICT backbone with distributed hubs for flexible data exchange within and outside the campus, providing information, communication, security, and access control.

The landscape provides open space for interaction between students, faculty, local communities,

ICT systems make a smart intelligent eco-campus by capturing extensive data about the energy,

artists, etc. and for art installations and public spaces, and also suitable green cover for parked vehicles.

water, waste, and mobility on campus and integrating them in the campus management systems.

Water

The campus community is itself going to be enabled for learning anywhere, anytime, by the ICT backbone.

In this extremely water scarce area, all the roof runoff is stored in cisterns. The campus can be made a zero water demanding campus by storing all the runoff from areas on the ground in large cisterns,

Community Engagement

of about 360 million litres, at a very high capital cost, so as not to merge with the saline aquifer (which

Traditional building techniques and skills are used to develop the structures. There is a provision

cannot be tapped due to this being located in a distressed zone). Therefore, while a possibility, the

for crafts and design workshops with local community, training in modernized local building

targeted zero-water regime is proposed to be modified to create a very low water regime as below.

technologies, taking inspiration from traditional heritage and methods with a fusion of traditional craft and material with futuristic systems. The Institute shall engage in interactive workshops for

Using the canal water that is underway, the water consumption of this campus is reduced to a quarter of

communicating intentions and outreach projects (such as village street lighting and better land

business-as-usual with efficient fixtures, semi-automated irrigation systems, native plantation, extensive

stewardship practices).

recycling and reuse of sewage, rainwater harvesting, storage and recharge, and encouraging a low water lifestyle (and also producing some methane for cooking as a bye-product).

All the above features make this a near-zero emission campus, planned to provide flexible and phased expansion of all the relevant services.

Taking into account the treated water recharge for some seasons and increased rain water recharge, this campus is a net-zero water campus. Over a period of years, as soil moisture improves and

The planners take pleasure in presenting the detailed master plan in the pages of the eight volumes

salinity of the aquifer reduces, the remainder white water needs may also be met by ground water,

of this report.

thus making it an autonomous zero-water demanding campus, provided ground water extraction is allowed in the future. The rainfall management system creates a very large storage capacity of roof runoff for water security.

Waste This campus creates a zero solid waste regime by segregating waste at source and managing each stream appropriately so the mixed waste for landfill is eliminated. The plan converts organic solid wastes (along with landscape waste and sewage) to energy by biomethanation to cover a part of the cooking needs. The campus creates positive value for recyclables such as paper, glass, reusable plastics and metals, isolates hazardous wastes (chemical or biological) for specialized disposal by certified recyclers, and stacks e-waste and the small quantity of mixed waste in stores for specialized disposal by progressively establishing the new Research Cluster for e-waste and mixed waste recycling and increasing this recycling capacity on site.

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN CMP Report for Approval - March 2014

Contents A Introduction (Binder i)

i-2

7 Landscape Plan (Binder v)

3-18

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6

A.1 Project and Site A.2 The Design Consortium A.3 Project Brief A.4 Master Planning Objectives and Design-Stage Tasks

B Site Context (Binder i) B.1 B.2 B.3 B.4

Site in Regional Context Site in Local Context Characteristic Features of Site Topographical survey of Site

C Masterplan Design Principles (Binder i) C.1 C.2 C.3 C.4

19-26

‘Living laboratory’ in a ‘Smart and Intelligent Eco-Campus’ Masterplan Evolution Overview of Design Process Design Philosophy and Concepts

D CMP - Design Stage (Binder i)

27-38

D.1 Campus Masterplan (CMP) D.2 Masterplan Precincts

1 Space Management Programme (Binder i)

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4

9 Ecological Plan (Binder v) 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5

39-48

49-56

Phase 0 Phase 1A Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

362-366

Agriculture Plan- in phase 1 Agriculture Emphasis for Campus Masterplan Long Term Integrated Farming Program Nursery & Agro-forestry Suitable Species List

367-382

Ecological Plan Ecologically Sensitive Areas Ecological Protection Strategies Plant list for developing Ecological strategies on site Earthen berms

10 Energy Management Plan (Binder vi)

1.1 Area Program 1.2 Space Planning Studies

2 Phasing Plans (Binder i)

Landscape Master Plan Landscape Zones Landscape Guidelines and Objectives General guidelines for Planting List of Plant species General guidelines for stormwater management and water conservation

8 Agriculture Plan (Binder v) 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5

345-361

10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7

383-392

Demand vs Supply Electrical Power System Electrical Power Supply Design Criteria Organization of Power Supply Smart Grid Advanced strategies to be implemented as pilot projects

11 Waste Management Plan (Binder vi)

393-396

11.1 Campus Waste 11.2 Area requirements for Waste management processes 11.3 Waste management strategies

3 Documentation: Consultant Selection (Binder ii) 57-256

12 Water Management Plan (Binder vi)

3.1 RFP for Selection of Architects & Consultants - Part 1 3.2 RFP for Selection of Architects & Consultants - Part 2

12.1 Schematic Campus-level Water Strategy 12.2 Campus-level Water Requirement 12.3 Seasonal Water Balance Charts 12.4&5 Water and Waste water treatment 12.6 Water Scenario 12.7&8 Ground water Quality and Ground water Scenario 12.9 Water Conservation Strategy 12.10 Comparative Analysis -Hydro-Pneumatic and Centralized Overhead Tank 12.11 Fire fighting Design Concept

4 Landuse Zoning (Binder iii)

259-268

4.1 Design Concepts: Incorporated in Masterplan 4.2 Landuse zoning: Phase 1A 4.3 Landuse zoning: Phase 1 4.4 Landuse zoning: Phase 2 4.5 Landuse zoning: Phase 3 4.6. Design Concepts: Functional Adjacencies 4.7. Landuse Planning for ‘A Walkable Campus’

5 Urban Design Guidelines (Binder iii)

13 ICT Plan (Binder vi)

269-324

5.a.1 Faculty Bungalows 5.a.2 Faculty Apartments 5.a.3 Students Hostels 5.a.4 Staff Housing 5.a.5 Academic area - Laboratories 5.a.6 Academic area - Instructional Buildings 5.a.7 Hubs- Activity Centres 5.a.8 Administration Buildings 5a.9 Aesthetic and Passive Design Controls 5b. Technical Design Guidelines

6 Traffic and Transport Plan (Binder iv) 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6

Campus Road Network Campus Public Transport System Pedestrian and Cycling Network Parking Vehicular Movement Scenarios Street Design Guidelines

405-410

13.1 Campus Information Communication Technologies (ICT) Concept 13.2 ICT: Integration Philosophy 13.3 ICT: Functional Requirement 13.4 ICT: Security Strategy 13.5 Future Proofing 13.6 Network & Communication Schematic Diagram 13.7 Key Performance Indicators

14 Services and Utilities Plan (Binder vi)

327-346

397-404

411-418

14.1 Municipal Domestic Water Supply 14.2 Waste-water Collection 14.3. Rainwater Network 14.4 Fire Hydrant, Drinking Water and Flushing Lines 14.5 Electrical Layout 14.6 Bio-methane Supply 14.7 Information Communication Technology and Chilled water Networks

15 Financial Models (Binder vii)

419-432

16 Operational Models (Binder vii)

433-436

Annexures (Binder viii)

437-590

Annexure 1 Annexure 2 Annexure 3 Annexure 4

Background information List of Figures, Tables, Terms and References Communicating Sustainability Draft Request for Proposal Residential Architects v

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN CMP Report for Approval - March 2014

Disclaimer

This report is the property of Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur. Any duplication or circulation must be done with the authorization, consent and/or acknowledgement of the Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur.

Binder i Campus Masterplan (CMP) Report for Approval- Design Stage March 2014 DSR v16

Chapter A Chapter B Chapter C Chapter D Chapter 1 Chapter 2

Introduction Site Context & Analysis Masterplan Design Principles Campus Masterplan - Design Stage (8.22 as per RFP) Space Management Programme Phasing Plans

Introduction

Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (IIT Jodhpur) is one of the 16 IITs that form a prestigious group of autonomous public engineering and management institutes under the Government of India. Since 2010, the operations are located in leased facilities at Mugneeram Bangur Memorial Engineering College (MBM) in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. The new Masterplan will guide growth on a 851 acre site from its current enrolment of about 200 Students to its long term projection of 8000 Students (headcount) enrolled in graduate and postgraduate programs.

The process of preparing this plan has been one involving a high degree of collaboration and consultation with the faculties and competent authorities closely connected to presently established IITs. Various committees forming the Project Management Group (PMG) have met regularly and many meetings, both on and off site were held to review the progress of the planning effort. The proposed Campus Masterplan (CMP) for Indian Institute of Technology at Jodhpur will ultimately involve construction of some 8,00,000 sq.m. of facilities, acres of open spaces, recreation fields and supporting infrastructure. The academic Campus will also house several state of the art networking and video conferencing facilities that allow for the transfer of knowledge resources across the world, as well as laboratories classrooms, library and computer centre.

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN CMP Report for Approval - March 2014

Introduction A.1 Project and Site

A.2 The Design Consortium

Conceptualization of the fully residential Campus of IIT Jodhpur began in late 2010. The site for the Institute’s permanent Campus is located about 25 km from Jodhpur city on the National Highway 65 (NH 65) that connects Jodhpur and Nagaur (Refer Fig. B.1 for regional map). The site covers 851 acres (3.5 sq.km.) of land around the villages of Jheepasani and Phalodi. The land proposed for the overall development is in three parts:

The Design Consortium has been proud and excited at the prospect of designing a cutting edge and internationally prominent centre for learning and research on this pleasing yet challenging site within the Thar Desert region. The Team has unrivalled experience in designing state of the art spaces for learning and research, combining world leading expertise across design disciplines required to fulfil the objectives of the Campus design. The Team understands that the IITs represent a major strategic investment for the future social and economic development of the nation.

Site A, which is about 266.68 hectares (659 acre) to the west of NH 65,

Site B, of about 74.06 hectares (182 acre) to the east of NH 65,

Site C of about 4.0 hectares (10 acre) to the south of Site A.

There are a number of reputed educational institutes that are immediate neighbours to the upcoming IIT Jodhpur Campus, like the Ayurveda University located south of Site B. National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) being built to the south of Site C and National Law University located along the NH 65, moving south towards Jodhpur city (Refer Fig. B.2.a and Fig.2.b for local context). The proposed new permanent Campus will be a self-sustainable1 intervention that caters for its own energy and water requirements. The new Campus will be completely eco-friendly, a carbon net-zero zone 2, meaning that it will produce all the energy it will consume and recycle all the water that it will use. Campus development will be completed in three phases with Phase 1 commencing in 2014. Once completed, the Campus will have both academic as well as residential facilities for Students, Faculty and staff, so as to promote around the clock sharing of knowledge and a hassle-free academic research environment. Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur will also stand as an exemplary institute for imparting knowledge, promoting technology and research and practicing sustainable lifestyles.

The project builds on the very strong academic and research base already exists in India. Understanding of the objectives and the approach to meet them will demonstrate the outstanding creativity and innovation that will bring to meet this special and exciting opportunity. Not only will the new Campus become a beacon of innovation and excellence, it is also an opportunity to be a catalyst for the development of the local indigenous community and enhancement of the surrounding landscape.

A.3 Project Brief The vision for IIT Jodhpur is to be a ‘Smart-Intelligent Eco-Campus’ aims to achieve social, economic and environmental sustainability. Educational programmes to be offered will be: B. Tech programmes (including Computer Sciences & Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, etc.,) within the Main Campus. The Campus will also establish four or five Research Clusters with M.Tech programmes (including System Sciences, ICT, BISS and Energy) and Ph.D. programmes. In line with their academic competence, the Campus is also envisioned to be a ‘Living Laboratory’ to highlight research, refine and demonstrate systems, devices and technology.

Image. A.1.a Site Image: 2011

Image. A.1.b Site image: 2013

A.3.1 Masterplanning Objectives for Design stage

A.3.2 Masterplanning Tasks for this Design-Stage

The IIT Jodhpur permanent Campus Masterplan is conceived with the aim to meet the following primary objectives: 1. To create a place of education and living that sets itself apart from other institutions 2. Provides functional convenience 3. Promotes interaction among Students and Faculty 4. Allows efficient use of available natural resources, and is compatible with GRIHA compliance3 standards for green buildings and site planning.

This Design Stage - Campus Masterplan (CMP) will provide other agencies with the perspective, strategies and guidelines towards actualizing this vision. The guidelines stated in this report have been designed to accommodate creativity of various architects who will design different buildings and future infrastructure provisions and at the same time still help create a unique identity and consistency in visual character for the overall development. As per the ‘Request for Proposal for Campus Master Plan’ released on September 20, 2011 (ref. Annexure- Notice No. DIR/ IITJ/CMP/ RFP/718) the Masterplanning tasks for this Design Stage are listed as under:

The Masterplan concept takes into account the initial concepts and changes made after discussion with IIT Jodhpur in several meetings that began in September 2012. Further, extensive feedbacks and decisions were received from IIT Jodhpur’s Building Works Committee (BWC) and Project Management Group (PMG) over the past few months were incorporated. This Design Stage Report is a based on the same ideologies and further refinement of the Space Management Programme. The intention of this stage is to focus on the Comprehensive Design strategies for the Campus Masterplan (CMP) and various guidelines to be presented for the following subsequent processes: 1. Inviting other interested agencies through competitions and bids 2. Commencing the process of Environmental Assessment for the Campus 3. Initiating the Design consent from Statutory Bodies

8.22.1 8.22.2 8.22.3 8.22.4 8.22.5 8.22.6 8.22.8 8.22.9 8.22.10 8.22.11 8.22.12 8.22.13 8.22.14 8.22.7 8.22.15 8.22.16

Space Management Programme, based on the final Project Area Brief4 Phasing Plan, to illustrate Phasing strategy for developing the Campus Documentation for Appointment of Architects and other Consultants Landuse Zoning Plan, to explain the proposed functions and landuse zones Urban Design, Development and Passive & Active Design Strategies for ‘Sustainable Architecture’ Traffic and Transport Plan, to explain the traffic strategies Landscape Plan, to illustrate the Open Space Network5 and Landscape Guidelines Agricultural Plan, to show the Agricultural Strategies Ecological Plan, to address Ecological concerns and strategies to conserve Energy Management Plan and related Strategies Waste Management Plan and related Strategies Water Management Plan and related Strategies ICT Plan, to illustrate the proposed ICT strategies for the Campus Services and Utilities Plans, indicates the proposed Infrastructure strategies Proposed Financial Model Operating Models, to direct operations of the Campus

Binder iv Campus Masterplan (CMP) Report for Approval- Design Stage March 2014 DSR v16

Chapter 6 Traffic and Transportation Plan

This page is intentionally left BLANK

Traffic and Transportation Plan RFP: 8.22.6

This Chapter explains strategies proposed for Transportation within the Campus Masterplan for IIT Jodhpur, that are designed taking into consideration the existing roads in and around the site, and a variety of users, functions, densities and streetscapes. It assists architects, transport consultants and decision makers alike to direct all resources and details in close relationship with the commutation pattern established during concept masterplanning. Essentially, our transport scheme for IITJ aims to minimise vehicular traffic moving inside the Institute, between the different parts of the Site, and provide trafficcalming6 strategies to create a very walkable place for residents and visitors alike.

Although the Masterplan is envisioned for minimising private vehicular movements; neverthless, provision for indispensible private car and service vehicular movements within the Campus have been kept in mind while designing the transport plan. As core strategy, the main traffic runs along peripheral routes and the main institutional zones are kept car-free. An NMV route loops around to serve the academic core area located centrally in the Masterplan. Care has been taken to ensure minimal possibilities of traffic conflicts and also encouraging walking and cycling inside the Campus.

Way-finding within the Campus is facilitated with provision of frequent traffic-nodes along the routes. These will have multiple public facilities and act as destinations in their own right. Provision for universal access throughout the Campus has also been carefully considered.

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN Draft CMP Report for Approval - October 2013

Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.1 Campus Road Network 6.1.1 Road Hierarchy in Masterplan Salient Features of Transportation Plan for IIT Jodhpur Campus:

IITJ SITE A

The various modes of movement have been separated. Thus pedestrian, emergency vehicles2, cycles, non motorised vehicles5, cars, and buses have exclusive allocated routes.

Separate Campus bus routes and internal non motorised vehicle networks will provide easy access to all facilities.

Paths have been maintained throughout the Campus that are kept free of regular motorised vehicular movements - for allowing emergency vehicles to easily access any part of the Campus.

Transport networks are phased along with the phasing of landuse.

Construction routes are restricted to peripheral roads.

All buildings have direct accessways for firetender vehicles to move in, and are within fire hose access from at least three sides.

The Campus has the following entries and exits:

Gate 3: Exit to Highway from Site A

Ramp to Underpass

Gate 1: Signature Entry from the Highway

•

Gate 2: Pedestrian Entry and Exit for residents.

•

Gate 3: Exit to Highway

•

Gate 4: Entry and Exit for visitors

•

Gate 5: Service Entry for Solar Park

•

Underpass: Visitor Entry and Exit via Site B

Traffic calming6 measures have been used while designing streetscapes. Busier areas of the Campus have roads that curve after 200-300m; and frequent pedestrian Cross-overs will also help regulate traffic speed.

The entry and exit points have been designed to accommodate public traffic movements, auto rickshaw movements, and associated informal activities seamlessly.

10.

Community car parking spaces7 will be provided within two to three minutes walking distance for all residents.

National Highway (NH65)

Underpass: Visitor Entry/Exit via Site B

•

11. Either the ‘Dial-a-rickshaw8’ service or Campusowned cars will be provided to take faculties and their families to the city and back to the Campus.

Gate 5: Entry for Research Cluste- Energy and Solar Park in Site B

Gate 1: Visitor Main Entry to Site A

IITJ SITE B

Legend Entrance Boulevard9 18 M ROW Campus Primary Roads11 15 M ROW Non Motorized Vehicle(NMV)5 Routes 12 M ROW

Gate 2: Pedestrian

IITJ SITE C

Entry/Exit for residents via Site A

Service Secondary Roads3 9 M ROW Emergency Vehicle2 Paths 6 M ROW Construction Road

Gate 4: Visitor Entry/Exit via Site B

National Highway -NH65 0

150

300M Existing Village Roads

Fig. 6.1.1: Road Hierarchy in Masterplan: shows roads and paths categorised in terms of actual or intended uses within the network as a whole. The safe, effective and efficient movement of motor vehicles is balanced against the needs of other transport and non transport users(buses; cyclists; pedestrians) with an indication of the priority likely to be given to each class of user.

328

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN Draft CMP Report for Approval - October 2013

Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.1.2 Entrance Boulevard9 - 18M ROW Key Plan

Fig. 6.1.2.a. Part Plan showing Entrance Boulevard9 (18M ROW)

Fig. 6.1.2.b: Typical Section showing a pedestrian crossover in the Boulevard

Fig. 6.1.2c: Typical Section through Entrance Boulevard(18M ROW): Tree-lines and bioswales10 along the road have been designed to create an experience of grandeur while entering the Campus

6.1.3 Primary Road11 - 15M ROW The Primary Roads are designed as 15M Right-of-Way (ROW) roads, consisting of: 6M wide carriageway and 2M wide pedestrian pathway sharing an edge with the natural greens (agricultural or landscape zones) on one-side; while the other edge is a designated corridor for pedestrians and cyclists uninterrupted by any vehiclular movement. Key Plan

Fig. 6.1.3a. Part Plan showing typical Primary Road of 15 ROW - designed with bus stops; kiosks; cycle and rickshaw parkings; seating and cross-overs16 for pedestrians

Fig. 6.1.3b: Typical Section through Campus Primary Road (15M ROW) - designed with bus stops; kiosks; cycle and rickshaw parkings; seating and cross-overs for pedestrians 329

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN Draft CMP Report for Approval - October 2013

Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.1.4 Secondary Road12 - 15M ROW The Secondary Roads are designed as 15M wide Right-of-Way (ROW) roads. These roads have activity corridors on both sides of the carriageway. One side is designated for pedestrians and cyclists, and the other side is designed as a Multi-Utility Zone (MUZ)13. A Multi-Utility Zone is primarily for mutliple uses, and typically provisoned with services under paved surfaces that cater to developed areas on either side of the road. It allows maintenance of services easily accessed from the road without affecting various activities happening alongside.

Key Plan

Fig.6.1.4b: Masterplan area with a Secondary Road along the convention area and healthcare block

Fig.6.1.4.a. Masterplan area with a Secondary Road along the Staff Residential Zone connecting with the local shopping centre towards south

Fig.6.1.4c. Masterplan area with a Secondary Road along the Centre of Excellence - ICT and play fields

Fig. 6.1.4d: Typical Section through a Secondary Road (15M ROW) Inside the Main Campus area - designed with 1.5M wide bioswale10 on one side and 3M wide MUZ13 on the otherside

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Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.1.5 Non Motorized Vehicular(NMV)5 Road - 12M ROW The Non-motorised Vehicular road for IITJ Campus is designed with 12M wide Right-of-Way (ROW). It forms the central access loop for the core Campus area. This route will restrict any motorized vehicles inside the Main Campus. Only small service vehicles would be allowed inside, before or after peak academic traffic hours. The NMV Road is planned with rickshaw and bicycle parking bays occuring at convenient intervals; pedestrian walkways on either side; seating and attractive landscape. Furthermore, the cross-overs16 are designed to allow safe movement for specially-abled people across the roads. (Refer 6.4.2 Non Motorized Vehicles (NMV) Parking and Nodes)

This vehicle-free route encourages all users to use sustainable modes of commute: 1.

NMVs like rickshaws or battery-operated mini buses, which will have designated stops (Ref.R-01 in Fig. 6.1.4b) and parking bays (Ref.R-02 in Fig. 6.1.4b)

Radio-tagged cycles or GPS enabled cycles (R.03)

Walking along its tree-lined and suitably furnished pedestrian pathways Key Plan

Fig.6.1.5a: Masterplan area showing the NMV Road within the Main Campus area

4 2

Fig. 6.1.5b: Typical Part Plan of NMV Road - 12 M ROW: showing typical junction leading to academic buildings, designed with rickshaw drop-off plaza and pedestrian entry.

Fig. 6.1.5.c: Typical Section through the NMV Road - 12 M ROW showing pedestrian walkways on both side of the

3M WIDE PATHWAY

4.5M WIDE RICKSHAW LANE

2.5M WIDE RICKHAW PARKING

3M WIDE PATHWAY

Fig. 6.1.5.d: Typical Section through the NMV Road - 12 M ROW (with Rickshaw Parking) 331

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Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.1.6 Service Secondary Roads3 (9M ROW) and Emergency Access Roads1 (6M ROW) Key Plan

Fig.6.1.6.a: Part plan showing 9M wide Service Secondary Roads inside the Main Campus area

Fig. 6.1.6.b: Typical Street Section through 9M wide Service Road

Fig. 6.1.6.c: Typical Section through common courtyard in Faculty residential

Fig. 6.1.6.d: Typical Street Section through 6M wide Emergency access path

Fig. 6.1.6.e: Typical Street Section through Faculty bungalows in Masterplan: showing the 9M wide Service road; 9M wide common courtyard; and 6M wide Emergency access path

Fig. 6.1.6.f: Typical Street Section through Student hostels in Masterplan: showing the 9M wide Service road; 4.5M wide common courtyard; and 6M wide Emergency access path

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Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.2 Campus Public Transport System 6.2.1 Public Transport System Salient Features of Public Transport System for IIT Jodhpur Campus: 1. The Masterplan proposed for IITJ is drawn out with a seamless network of various types of public transit systems - aiming to achieve carfree, pollution-free, sustainable mobility across the entire development. This plan identifies the various public transit routes laid out for the Campus Masterplan. 2. A closely integrated system of Bus/Campus Shuttle services and Non Motorized Vehicular options have been strategized in order to achieve a convenient and preferred mode of commute for everyone. 3. The transit network supporting the Campus will be comprised of bus service loops that moves Students, Faculty and staff to and from the Main Campus, and NMV5 services that shuttle users around the academic core. 4. Campus bus-routes would be scheduled, and frequency of the bus/shuttle services will depend on ridership and client requirements. Bus frequency would vary and be regulated in accordance with the Institute’s peak traffic hours and number of commuters during various times of a day. 5. Mini-bus Routes can be combined based on requirements. It will be possible, for example, to have a regular PURPLE & INDIGO combined route that runs through the day connecting the residents to Gate 2 and all parts of the Campus; and a relatively less frequent route combination of INDIGO & RED, that connects Students to the Research Cluster to the north.

Bus Route for Special Events

6. Primary Transport nodes are provided at various points where a number of routes intersect. 7. Service vehicles4 are allowed throughout the Campus loop roads and are provided with a variety of intermediate access routes within the Campus. Service and loading docks will generally be located not on pedestrian walkways, but on the opposite sides of buildings, away from greens and pedestrian activity. Emergency vehicles2 will be allowed on all service and public roads.

Non Motorized Transport

8. All bus routes (Ref. Fig. 6.2.a) can be mini bus routes, and will run at an app frequency of 10 minutes (the time it takes to cover the loop).

Underpass Legend

Entry to Site B from Nagaur

INDIGO: Main Campus Bus Route

RED: Bus Routes to Remote Areas- Research

Visitor Entry Exit for Site A

PINK: Bus Routes for Special Events

BLUE: Bus Route to Solar Park

PURPLE: Bus Route to Staff residential area and commercial centre GREEN: Non Motorized Transport Route (Emission-free route)

Transport Hub/ Bus Depot

Emergency Vehicle Path

Private Transport Drop-Off

Visitor Entry/Exit for Site B

Primary Nodes 0

150

300M Rickshaw Stops

Fig. 6.2.a Public Transport System Plan: Mini buses / Campus shuttle buses Bus Stops

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Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.2.2 Public Transport System: Inter and Intra Campus 9. For larger volume (no. of passengers) and more frequent requirements, an additionally large bus (refer Black route) with a full route coverage will run at 20 min frequency for 2 hours each in morning afternoon and evening. 10. This bus route can be regularly used by Staff members to commute wihin the Campus, especially to the outreach areas. 11. The large Bus can also be used to do the city to IIT Jodhpur commute in the morning and evening (refer Off-Campus commute) 12. It can be used for city trips for students and faculty on special occassions and Inter-college meets (refer Off-Campus commute) 13. This bus can also be used for taking school kids from faculty residential area and married student hostels to and from Kendriya Vidyalaya (refer InterCampus commute) 14. Further, as the student population builds us this can be increased to two big buses.

Non Motorized Transport

Underpass

Legend BLACK: Intra Campus Bus Route

Off-Campus commute (for occasional large volume requirements) Inter Campus commute (for frequent and regular number of school children to Kendriya Vidyalay)

Bus Entry / Exit to city 0

150

300M

Rickshaw Stops Bus Stops

Fig. 6.2.b Public Transport System Plan: Inter and Intra Campus. Transport Depot with bi-directional charging stations and overnight bus parking

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Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.2.3 Public Transport System: Frequency Comfortable space should be provided for passengers to prefer buses. Keeping this in mind the frequency of buses will be derived from: 6.2.3.1 Day -wise Km Calculation

= (Average Passenger Km per Day) / (Km Operated per Day x Vehicle Passenger Carrying Capacity) 6.2.3.2 Peak Hour Occupancy ratio

= (% of Peak Hour Passenger Travel x Average Passenger Km per Day) / (Km operated in peak hour x Vehicle Passenger Carrying Capacity) & = [ % of Peak Hour Passenger Travel x Average Passenger Km per Day] / [ (Km operated per day / Total No. of trips per day ) x (Peak Hour Trips x No. of Services x Vehicle Passenger Carrying Capacity) ] Desirable peak hour carrying capacity = 84 passengers per large bus and 20 passengers per Mini-bus Desirable peak hour occupancy ratio = 80% 6.2.3.3 Number of buses require

=(% of Peak Hour Passenger Travel x Average Passenger Km per Day) / (Peak hour trips x Avg trip length x desirable O.R x Vehicle passenger carrying capacity) For a peak-hour occupancy ratio of 80 % IIT Jodhpur Public Transport System should ensure maximum passengers on larger buses be about 40 for Intra Campus buses, while for Campus Bus shuttle or Mini-buses, the maximum number of passengers should be 20. (ref. Annexure- Buses). This would provide the requisite number of Buses for each phase and consequently their running costs.

6.2.4 Proposed Intelligent Transport System (ITS) In order to achieve efficiency in operating, comfort for passengers, and easy maintenance by the Institute, it shall be essential to integrate various components of ITS with the Transport system. The components of the proposed Intelligent Transport System (ITS) are as follows: 1.

The Advanced Public Transport System (APTS), a vital component of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) aims at developing and integrating transportation management and information technologies in public transit systems to increase their efficiency of operation, convenience and safety. Typical APTS applications include real-time passenger information systems, automatic vehicle location systems, bus arrival notification systems, and systems providing priority of passage to buses at signalized intersections.

Passenger Information System (PIS): Passenger information systems and bus arrival notification systems require reliable prediction of expected bus arrival times. Such information can be disseminated to the IIT Jodhpur web pages or display boards at bus stops. The reliability of the information being provided depends on the prediction technique used, which in turn depends on the input data used for prediction.

Bus Stop Variable Message Signs: Bus stop variable message signs are the most popular display medium used to disseminate bus passenger information. These display units are available in various sizes and can be controlled remotely through GPRS. These display units have an in-built GPRS module, which can receive information from the server in real time. Information is transmitted from the server at regular intervals (usually in less than a minute) and this information is displayed at the bus-stop. The LED matrix displays only numerical and text messages.

Kiosk at Bus Stops: A computer kiosk houses a computer terminal that often employs custom kiosk software designed to function flawlessly while preventing users from accessing system functions. Interactive computerized kiosks can be used at bus-stops to provide commuters with useful information once they have entered the query about Way-finding within the Campus or time-schedule of Campus buses. Kiosks can also be used to advertise over display units.

Real Time Vehicle Tracking (RTVT): Based on a web-based application that shows current location of buses, allowing the application user to view the current bus status to get a fair estimate of its arrival at the bus-stop of interest. this will be especially helpul for Inter-Campus bus routes. The application also allows monitoring and managing buses in real-time from anywhere.

Radio-tag system in with Non-motorized Vehicles and cycles will help keep records of its rental user and location of the vehicles when they are missing.

Monitoring and Maintainence through ITS would manage Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Quaterly and Annual maintainence operations. Regular inspection and Special Maintainence requirements would be included within the management for the Campus transport system.

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Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.3 Pedestrian Network 6.3.1 Salient Features of Pedestrian Network:

w al k - 1 0 0

rad

1. 400M radius- seven minute walk inside the Main Campus; ten minutes walk to other outreach areas. 2. Segregation of pedestrian, bicycle and motorized transport. 3. Campus structure should be able to maximize pedestrian movement. 4. Campus is focused on walking and cycling as an equitable and ecologically appropriate form of commuting. Distance from anywhere to the workplace is only 400M walking radius required, just a seven minutes walk, under the shade of trees/buildings/walkways. 5. Innovation Street connects the three main activity areas:

ii rad

w al k - 1 0 0 te m nu Exit

•

Innovation Square

•

Jodhpur Plaza, and

•

Inspiration Plaza.

6.3.2 Subterranean Pedestrian Walkways

IITJ SITE A

5t o7

m inu

diu s m ra

00 -4 k l a ew

Knowledge Square

Non Motorized Transport 5-7Min Walk (400 M Radius) Jodhpur Square Innovation Street Fig. 6.3.b: Subterranian pedestrian walkways.

Karwar Square

Legend

Fusion Square

10M wide Primary subterraninan spine (below the Innovation Street), about 4M high.

in u 2 m te wa l

6M wide secondary subterraninan spines, about 4M high. Entry-Exit points to the subterranian spines.

100

“Hub” Buildings- connected to the subterranian spine through basements.

Underpass

m rad

in u te w a lk3m

Learning resource centres- connected to the subterranian spine through basements. Basement entry point.

r a d ii

Service Tunnel (refer Chapter 7) There would be clear segregation of pedestrian and cycle movement within the subterranian paths.

Visitor Entry to Site A

IITJ SITE B

Fig. 6.3.c: Shaded pedestrian walkways. (source: State Pollution Control Board Campus, Jaipur)

These are copyright free images that have been taken in Jaipur and are being used only for representation.

Legend

IITJ SITE C

3M wide Pedestrian Paths 12M ROW Non Motorized Vehicle Path 10 Min. Walking Diameter

Visitor’s Entry/Exit via Site B

Innovation Street “Shortcut” Paths 0

150

300M

Berms and Mounds Landscape Lines/ Green Infrastructure corridors

Fig. 6.3.a: Pedestrian and Cycling Network Masterplan

336

Activity Buildings Shaded Pedestrian pathways connecting outreach areas with the Main Campus. These would be earth sheltered or semi covered to protect pedestrians from harsh sun.

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Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.4 Parking 6.4.1 Vehicular Parking Zones Vehicular Parking Strategies: 1. Campus Bus and parking for Sports Complex (750 cars)

A shuttle service within the interior limits of Campus will foster greater alternative transportation mobility. The locations of parking lots have been strategised to allow users to park once and utilize pedestrian paths, bicycling, and/or the shuttle service to reach multiple destinations on Campus. (For public transit routes refer Fig. 6.2: Campus Public Transport System Plan)

Parking for visitors is located near the Main Campus entry. Visitors park their cars here and change to Non-Motorized Vehicle options. (Refer 6.4.4 Parking Zone Details)

Faculty bungalows are provided with private parking spaces.

Faculty parking is assigned as community parking lots that are landscaped with trees for shading. These community parking spaces7 are distributed at just two-minutes walking distances from the Faculty residences for convenience of all faculties and their family members.

Students are also provided with common bicycle parking spaces that are located near entrance of their hostels, and at Nukkads (or Nodes) that are just two-minutes walk away reached by shaded pathways. (Refer 6.4.3 Cycle parking and Nukkads)

Parking for Convention Centre (200cars)

Remote outreach areas like Centres-of Excellence also have their individual parking lots which will be within two-minutes walking distance from their workplaces.

Parking for Sports Area (200 cars)

Shaded parking spaces have been provided in garage spaces tucked with the berms. While constructed the berms, provision can be made for additional requirement or for future garage spaces.

The bus parking and maintenance lots are located :

Parking for Faculty and PG Students (145 cars) Garage spaces to be incorporated in Berm design

Parking for Faculty & Visitors-Phase 3 (145 cars)

Parking for Faculty & Visitors-Phase1 (145 cars) Garage spaces to be incorporated in Berm design

•

Near Resident’s Entry

•

Near Convention Zone

•

Near Main Campus Entry

•

Parcel C , Kendriya Vidalaya Campus for 8 to 12 buses

Parking for Faculty, PG Students and Site Office (155 cars)

Temporary Bus parking (8-12 buses)

Visitor Parking (360 cars) Visitor Parking (480 cars) Visitor Entry to Site B (480cars)

Parking for Staff and Visitors (145 cars)

Fig. 6.4.1.b: Shaded car parking under tensile or PV tensile structures.

Car parking (145 cars)

Fig. 6.4.1.c: Shaded car parking under trellis or pergolas with creeper plantation.

These are copyright free images that have been sourced from the internet and are being used only for representation.

School Bus parking (8-12 buses)

Legend

Campus bus parking Depot (50 buses)

Fig. 6.4.1.a: Vehicular Parking Zones in Masterplan

150

300M

Car Parking Bus Parking Lots Garage spaces to be incorporated in Berm design Transport Depot with bi-directional charging stations and overnight parking 337

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Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.4.2 Non Motorized Vehicles (NMV)5 Parking and Nodes Salient Features of NMV Parking Strategy: 1.

The Non Motorized Transport(NMT)5 network is an Emission-free route and does not allow public and private motorized vehicles on this access road.

the NMT depot is located near Central Plaza and the main entrance drop-off, from where people can take up NMV transport modes to any part of the Campus.

NMT stations are located at short intervals along the central NMV loop. These stations are envisioned to function as small activity nodes equipped with all needed conveniences for a NMT user. We have nick-named these stations/activity nodes as ‘Nukkads’. (Refer 6.4.3 Cycle parking and ‘Nukkads’ for more details)

Dial a NMV service can be implemented where residents can get picked up/dropped off from their homes for shopping etc. (Refer Dial-a rickshaw8 )

Non Motorized Vehicle Hub

Non Motorized Vehicular Transport loop

Fig. 6.4.2b: View of rickshaw parking along the NMV road: which can act as an activity node and developed according to the concept of Nukkads

Non Motorized Vehicle Hub Entry to Site B

Visitor Entry

Legend

Non Motorized Vehicle (NMV) Loop

Visitor Exit

Non Motorized Vehicle (NMV) Parking 0

150

300M Non Motorized Vehicle (NMV) Hub

Fig. 6.4.2a: Non Motorized Vehicle (NMV) Parking Zones in Masterplan

338

Campus Transport Depot (with electrical charging, discharging & repair stations)

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Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.4.3 Cycle parking and Nukkads Concept and Features of Nukkads: 1.

‘Nukkad’ is a concept inspired from commonplace road-side tea-stalls of Indian cities. In IITJ Masterplan these are NMT5 nodes/ stations combined with some hawking activities in order to serve pedestrians and public transport users. (Refer 6.4.2 Non Motorized Vehicles (NMV) Parking and Nodes)

These urban-space modules are located at 200 to 300m intervals along the intra-Campus movement network.

These high activity nodes will be equipped with common public amenities like - bicycle parking; rickshaw parking; tree shades and seating; small eateries like maggi/eggs and tea/coke vendors; cellphone charging points; public Wifi access; information kiosks allowing access to current class timetables/results etc.

Nukkads are located near every hostel street entrances for convenient Student access. They are also located near bus and rickshaw stops as road-side convenience facilities with provision for organized cycle parking.

Nukkads are envisioned as ‘eyes on the street’ in order to encourage walkability; increase street activity; and provide safety along public streets.

Legend Nukkad Type 1: Students Cycle parking, kiosks, Wi-fi, and recreational spaces. Nukkad type 2: Faculty Drop Off Area, Street furniture, Wi-fi, Kiosks and recreational spaces. Nukkad type 3: Activity nodes within plots. Nukkad type 4: Spill out space near “Hub” buildings, NMT parking lots, cycle parking and related facilities Primary Cycle Paths

150

300M

Secondary Cycle paths Green Spines

Fig. 6.4.3a: Cycle pathways and Parking areas

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Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.4.3 Cycle parking and Nukkads (Contd.) Keyplan

Cycle Parking Cycle Parking Cycle Parking

9M Vehicluar Road Cycle Parking

Cycle Parking

kiosk

Court Play Area

Court

Cycle Parking

kiosk 6M Emergency Vehiclular road

Root Zone Treatment Seating

Court Seating Root Zone Treatment

Seating

kiosk Nukkad Type 1: Students Cycle parking, kiosks, Wi-fi, and recreational spaces.

Fig. 6.4.3b: Area 1, Nukkad type 1- Plan showing a typical Nukkad in Students hostel area.

Green Infra Coridor

Walkway NMV Path Nukkad type 2: Faculty Drop Off Area, Street furniture, Wi-fi, Kiosks and recreational spaces. Plaza Walkway Open Space

NMV Parking

Dining Block

Nukkad type 3: Activity nodes within plots.

Drop-off Zone

Spill out space

Cycle Parking Area

Fig. 6.4.3c: Area 2, Nukkad type 3 -Plan showing a typical Nukkad near “Hub” 340

Nukkad type 4: Spill out space near “Hub” buildings, NMT parking lots, cycle parking and related facilities

These are copyright free images that have been sourced from the internet and are being used only for representation.

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Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.4.4 Parking Zone Details

Concept of Parking along Grid-plantation: 1.

Grid-plantation will be part of the urban forestry scheme which will be worked out in a typical module to accommodate parking under the trees. A grid here refers to the intersection of imaginary lines connecting the trees (centre-to-centre). The grid offers a flexible module into which various activities such as outdoor shaded gathering spaces can be integrated.

Parking strategies proposed along with grid-plantation: a)

Parking strategy 1- Alternating rows of shading-trees and flowering-trees will be placed diagonally in a grid of about 8.5m distance. Trees in each row will be 10mc/c. The shadingtrees with larger spread will shade the parking bays, while the row of flowering-trees will highlight routes of one-way access to these parking bays and define the vehicular movement in a systematic manner.

The planted strip will also act as vegetated swale. By reducing run-off velocity and acting as a bio filter, the green strip will enable ground water recharge and collection of water. (refer Fig. 6.3.4a)

Parking strategy 2- Sparsely placed parallel rows of trees with large foliage will be proposed in a grid of 16mc/c. Trees in each row will be placed at 10mc/c. The shadingtrees with larger spread will shade the parking bays, while a clear access of 6m will be available to access parking lots.

Again the planting bed will act as a storm water planter with low-lying vegetation receiving runoff from adjoining paved areas (refer Fig. 6.3.4b)

Parking strategy 3- Densely placed diagonal rows of trees with large foliage will be proposed in an alternating grid of 16m c/c. The diagonal placement of large shading trees will enable more shading on the ground surface (than in option 2), while leaving a clear access to parking of 6m. (refer Fig. 6.3.4c)

Advantages of the proposed surface parking strategies are:

•

During the initial phases, when the parking requirements, especially for the visitors are less, these zones will remain as green plantation undisturbed by Campus activities.

•

In order to reduce the run-off velocity, pervious materials like natural stones will replace the conventional surfaces like tar/ concrete roads and parking. Sufficient plantation within parking lots will provide these shaded spaces to be used as plazas and congregation areas in absence of vehicles.

Fig. 6.4.4a: Part plan showing the visitor parking area, and the transport mode-change junction located near the Main Campus entry

Fig. 6.4.4b: Plan and Section of parking Strategy 1

Fig. 6.4.4c: Plan and Section of parking Strategy 2

Fig. 6.4.4d: Plan and Section of parking Strategy 3 341

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Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.5 Vehicular Movement Scenarios

Nag

Gate 3

Tow a rd

Gate 3

aur

6.5.1 Campus Entry & Exit Scenarios

Site A

Gate 5

Gate 1

Main Visitor Entry

Gate 4

Fig. 6.5.1b: Visitor Vehicular Entry/Exit Points

pu dh

To wa rd

Gate 4

Fig. 6.5.1a: Resident Pedestrian Entry/Exit Points

Site C

Gate 2

dh Jo

Site C

Site B

r Site C

Gate 1

Main Visitor Entry

Site B

Gate 2

To wa rd

Gate 2

Gate 5

Gate 4

Fig. 6.5.1c: Vehicular Entry/Exit points for Special Event Day

6.5.2 Resident Movement Scenarios

Gate 3

f ro

Gate 3

Site A

Site B

r pu dh

Gate 2

Site C

f ro

Site C

Gate 4

Site C

f ro

Gate 2

Site B

Fig. 6.5.2.a. Residents going to and coming from Nagaur

Fig.6.5.2.b.Residents going to and coming from Jodhpur

Fig.6.5.2.c. Residents going to and coming from Site B

Legend Highway

only Entry or Exit

Movement line

Entry and Exit

Movement direction

Underpass

Junction on Highway Movement along side-lane

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Traffic & Transportation Plan

6.5.3 Visitor Movement Scenarios

Gate 3

f ro

Gate 3

Site A

Gate 5 Gate 1

Gate 1

Gate 1 Site B

Site B

Site C

f ro

Site C

Site B

Gate 4

Fig.6.5.3.a. Visitors going to and coming from Nagaur

Gate 4

Fig.6.5.3b. Visitors going to and coming from Jodhpur

Fig.6.5.3.c Visitors going to and coming from Site B

6.5.4 Service Vehicular Movement Scenarios

Gate 3

Site A

Gate 3

Site A

Gate 5

Gate 5 Gate 1

Site B

Gate 2 Site C

Site C

Gate 4 Fig. 6.5.4a: Service movements during construction

Gate 4

Fig. 6.5.4b: Service movements during academic peak hours

Fig. 6.5.4c: Service movements off peak hours

Legend Highway

only Entry or Exit

Movement line

Entry and Exit

Movement direction

Underpass

Junction on Highway Movement along side-lane 343

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Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.6 Street Design Guidelines 6.6.1 Design Guidelines for Public Realm14 Roads and streets and other spaces of the public realm have to fulfil a complex variety of functions in order to meet people’s needs as places to live, work and move around. Their design requires a thoughtful approach that balances potential conflicts between different users and objectives. They exert an immense influence upon our lifestyles and behaviours. Street design also has a direct influence on significant issues such as climate change, public health, social justice, inclusivity and local and district economies. Design Guidelines for Public Realm recognises these pressures and seeks to invoke a collective response through the design of streets and roads for the new IITJ Campus.

Pedestrian Zone Rickshaw/Cycling Zone MUZ13 Vehicular Zone Green Zone

MATERIALS Materials should be distinctive, easily maintained, provide durability and be of a standard and quality to appeal visually within the specific context.

UTILITIES The accommodation of services should not determine the layout of streets or footways FURNITURE Choose street furniture to relate to its location and local distinctiveness, and reinforce a sense of place. Different items of street furniture should relate to each other in terms of design, siting and colour. avoid causing clutter, reduce to a minimum ‘defensive’ street furniture such as railings and bollards. Retain and refurbish distinctive historic elements of street furniture.

LIGHTING In street design, consideration should be given to the purpose of ighting, the scale of lighting relative to human users of the street, the width of the street and the height of surrounding buildings. INSTALLATIONS Street user hierarchy should consider pedestrians first and private motor vehicles last. Street design should be inclusive, providing for all people regardless of age or ability.

PLANTING Street design should aim to integrate natural landscape features and foster positive biodiversity. Planting, particularly street trees, helps to soften the street scene while creating visual interest, improving microclimate and providing valuable habitats for wildlife. Whilst appropriate driver sightlines should be maintained, vegetation can be used to limit excessive forward visibility to limit traffic speeds. WATER CONSERVATION Conservation of water takes place through creation of swales, using pervious materials and grass pavers etc. Fig. 6.6.1. Reference images for designing public realm 344

These are copyright free images that have been sourced from the internet and are being used only for representation.

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Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.6.2 Curb Ramp Planning Principle: To smoothly overcome changes in level between the sidewalks and the road surface at pedestrian crossings and in front of building entrances. Design: 1.

Location: Curb ramps are used wherever there is a difference in level on pedestrian paths or between sidewalks and road surface at pedestrian crossings, near parking areas and bus stations, in front of building entrances. Curb ramps are located away from places where water accumulates. At pedestrian crossings, a curb ramp is to be provided at both side of the crossings.

Width: The minimum width of curb ramp is 90 cm between the 2-flared sides. The recommended width is 120 cm.

The maximum slope of a curb ramp should be 8 % and the maximum slope of the flared side 12%.

Fig. 6.6.2 Curb Ramp Design Reference Source: Guidelines for planning a barrier-free environment

6.6.3 Pedestrian Crossings (Crossovers16) Planning Principle: To facilitate safe and independent crossing of pedestrians, especially those with reduced mobility. Design: 1.

Location: Pedestrian crossings should be provided at all the crossroads and at least at every 500 m.

Pedestrian bridges: Provision of pedestrian bridges on both side of the pedestrian crossings is necessary to cover ditches. Connection of pedestrian on both side must be even.: The minimum width of pedestrian bridges along the sidewalks has to be equal with the width of pedestrian crossings.

Guide Strips: Guide strips should be provided to indicate the position of pedestrian crossings.

It is important to force drivers of vehicles to reduce their speed. This can be achieved in different ways: •

Traffic islands to reduce the length of the crossing for pedestrians and the width of the road crossed.

•

Incorporate in design Raised ‘Table Top Crossing.

Fig. 6.6.3 Pedestrian Crossings Design Reference Source: Guidelines for planning a barrier-free environment

6.6.4 Parking Planning Principle: To provide accessible parking facilities as close as possible to the point of destination. Design: 1.

Location: Accessible parking spaces should be located not more than 50 m from accessible building entrances

Dimensions: The minimum width of an accessible parking space is 3.60 m . An access aisle 1.20 m wide can be located between two ordinary parking spaces.

Parking curb: If a difference of level exists between the accessible parking area spaces and the accessible pathway, a curb ramp should be provided. If there is no difference in level between parking area and pathway, a textured surface at least 60 cm wide is needed to separate the pathway from the vehicular area to avoid hazards for people with vision impairments. Another solution could be the use of bollards.

Fig. 6.6.4 Car Parking Design Reference

Source: Guidelines for planning a barrier-free environment

6.6.5 Ramps Planning Principle: To provide ramps wherever stairs or changes in level obstruct the free passage of pedestrians, mainly wheelchair user and people with reduced mobility. Design: Fig. 6.6.5 Ramps Design Reference

Location: The ramp should be located in the continuation of the accessible pathway leading to the entrance. Wherever stairs are also provided to reach the entrance, the ramp, ideally should be placed adjacent to the stairs.

Slope: The maximum recommended slope of ramps is 5 %. Steeper slopes may be allowed depending on the length to be covered. Ramps should have no transverse slope.

Configuration: Ramps can have different configurations: straight run, with 90° turn or with switch back at 180° turn.

Landing Areas: Ramps should be provided with landing areas (flat surface) for resting, manoeuvring and avoiding excessive speed. Landings should be provided every 10 m, at every change of direction and at the top and the bottom of the ramp. The minimum length of the landing area is 1.40 m and the min. width has to be equal to the width of the ramp.

Source: Guidelines for planning a barrier-free environment

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Traffic & Transportation Plan 6.7 Summary •

The Traffic and Transportation Plan ensures: o

Calming of vehicular traffic and very high degree of safety.

Minimization of pollution, improvement of health and quality of life.

Segregation of motorized vehicles, non-motorized vehicles (NMV), and pedestrian movement.

Access to all Campus facilities within a short walk or cycling trip.

Access to motorized public transport, especially for visitors.

Shaded connections between academic buildings in the Main Campus.

Places for information, recreation, and NMV parking, near the buildings.

Adequate external road connections for faculty, staff, students and visitors.

•

The schematic designs and recommendations of this Chapter will translate into working drawings and tenders for the infrastructure described at implementation stage, in consultation with the focus group on Mobility being formed by the Institute.

•

The details of buses suggested are provided separately in Annexure 1 Section 3.

•

Some of the features (e.g., nukkads that touch buildings) shall be detailed after or in coordination with the architectural design of the concerned building.

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Chapter 7 Landscape Plan Chapter 8 Agriculture Plan Chapter 9 Ecological Plan

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Landscape Plan RFP: 8.22.8

The landscape plan for IIT Jodhpur has been derived from the study of various aspects of land both on the regional and site level: physiography2, geomorphology3, hydrology4, climateology5, original landuse6, connectivity and regional biodiversity22. With minimal disturbance to original site context and adopting techniques and knowledge from the past, a design has been proposed that caters to issues of soil8 and water management9 (prevention of soil erosion10, water harvesting etc), micro-climate11 modulation (shelter belt against shifting sand-dunes, shaded pathways), food and energy production (agricultural fields, plantations, solar farms), protection of biodiversity (wildlife corridors, planting of indigenous vegetation), waste management (green infrastructure) etc. 1

Landscape design has taken an integrated approach that brings together all the above aspects which work best in totality and not in isolation. Care has been taken to phase smoothly from human inhabited areas to areas with least human interference. However, the study has been divided into three parts: 1. Formal landscape 2. Productive landscape 3.Ecological landscape

The landscape strategies developed and used in this project will definitely put IIT Jodhpur on world map as not only a sustainable Campus but also as a demonstration of a ‘ Living Laboratory ’ encouraging students and faculties toward innovation.

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN CMP Report for Approval - March 2014

Landscape Plan 7.1 Landscape Master Plan

Scrubland (Refer to pt. 9..3.5) Green infrastructure corridor (Refer to Pt. 7.6 & 9.3.3) Polyfarms (Refer to Pt. 8.4)

Dew catchers and agriculture area (Refer to pt. 7.3.3 & 9.3.7)

Ecological corridors (Refer to Pt. 9.3.3)

Roadside buffer planting (Refer to pt. 7.4.2 &, 9.4)

Orchards (Refer to Pt.8.4)

Exit Only

Poly Houses (Refer to Pt. 8.4) Groved ‘Khadin’ Water catchment area (Refer to Pt. 8.5)

Grid plantation (Refer to pt. 7.4)

Horticulture Zone (Refer to Pt. 8.4)

Roadside buffer planting (Refetr pt. 7.4.2 & 9.4)

Desertification planting (Refer to Pt. 9.3.1)

Plaza (Refer to pt. 7.3.2) KnowledgeSquare (Refer to pt. 7.3.2)

Residential Street (Refer to Pt. 7.3.1)

Recreational sports area (Refer to pt. 7.3.3)

Nurseries (Refer to Pt. 8.4.3) Community Planting (Refer to Pt. 9.4.5)

Jodhpur Square (Refer to pt. 7.3.2) Public Open Space (Refer to pt. 7.2.1)

Faculty playcourt Slope stabilization (Refer to Pt. 9.2)

Innovation Street (Refer to pt. 7.3.2) Multipurpose ground “Maidan” (Refer to pt. 7.3.3)

Karwad Square (Refer to pt. 7.3.2) Amphitheatre (Refer to pt. 7.3.3) Gateway plaza (Refer to pt. 7.3.2) Drop-Off

Fusion Square (Refer to pt. 7.3.2) Students’ Playfield

Staff playcourt Visitor’s Parking (Refer to pt. 7.3.2)

Grid plantation (Refer to pt. 7.4)

Solar PV Farm Roadside buffer plantation (Refer pt. 7.4.2 & 9.4) Campus Iconic Entry Groves (Refer to pt. 8.5) Ecologically Sensitive area (Refer to pt. 9.2)

Shopping Centre

Solar Thermal Power Plants (Refer pt. 7.5)

Resident’s Entry & Exit

Science Park (Refer pt. D.1)

Fig.7.1.a. Landscape plan showing different landscape areas on site

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Landscape Plan 7.1.1 Landscape Plan Concept The site’s setting is unique and has a compelling intrinsic natural landscape which requires minimal design intervention. A conventional approach to landscape design would not work in this context as it would take away from the site’s inherent natural assets and jeopardize it’s ecological balance. Therefore, our proposal focuses on the landscape which will embrace the existing site settings and allow it to inform design decisions, material and plant palettes. Existing drainage lines, agricultural bunds on site should weave through the Campus providing interesting existing patterns and defining edges and spaces. Also, it should focus more on defining a ‘functional’ landscape where the major interventions revolve around connectivity and movement within the Campus. Like the terrain itself, the landscape design is proposed to be dynamic in nature with the ability to continuously evolve throughout the life of the Campus keeping pace with the changing situations and building pressures. Climate plays a key role in the distinct ecosystem23 of the Jodhpur region and is integral to the planning and design of Campus open spaces and their relationship to buildings and the natural environment. During the winter warm days are followed by cool evenings and the landscape can help celebrate warm days and mitigate temperature extremes. During extreme summers, internal courtyards and sunken courts and spaces act as suitable space for outdoor gathering. Site and landscape design is intended to work ‘with’ the land rather than ‘on’ the land. It’s objectives are to preserve, protect and enhance the existing desert landscape where possible and outdoor spaces should be designed to ameliorate the climate by providing shade, shadow, texture, and by capturing breezes. The recommended plant palette draws from the native desert landscape, responds to the unique climate and setting and is sensitive to water conservation. The Masterplan proposed a free-flowing, loosely knit structure of open spaces around the building. The majority of the site has been retained in its existing natural setting with minor interventions that help heal and protect the natural ecology. The hierarchy of circulation, encourages pedestrian and bicycle movements that connect and bind the proposed development without imposing on the land.

There are some important landscape typologies that are tailored to specific areas on site, to the relationship to indoor / outdoor spaces, and to program and building location. A consistent desert plant palette is planned throughout Campus to unify the site, connect it to the desert landscape and provide a sense of place. Such as: 1.

Earth berms - The earth berms36 are an integral part of the Master Plan and act as a visual signature element to contain the settlement pattern within bounds. It is a central element of the de-desertification strategy of the Campus Master Plan where these are designed to deflect summer winds carrying coarse dust. The berm also create a private domain and cut off highway noise most effectively.

Johads and Baolis - The form and layout of the university is also derived from the concept of oasis, the true meaning of which in desert environments is ‘an isolated area of desert vegetation, typically surrounding a water source which provides a protected habitat for flora and fauna including humans’. The concept of the oasis forms the basic component of the University Masterplan in form of traditonal water harvesting system, such as , ‘Baolis26’ which act as main Congregational space of Masterplan. Apart from that the same concept of ‘Johad25’ has been repeated on the other parts of site in different scales.

Green Infrastructure Corridors- the existing drainage pattern on site give rise to these corridors which can knit overall devlopment by proposing various forms of water conservation strategies like, bioswales, plantation in such areas

Reclaimed Area - existing scrubland needs to be reclaimed in different stages to achieve sustainable growth and development in the future.

Buffer Plantation - Areas along the highway and boundary wall need to screen Campus from noise and dust pollution.

Ecological Sensitive Areas - there are lots of natural features around the site, such as, existing water body in village Jheepasini, and along the highway which act as a major catchment for lots of bird movement from different areas.These areas need to be enhanced so as to become a suitable habitat for these species.

Scrubland & Deserted area - located to the north-eastern corner of the Campus. This space has been left in its natural condition, at the centre of which exists the Desert Research Institute and existing fauna and flora typical to the desert region will be encouraged here.

7.2 Landscape Zones 7.2.1 Aim and types The aim of the landscape proposal for IIT, Jodhpur is to heal and repair the ground and create better natural habitats which in turn improve biodiversity22. Hence the landscape plan has been divided into a number of zones based on site conditions and resources , building morphology, urban connectivity and existing natural flora and fauna habitats. Landscape zoning aims at intercombining the ecosystems- terrestrial7 and avian- forests, scrublands13, grasslands14, desert areas, ponds, etc. and the human dominated environments such as agriculture and urban settings. The divisions are: Urban forestry29: Comprises of areas with grid plantation on large scales especially the parking zones. Woodlands: The existing forest reserves belong to this zone. Some woodlands are proposed through planting strategies which could provide ecological corridors for living creatures of diiferent sizes.

Fig.7.1.1.a: Johads being used as landscape water catchments

Community Planting: Development of areas into sacred groves, reserves for medicinal plants to involve Students, staff of all age groups in plantation and other activites associated with it. Buffer Planting: Plantation alongside the main road and along the boundaries of the site for screening purposes. Parks and gardens: Parks and gardens of various scales and sizes are situated between the academic, residential and the outreach areas. Agriculture: Agriculture should be encouraged as a learning experience for Students in form of Demonstrative Agricultural practices.This will help to make the Campus self sustainalble by producing and consuming it within the Campus. Protective Planting: Involves planting for the purpose of desertification alongside and on the earth berms.

Fig.7.1.1.b: Multiple Johads

Playfields and Sports: Consist of large open spaces for the purpose of sports like stadiums and smaller play courts in between the academic, residential areas. Nurseries: For the growth of plant and flower species especially of native origin. Recreational zone: Comprises of areas used for open mass gathering and social interaction like plazas and amphitheatres. 351

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Landscape Plan 7.2.2 Landscape zone plan

Legend Ecological corridors

Agriculture

Buffer planting

Woodland Protective Landscapes- Berms, dedesertification Urban forestry, parking Recreation- Play fields and sports grounds Community gardens, neighbourhood parks

NOTE: Refer Fig. Nos. 8.1.a and 9.1.a for Areas of different landscape uses

Fig.7.2.2 a: Landscape zone plan

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Landscape Plan 7.2.3 Open Space Network Plan

Features of Open Space Network in the Main Campus: •

The desert landscape provides a unique environment that the IITJ Masterplan seeks to celebrate and enhance.

•

Existing bunds; vegetation (trees, grasses, scrub lands); and landform have creatively been interwoven together to compose a vibrant open space network.

•

Campus open space is defined by existing conditions and natural environment, building layout and use, pedestrian movement and distance, and potential program.

•

The open space framework not only supports residential and academic life, but it also connects to and celebrates the natural environment. Sustainability is an important tool in the design of open spaces and will be discussed further in the landscape concepts and guidelines sections.

•

A hierarchy of spaces such as (Green open spaces – formal & informal), Mounds, Courts of varying scales cater to a wide variety of uses on the Campus, while promenades11 in form of Innovation street, Green Infrastructure Corridors27 and circulation paths create linkages and activity nodes at multiple points that enhance the pedestrian walking experience.

•

Plantation on site (existing and proposed green Infrastructure corridors27) juxtapose20 the formal alignment of buildings.

•

The primary pedestrian links are shared pathways (with NMV and service movements) that will facilitate safe and continuous walking across the entire Campus. These pathways will be streetscaped with attractive vegetation, street furniture, and proper signages to assist convenient walking.

•

Pedestrian plazas and Nukkads17 have been strategically located along the main pedestrian linkages. These carefully scaled open semi-paved spaces will provide opportunities for group activities; social interaction; and casual recreation.

•

The pedestrian-only links will allow convenient walking for short distances within the Campus uninterrupted by any vehicular movement.

•

Building courtyards mostly coincide with pedestrianonly linkages in order to create a well shaded and green pedestrian realm at an intimate scale.

Legend Berms in Masterplan Existing Mounds

Green Infrastructure Corridors

Common Courtyards Playgrounds ‘Innovation Street’ Primary Pedestrian Links

Pedestrian Plaza and Nukkads Secondary Pedestrian Links 0

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Fig.7.2.3.a: Plan showing Open Space Network for site development (For location, refer to Ch. 7.1)

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Landscape Plan 7.2.4 Detail Plans - Recreational, Play Fields, Parks, Forests, Woodlands, Streets, Green Infrastructure Corridors27, Buffer Plantations38, Boundary wall Plantation.

Fig.7.2.4a: Community planting: Typical plan and section (For location, refer to Ch. 7.1)

Fig.7.2.4.b: Boundary planting: Typical plan and section (For location, refer to Ch. 7.1)

Fig.7.2.4.d: Sports and recreation: Typical plan (For location, refer to Ch. 7.1)

Fig.7.2.4.c: Urban forestry29 with parking: Typical plan and section (For location, refer to Ch. 7.1)

Fig.7.2.4.f: Buffer vegetation38 (For location, refer to Ch. 7.1)

Fig.7.2.4.e: Nursery: Typical plan (For location, refer to Ch. 7.1)

Fig.7.2.4.g: Agriculture: Typical plan (For location, refer to Ch. 7.1) 354

Fig.7.2.4.h: Recreation (For location, refer to Ch. 7.1)

Fig.7.2.4.i: Parks and Gardens (For location, refer to Ch. 7.1)

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN CMP Report for Approval - March 2014

Landscape Plan 7.3 Landscape guidelines and objectives The landscape design for IIT Jodhpur has been framed keeping in view the warm and dry climate and the arid location of the site. The landscape design enables onto integration of developments into the surrounding scape. The guidelines aim towards a well planned landscape of least maintenance,enhancing the overall image of the new Campus development. Thus landscape becomes an important part of the planning process.This caters to the landscaped area with maximum human movement. Building interfaces, road networks and buffers, parks and gardens etc get included in this category. The objectives of these landscape guidelines are as follows: 1. To create a self-sustained Campus. 2. Provide a safe and pleasant environment conducive to studies, work and habitation. 3. By introduction of native species, encourage water efficient and low maintenance landscapes. 4. Propose strategies for de-desertification on and around the site and enhance the natural site surroundings. 5. To blend the new development into the existing fabric through different landscape strategies.

7.3.1. Residential- Faculty and Students Scale of Space

Materials

Design elements

7.3.1.1 Streetscape In street design, consideration should be given the scale of lighting with regard to human scale, the width of the street, height of surrounding buildings and canopy of the plantation.

1.5 M. WIDE PATHWAY

Fig.7.3.1.1a: Faculty housing (For

6.0 M WIDE ROAD

1.5 M. WIDE PATHWAY

Fig.7.3.1.1.c: Typical section of 9.0 M. wide road (for detail refer to Ch. 6.1)

location, refer to Ch. 8.1) *Fig.7.3.1.1.g: Natural stones for paving in pedestrian zone

Fig.7.3.1.1.b:

Student

Use of local stones like sandstone, grass jointed pavers, pebbles etc should be encouraged to minimize heat island effect45 and allow ground water recharge7.

housing

(For location, refer to Ch. 8.1)

Apart from the primary role of providing access by vehicles, pedestrians and cycle paths, streets also providing corridors for physical infrastructure; define territorial space and location; provide recreational spaces encouraging social interaction; visually bind the spaces. Streetscapes47 encompass both public and communal streetscapes47 (i.e. internal private streets that serve more than two dwellings), buildings, street and landscape design, includes all adjacent buildings, landscaping and fencing, traffic treatments, paths, driveways, street surfaces and utility services.

*Fig.7.3.1.1.j: Street lighting

Fig.7.3.1.1.d: Typical section of 6.0 M. wide road (for detail refer to Ch. 6.1, pg. no. 239) *Fig.7.3.1.1.k: Street furniture

*These are copyright free images that have been sourced from the internet and are being used only for representation.

*Fig.7.3.1.1.h: Grass pavers

0.75 M. WIDE GREEN BED

4.5 M WIDE FTP

0.75 M. WIDE GREEN BED

6M FTP Fig.7.3.1.1.e: Typical section of 6.0 M. wide FTP (for detail refer to Ch. 6.1, pg. no. 239)

Instead of impervious15 materials like asphalt or concrete if grass pavers are used for walkways and trails, they help in draining the rainfall by percolating upto ten inches of rainfall per hour.

3M WIDE PATHWAY

4.5M WIDE RICKSHAW LANE

2.5M WIDE RICKHAW PARKING

3M WIDE PATHWAY

*Fig.8.3.1.1.i Change in finishes and use Fig.7.3.1.1.f: Typical section of 3-4.5 M. back lanes (for detail refer to Ch. 6.1,

of tactile pavers30 near grade seperators,

pg. no. 239)

crossings will make navigation disability friendly.

Fig.7.3.1.1.l: Rickshaw parking- typical plan and section

8.3.1.2. Courtyards Courtyards provide a private and domestic spatial counterpart to public squares and streets in urban environments. The landscape of courtyards provides space, shade and greenery for social and private activities. Courtyards enable close interaction between indoor and outdoor life because the architectural and landscape spaces are interwoven. Sunken courtyards with stacks or steps provide various options for planting, sitting and become vantage points for individual activities and social interaction. The scale of the courtyards would direct the size and characteristics of the plant materials to be used.

Fig.7.3.1.2.a: Typical Courtyard between two Faculty bunglows (22 x 12 M.) / Students hostel (70 x 20)

Fig.7.3.1.2.c: Section through sunken courts Fig.7.3.1.2.b: Section :Use of grass pavers

Sunken courts are provide a level difference in an area making the space more habitable during hot times of the year.

Fig.7.3.1.2.e: Plan : use of grass pavers

Pervious pavers or grass jointed pavers are the best for courtyards as they allow percolation of water and its collection for further uses. This is a copyright free image that has Fig.7.3.1.2.d: Typical Courtyard between two Faculty bunglows (22 x 12 M.) /

been sourced from the internet and is

Students hostel (70 x 20)

being used only for representation.

Fig.7.3.1.2.f: Raised platform

Creation of raised platforms at the block entry foster deliberate social interaction besides adding a sense of entry. 355

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Landscape Plan 7.3.2. Academic and Outreach areas Scale of space

Materials

Design elements

7.3.2.1. Streetscape

*Fig.7.3.2.1.g: Natural stone in pedestrian Fig.7.3.2.1.a: Academic areas

zone

(Refer to Ch.7.1)

Local stones like Jodhpur Kota stone, Mandana with joints/ grass joints will enable percolation and ground recharge.

Fig.7.3.2.1.c: Typical section- 15 M. wide road (for detail refer to Ch. 6.1, pg. no. 237)

pink, open water water *Fig.7.3.2.1.j: Bus stop

Fig.7.3.2.1.b: Out reach area (Refer to Ch.7.1)

Urban roadway design refers to design for manouvering to accommodate diverse users like pedestrians, cyclists, motorists, public transport users, people with disabilities, plus adjacent businesses and residents. While designing streets, one needs to understand that roadways often serve as spaces for recreation and socializing and vending besides traffic movement. Road networks also include pedestrian and bicycle pathways that may not run parallel to the vehicular access but instead provide shorter and more comfortable (based on slope, shade etc) connections buildings and streets.

Fig.7.3.2.1.d: Typical section- 15 M. wide road (for detail refer to Ch. 6.1, pg. no. 237)

*Fig.7.3.2.1.h: Natural Stone pavers used

*Fig.7.3.2.1.k: Cycle stand

for cycle tracks and at road junction will enable speed control and safer cross overs.

12M WIDE ROAD-1 3M WIDE PATHWAY

4.5M WIDE RICKSHAW LANE

2.5M WIDE RICKHAW PARKING

3M WIDE PATHWAY

Fig.7.3.2.1.e: Typical section- 12 M. wide road (for detail refer to Ch. 6.1, pg. no. 238) *Fig.7.3.2.1.l: Lights

*Fig.7.3.2.1.i: Tree guards provided in MUZ will protect the trees in areas of high footfall.

*These are copyright free images that have been sourced from the internet and are Fig.7.3.2.1.f: Typical section- 12 M. wide road (for detail refer to

being used only for representation.

*Fig.7.3.2.1.m: Street furniture- Benches, bollards, dustbins

Ch. 6.1, pg. no. 238)

8.3.2.2 Parks and open spaces

Fig.7.3.2.2.a: Key plan (Refer to Ch.7.1)

Proposed themed parks and gardens provide multipurpose recreational zones for all age groups catering to a unit or a block of buildings. They provide spaces for public interaction like plazas and nukkads17 but differing from them in terms of their location from the streets. Rain water harvesting and strategies for ground water recharge at community level can be integrated within the parks through appropriate hardscape and softscape.

Fig.7.3.2.2.f: Sunken courts for cultural and literary exchange

Broad flights of steps between buildings can form sunken, shaded enclosures for interactive learning, socializing; steps acting as transition between built and open.

Fig.7.3.2.2.b: Open spaces in the academic zone *Fig.7.3.2.2.e: Pervious surfaces for paving

Use of pervious materials and finishes in the park will minimize the area under hard surfaces thereby allowing for ground water recharge16. Alternatives to asphalt or concrete will help to soften the quality of space in the park

Fig.7.3.2.2.c: View of the Open spaces in between the blocks *Fig.7.3.2.2.g: : Pergolas, kiosks, gazebos

*These are copyright free images that have been sourced from the internet and are being used only for representation.

Fig.7.3.2.2.d: Section of the Open spaces in between the building and berm

356

Pergolas, gazebos31 can ameliorate the extreme weather and facilitate shaded linkages between building enhancing pedestrian experience; or can act as shaded extension to built forms enabling outdoor activities and even use of terraces during the day. Some of the shelters can also combine photo- voltaic cells.

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN CMP Report for Approval - March 2014

Landscape Plan 7.3.2. Academic and Outreach areas- continued 7.3.2.3 Parking Scale of space

Design elements

Materials

Fig.7.3.2.3.b :Typical section of Parking type 1,2

7. PUBLIC ART AND SIGNAGES Fig.7.3.2.3.a: Out reach area (Refer to Ch.7.1)

The parking area has been designed for different users such as visitors, faculties, students, cycles, rickshaws and on-campus bus parking. Grid plantation46 facilitates the use of parking lots as a shaded multi-purpose space when not used for its primary purpose. Use of pervious and semi-pervious material enhances water percolation and reduces heat island effect45.

Fig.7.3.2.3.g: Detail of bio-swale39 with grasses Fig.7.3.2.3.c: Typical Plan- Parking type 1 with grid plantation47

Gravel bed beneath planting soil and grasses in the median act as a filtration medium that will help in percolation and the surface water can be channelized into rain water harvesting systems; while trees will help in shading of the roads and parking.

Fig.7.3.2.3.d: Typical Plan- Parking type 2 with grid plantation47

Fig.7.3.2.3.i: Public art and installations

Generally public art transforms and enhances public spaces. Art installations34 offer energetic interactive spaces around it. Public art should be an expression of IIT Jodhpur’s sense of identity and values. It may reflect the nature of scholarship achieved within the Campus.

Fig.7.3.2.3.e: Typical section of parking- type 3

Fig.7.3.2.3.h

:Stone

and

pervious

concrete pavers for parking

Fig.7.3.2.3.f:Typical Plan- Parking type 3 with grid plantation47

They have been used to reduce runoff velocity and increase percolation of rain water. It will also reduce heat island effect45.

Fig.7.3.2.3.j:Signage

All outdoor signage (navigational, informative and warning) will make use of locally available stone and skilled artisans to create a signature style which is evocative of traditional methods of the region.

7.3.3. Sports and Recreation Scale and type

Materials

Design elements

7.3.3.1. Streetscape

Fig.7.3.3.1.b: Typical section of 15 m. wide road- type 1

Fig.7.3.3.1.g: Bus stop

Fig.7.3.3.1.a: key plan- Parking around sports and recreation (Refer to Ch. 8.1)

The sports and the recreation zones are served by the by the 15m wide road. Pedestrian pathways and bicycle tracks are designed to ease movement providing proper slope, shade and views. The use of semi-pervious and pervious materials increases ground water percolation. They have been divided into primary and secondary with plazas and nukkads in between for social interaction and passive recreation.

Fig.7.3.3.1.f: Materials for hardscaping35 Fig.7.3.3.1.c: Typical section of 15 m. wide road(a)

These are copyright free images that have been sourced from the internet and are being used only for representation.

Fig.7.3.3.1.d: Typical section of 15 m. wide road(b)

Materials used in the sports and recreation zone shall be such to withstand high footfall16, help in safer navigation and serve the disabled. Use of natural stones with variation in finishes and patterns is proposed.

Fig.7.3.3.1.h: Cycle stands

These are copyright free images that have been sourced from the internet and are being used only for representation. Fig.7.3.3.1,e: Typical road section through earth berm 357

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Landscape Plan 7.3.3. Sports and Recreation - continued

Fig.7.3.3.1.i Key plan- Plaza (Refer to Ch. 7.1)

Materials used in the sports and recreation zone shall have to withstand high footfall, help in safer navigation and serve the differentlyabled. Use of natural stones with variation in finishes and patterns is proposed to cater to all the above needs.

Fig.7.3.3.1.j: Plaza in sports and recreational area

*Fig.7.3.3.1.k: Finishes in Plaza- Natural

*Fig.7.3.3.1.l: Pergolas as interactive spaces

stone, grass jointed pavers

7.3.3.2 Parking

Fig.7.3.3.2.b: Typical section of parking- type 3 *Fig.7.3.3.1.m: Street furniture

Fig.7.3.3.2.a: Key plan (Refer to Ch. 7.1)

Large spaces for parking along with grid plantation46 to be provided.

*Fig.7.3.3.2.d: Materials

*These are copyright free images that Fig.7.3.3.2.c:Typical Plan- Parking type 3 with grid plantation

have been sourced from the internet and are being used only for representation.

*Fig.7.3.3.1.n: Street furniture

7.3.3.3 Open Spaces Tree Avenues define edges, enclose roads, and provide shaded areas for recreation along roadways. The canopy visually demarcates and helps in navigation. The form of trees, the texture and colours of the foliage play an important role as they enhance the streets. The spaces under the canopies are spaces for relaxation for passers by, and of great importance especially in hot and arid conditions.

*Fig.7.3.3.3.b: Installation of dew catchers43

The setup for fog collection,consist of a large piece of canvas (generally 12 m long and 4 m high) stretched between two 6 m wooden poles held up by guy wires, with a long trough underneath. Water would condense out of the fog onto the canvas, coalesce into droplets, and then slide down to drip off of the bottom of the canvas and into the collecting trough below. Dew catchers43 can be used at the edges of agricultural areas opposite to the earth berm and the water can be used for irrigation of the fields and as installations.

*These are copyright free images that have been sourced from the internet and are being used only for representation.

*Fig.7.3.3.3.a: Different characters of Street avenues

Fig.7.3.3.3.f: Detailed section of an earth berm

These are copyright free images that have been sourced from the internet and are being used only for representation.

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Fig.7.3.3.3.c: Earth Berm as buffer/ transitional ele-

Fig.7.3.3.3.d: Carved out space in Earth Berm as

Fig.7.3.3.3.e: Earth Berm as Recreational space e.g.

ment between two different land uses

shelter for pedestrians

Amphitheatre for user group

A berm36 basically a mound of earth with sloping sides that is located between areas of approximately the same elevation. Berms could act as a noise barrier, separate areas of conflicting uses, create additional soil depth for unfavorable subsurface soil conditions, screen undesirable views, create a private, enclosed area, direct foot traffic, direct drainage and provide wind protection. The idea of berm has been adopted form the form of johad, a techique of water harvesting in arid pats of Rajasthan.

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN CMP Report for Approval - March 2014

Landscape Plan 7.4 General guidelines for Planting 7.4.1 Roadside Planting Roadside planting soften the road edges. The trees along edge of the roads should be large, evergreen to semi-evergreen42 trees, the canopies of which will form a shaded enclosure, while the trees along the median can be deciduous but ornamental in form and colourful in foliage and flowering.This will provide clear sight lines and varied experience along the driveway. Proposed species: Albizia lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Butea monosperma, Bauhinia racemosa, Boswellia serrata, Cordia dichotoma, Cordia gharaf, Ehretia laevis, Prosopis spicigera, Tamarix aphylla, Tecomella undulata. Fig.7.4.1.a: Section through 18 M. wide road

7.4.2 Buffer Planting Buffer plantation38 zone is a thickly vegetated/ forested area mostly located towards the fringes on the site. Being away from habitations they may also serve as wildlife habitats and corridors.These dense plantations trap dew or other forms of precipitation. When the hot and dry desert winds blow over these zones, the winds get cooled and moisture laden winds enter the habitable areas thereby improving the micro-climate11.The trees shall be planted in staggered pattern or irregular clusters than in grid manner. Proposed species: Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica, Salvadora persica, Zizyphus jujuba, Prosopis spicigera Fig.7.4.2.a: Section through 18 M. wide road

7.4.3 Ornamental planting Ornamental planting heightens the pleasure in the surroundings. Aesthetically, they have beautiful branching pattern, colourful flowers and foliage which soften the harsh architectural lines. Apart fom providing shade, the manner in which the trees are planted can frame views, form vistas, can be focal elements, define space and lend a character to the space. Proposed Species: Cassia fistula, Tecomella undulata, Tamarix aphylla, Bauhinia racemosa, Balanites roxburghii, Cordia garaf, Albizia lbbeck Fig.7.4.3.a: Ornamental planning in Fig.7.4.3.b: Ornamental Student block residential block

planning

7.4.4 Street Avenues

The form of trees, the texture and colours of foliage are important in the choice of avenue plantation as besides providing shade, these trees create a sense of space making the streets more humane.The ratio of tree height to the canopy size are critical in creating conducive spaces for recreation and relaxation of passers by. Proposed species: Cordia dichotoma, Cassia fistula, Tabernaemontana coronaria, Balanites roxburghii

Fig.7.4.4.a: Section through a tree lined street avenue used for recreation and relaxation

7.4.5 Edge Planting The main purpose of edge plantation in IIT Jodhpur is de-desertification. The choice of trees for this shall be evergreen and dense to act as screens cutting down the velocity and force of the sand laden winds. . To prevent sand particles from blowing into the site the edge planting should be staggered and highly diverse in terms of storeys. The width and density of edge planting may vary; wider on the windward side and roads to act as buffers from dust and noise. Proposed species: Acacia nilotica, Balanites roxburghii, Boswellia serrata, Capparis decidua Fig.7.4.5.a: Boundary planting strategy

7.4.6. Planting under the solar panels The space between the solar panels needs a pathway for cleaning the panels which can have small shrubs on the sides.The condensed water which gets collected over the panels can be used and water intensive plants can be grown below. The planting strategy is to have species of minimal water requirement (0.11- 0.5mm/day), shade loving, low height and mostly productive. Proposed species: Medicinal low shrubs such as Commiphora wightii, Barleria acanthoides, Barleria prionitis var. dicantha, Drimia indica

Fig.7.4.6.a: Planting under solar panels

7.4.7. Grid Planting strategy in the parking zone Grid planting46 strategy is based on Plantation programme initiated by AFRI. The grid offers a flexible module into which various activities such as parking, outdoor shaded gathering spaces can be integrated. Bioswales39 have been proposed along tree planters to enable filtration of surface run-off and channelize it into water harvestig tanks. Proposed species: Azadirachta indica, Albizia lebbeck, Butea monosperma, Tecomella undulata

Fig.7.4.7.b: Bioswale along grid planting

7.5 List of Plant Species 7.5.1 Type 1. Large Trees Acacia nilotica -babool Albizia lebbeck- siris Azadirachta indica- Neem Butea monosperma- Dhak, Palash Cassia fistula- Amaltas Cordia dichotoma- Lasora Ehretia laevis- chamrod Prosopis spicigera- khejri Salvadora persica- peelu Tamarix aphylla- farash, lal-jhav Tecomella undulata- roheda Zizyphus jujuba- ber

Fig. 7.5.1 List of plant Species

Fig.7.4.7.a: Plan of grid planting

Type 2. Small Trees

Type 3. Shrubs

Type 4. Sub - shrubs

Type 5. Grasses

Acacia senegal- Kumttha Balanites roxburghii- Hingot Bauhinia racemosa- Jhinjheri Boswellia serrata- shallaki, kundur Capparis decidua- Kareel Commiphora mukul- Guggul Cordia gharaf- gondi Diospyros cordifolia- bistendu Haloxylon salicornicum- lana Maytenus senegalensis- Kakra Salvadora oleoides- Khabbar

Arnebia hispidissima- ratanjot Calligonum polygonoides- phog Calotropis procera- Aak Clerodendrum phlomidis- Arni Euphorbia neriifolia- Thor Fagonia cretica- Ustar-khar Farsetia jacquemontii- Faridbutti Grewia tenax- Gondni Lycium barbatum Melhania denhami Melhania tomentosa Melhania magnifolia Mimosa hamata- Alay Salsola foetida Salsola stocksii Salvia aegyptiaca Sarcostemma brevistigma Tamarix dioica Ziziphus nummularia- jharber Zizyphus rotundifolia Zizyphus trinervia

Aerva tomentosa- buida Aerva pseudotomentosa Barleria acanthoides- Bajardanti, Chapari Boerhaavia diffusa- Punarnava, Satha Snathikari Cleome scaposa Corchorus antichorus- Baphali Crotalaria burhia- Saniya Indigofera argentea Indigofera cordifolia- Gokhru, Bekara Lepidagathis trinervis- pathar-phor buti, safed rasna Leptadenia sparitum- Khimp Orygia decumbens Sericostoma pauciflorum- karvas Tephrosia petrosa ANNUALS Blepharis sindica Cleome scaposa Cleome vahliana Zygophyllum simplex

Cenchrus biflorus- bhurut Cenchrus ciliaris- dhaman Cenchrus setigerus- mode dhaman Desmostachya bipinnataDaabh, darbha Dichanthium annulatum Eleusine compressa Lasiurus sindicus Panicum turgidum- murat Sporobolus marginatus

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Landscape Plan 7.5.2 Approximate Calculation of Trees 1. Total number of Existing Trees on Site = 910 2. Total number of Trees needed to be removed or transplanted because of Urban development = 115 3. Total number of Trees proposed on site: i. Road side Plantation and Shelter bed Plantation = 3,500 ii.Ecological corridor (Green Infrastructure, Natural habitat corridor, Biodiversity hub/corridor) = 2,500 iii.Revenue Plantation, Orchards, Horticulture = 4,000 iv.Open spaces, Courtyards, Oran (Groves) = 900

7.6 General guidelines for stormwater management and water conservation Managing stormwater in an arid climate is challenging due to the infrequency of rainfall and the intensity of rainfall events. The objectives of stormwater management are : 1. To implement a system that retains the existing site features and improves the existing drainage pattern by managing water quantity and quality, 2. Integrating water conservation techniques with aesthetics, 3. Enable creation of natural features on site and wildlife habitat, 4. Implement control measures to curb pollution at its source, 5. Reduce runoff close to the source by promoting infiltration, minimizing impervious15 sources and separating impervious sources. 6. Decentralize the harvesting and treatment measures throughout the site. Allowing stormwater management techniques to be expressed above grade,instead of channeled in below grade structures, provides the Campus community with educational opportunities to promote sustainable practices.

Fig.7.6.a: Storm water planter integrated as a design feature integrated

These are copyright free images that have been sourced from the internet and are being used only for representation.

7.6.1. Reinforcing the existing drainage channels The naturalized drainage patterns provide opportunities for trails and circulation systems and create continuous wildlife corridors. The environmental benefits of preserving and enhancing natural features allows stormwater quality features to be integrated into the site design and will help maintain and improve drainage patterns.

7.6.2. Creation of Swales

Fig.7.6.1.a: Typical section and reference image of a Bioswale

The term “Bio-Swale”39 refers to a vegetated , open channel designed specifically to treat and attenuate stormwater runoff for a specified water quality. As stormwater runoff flows along these channels, vegetation slows down the run-off velocity, filtering through a subsoil matrix and enables infiltration24 into the underlying soils.Permaculture37 swales can be used as a substitute to mulch due to it’s greater water holding capacity. Bio-swales39 will help in rejuvenating bare lands by increasing amount of soil moisture and check on soil erosion.

7.6.3. Reducing Run-off

Runoff can be reduced through design techniques that infiltrate, filter, store, evaporate, and detain runoff close to its source. Replacing conventional impervious15 surfaces with pervious materials with open joints, grass joints, porous pavers, gravel will enable percolation of surface run-off, reduce run-off velocity and raise the ground water table.Increase in area under vegetation not only on ground but also on roofs will reduce the run-off velocity. Lining the drains / swales with vegetation or redirecting the surface run-off over vegetated surfaces will act as infiltration24 devices

Fig.7.6.2.a: Finishes and joints allowing percolation of surface water.

7.6.4. Treatment control

Treatment controls are engineered devices and landscape elements that remove pollutants from site runoff prior to entering the storm drain system. Directing water towards these devices and landscaped areas slows the velocity of water allowing pollutants to settle, minimizes sediment accumulation and encourages infiltration24 and recharge of the groundwater supply. Encouraged treatment devices include: detention basins49, infiltration basins50, stormwater planters, swales and vegetated filter strips 44.

Fig.7.6.3.a: Infiltration Basin

7.6.5. Collecting surface run-off

Storm water drains direct the surface run-off to catch basins and recharge points on the site. The drain channels can be lined with pervious surfaces or vegetation or gravel bed allowing simultaneous ground water recharge and reduction in run-off. A catch basin48 helps take surface water off the roads and transfers it into storm drains/ recharge pits. It usually has a grate or curb inlet and acts as the first level of protection to capture the large sediment so it doesn’t enter the drainage system.

Fig.7.6.4.a: Vegetated drain channels as bio-filters

Fig.7.6.5.a: Typical section showing collection of storm water

Fig.7.6.6.a: Promoting storm water management techniques on site by locating them on surface as design elements.

These are copyright free images that have been sourced from the internet and are being used only for representation. 360

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Landscape Plan 7.7 Summary •

The Landscape Plan o

Rejuvenates the Site to allow sustainable human settlement over the long term.

Integrates with waste and water management strategies.

Minimizes the water requirement for irrigation and uses recycled water.

Reduces sudden bursts of storm water into the drainage system.

Reduces outdoor temperatures by shade and evapo-transpiration.

Provides organic horticulture systems with no fertilizer use.

Provides open space for interaction between students, faculty, local communities, artists, etc. and for art installations and public spaces

Provides a suitable green cover for parked vehicles.

Provides an aesthetic background for the Campus.

•

The schematic designs and recommendations of this Chapter will translate into Working Drawings and Tenders for the infrastructure described here at implementation stage.

•

The planting plan and dimensioned details, along with irrigation systems proposed and specific landscape details shall form part of the Working Drawings and Tender.

361

Agriculture Plan RFP: 8.22.9

The Agriculture Plan focuses on to initiate program which will make IITJ’s to function as a “Living Laboratory”. It is planned to develop a long term integrated farming operation programs including agriculture, horticulture and other Agro-forestry systems that will address self-reliance, sustainability, education, actionresearch and community living goals. This initiative of On-Campus agricultural products will be learning experience for people who will be part of the Campus where the aim will be to supplement the agricultural produce procured from the market for Campus consumption.

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN CMP Report for Approval - March 2014

Agriculture Plan 8.1 Agriculture Plan in Phase 1 & 2

LANDSCAPE LAND USE LANDSCAPE LAND LAND USE USE LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGY LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGY LAND USE TYPOLOGY LANDSCAPE LAND USE TYPOLOGY EROSION EROSION CONTROL/ CONTROL/ EROSION CONTROL/

TYPOLOGY BUFFER PLANTATION BUFFERPLANTATION PLANTATION EROSION CONTROL/ BUFFER

DESERTIFICATION CONTROL DESERTIFICATION CONTROL DESERTIFICATION CONTROL BUFFER PLANTATION EROSION CONTROL/ PLANTATION PLANTATION PLANTATION DESERTIFICATION CONTROL BUFFER PLANTATION DESERTIFICATION CONTROL PLANTATION PERIPHERAL ROADSIDE PERIPHERALROADSIDE ROADSIDE PLANTATION PERIPHERAL BUFFER PLANTATION BUFFER PLANTATION BUFFER PLANTATION PERIPHERAL ROADSIDE PERIPHERAL ROADSIDE BUFFER PLANTATION

WILDLIFE CORRIDORS BUFFER PLANTATION WILDLIFE CORRIDORS WILDLIFE CORRIDORS WILDLIFE CORRIDOR WILDLIFECORRIDOR CORRIDOR WILDLIFE WILDLIFE CORRIDORS WILDLIFE CORRIDORS WILDLIFE CORRIDOR WILDLIFE CORRIDOR BIO-DIVERSITY HUB

BIO-DIVERSITYHUB HUB BIO-DIVERSITY BIO-DIVERSITY HUB/ CORRIBIO-DIVERSITY HUB/ CORRIBIO-DIVERSITY HUB/ CORRIBIO-DIVERSITY HUB BIO-DIVERSITY HUB DOR DOR

DOR BIO-DIVERSITYHUB/ HUB/ CORRIBIO-DIVERSITY CORRIDOR DOR

BERM STABILIZATION BERMSTABILIZATION STABILIZATION BERM BERM STABILIZATION BERM STABILIZATION DEMONSTRATIVE WATER DEMONSTRATIVEWATER WATER DEMONSTRATIVE HARVESTING PRACTICE HARVESTINGPRACTICE PRACTICE DEMONSTRATIVE WATER DEMONSTRATIVE WATER HARVESTING HARVESTING PRACTICE HARVESTING PRACTICE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE GREENINFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE GREEN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ROAD SIDE PLANTATION ROADSIDE SIDEPLANTATION PLANTATION LEGEND ROAD ROAD SIDE PLANTATION Landscape ROAD Landuse Typologies: SIDE PLANTATION PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPES PRODUCTIVELANDSCAPES LANDSCAPES PRODUCTIVE Productive Landscapes PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPES AGRICULTURE/ HORTICULTURE AGRICULTURE/LANDSCAPES HORTICULTURE AGRICULTURE/ HORTICULTURE PRODUCTIVE Horticulture - 18 Acres HORTICULTURE AGRICULTURE/ AGRICULTURE/ HORTICULTURE GRASSLANDS/ PASTURELANDS

GRASSLANDS/ PASTURELANDS GRASSLANDS/ PASTURELANDS GRASSLANDS/ PASTURELANDS Grasslands - 20.2 Acres

GRASSLANDS/ PASTURELANDS TRADITIONAL ORANS/ WOODTRADITIONAL ORANS/ WOODTRADITIONAL ORANS/ WOODTRADITIONAL ORANS/ WOODTraditional Orans / woodland LAND PATCHES LAND PATCHES LAND PATCHES LAND TRADITIONAL ORANS/ WOODpatches -PATCHES 20 Acres LAND PATCHES ENERGY REVENUE ENERGY REVENUE Energy revenue plantations/ ENERGY REVENUE ENERGY REVENUE PLANTATIONS/ ORCHARDS PLANTATIONS/ PLANTATIONS/ ORCHARDS Orchards - 68.5REVENUE AcresORCHARDS PLANTATIONS/ ORCHARDS ENERGY ORCHARDS DemostrativePLANTATIONS/ Landscapes DEMONSTRATIVE AGRICULDEMONSTRATIVE AGRICULDEMONSTRATIVE AGRICULDEMONSTRATIVE AGRICULTURE PRACTICE TURE PRACTICE Demonstrative Agricultural practices TURE PRACTICE TURE PRACTICE AGRICULDEMONSTRATIVE -TURE 11 AcresPRACTICE RESERVED FOR MEDICINALLY RESERVED FOR MEDICINALLY RESERVED FOR MEDICINALLY Reserve for medically important / RESERVED FOR MEDICINALLY THREATENED SPECIES THREATENED SPECIES threatened species 45 Acres THREATENED SPECIES THREATENED SPECIES RESERVED FOR MEDICINALLY THREATENED SPECIES Others

PARKING Parking- 14 Acres PARKING

PARKING PARKING PARKING RECREATION SPORTS Recreation and sports-AND 20 Acres RECREATION AND SPORTS RECREATIONAND ANDSPORTS SPORTS RECREATION RECREATION AND SPORTS 0

100

250

500M

Fig.8.1.a: Agriculture plan in phase 2 363

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Agriculture Plan 8.2 Agricultural Emphasis for Campus Master plan IITJ can be developed into a “Living laboratory” initiating various programmes such as Agriculture, Horticulture1, Demonstrative Agriculture and water harvesting practices and other Agro-forestry7 programmes in outreach areas of the site A & B. As this land in the outreach zone was initially under farming, practicing agriculture8 will also indirectly bring back the original character of the site. Emphasis will be on Organic methods which will protect existing land from further contamination of saline aquifer8 by keeping the campus chemical free, and waste management through agriculture that include waste treatment and bio-waste2 consumption for agricultural needs. The produce will generate food for Campus consumption.

Productive landscape means making land capable of producing products like timber, gums, resins, medicines etc. food grains, vegetables and fodder for livestock3 and thereby making the region self sustainable. Productive landscapes should not be misunderstood as merely food producing parcels but also as land parcels capable of generating revenue for the region. Productive landscapes encompass the following:

8.3.1.1 Agriculture8 : Traditional agricultural systems of Jodhpur consist of cultivation of rainfed crops kharif during monsoons and rabi crops by few during winters (using groundwater for irrigation practices). Water conservation measures are an essential requirement due to depleting and over-exploited ground water resources. 1. Use of crops with lesser water requirements 2. Mixed cropping and strip cropping with leguminous crops. 3. Cultivation of millets in the shallower soils 4. Various horticulture, silviculture and agricultural methods combined together along with energy plantations, which also ensure diversity in agriculture practices 5. Practices like including green manure crops, using farmyards manure to provide nutrients to crops should be included 6. Minimum tillage policy and furrows to conserve surface run-off on field be accommodated; if possible use of drip irrigation system 7. Revival of the Saat dhan system which includes mixed cropping with millets – major and small. 8. Rain water harvesting methods like khadins on a smaller scale, nadis or tobas next to agriculture and pastoral fields, plantations to meet irrigation requirements 9. Identifying micro-catchment areas on site for artificial recharge of ground water through systems like paar with creating kuis/ beris for recharge. 10. During the dry seasons, the fallow lands can be cultivated with millets or green manure crops combined with correct water harvesting from monsoon to compensate for the nutrients for the soil. Trees such as Prosopis cineraria be cultivated (density 30-60 nos./ha) as leaves are a nutritional fodder for cattle, pods become a vegetable for human consumption, small branches for fuel and straight bole for minor timber. The plant’s nitrogen fixing ability improves soil fertility and increases the yield of the (For crop types refer point 8.5).

Biodiversity Hub

8.3.1 Productive landscapes

Agricultural Fields

8.3 Long Term Integrated farming Programme

Grasslands

Fig.8.2.a: Typical Landscape Plan for Agriculture Area

Fig.8.3.1.a: Typical Area Detail showcasing Agriculture around Khadin and other land uses

Fig.8.3.1.b: Typical section showing Khadin during Monsoon

Fig.8.3.1.c: Typical section showing Khadin during winters

8.3.1.2 Horticulture1: There are certain horticultural species that have been cultivated traditionally post rain near water bodies like nadi and johad. These regions could be further cultivated in cooler months with certain other species of vegetables that require just soil moisture to grow. The list of the horticultural species has been mentioned. (For species refer point 8.5).

8.3.1.3 Grasslands: Certain areas could be cordoned off with live fencing etc for grasslands. Watersheds for khadins are best suited areas for pasture lands as animal wastes from these lands washes off into the water and improve the fertility of the soil nearby for cultivation and horticulture. The pasture lands need to either distanced from biodiversity hub and wildlife corridor or properly separated with a fence. Livestock need to be prevented from grazing into wildlife corridors of biodiversity hub. Indigenous grasses with high nutritional value for grazing are to be planted on these pasture lands. These grasses can be selected by spreading soil (which would contain seeds of indigenous seasonal grasses) from nearby areas possibly after rains.

8.3.1.4 Plantation : Some areas could be segregated for plantations of shrubs and trees with produces of economic importance. These could include trees providing fruits, timber, resins, fodder, lac etc. They have to be harvested in 7-10 years based on the type of plantations. (For species refer point 8.5).

8.3.1.5 Reserves for medicinal plants and threatened species : Stretches with cultivation of medicinal plants and other threatened species are necessary for both economic and ecological purposes. Fenced with shelter belts, these areas require proper shading and microclimate regulation based on the species cultivated. (For species refer point 8.5). 364

Fig.8.3.1.d: Typical Area Detail & Landscape Strategies for Agricultural Land

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN CMP Report for Approval - March 2014

Agriculture Plan 8.3.1.6. Traditional Orans:

Oran with adjacent nadi

Groundwork for nurseries or medicinal plants

Fig.8.3.1.e: Typical Area Detail & Landscape Strategies for Traditional Orans

A typical oran, a sacred grove/woodland composition will consist of various indigenous grasses, herbs, shrubs, and trees as a part of its vegetative component. For natural regeneration of the fodder plants such as Prosopis cineraria, Zizyphus nummularia, Azadirachta indica, Salvadora persica, Capparis decidua, Cenchrus ciliaris are proposed. Rare species like guggal (Commiphora wightii) can also become an intrinsic part if prevented from further exploitation. Special reserves are proposed for such species which have been over-exploited and hence threatened. A small nadi becomes a part of this setting which is a useful tool for rain water harvesting and also to meet the initial irrigation requirements of the oran till it establishes itself as a natural system. While nadi can be a proposal for the irrigation requirements, a tanka or a paar with kuis can be proposed a little away from the nadi to address ground water replenishing measures. Not only as a bio-diversity hub with productive plantation, but an oran also provides shelter to avifauna, smaller mammals and also larger ones like the chinkaras. The orans are thus a micro-habitat in itself – a refuge for biogenetic diversity.

8.4 Nurseries and Agro-Forestry7 8.4.1. Nursery for indigenous species : Provision for areas for raising saplings and seedlings of native species of plants is required. These saplings can be transplanted later. Furrows are dug and areas under each species are divided as per requirements. Proper shade with makeshift structure and fabric or a permanent structure could be provided for the nursery. This nursery can be used for a short while till the proposed vegetation have been planted or could be continued further for regular maintenance and nearby areas. Live fencing- Euphorbia spp. and Prosopis cineraria trees and Zizyphus nummularia shrubs to be planted along the edges of nursery

Fig.8.4.1.a: Typical Area Detail & Landscape Strategies for Agricultural Fields and Plantation Area

8.4.2 Reserves for medicinal plants and threatened species : Stretches with cultivation of medicinal plants and other threatened species are necessary for both economic and ecological purposes. Fenced with shelter belts, these areas require proper shading and microclimate regulation based on the species cultivated. (For species refer point 8.5).

8.4.3. Community gardens Proposing community gardens in different pockets of the site will involve Students, Faculty and others in various ecological programmes and increase their awareness about ecology and sustainability. Gardens near residential clusters can be used for growing vegetables, herbs which will be readily available for consumption making the clusters self sustainable.

8.5 Suitable Species List- Crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Flowers List of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops KHARIF (Monsoon) Pearl millet – Bajra Jowar - Sorghum Maize Legumes oong bean Moth bean Cluster bean - Guar Oilseeds Sesamum Castor Groundnut

RABI (Winters - in khadins) Barley Gram Cumin seed Wheat (heat tolerant varieties) Oilseeds Mustard Jojoba Taramira

SMALL MILLETS Mundua - Finger millet Kangani - Foxtail millet Cheena - Common/proso millet Kura - Little millet CEREALS-wild varieties Dactyloctenium scindicumGhant grass Echinochloa colonum Jungle rice Echinochloa frumentacea Bhagar

FODDER CROPS/GRASS/TREES Jowar - Sorghum Bajra Rijka Lucerne Cenchrus ciliaris Crotalaria burhia – Sinia Lasiurus sindicus - Sewan Pennisetum purpureum - Napier grass Panicum antidotale – Ghamur Salvadora oleoides Tecomella undulata Prosopis cinereria

TIMBER AND AGRO-FORESTRY Acacia nilotica Acasia senegal Cordia gharaf Tecomella undulata -Rohida Azadirachta indica Grewia tenax VEGETABLES + SPICES Onion Chillies Fenugreek-Methi Foeniculum vulgare -Saunf

PLANTATION CROPS Lawsonia inermis – Henna Khejri FRUITS Aonla -Emblica officinalis Lisoda Anar (Pomegranate), Ber (Desert Plum), Nimbu (Lemon) Gunda (Gum) Citrullus colocynthis Kair-Capparis decidua Khejri – Prosopis cinereria Salvadora oleoides

Fig.8.5.a List of agricultural and horticultural crops

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Agriculture Plan 8.6 Summary •

•

366

The Agriculture Plan o

Provides appropriate space for agriculture research suited to arid climates.

Provides the opportunity to study de-desertification by agricultural practices over time.

Provides growth of crops while minimizing water and using recycled water.

The schematic designs and recommendations of this Chapter will translate into Working Drawings and Tenders for the infrastructure described here at implementation stage.

Ecological plan RFP: 8.22.10

The Ecological Plan proposed for the Campus has been categorised into different sub categories (refer 9.1 Zoning2 Plan for reference) where maximum zones need to be initiated in phase-0 , reflective of visually and ecologically appealing character when Campus will be operational. Reason behind initiating in phase - 0 is site rejuvenation, to make overall site suitable for Landscape development in future phases.

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN CMP Report for Approval - March 2014

Ecological Plan 9.1 Ecological Plan

LEGEND

LANDSCAPE LAND USE LANDSCAPE LAND USE TYPOLOGY LANDSCAPE LANDSCAPE LAND LAND USE USE TYPOLOGY TYPOLOGY EROSION CONTROL/ LANDSCAPE LAND USE TYPOLOGY EROSION CONTROL/ BUFFER PLANTATION LANDSCAPE LAND USE EROSION CONTROL/ TYPOLOGY BUFFER PLANTATION EROSION CONTROL/ DESERTIFICATION CONTROL LANDSCAPE LAND USE BUFFER PLANTATION TYPOLOGY DESERTIFICATION CONTROL LANDSCAPE LAND USE BUFFER PLANTATION EROSION CONTROL/ PLANTATION TYPOLOGY DESERTIFICATION CONTROL PLANTATION DESERTIFICATION CONTROL BUFFER PLANTATION EROSION CONTROL/ TYPOLOGY PLANTATION

PLANTATION EROSION CONTROL/ PERIPHERAL ROADSIDE CONTROL Landscape DESERTIFICATION Landuse typologies BUFFER PLANTATION PERIPHERAL ROADSIDE EROSION CONTROL/ BUFFER PLANTATION PLANTATION BUFFER PLANTATION DESERTIFICATION CONTROL

31 PERIPHERAL ROADSIDE a. ErosionBUFFER control/ buffer plantation BUFFER PLANTATION PLANTATION PERIPHERAL ROADSIDE

DESERTIFICATION CONTROL PLANTATION BUFFER PLANTATION

Desertification control plantation - 24acres DESERTIFICATION CONTROL BUFFER PLANTATION PERIPHERAL ROADSIDE PLANTATION WILDLIFE CORRIDORS

WILDLIFE CORRIDORS PLANTATION BUFFER WILDLIFEPLANTATION CORRIDOR PERIPHERAL ROADSIDE

WILDLIFE CORRIDORS Peripheral roadside buffer plantation WILDLIFE CORRIDOR WILDLIFE CORRIDORS PERIPHERAL ROADSIDE WILDLIFE CORRIDOR -BUFFER 38 acres PLANTATION

PERIPHERAL ROADSIDE WILDLIFEPLANTATION CORRIDOR BUFFER WILDLIFE CORRIDORS BIO-DIVERSITY HUB BIO-DIVERSITY HUBCORRIBUFFER PLANTATION b. Ecological corridorsCORRIDOR WILDLIFE BIO-DIVERSITY HUB/ WILDLIFE CORRIDORS BIO-DIVERSITY HUBCORRIBIO-DIVERSITY HUB/ BIO-DIVERSITY HUB WILDLIFE CORRIDORS DOR Natural Habitat CORRIDOR corridor - 31 Acres WILDLIFE BIO-DIVERSITY HUB/ CORRIDOR WILDLIFE CORRIDORS BIO-DIVERSITY HUB/ CORRIWILDLIFE CORRIDOR BIO-DIVERSITY HUB DOR WILDLIFE CORRIDOR DOR Biodiversity hub/ corridor -HUB 48 Acres BIO-DIVERSITY HUB/ CORRIBERM STABILIZATION BIO-DIVERSITY BERM STABILIZATION DOR BIO-DIVERSITY HUBCORRIBIO-DIVERSITY HUB/ BERM Berm Area-STABILIZATION 28 Acres HUB/ BIO-DIVERSITY HUB BERM STABILIZATION BIO-DIVERSITY CORRIDOR DEMONSTRATIVE WATER BIO-DIVERSITY HUB/ CORRIDEMONSTRATIVE WATER DOR BERM STABILIZATION HARVESTING PRACTICE Demonstrative water harvesting practices DEMONSTRATIVE WATER DOR HARVESTING PRACTICE DEMONSTRATIVE WATER -BERM 12 Acres STABILIZATION

HARVESTING PRACTICE HARVESTING PRACTICE BERM STABILIZATION BERM STABILIZATION GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE HARVESTING PRACTICE DEMONSTRATIVE WATER GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE DEMONSTRATIVE WATER Road side plantation7.5 Acres HARVESTING PRACTICE ROAD SIDE PLANTATION DEMONSTRATIVE WATER ROAD SIDE PLANTATION HARVESTING PRACTICE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ROAD SIDE PLANTATION HARVESTING PRACTICE ROAD SIDE PLANTATION GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPES PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPES GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ROAD SIDE PLANTATION AGRICULTURE/ HORTICULTURE PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPES GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE AGRICULTURE/ HORTICULTURE 100 250 500M PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPES ROAD SIDE PLANTATION AGRICULTURE/ HORTICULTURE AGRICULTURE/ HORTICULTURE ROAD SIDE PLANTATION GRASSLANDS/ PASTURELANDS PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPES GRASSLANDS/ PASTURELANDS ROAD SIDE PLANTATION AGRICULTURE/ HORTICULTURE PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPES GRASSLANDS/ PASTURELANDS GRASSLANDS/ORANS/ PASTURELANDS TRADITIONAL WOODPRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPES AGRICULTURE/ HORTICULTURE TRADITIONAL ORANS/ WOODPRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPES LAND PATCHES GRASSLANDS/ PASTURELANDS AGRICULTURE/ HORTICULTURE DEMONSTRATIVE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE Green infrastructure - 7 acres WATER

0 Fig.9.1.a : Zoning2 plan for ecologically sensitive areas17 proposed for IITJ Campus

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TRADITIONAL ORANS/ WOODLAND PATCHES AGRICULTURE/ HORTICULTURE TRADITIONAL ORANS/ WOODGRASSLANDS/ LAND PATCHESPASTURELANDS LAND PATCHES ENERGY REVENUE TRADITIONAL WOODGRASSLANDS/ORANS/ PASTURELANDS ENERGY REVENUE GRASSLANDS/ PASTURELANDS PLANTATIONS/ ORCHARDS LAND PATCHES TRADITIONAL ORANS/ WOODENERGY REVENUE PLANTATIONS/ ORCHARDS ENERGY REVENUE TRADITIONAL ORANS/ WOODLAND PATCHES PLANTATIONS/ ORCHARDS TRADITIONAL ORANS/ WOODPLANTATIONS/ ORCHARDS DEMONSTRATIVE AGRICULENERGY REVENUE LAND PATCHES DEMONSTRATIVE AGRICULLAND PATCHES TURE PRACTICE PLANTATIONS/ ORCHARDS ENERGY REVENUE DEMONSTRATIVE TURE PRACTICE AGRICULDEMONSTRATIVE AGRICULENERGY REVENUE PLANTATIONS/ ORCHARDS TURE PRACTICE ENERGY REVENUE TURE PRACTICE RESERVED FORORCHARDS MEDICINALLY DEMONSTRATIVE AGRICULPLANTATIONS/ RESERVED FOR MEDICINALLY PLANTATIONS/ ORCHARDS THREATENED SPECIES TURE PRACTICE DEMONSTRATIVE AGRICULRESERVED FOR MEDICINALLY THREATENED SPECIES RESERVED FOR MEDICINALLY

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN CMP Report for Approval - March 2014

Ecological Plan 9.2 Ecologically Sensitive Areas17 9.2.1 Natural Assets15

A:Existing earthen mounds3/ bunds4 on site which can be retained or developed through ecological1 measures

B : Existing row of trees

A B

D: Existing waterbody along highway

C: Existing vegetation on site (including trees, shrubs native to region)

Fig.9.2.1: Key Plan showing different natural assets that exist on site

9.2.2 Proposed Ecological Sustainable Areas

D A

Fig.9.2.2.a: Proposed Urban Forestry Scheme incorporated with parking B: Parking under grid plantation C: Secondary node/Roundabout A: Primary node/ Interchange 32

Fig.9.2.2.b: Proposed Community planting and Nurseries A: Shelter bed Plantation B: Nursery with Plantation C: Earthen berm

D: Community Garden

E: 15m Road

LEGEND Ecological corridors

9.2.2.b

Agriculture

Buffer planting

9.2.2.b

Woodland 9.2.2.a

E A

Recreation, play fields and sports ground 9.2.2.c

Fig.9.2.2.c: Proposed Science Park near the existing waterbody on site A: Existing Waterbody B: Internal 15m wide road C: Highway D: Local water catchment area E: Solar farm

Protective landscapes- berms, de-desertification Urban forestry32, Parking

Community gardens, neighbourhood parks Fig 9.2.2.d: Key Plan for different Ecological Areas on site

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Ecological Plan 9.3 Ecological Protection Strategies 9.3.1 De-desertification Control a. Stabilize soil/ desert creep12: The sand sources need to be stabilized to prevent the movement of desert towards the site. It requires cordoning off the area from biotic influences by appropriate native plant species and allowing the area to develop with groundcover33 and small shrubs; gradually introducing scrub vegetation14 and medium trees. The sand sources need to be stabilized to prevent the movement of desert towards the site. It requires cordoning off the area from biotic influences by proper native plant species and allowing the area to develop with groundcover and small shrubs and during the course of time to scrub vegetation with medium trees. Following methods could be used to stabilize soil: Furrows for plants - scrape ground surface to increase moisture penetration Mulching Green manure Pioneer grass seeds and herbs in the furrows – direct sowing method (seed broadcast or seedling transplant from nursery as per requirement before monsoons preferably Traditional method of clay pot irrigation used.

b. Prevent Aeolian Movement4/ Erosion: Wind barriers need to be provided around agricultural fields, reserves for medicinal plants, plantation etc against wind action to prevent deposition of sand over such areas. Wind barriers could have layers of vegetation with varying heights to allow just 10-15 % of wind to pass through. The wind barriers could be constructed in following ways: Silt fence (brushwood barrier) for smaller dune drift Live fence with Euphorbia spp. This belt occurs in moderately deep sandy loam soils Pioneer grass seeds and herbs in the furrows – direct sowing method (seed broadcast or seedling transplant from nursery as per requirement before monsoons preferably Nitrogen fixing trees like Acacia tortillis (fast growing species) planted in a row. Shrubs and smaller trees are introduced at later stage. Acacia tortillas could be later replaced by native species when soil structure improves

A: Site condition A for de-desertification

B: Site condition B for De-desertification control

control

C: Site condition C for De-desertification control

D: Site condition D for De-desertification Control

C B

B C

C A

C B

FIg.9.3.1.a: Typical Section showing various ecological strategies being followed to control de-desertification Fig.9.3.1.b: Key Plan showing typical areas with different site

9.3.2 Interventions in and around the site

Fig.9.3.2.a.: Property boundary with sand fencing and dense vegetation

The periphery of the site is treated with dense vegetation comprising of drought tolerant trees and soil binding grass mostly to reduce the ground speed of wind along with precast single sand fencing to protect the sand from shifting. The planting strategy is based on minimal water requirement of 0.5-0.1mm/day.

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conditions for intervention

Fig.9.3.2.b: Property boundary with sand fencing and soil binding

Fig.9.3.2.c: Property boundary with no sand fencing but three tier

vegetation

The periphery of the site is treated with a sand fence along with vegetation consisting of wild grasses, bushes and succulents13 mostly to reduce the ground speed of wind. The planting strategy is based on minimal water requirement of 0.5-0.1 mm/day. This scheme uses the combination of sand fence and vegetation to mitigate the process of desertification. 5

The periphery of the site is treated with dense vegetation comprising of palms, drought tolerant trees, succulent13 bushes and soil binding grass to protect the sand from shifting. This scheme uses natural vegetation to mitigate the process of desertification.

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN CMP Report for Approval - March 2014

Ecological Plan

Fig.9.3.2.d: Property boundary with double sand fencing and soil binding vegetation

The periphery of the site is treated with vegetation comprising of drought tolerant trees and soil binding grass mostly to reduce the ground speed of wind along with precast double sand fencing to protect the sand from shifting. The planting strategy is based on minimal water requirement of 0.50.1mm/day. This scheme uses double sand fencing and natural vegetation to mitigate the process of desertification .

Fig.9.3.2.f: Open land stabilized by planting

Fig.9.3.2.e: Edge with three tier vegetation and internal road

The internal edge constitutes a road of 12m and the carriage way is 6m. The fence demarks the entry of private property which is set apart from the carriageway by a dune formation, which acts like a visual and physical buffer. The planting consists of ground cover33 over loose soil mainly done to control dust levels , small bushes help to cut of ground level wind speed and tall trees bring down the radiation. The planting strategy is based on minimal water requirement of 0.5-0.1mm/day.

Planting for open dry lands consists of ground cover33 over loose soil mainly done to control dust levels, small bushes help to cut of ground level wind speed. It is based on minimal water requirement of 0.1-0.2mm/day. Natural vegetation is used to mitigate desertification.

9.3.3. Natural Habitat corridors Natural Habitat corridor is a linkage between habitat patches of wildlife. For an intervention of a huge scale like this campus design in an almost virgin landscape requires incorporation of natural habitat corridors through the site to prevent an abrupt end to animal movements that has been going on since a long time. A continuous corridor may be required for large mammalian or even smaller reptilian species. For birds and certain other animals, stepping stones, discontinuous habitat patches might suffice. The site is inhabited or visited by species like blackbucks, chinkaras, gerbils, sand rats and reptiles. These corridors can be studied and visited by trails running parallel to the corridor without disturbing the fauna inside. Two kinds of corridor have been provided for: FAUNAL MOVEMENT FOR FORAGING ON THE GROUND Continuous stretch of land 30 to 50 m wide runs from one end of the site to the other creating a conduit for black-bucks, chinkaras and habitats for gerbils, sand rats etc. The development of landscape is based on the scrub forest found in Jodhpur and nearby areas. Various species of plants required for feeding and shelter have been recognized and incorporated in the design of a Natural Habitat corridor. FAUNAL MOVEMENT WITH STEPPING STONES Distance for movement between stepping stones (habitat patch or foraging ground) is determined by the ability to see each successive stepping stone by an animal. A maximum of 30-50 m space has been provided between agricultural fields, pasture lands, plantations of fruit bearing trees, bio-diversity hubs etc. The space has been incorporated as open grounds, scrub vegetation etc. for clear visibility between two patches.

Fig.9.3.3.a: Key Plan showing location of Natural Habitat corridors on site

Natural Habitat corridor bordered with macro wind barrier Fig.9.3.3.b: Typical Section through Natural Habitat corridor showing Faunal Movement for foraging on the ground

Fig.9.3.3.c: Typical Section through Natural habitat corridor showing Faunal Movement with stepping stones

Macro wind-barrier with thorny vegetation to keep from animals

Pedestrian pathway for study and observation of wildlife

Fig.9.3.3.d: Typical Section showing different ecological strategies being followed to provide natural habitat corridor for Avi-fanuna21, Fauna, Insects, reptiles movement on

Agricultural fields

site ‘Machaan’ (used by farmers to keep pests away in agricultural fields) can help as a watch tower at zones where natural habitat corridor shares a Natural Habitat corridor boundary with other land-uses. bordered by thorny shrubs, ecotones, where two or more land uses are adjacent have the highest biodiversity.

Natural Habitat corridor Fig.9.3.3.f: Typical section (a) & (b) showing activites taking place in agricultural land adjacent to Natural habitat corridor with Landscape strcutures provided in form of Machaan and Retreat. Fig.9.3.3.e: Plan showing ecolgical character of the Natural Habitat corridor 371

Ecotone is where two or more land uses (patches) are adjacent and they have the highest biodiversity. Structures for study and observation of wildlife can be placed in these zones as they can provide a better scope. Machaans and retreats could be carefully placed merging it with the surrounding landscape but also providing it clear visibility towards Natural Habitat corridor

Edge fo thorny shrubs

Retreat inspired from vernacular architecture Pathway

Agriculture

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN CMP Report for Approval - March 2014

Ecological Plan 9.3.4. Migratory Birds movement Existing Water bodies near the temple area and along highway connecting our site with Jodhpur city are the main and major components on site attracting lots of local and Migratory Avi-fauna21 from near by forest areas and beyond the natural limits. Apart from that, there are lots of Local fauna and domestic animals, herd and cattle that visit the site for drinking purpose. Intervention and proposal such as proposing Natural Habitat corridors will help to provide clear, unobstructed and directional movement lines for these creatures which completes the ecology1 of the site.

Green Infrastructure corridor

Movement lines Indian Fox

Black bug

Chinkara

Jungle Cat

Hare

Spotted Jackle

Existing waterbody

Baya

Bulbul

Parrot

Koyal

Sparrow

Sand Grouse Existing waterbody

Vulture Common Quail Little Egret Fig.9.3.4.a: List Of fauna and Avi-fauna21 of the region

Fig.9.3.4.b: Conceptual understanding of the Movement pattern of

Gret Patridge

Fauna and Avi-fauna around the Campus where existing features like, water bodies and Green Infrastructure will provide access on

These are copyright free images that have been sourced from the internet and are being used only for representation.

site

9.3.5: Habitat Structure 22

9.3.5.1: Biodiversity23Hub Biodiversity hub deals with development and management of indigenous24 species of plants to regenerate the natural landscape of the region. Best left undisturbed from human interference, trails through this hub can be used for academic purposes.

9.3.5.2: Ecological restoration of Non- Arable7 lands : Bio-diversity hub deals with development and management of indigenous species of plants to regenerate natural landscape of the region. Best left undisturbed by heavy human interference, trails through this hub can be used for study purposes. Starting with pioneering species of vegetation that occupy a piece of uninhabited land first, the regeneration process would continue with other native plant species of the region. As a buffer/transition from inhabited spaces, vegetation reserves for threatened species or medically important species, energy plantations or orchards, agriculture or horticulture, or grasslands/pasturelands can be proposed.

Macro Vegetated wind-barriers with indigenous vegetation.

Pedestrian pathway inside the biodiversity hub for observation of wildlife

khadin in a natrual habitat corrridor also acts as a water hole and source of moisture for the indigenous plants

Grassland

Macro wind barrier

Pedestrian pathway inside the biodiversity hub for observation of wildlife

Fig.9.3.5.a: Typical sections showing Proposed Habitat22 structure of various plants and animal species and functions taking place in typical areas.

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Ecological Plan 9.3.6: Desert Rats related issue on site The silty sand in all Greenfield desert sites, contains an ecosystem of numerous rodents, reptiles and insects. Many of these species are inimical5, obnoxious6 or dangerous for humans. These species normally remain underground and try to escape human habitation, so the precautions that are incorporated in the CMP for managing these creatures are: 1.

Fine sand sub-floor to inhibit burrowing (in the architecture)

DPC aprons, good sills and riser-less plinth steps to act as snake barriers (in the architecture)

Unimpeded sub-soil corridors to sub-grade site exits (the gravel and sand are a help in this case)

Boundary walls to have gaps for unimpeded flow of these species, which will tend to be outwards, especially at swales (these gaps are already there for unimpeded flow of drainage)

9.3.7: Water Conservation and management strategies on site 1: Stormwater run-off Management & Practices Jodhpur currently comes under the critical zone for depleting ground water levels. The site specifically has hydro-geological conditions such that ground water is available at 24-27m below in unconfined conditions only. Hence the need to create surface water retention ponds using the traditional system of water harvesting. Such Indigenous24 techniques can be combined with agricultural practices like khadins, nadis25, talabs26 , johads at a smaller scale or lined features like tankas where rate of evaporation is also controlled. Each of these according to land use can be included with the bio-diversity hub, wildlife corridor, agriculture and horticulture fields, plantations and demonstrative landscapes. Topography conditions for each as below: Nadi - Pond used for storing water from a natural catchment area during monsoons in natural surface depression which could have stone walls on either side to enhance retention period is Nadi. It is a seasonal water source with water availability ranging from 2 months to 6 months depending on catchment characteristics, run-off and surroundings. Sandy plains (site) can have deeper nadis with larger catchment area. Problems may arise due to heavy sedimentation, evaporation especially in dry seasons and seepage losses. Timely de-silting is required. Secondly if shady trees are provided near a nadi, the micro-climate can be enhanced to reduce evaporation losses, lesser surface area. Average water holding capacity of a nadi is 20000 ltr (20m³). Khadin is the harvest of rainwater on farmland and subsequent use of this water-saturated land for agriculture. This practice can provide an opportunity to take up rabi crops without the use of groundwater irrigation. Millets can easily be grown in khadins which can also help restore the field fertility. It consists of an earthen embankment built across the intended slope so that maximum rainwater runoff from the field can be conserved. Length of embankment ranges from 100-300m (can be reduced as a part of demonstrative practice- a smaller catchment can be catered to) • Shallow gravelly surface required • Gently sloping plain with soils good for crop production • Bund size depends on rainfall, catchment and soil type • Provision of spillway to drain excess water • Minimum 1:15 ratio of khadin area to catchment required • Good grass and plantations be maintained in catchment areas

Fig.9.3.7.a: Key Plan showing Green Infrastructure corridor and water catchments on site

Johad8 are earthen check dams that capture and conserve rainwater, improve percolation and ground water recharge. It can be spread across the site. Johads8 can be developed in different scales as traditional water harvesting system on site. Paar – A micro-catchment area agor within the site has to be identified to create a paar. Here, kuis / beris/wells are dug with smaller mouths to contain evaporation losses. The number of kuis will depend on the type of catchment area, depth being around 6- 8m. These could be more of artificial recharge wells that help tap run-off from surrounding areas. Water from these areas can be rerouted to use. Kuis/ beris are dug next to tanks or in agor to collect the seepage; usually 10-12m deep with kuccha structures, covered with wood planks. Baolis35 are traditional water harvesting concept in Urbanised areas which can be developed as recreational space also. Fig 9.3.7.b: Johads8

All these structures are part of Green Infrastructure. the area of which is estimated in Table 1.1.3.e, page 43.

Fig 9.3.7.c: Typical view of Nadi

Fig 9.3.7.f: Typical section and view

of Khadin Fig 9.3.7.d: Typical view of Tanks

Fig 9.3.7.e: Typical view of kuis or Kunds 373

Image 9.3.7.g: Baolis35

IIT JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN MASTERPLAN CMP Report for Approval - March 2014

Ecological Plan 1: Sanitation and Wastewater Management This system is to be incorporated near inhabited areas as the treatment is carried out near the source and the treated water can be diverted to agricultural fields, plantations or also pumped back to be reused for household purposes except drinking. DWTS system helps carry out treatment in a more energy efficient and less polluting way. DWTS would require the following: Vegetation buffer to counter odor problems if any. Location preferably away from the inhabited open spaces considering the prevalent wind direction. Vegetated berms to separate the different components of the DWTS. Channel as a part of a plaza or a gathering space with minimum dimension width of the water channel being 1m and minimum 0.30m deep with the plaza dimension relative to the same being minimum 8m. Plant corridors on either sides or both to consist of dense foliage species preferably and min. 1m wide. Cycling paths 2-3m wide with pedestrian pathways minimum 2m wide. Emergency vehicle access to be accommodated with cycling paths with material difference etc. Swale as a part of open space, minimum 2m width and 0.30m transition between paved and unpaved areas followed by buffer vegetation of the swale and the swale itself; buffer space can be usable open space or vegetation reserve like grassland, herb garden etc. Channel as a swale to collect surface run-off / roof top run-off, widths being 0.9m-2.5m and 0.3m-0.6m deep (depending on run-off calculations), buffer vegetation on either side minimum width 1.5m; plant corridors on either sides or both to consist of dense foliage species preferably and min. 1m wide; cycling paths 2-3mwide with pedestrian pathways minimum 2m wide; emergency vehicle access to be accommodated with cycling paths with material difference etc. Open space provided with trees in Grid pattern to provide buffer from treatment area and act as seating area for social activites

Constructed wetland system as polishing treatment for wastewater partially treated

Buffer green provided as part of landscape and ecological strategy

Fig 9.3.7.h: Typical view of DWTS system integrated as part of landscape in Green Infrastructure provided in main urbanized area

Orchard trees as buffer against wetlands

Swale as conduit for Buffer vegetation against rainwater runoff odour

Open Plaza

Fig 9.3.7.i: Typical view of Bioswale integrated as part of landscape in Green Infrastructure provided in main urbanized area

Fig 9.3.7.j: Bioswales in Outreach areas

Bioswales, as part of Green Infrastructure can help to channelize water to main water harvesting systems and can act as natural treatment system for run-off water passing through agricultural fields, open land and urbanized areas on site during monsoons.

Fig 9.3.7.k: Dew Catchers27

Dew Catchers27 as another concept of water harvesting technique in agricultural land.

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Ecological Plan 9.4. Plant species for developing Ecological Strategies on Site List of plants species to be avoided /banned in the planting scheme Certain plants species, many exotic and certain ones not belonging to the region have been introduced to control desertification or for ornamental purposes. Some species like Prosopis juliflora have invaded many areas are now a nuisance ecologically and for pasture lands. Some, although not noxious, but are without any ecological1 use. These have been listed down below and care must be taken to avoid them in the planting scheme.

Trees

Acacia auriculiformis - Earpod wattle Acacia mangium Araucaria cookii Broussonetia papyrifera – Paper mulberry Callistemon viminalis – Bottlebrush Casuarina equisetifolia – Suru Cycas circinalis Cycas revoluta Dalbergia sissoo - Shisham Delonix regia - Gulmohar Eucalyptus spp. Ficus elastica Gliricidium sepium – Quickstick Grevillea robusta Jacaranda mimosifolia – neeli gulmohar Jatropha curcas – Jangli arand Leucaena leucocephala – Subabool Manilkara zapota – Cheekoo Parkinsonia acileata – Jerusalem thorn Pithecellobium dulce – Jungle jalebi Polyalthia longifolia - Asoka Prosopis chilensis

Prosopis juliflora – Vilayati Kikar Roystonea regia – Royal palm Spathodea campanulata – African tulip Swietenia mahogani – Spanish mahogany Tecoma castanifolia – Gaudichaudi Thevetia peruviana – Peeli kaner Thuja orientalis - Morpankhi

SHRUBS Alternanthera spp. Codiaeum variegatum Duranata repens Eranthemum tricolor Ficus benjamina Nerium oleander (Dwarf variety) Vinca rosea

CLIMBER AND CREEPERS Bougainvillea spp.

List of plants native to Marwar region TREES

SHRUBS

Prosopis cineraria - Khejri Tecomella undulata - Rohida Salvadora oleoides - Meetha jaal Acacia senegal - Kumtha Maytenus emarginata - Kankera Balanites roxburghii - Hingoto Salvadora persica - Peelu Cordia gharaf - Gondi Moringa concanensis - Sargooro Acasia leucophloea – Safed kikar Anogeissus rotundifolia Tamarix articulata- Farash Azadirachta indica - Neem Zizyphus rotundifolia - Ber

Capparis decidua - Ker Leptadenia pyrotechnica - Khimp Acacia jacquemontii - Bhu-bavali Zizyphus nummularia - Bordi Acasia nilotica - Babool Grewia tenax - Gangeti Echinops echinatus - Untkantara Flueggia leucopyrus - Ghatbor Sarcostemma acidum - Kheer kheemp Euphorbia caducifolia - Thhor Commiphora wightii - Gugul Calligonum polygonoides - Phog Suaeda fruticosa Euphorbia nerifolia Calotropis procera - Aak

HERBS

CLIMBER AND CREEPERS

Tephrosia purpuria - Buena Solanum surattense - Bhuringni (Chhoti Kateli) Crotolaria burhia - Sinia Fagonia arabica - Dhamasa Indigofera cordifolia - Bekria Aerva javanica - Bui Cassia angustifolia - Sonamukhi Corchorus depressus - Cham ghas

Cocculus pendulus - Pilan Citrullus colocynthis - Tumba vel Clerodendrum phlomidis - Arni

GROUNDCOVER Poa pratensis – Kentucky blue grass

Fig 9.4.a. List of Plant species to be avoided / banned in the Planting scheme

GRASSES Cenchrus biflorus - Bhurat Desmostachya bipinnata - Dab Cenchrus ciliaris - Dhaman Lasiurus sindicus - Sewan Panicum antidotale - Gramma Aristida adscensionis - Lapla

Fig 9.4.b: List of Plant native to Marwar region

Explanation for selected species in list of plants species to be avoided /banned in the planting scheme Dalbergia sissoo - Shisham – Dalbergia sissoo is a primary colonizer, meaning it grows abundantly and forms a forest, either pure or mixed with other species on the new alluvium formed of deposits of sand, boulders etc.., in the shallows. It grows on land-slips and other places where fresh soil is exposed. Since it has an aggressive root system and is prone to suckering28, it can spread wide in a few years time to areas where it is not desired. It is invasive. Leucaena leucocephala – Subabool – It is not native, highly invasive and grows quickly and forms dense thickets which crowd out any native vegetation. It is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. Duranata repens – Though used as a hedge, it is potentially toxic for grazing animals and pets. Berries are toxic and can cause fever and convulsions. Used in most gardens and parks, they have unfortunately become an extremely common sight in every city. Bougainvillea spp. – It is a very popular climber and planted in most parks and gardens. Overuse of this plant has caused it to become a very banal sight. Though not demanding much water, the excessive flower litter does not allow ground cover to develop properly, especially at its base. Callistemon viminalis (Bottlebrush): A common exotic tree in parks. It should be avoided merely for it being over familiar with overuse. But further, it does not grow to its full splendour in arid regions like Jodhpur and remains stunted and flowers less. Tecomella undulata, native to these regions can be a substitute for this tree. Delonix regia – Gulmohar – Roots of Delonix regia are wide-spreading and can damage paving, land drains, and the foundations of nearby buildings. The tree has brittle branches which are shed readily (in the mildest of winds). Ground beneath a Gulmohur often becomes bare because its surface roots monopolize all nutrients and water. It has a shallow root system and is not wind-firm. Manilkara zapota – Cheekoo - A common fruit tree in parks and garden. Fruits fall and soil the pavements. It could be avoided. It may however be allowed as a specialized fruit tree in orchards. Polyalthia longifolia – Asoka – The tall, erect form of this tree has also become a common sight in most urban and rural common areas. It doesn’t cast an appreciable shadow for many years, and it is not very beneficial ecologically as well

LIST OF PLANTS / TREES WITH TRADITIONAL VALUES LARGE TREES Acacia nilotica - babool - bark and pods provide tanning materials and dyes, medicinal, fruit as fodder Butea monosperma - Dhak, Palash - Lac-insect host, medicinal values, holi colors from flowers, leaves as fodder for cattle, leaves stiched together to make plates. Salvadora oleoides - Peelu -Fodder, twigs used as chewing sticks, medicinal properties, used to arrest maching sand dunes Cordia dichotoma- Lasora - Fruit Eaten.

Prosopis spicigera - khejri - sweetish bark ground into flour as famine food, ancient agro-forestry system with millet, leaves as fodder, pods are cooked and eaten, medicinal values. Tecomella undulata - roheda - Source of timber and fodder, medicinal use. SMALL TREES Acacia senegal - Kumttha - Produces gum arabic, used in making food additives, medicinal values. Boswellia serrata - shallaki, kundur, luban - Medicinal. Capparis decidua - Kareel - Fruits and flowers are pickled, medicinal. Commiphora mukul - Guggul - Resinous sap from bark used for Unani medicine. Cordia gharaf - gondi - Fruits eaten. Fig 9.4.c: List of Trees with Traditional Values in the region

Water demand of landscape: The vegetation species list consists of species that need artificial irrigation through a drip or hose system which may be gradually withdrawn after establishment. Depending on the climate and maintenance quality, this could be anywhere from 4-7 years. These young plants should not be watered manually across the site by gardeners (this instruction is extremely important and should not be bypassed). As such, the operations plan reflects this in terms of required capex for irrigation systems and operating costs for irrigation. The baseline for this demand is unfortunately not defined. Though we may expect 50% or more reduction from an average desert Campus it is difficult to calculate what exact water demand will be since it depends closely upon management which is not under CMP control. However, the CMP envisages an average water demand of the order of 1 mm/sqm.day over the entire landscape (with thrice as much in intensive landscape areas, and six times as much in lawns). This demand will reduce after establishment but barring a few trees the Campus plants are not going to be free standing and depend on rain alone 375

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Ecological Plan 9.5 Earthen Berms 9.5.1 Introduction and Location of proposed earthen berms on site Site and landscape design is intended to work ‘with’ the land rather than ‘on’ the land. It’s objectives are to preserve, protect and enhance the existing desert landscape where possible and outdoor spaces should be designed to ameliorate the climate by providing shade, shadow, texture, and by capturing breezes. There are some important landscape typologies that are tailored to specific areas on site, to the relationship to indoor / outdoor spaces, and to program and building location. Earthen berms29, which are an integral part of the MasterPlan act as a signature element to contain the settlement pattern within bounds. It is a central element of the de-desertification strategy of the Campus MasterPlan.

+0.0 M. -1.0 M.

B: Berm B (Refer Fig no: 7.2.2.a)

-1.75 M. -2.5 M.

Fig.9.5.1.a: Key Plan showing location of berms and the

A: Berm A (Refer Fig no: 7.2.2.a)

C: Berm C (Refer Fig no: 7.2.2.a)

gradient of slope.

Overall location of berms on site are as per master plan: BERM A: Central berm as signature element enclosing the overall Urban fabric of the Campus. BERM B: Berm located on North - West part of the site encloses Research Cluster Systems Science. BERM C: Berm located North of central berm which encloses Research Cluster, ITC. BERM D: Berm located extreme North East corner of the site which encloses Research Cluster BioSystems Science. BERM E: Berm located below central berm encloses staff housing. BERM F: Berm located in North of Site B encloses

F: Berm F (Refer Fig no: 7.2.2.a)

E: Berm E (Refer Fig no: 7.2.2.a)

D: Berm D (Refer Fig no: 7.2.2.a)

9.5.2. Reasons for having earthen berms on IIT Jodhpur Campus 9.5.2.1: Boundary The berms29 act as a boundary for defining settlement. There is an emerging theory of ecological settlements* where they are seen as being high density but of a walkable scale, because this simultaneously limits the infrastructure and transportation costs making public transportation viable. In the days of manual or animal transport, settlements used to be limited in scale by these natural technological boundaries as also by security requirements by features such as a wall, moat or both. These features disappeared as the reach of firearms extended to beyond what could be protected by a mere fort wall, as well as due to the demands of democracy. Further, the reach of the motor car breached city boundaries to create urban sprawl and suburbanization with all its ills that we see everywhere today. This master plan conceives of the berm as an element to create a physical upper bound to the settlement, and is similar to natural boundaries in island communities (refer: http://www.islandakrabi.com), oases (refer: http:// www.welcomheritagehotels.in), and constructed green belts (refer: http://www.auroville.org/research) that can be seen in other eco-cities.

9.5.2.2: Signature The berms also become a visual signature of the Campus, rather than a tall building, in keeping with the ethos of an eco-Campus. Built without need to import any material, they also become repositories of excess material created by basement and general slope excavation of the settlement. For it to be iconic, it needs to produce the necessary visual impact. Its height must subtend a large enough visual angle to give it an iconic status. Presently the berm creates a visual angle of 0.65° when viewed from the highway about 400m from the entrance gate (in comparison, the visual angle of the moon is 0.57°). At the entrance gate the visual angle of the berm is 1.02°.

9.5.2.3: Privacy and Noise The berms create a private domain and cut off highway noise most effectively. Line of sight and noise are closely interrelated in highway communities. The other disagreeable vibration from the highway is the low frequency rumbling of trucks, which is also highly damped by the mass of the berm. They reduce noise by approximately 3 dB more than vertical walls of the same height (refer: http://www.fhwa. dot.gov/environment)

9.5.2.4: Dust Control One of the reasons to have the berm is to mitigate dust by reducing the dust levels in the settlement. The berms are designed in a way that is likely to deflect the dust carrying summer winds. Although they will not prevent dust altogether, they will reduce dust in the campus as their windward slopes will contain shrubs that will trap dust. The dust cover provided by the berm is proportional to its height, and other factors such as type of wind flow (laminar or turbulent), type of dust (particle shape and density) shall play a role. A model or analysis of this design shall be carried out before implementation before signalizing the exact proportions and dimensions of the berm.

9.5.2.5: Screening Hot winds The berms physically block the dry summer winds and create the possibility of slightly improved outdoor conditions. 376

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Ecological Plan 9.5.3. Existing Physiography, Geomorphology36 and drainage pattern on Site

Image 9.5.3.a: Site Physiography, Geomorphology and drainage pattern

Image.9.5.3.b: Site Topography

Image.9.5.3.c: Site Geomorphology36

9.5.3.1: Topography Topography of the area is flat with a gentle slope and slight undulation at places in the form of small dunes and farm bunds. The South- Western part is at lower elevation compared to the other parts. Much of the area was, until recently, under rain fed cultivation. Parent material is Aeolian deposits, transported and deposited by wind, with few or no rock fragments. Overall, the site for the IITJ Campus is moderately rugged.

9.5.3.2: Soil Depth Soil depth varies from very shallow to moderately deep. At a patch of about one hectare, hard pan of CaCO3 is exposed because of digging. Hard pan is present throughout the area at varying depths, though the size of CaCO3 granules varies from place to place. Depending upon the soil depth, the entire site area can be divided into three types: • Very Shallow ( <25 cm) • Shallow (25-30 cm) • Moderately deep soil (50-100 cm)

9.5.3.3: Soil Texture Soils are light textured in nature, classified as sand to loamy sand, and are well drained (both external and internal). At few places, soils are gravelly( 19%). Soils are low in organic carbon. Electrical conductivity of the soils varies from 0.006 to 0.526dSm-1 (non-saline soils) and the soils are neutral to alkaline in nature.

9.5.3.4: Drainage

Fig.9.5.3.d: Soil Map with Bore well location with Proposed Earthen berm in place

Overall, different types of drainage and stream orders govern the infiltration and runoff34 of water, especially along the course of the seasonal rivulets observed in proposed area.

9.5.4: Soil Profile in the expected range in the region of excavation with Bore hole19 points in the area

Fig.9.5.4.a: Typical Section through Bore holes19 no. - 06 - 05- 12 showing different strata of soil with depth (in metre) source: Soil investigation Report for IITJ Campus

Fig.9.5.4.c: Conceptual location of bore holes on the excavated area

Fig.9.5.4.b: Typical Section through Bore holes19 no. - 09 - 11 showing different strata of soil with depth in (mts) source: Soil investigation Report for IITJ Campus

Fig.9.5.4.d: Plans at various levels showing the soil profile 377

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Ecological Plan 9.5.5. Excavation Calculations for Central Berm Construction The berm29 is formed by creating a minimal slope (1:360) on the proposed settlement area and using this excavation material for: • The core of the berm29 (disintegrated soft rock, mixed gravel) • The body of the berm29 (silty sand) • Material for concrete aggregates (graded gravel) • Material for random or coursed rubble masonry (soft rock) • material for roofs (soft rock patties, unlikely but possible) The primary reason to have the berm is to dramatically reduce the dust levels in the settlement. The berms are designed to deflect the dust carrying summer winds. Though they will not prevent dust altogether, they will mitigate dust in the Campus as their windward slopes will contain shrubs that will trap dust. The dust cover provided by the berm is proportional to its height. The cut and fill/utilization are balanced, with some excess unserviceable rocks left over which shall be used for landscape or trench drains, broken for aggregate, etc.. The excavation will be limited to the hard rock layer which will be left in situ. Before implementation, some more bore logs shall be taken in settlement locations in order to get data to fine-tune the quantitative estimates of the various materials that are expected to become available and take care of unusual outcrops of hard rock as part of the landscape (as a rock feature).

units units Volume upto 0.75M Silty Sand(SS)=330000 Cu M

units units

Volume from 0.75M to 1.5M Hard Rock(HR)= 10375 CuM Boulders=22280 CuM Gravel=176700 CuM

units units

Volume from 0.75M to 2.5M Soft Rock(SR)= 85200 CuM Hard Rock(HR)=3320 CuM Gravel=3320 CuM

units units units units

Fig.9.5.5.b: Summary for use of Excavated Earth in Central berm Construction

Cut and Fill Proportion Main Settlement Total Cut Volume = X = 630,000 cum approx.. Mound/ Fill Volume for berm = 48% of X = 302,400cum Volume of excavated earth ( Cut volume) is always higher than the Mound or Fill volumes Fig.9.5.5.c: Cut and fill proportion

Fig.9.5.5.a: Excavation Graph showing percentage of different soil strata in excavation area

units

units units unitsunits units units units units units

Total Volume of Small Berms is = 60,000cum Total Volume of Earth required to mound the berm = 300,000cum Total Cut Volume = X = 630,000 cum approximately which is 48 % of total excavated earth Fig.9.5.5.e: Berm Volume calculation for Central berm

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Fig.9.5.5.d: Volume of small berms

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Ecological Plan 9.5.6 Techniques for Berm Construction 9.5.6.1: Retaining Four sections of the berms are proposed to be employed wherever appropriate as shown in Fig 9.5.6.a. These will be suitably computed for geotechnical stability and earthquake zone- 2 forces. Except for the RCC retaining wall section, expected to be used as little as possible, none of the details consume any steel or concrete.

9.5.6.2: Consolidation In sections with retaining walls, whether of concrete or stone gabions, dry consolidation is expected to be sufficient. Plate vibrator can be used for consolidation. In sections with dry pitching or both way slopes, water based consolidation in layers of 30 cm shall be resorted to using compartments made of dry disintegrated soft rock and water from the 3 MLD pipeline that shall be redundant in the first year of operations till the Campus is settled. Fig.9.5.6.2.a: Plate

vibrator for consolidation

9.5.6.3: Surface Stabilization The surface of the berm29 shall be immediately (within a week of finalization of formation level of each portion) vegetated by shrubs which are seeded in geo-textile and watered with drip irrigation. For this reason the best seasons to form the berm are monsoon (conserves water, aids natural compaction) and February (not too cold, water can be conserved, not too dry). Lasora, shallaki, kundur, luban are proposed to be planted on the slopes. These plants also have traditional and medicinal values. Further, the berm shall be rooted by rubble foundations like toe walls to prevent overall movement which in any case will be prevented by the geo-textile18 and shrub layer.

9.5.6.4: Processes involved in stability of Surface and Base 1. As the soil will be placed directly over the aggregate filling. The soil shall sink into the pores of the aggregate which would imply that the pores will need to be constantly plugged with soil/ sand and watered required to maintain the profile of the berm.

Fig.9.5.6.4.a: Coir Geotextile

2. Due to constant filling of the pores with soil, the quantity of soil required will imbalance the cut: fill ratio established. This scheme shall also require sufficient water for maintenance. 3. A coir geo textile18 is laid over the soil to prevent erosion (by wind) and shall be planted over with ground shrubs for stabilization. 4. This type is most suitable as angle of repose37 is sufficient here ( more than 32 degrees). Geotextile18 mesh is laid here to prevent the erosion (by wind) *These are copyright free images that have been sourced from the internet and are being used only for representation.

Fig.9.5.6.4.b: Shrub vegetated on sloped surface

Fig.9.5.6.4.c: Overall stabilized slope

9.5.6.5: Surface run-off & Drainage The surface runoff34 is trapped through silt and grease traps and then percolates into the gravel layers to reach sub-soil tanks made of inclined masonry walls and patti roofs (to have no cement or steel). The overall collection of runoff shall be towards the southwest of the settlement areas which roughly matches the slope of the land surface as well as the silty sand layer depth. This slope is also diametrically opposed to the dust laden hot winds from the South West. In case of an excess rainfall even of say 40 mm in one hour, this will be stored in 100 mm of gravel under the top surface of the finished roads and open spaces.

9.5.6.6: Water The site is in an over-exploited zone. Therefore, ground water saline or otherwise, cannot be used for consolidation of berm. If tanker water or water from the 3MLD pipeline prove unaffordable, then section type 1,2, 5 of Fig 9.5.6.a will be preferred over section type 3 and 4.

Fig.9.5.6.b: Proposed berm in outreach areas and the activities around it

9.5.6.7: Berms in the outreach areas Fig 9.5.6.b gives conceptual idea of the overall scale and context of the proposed berms in the outreach areas. Berms in the outreach areas of Site parcel A & B are smaller in scale and height but serve the same objectives of preserving, protecting and enhancing the existing desert landscape. These berms29 may be formed by creating a minimal slope (1:360) by utilizing and balancing cut fill of localised area. The excavated material for these berm constructions will be combination of disintegrated soft rocks, mixed gravel and silty sand. For design types 1,2,5 and 6, this excavation can be restricted to only what is available as the construction progresses. The stabilization of the berm will be done through dense plantation of groundcovers33, shrubs and trees native to the region. Fig.9.5.6.a: Retaining wall technique for berm Construction 379

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Ecological Plan 9.5.7. Jadan Aashram, Pali, Rajasthan - Case study for Berm Construction Jadan Ashram is located at about 85 km from Jodhpur near Sojat city, Pali, along NH 14 connecting Beawar and Pali in Rajasthan. The site comes under the Arid zone. The region bears extremes of heat in summer and cold in winter. The summers continue for about four months between March and June, with temperatures varying from a maximum of 49 degrees Celsius during daytime to about 30 degrees celsius during night. The winters may see a minimum of 1 degrees Celsius at night. The area is highly favourable for setting in of the South-West monsoon in the four weeks of June, up to mid-september. Rainy days are limited to a maximum of about 15 days in a year. There is a lot of shortage of water and soil conditions are also not good as it is having low SBC soil. Fig.9.5.7.a: Location map of Jadan

Concept Behind the Mound as feature element town in Rajasthan The reason behind creating a mound was to dump the material excavated from site to have an artificial pond to fulfil Ashram’s basic needs in such a harsh climatic conditions of the region. This led to change in the micro climate of the region as well as the site completely with lots of vegetation in and around the Ashram. The mound is circular in shape and it is 108 meters in diameter visually it looks like a big hill . There is a road all around the mound leading to the top most point which is approx.. 72 ft from the base. Angle of the mound is about 420 degree which makes it visible from a distance. During the excavation process for the pond construction, blasting was done to break huge rocks of size 2.0-5 cum. This excavated material was dumped at one corner of the site which was later on transformed into a huge mound. Later it was taken seriously and was planned to consider it as an signature element on site which not only gives aesthetic appearance but will help to cope with climate related and ecological related issues in and around the site. Construction and Stabilization techniques adopted for Mound construction Fine sand available on site along with the black soil was continuously sprinkled over the rocks and was consolidated and levelled. Compaction was done on site using plate vibrator to give stability to the mound. Coconut husk Geotextile18 mesh has been used which have economical and environmental values on top of the compacted earth to follow stabilization process. Chicken mesh economically cheaper has been used to save the cost at some places For stabilization of the mound planting strategy was adopted in stages using native trees, shrubs and ground covers such as, For trees, Prosopis cineraria - Khejri, Tecomella undulata - Rohida, Salvadora oleoides - Meetha jaal, Acacia senegal - Kumtha, Maytenus emarginata - Kankera, Balanites roxburghii - Hingoto, Salvadora persica - Peelu, Cordia gharaf - Gondi, Moringa concanensis - Sargooro, Acasia leucophloea – Safed kikar, Anogeissus rotundifolia, Tamarix articulata- Farash, Azadirachta indica - Neem, Zizyphus rotundifolia - Ber. For Shrubs, Capparis decidua - Ker, Leptadenia pyrotechnica - Khimp, Acacia jacquemontii - Bhu-bavali, Zizyphus nummularia - Bordi, Acasia nilotica - Babool, Grewia tenax - Gangeti, Echinops echinatus - Untkantara, Flueggia leucopyrus - Ghatbor, Sarcostemma acidum - Kheer ,, kheemp, , Euphorbia caducifolia - Thhor, Commiphora wightii - Gugul, Calligonum polygonoides - Phog, Suaeda fruticosa , Euphorbia nerifolia

Main Temple complex

For grasses, Cenchrus biflorus - Bhurat, Desmostachya bipinnata - Dab, Cenchrus ciliaris - Dhaman, Lasiurus sindicus - Sewan.

Temple complex

manmade waterbody

Manmade mound

Fig.9.5.7.b: Satellite image showing location of manmade mound in the Temple complex, Jadan, Rajasthan

Image.9.5.7.h: Dumping of excavated material from pond area to

Image.9.5.7.i: Consolidation and compaction of excavated material

Mound site

on site

Fig.9.5.7.c: Satellite image showing manmade mound with natural features adjacent to it, Jadan Ashram, Pali, Rajasthan Image.9.5.7.g: Manmade road for dumping material on top and

Image.9.5.7.j: Stabilization of sloped surface manually on site using

access to top of the mound

stone pitching from base

Image.9.5.7.f: View of the mound just after construction and stabili-

Image.9.5.7.e: View of the mound during monsoon with healthy

zation using plant species vegetative cover on the sloped surface. These are copyright free images that have been sourced from the internet and are being used only for representation.

380

Image.9.5.7.d: View of the manmade earthen mound in Jadan Ashram

These are copyright free images that have been sourced from the internet and are being used only for representation.

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Ecological Plan 9.6 Summary •

The Ecological Plan o

Uses hardy native species of plants, conserving water and improving soil moisture, while requiring little upkeep and easy disease management.

Uses native species that are less prone to causing disease (typically, allergies) in humans and other fauna since local populations have genetically adapted to them over many millennia.

Provides biodiversity corridors to allow native species to have contiguous habitat and passage across the site and within the region rather than be isolated in an island sanctuary within a human settlement.

o Provides dust reduction and de-desertification by compact settlement pattern, east-west streets, berm development and protection by green infrastructure. o

Protects from further contamination of saline aquifer by keeping the Campus chemical free.

Provides thick edge buffer plantation for dust and noise reduction.

•

The schematic designs and recommendations of this Chapter will translate into Working Drawings and Tenders for the infrastructure described here at implementation stage.

•

The civil engineering aspects of the berms, computations of types of soils and gravels etc., and specific details shall form part of the Working Drawings and Tender.

•

Air flow studies are provided separately in Annexure 1 Section 2.

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Ecological Plan

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