DIPLOMA PROJECT The Connected Cluster Sponsor : Visteon Corporation, Pune.
Volume : 1 STUDENT : VARUN PRABHAKAR PROGRAMME : Post-Graduate Diploma Programme
GUIDE : GOURAB KAR
2013 INDUSTRIAL DESIGN FACULTY (PRODUCT DESIGN)
National Institute of Design Ahmedabad
The Evaluation Jury recommends VARUN PRABHAKAR for the
Diploma of the National Institute of Design IN INDUSTRIAL DESIGN (PRODUCT DESIGN)
herewith, for the project titled "THE CONNECTED CLUSTER" on fulfilling the further requirements by *
Chairman Members :
*Subsequent remarks regarding fulfilling the requirements :
Registrar(Academics)
The Connected Cluster
instrument cluster for two wheelers, year 2015
Copyright Š 2013 Student document publication, meant for private circulation only. All rights reserved. Post Graduate Diploma Programme in Design, Product Design, 2010-2013 National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad, India. No part of this document will be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically, including photocopying, xerography and videography recording without written permission from the publisher, Varun Prabhakar and National Institute of Design. All illustrations and photographs in this document are copyrighted by their respective owners. Edited and designed by Name : Varun Prabhakar E-mail : varun.prabhakar07@gmail.com varun.d@nid.edu Processed at National Institute of Design (NID) Paldi, Ahmedabad-380007 Gujarat, India www.nid.edu Printed in Ahmedabad, India. June, 2013.
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
preface As part of the NID (Appendix A) curriculum, all final year students are required to undertake a diploma project which is a full scale design project in the industry. The Diploma Project, which is expected to be of a 4-6 months duration, is a complete demonstration of independent client service by the student, and is expected to generate a professional design assignment with application and implementation capabilities in the given span of time . The student is exposed to a real life situation of working in the industry and it helps oneself to understand the organization’s capabilities & limitations. It involves understanding the strength, infrastructure of the organization with analysis and give them an appropriate viable innovative solution within the given extent and time constraint. It also helps to understand the role of a designer, which in practical situation goes beyond design, and includes time management, communicating your idea well and promoting your designs to people who decide the future & progress of the activities. The diploma project helps students to realize their strength and weakness before entering into the professional world of design. My diploma project was approved and sponsored by Corporate Innovation and Design, Visteon Corporation (Appendix B). The project duration was a period of seven months, from June to December 2012.
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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the people
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
acknowledgements I would like to thank Visteon Corporation for presenting me an opportunity to work on this concept design project. I am grateful to Mark Jarvis (Innovation Manager, North America and Asia) & Harsha Raju (Design Lead, Corporate Innovation and Design, India) for giving me a chance to contribute to this project. The academic guidance from my project guide, Gourab Kar facilitated in attaining the set design objectives. The desired goals were achieved due to combined effort of different teams. The Corporate Innovation & Design team- Mark, Harsha (mentor), Priti, Anand, Mileha and Vijaya from Electronics Innovation helped me in creating something really exciting for the organization. I would also like to mention the immense support provided by the project management & software team, especially Y Sivakumar, V Ashok and Bhaskar Rao, Sagar Chavan from the engineering team. I am thankful to VECI, Pune staff for their assistance during my internship. I would also like to thank Visteon’s higher management and designers across the globe for sharing their views and critical feedback about the design activity. This achievement was possible due to constant support & motivation given by my family & friends.
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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contents list of illustrations list of tables
1
EMPATHY
19
research
20
3 market scenario
abstract
6 product study
introduction objective
9
timeline
10
methodology the complete activity chart
v
12 13 17
53
weekday - on the way to office
55
weekday - around lunchtime
57
weekend - parking blues
58
weekend trip
59
25
8 technology study
design questions
22
scenario
insights
62
user study insights
63
29
user study plan
35
about user study
36
DEFINE
65
user study methods
38
information collection and analysis
66
user interviews
40
online survey
42
redefined brief
68
user demographics
43
IDEATE
69
user preferences & expectations
44
design & development
70
about users
46
about clusters
47
ergonomics – guidelines & references
71
summary
48 design theme & mood board
74
user responses
the user
49
persona
50
cluster concept design
77
day in a life*
51
factors contributing to the cluster design
78
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
concepts
handlebar controls
117
how does it work?
151
conclusion
157
future work
159
appendix A : about NID
161
appendix B : about Visteon
163
appendix C : interview questions
167
appendix D : online questionnaire
169
appendix E : technical drawings
173
set one
79
set two
81
property design
119
set three
83
about exhibition property
120
set four
85
ideation
set five
87
set one
121
concept review
89
set two
123
product detailing
91
set three
125
final sketch
95
set four
127
product engineering
96
property design review
129
product details
97
property detailing
131
final sketch
135
property engineering
136
property details
137
display details
99
interface & interaction design
101
initial thoughts
102
PROTOTYPE
139
feature wise information & interaction
103
cluster prototype
141
references
177
information hierarchy
105
display layout options
106
property prototype
143
glossary
178
ideation
107
cluster interface
109
photo shoot
145
image credits
179
handlebar controls design
111
controls mapping
113
TEST
147
controls ideation
115
design evaluation using prototypes
149
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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list of illustrations Figure 1
The design process
13
Figure 29
Scenario doodle
53
Figure 2
The d-school design process
14
Figure 30
Scenario - activity mapping
54
Figure 3
Project activity chart
17
Figure 31
User Scenario - weekday - on the way to office
55
Figure 4
Indian two wheeler market
21
Figure 32
User Scenario - weekday - around lunchtime
57
Figure 5
Trends coming out of Consumer Electronics Show (CES) 2012 about types of Connected Devices
23
Figure 33
User Scenario - weekday - parking blues
58
Figure 34
User Scenario - weekend trip
59
Figure 6
Connected vs. Non-connected devices
23
Figure 35
Final feature set
67
Figure 7
Smartphone usage in India
24
Figure 36
Motorcycle reference Honda CBR 250R (2012)
71
Figure 8
Active internet-enabled smartphones in India
24
Figure 37
Vertical and horizontal visual fields
72
Figure 9
Visteon’s Growth Market Bike - Instrument cluster
28
Figure 38
Character height & Viewing distance
72
Figure 10
Hero Karizma ZMR - instrument cluster
28
Figure 39
Reference for cluster orientation
72
Figure 11
Construction of LCD
29
Figure 40
Theme brainstorming chart
73
Figure 12
User interviews
39
Figure 41
Design theme keywords
74
Figure 13
Field visits
40
Figure 42
Mood board for cluster & property design
75
Figure 14
Structure of the questionnaire
41
Figure 43
Ideation sessions
77
Figure 15
Online survey
42
Figure 44
Concepts set one - sketches
79
Figure 16
Interview & survey - user demographics
43
Figure 45
Concepts set two - sketches
81
Figure 17
Feature wise user preferences
44
Figure 46
Concepts set three - sketches
83
Figure 18
To reach new destinations
45
Figure 47
Concepts set four - sketches
85
Figure 19
Vehicle finder feature preference
45
Figure 48
Concepts set five - sketches
87
Figure 20
Mobile charging feature preference
45
Figure 49
Concepts review snapshots
89
Figure 21
User responses to ‘describe yourself’
46
Figure 50
Shortlisted concepts
90
Figure 22
User responses to ‘hobbies and interests’
46
Figure 51
Product detailing sketches defining display pockets
91
Figure 23
Instrument cluster preferences and user comments
47
Figure 52
Product detailing sketches
93
Figure 24
User study snapshots
49
Figure 53
Final design with details
95
Figure 25
Persona
50
Figure 54
Lens options for tell tales
96
Figure 26
Day in a life - doodles
51
Figure 55
Final design sketch to CAD development
96
Figure 27
Social circle
52
Figure 56
Cluster ring options
96
Figure 28
Device usage
52
Figure 57
Exploded view of the Instrument cluster assembly
98
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
Figure 58
The Connected Cluster (with mounting arrangements for exhibition property) - CAD render
98
Figure 86
Cluster prototype development - finishing, assembly and integration 142
Figure 59
Display combinations
99
Figure 87
Property prototype development stages.
143
Figure 60
FSTN display - Positive mode
100
Figure 88
Property prototype - assembly, integration and photoshoot
144
Figure 89
The Connected Cluster
145
Figure 61
Cluster display shape
100
Figure 90
The exhibition property
146
Figure 62
Brainstorming - Information architecture
102
Figure 91
Instrument cluster and handlbar controls- assembly & integration
148
Figure 63
Display layout options
106
Figure 92
Checking Readability of interface graphics
149
Figure 64
Interface ideation
107
Figure 93
Checking cluster prototype with display graphics
149
Figure 65
Instrument cluster interface
109
Figure 94
Handlebar controls usage & integration
149
Figure 66
Interface layout for different features
110
Figure 95
Checking for uniform illumination
150
Figure 67
Handlebar controls layout
114
Figure 96
Ensuring cluster visibility & handlebar height
150
Figure 68
Pushbutton - Rubber switchmat
114
Figure 97
Cluster interaction using controls & smartphone
150
Figure 69
Handlebar controls ideation
115
Figure 98
Product functionality
152
Figure 70
Handlebar controls using capacitive touch display
117
Figure 99
Vehicle finder
153
Figure 71
Handlebar controls assembly (using switchmat)
118
Figure 100 Using NFC to initiate connection(s)
153
Figure 72
Exploded view of the assembly (Right side)
118
Figure 101 Navigation assistance
154
Figure 73
Property ideation set one - sketches
121
Figure 102 POI (Point of interest)
154
Figure 74
Property ideation set two - sketches
123
Figure 103 Incoming call
155
Figure 75
Property ideation set three - sketches
125
Figure 104 Outgoing call
155
Figure 76
Property ideation set four - sketches
127
Figure 105 Music
156
Figure 77
Property design shortlist
129
Figure 106 Additional features of Visteon Mobile App
156
Figure 78
Property detailing - mobile holder and charging feature
131
Figure 107 NID Main Campus - Ahmedabad
161
Figure 79
Property detailing - split lines, cluster & headlight area sketches
133
Figure 108 Visteon - Worldwide locations
163
Figure 80
Final property design with details
135
Figure 109 Technology demonstration vehicles
165
Figure 81
Final property design
136
Figure 110 Innovation and design studio - India
166
Figure 82
Property - exploded view, parts & assembly details (CAD render)
137
Figure 111 The Connnected Cluster technical drawing
174
Figure 83
Property - Rear, side and front view
138
Figure 112 Handlebar controls technical drawing
175
Figure 84
Prototype development snapshot
140
Figure 113 Exhibition property technical drawing
176
Figure 85
Cluster prototype development - design intermediate review
141
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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list of tables
Table 1
Diploma project timeline
10
Table 2
Types of instrument clusters
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Table 3
Types of LCD
30
Table 4
Module stucture
31
Table 5
Positive mode - display type and color
32
Table 6
Negative mode - display type and color
32
Table 7
Display technologies
33
Table 8
Featurewise information & interaction
103
Table 9
Suggested Control Type with respect to Control Function and Control Task Requirement
111
Table 10
Control movement associated with System Function
112
Table 11
All handlebar controls
113
Table 12
New layout for exhibition property
113
Table 13
Future work
160
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
abstract
In the two-wheeler market, the information content and feature set of two-wheeler instrument clusters have been fairly same over the years. There was a need to get the advanced features to the two wheeler products to enhance the user’s riding experience. So, the brief decided was to design an advanced instrument cluster for the Indian market for the year 2015. The detailed brief is built on understanding the market needs and user’s experiences from currently available products. A study to understand how users seek information and interact while riding a two wheeler was carried out to understand the need of additional features like navigation, point of interest, phone calls and music. The concept development of possible product enhancements was carried out to develop a new product platform in two wheeler instrument clusters. Product demonstration was integral part of the design activity so the exhibition property with integrated instrument cluster was designed and developed for users to interact with the product. The resultant design incorporates the interface design and user interaction developed for this particular product which had more but well justified information content as compared to the regular instrument clusters and additional handlebar controls to interact with it. The new instrument cluster sets a new benchmark for information devices and systems for two wheelers.
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
introduction General background for the project This project started with need to look ahead of time and understand the future of instrumentation and controls for two wheelers. The intent of this design project was to develop a product which seamlessly integrates the power of mobile connectivity with the vehicle information systems. Based on current market scenario, user requirements and expectations; a new innovative product was to be designed with the help of latest technological advancements. And as a result of the project, to develop a new product category in instrument cluster for two wheelers which enhances the user experience while riding a bike. The product would be exhibited in exhibitions and technology shows all over the world hence for effective demonstration of the product features an exhibition property was to be designed and realized. The project was appealing as it presented an opportunity to delve into the domain of human-machine interfaces (HMI) for two-wheelers in an Indian context. The challenge in the project lay in it being both a concept project with scope for a wide range of explorations, while having a defined deadline with specific deliverables. It was going to be an innovative concept project which was to be executed on tight timeline. The wide scope for learning and exploration; encompassing the domains of industrial, interface and interaction design were the critical factors which made this diploma project challenging and very exciting.
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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objective
design brief
Design an instrument cluster for two wheeler market in India for the year 2015
And design an exhibition property for product demonstration Thoughts about the brief The main challenge for designing information devices for two wheelers was to provide enhanced features giving better experience and minimum driver distraction. This being a conceptual product, technologically and representation wise it would have to be designed keeping in mind the possible future trends and user aspirations. The exhibition property was expected to be visually appealing and it should give an impressive first experience to the users.
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
timeline
Table 1 Diploma project timeline
Timeline Mapping the activities versus time helped in planning the project execution. Different research activities were planned to create a solid base for concept generation phase. Intermediate reviews helped in keeping things on track and taking appropriate decisions. Prototype development & integration were the most time critical activities. Even though documentation was a parallel & continuous activity, everything was compiled towards the end of the project.
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
design questions What are the user needs, wants and desires from HMI in two-wheelers? What are the issues faced by the users while riding? How do users reach new destinations? Do they need to answer calls while riding? How do they do it currently? How do they listen to music on bikes? In the current instrument clusters, what information is most referred by the riders? How do they interact with current products? How would they do it in the future?
How similar are HMI requirements for two and four wheelers? Also, how different are they? How have smart phones affected the HMI in the automotive sector – two and four wheelers? What are the market needs? Specifically, expectations of the OEMs who would like to use this product on their vehicles. How to use the capabilities of the smartphones for enhanced features? Smartphone market scenario and the device (feature) usage by the users. What are the future trends for automotive sector esp. in the two wheeler segment?
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
Parts of two wheeler instrument cluster? Its construction and assembly sequence? What are the Ingress Protection (IP) ratings which are followed for two wheelers? What is the design language followed for a brand and a segment? What are the design elements that would make this product unique and justified for the targeted market segment? What are the technical, financial and design constraints for the advanced instrument cluster? What are the display technologies in the market currently? What is suitable for the instrument cluster design?
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methodology The design process
EMPATHIZE
DEFINE
IDEATE
PROTOTYPE
TEST
Fig. 1. The design process
Reference: An Introduction to Design Thinking PROCESS GUIDE d.school Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford 13
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
Empathize Empathy is the centerpiece of a human-centered design process. The Empathize mode is the work you do to understand people, within the context of your design challenge. It is your effort to understand the way they do things and why, their physical and emotional needs, how they think about world, and what is meaningful to them. Define The goal of the Define mode is to craft a meaningful and actionable problem statement – this is what we call a point-of-view. This should be a guiding statement that focuses on insights and needs of a particular user, or composite character. Insights don’t often just jump in your lap; rather they emerge from a process of synthesizing information to discover connections and patterns. In a word, the Define mode is sensemaking. Ideate Ideate is the mode of the design process in which you concentrate on idea generation. Mentally it represents a process of “going wide” in terms of concepts and outcomes. Ideation provides both the fuel and also the source material for building prototypes and getting innovative solutions into the hands of your users. Prototype The Prototype mode is the iterative generation of artifacts intended to answer questions that get you closer to your final solution. A prototype can be anything that a user can interact with – be it a wall of post-it notes, a gadget you put together, a roleplaying activity, or even a storyboard. Ideally you bias toward something a user can experience.
Fig. 2. The d-school design process
Test The Test mode is when you solicit feedback, about the prototypes you have created, from your users and have another opportunity to gain empathy for the people you are designing for. For an experience, try to create a scenario in a location that would capture the real situation. Testing is the chance to refine your solutions and make them better. (dschool, 2012)
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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My story The Connected Cluster being a concept design project, it needed a contextual understanding and a forecast of the possible market needs in the near future. Innovative product was to be designed for two-wheeler users where the criticality lied in the fact that it was to be designed to efficiently communicate information within a short time span of user attention. Hence, understanding the users was important to decide how to present important & relevant information to the users in the best possible way. Refinement of the design brief was driven by the insights which gained from the research activities. Concept development for both, the instrument cluster and the exhibition property was to be done based on the design theme for the project and target vehicle category. The design would be tested and proven by developing working prototypes for the product demonstration. Hence, these activities which would lead to the desired goal comprise the methodology followed for the complete design activity.
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
Human Centered Design A human centered design methodology was adopted for the project. “The world is complex, and so too must be the activities that we perform. But that doesn’t mean that we must live in continual frustration. No. The whole point of human-centered design is to tame complexity, to turn what would appear to be a complicated tool into one that fits the task, that is understandable, usable, enjoyable.” – Don Norman (ACM Interactions, 2008)
For this project it was necessary to understand the user interaction thoroughly as it involved safety and time critical user interaction with the product. In case of two wheelers, the attention span of the users is really short, so presenting the required information by keeping in mind all possible actions that a person would perform while riding,in the most efficient and easy way was important. Hence, understanding how users perform certain activities at present would help when the cluster is designed and developed. To cover all the features the property would be designed to give the product demonstration covering future possibilities of user interaction. The design activities covered under this project are as given here: Empathy –Market Scenario, Technology Study, Product Study, User Study, Insights Define - Redefined design brief Ideate –Design and development (Cluster, interface and interaction, property) Prototype – Cluster, property, photo shoot Test –Design evaluation using prototypes
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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the complete
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
activity chart
Fig. 3. Project activity chart The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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EMPATHIZE 19
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
research
market scenario
product study
technology study
user study
Understanding the two wheeler market scenario in India.
Types of instrument clusters.
Studying current display technologies.
Studying product engineering, construction, assembly of different parts.
Hardware used for illumination.
Getting to know more of problems faced by users, their requirements, expectations and aspirations.
Usage of smartphones and its expected growth.
Looking at different issues or limitations faced by the user while using two wheelers. Instrument clusters available in the market.
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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Scooters
75cc to 125cc
Indian two wheeler market
125cc to 250cc
250cc to 500cc
volume
16 Million 23 Million
Fig. 4. Indian two wheeler market
2012 2018
125cc to 250cc
21% 33%
projected
(Freedonia, 2012)
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
market scenario The OEM - supplier relationship
Two wheeler market
The business of the automotive equipment supplier functions as the process given belowIn one case, the OEMs share the designs with the suppliers. Then after product engineering, the production of the units is done, assembly, integration and dispatch follows.
The OEMs which would be the likely customers in the future need to be studied to know more about their vehicle categories and target a segment which would possibly match the feature set and commercial value of the product. Forecasting about the two-wheeler and smartphone market for the year 2015 would generate basis for the scope of the product.
In other case, the complete design and development is done by the supplier based on the OEMs requirements. The product is either built by using existing platforms or new product platform(s) may be introduced as per the market needs. When built on proven platform the design is taken forward to engineering
and production stage which is followed by assembly integration and dispatch. For new product platform(s), the designs after product engineering are first tested and proven with the help of prototypes and after multiple reviews they are taken forward to production phase. The potential of the any new product proposal needs to be in-sync with the market demands & possibility of it being a successful business decision. To understand what the market needs and the volume makes the product development more viable.
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
The research information was derived on market information given in reports and publications namely SIAM, Freedonia reports. The information was either available freely or through paid subscription. The information sourced by the marketing department for the business
proposal also helped for understanding the market scenario. The Indian two wheeler market study helped in understanding volume of the vehicles across different categories and specifications from the year 2012 to 2018 (see fig. 4). The expected change in 125cc to 250cc segment is from 21% for the year 2012 to 33% for the year 2018 (Freedonia, 2012).
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Auto, healthcare & other devices
Connected devices
30%
The information of future trends & possibilities about connected devices assists in taking appropriate design decisions. Automotive and mobile phone market information as well as trend studies conducted based on CES 2012 with respect to connected devices by different research organizations and press releases was referred. The research information was derived from Consumer Electronics Show press releases for year 2012 (CES, 2012) and analysis done by Machina research. The need of design intervention was understood from the trends seen in CES 2012. As seen in the trends for the year 2012 (see fig. 5,6), around 70% of the automotive devices are connectivity enabled (CES, 2012).
Home Lifestyle HDTV, smart refrigerators, washers & dryers
40%
30%
Gadgets Tablets, laptops & smartphones
Fig. 5. Trends coming out of Consumer Electronics Show (CES) 2012 about types of Connected Devices
Cameras and Camcorders
30% Healthcare devices
44% Automotive devices
70% HDTVs
90%
Fig. 6. Connected vs. Non-connected devices
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
Smartphones in India The thought was to apply capabilities of smartphones to enhance the riding experience of the users and provide additional relevant information. So, study of the smartphone market would help to understand the penetration and impact of the product. Understanding the device usage also helps in knowing how effective the possible feature set would be. The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and KPMG International (March 2012) estimation based report gave an the number of internet-enabled smartphones in India. Smartphone usage gives insight about most frequently used features and the ones which can be made accessible while riding too. The smart phone usage (see fig. 7) for phone calls being the highest followed by messaging, music, camera, e-mails, social networking, games, navigation, online transactions and video chat (Time-Qualcomm, 2012). Adoptability of the product can be predicted by knowing about smart phone market forecast from year 2012 to 2016 (FICCI KPMG, 2012). As shown (see fig. 8) the expected rise in the smartphone market is from 24 million in the year 2012 to 264 million in the year 2016.
Fig. 7. Smartphone usage in India
264 Mn 166 Mn 105 Mn 24 Mn
58 Mn
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Fig. 8. Active internet-enabled smartphones in India (FICCI KPMG, 2012)
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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product study The challenge is to design a leaner, simplified human/machine interface (HMI) within the driver’s visual field that still manages to convey all of this information. (aei Jan 2005)
History
Present and future
Types of Instrument clusters
Speedometers were first mass-produced in 1905, then eddy-current speedometer were introduced in the year 1910 with a temperature-compensation system. Around 1930, alternatives to the familiar round dial-and-pointer design with a concentric or eccentric scale showed up. With advancement over the years, tachometers and audio systems were introduced, and the idea of instrument clusters grew popular. The first allLCD cluster instrument appeared as early as 1986 followed by all electronic speedometer in 1993. The head-up display is a more recent innovation, as is the electronic display and navigation capability (aei Jan 2005).
With the increase in the range of vehicle systems and parameters, there is a need to keep the drivers informed without subjecting them to information overload.
It was necessary to check available clusters as it gives an idea about the cluster types and hardware used and product assemblies.
With the advancement of technology, combinations of various gauges, illuminations and displays are used for instrument clusters to represent information.
Available literature and products were referred to know the types of clusters and hardware used for different products.
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The future of the product is based on evolution of technology and information representation by delivering the information to the users in the most efficient way possible.
The information content and representation is driven by the cluster design also keeping in mind the interaction associated with these products
As shown on the adjacent page, different types of clusters in the market are as follows (see table 2); Mechanical Instrument cluster Electronic Instrument cluster (Analog type) Electronic Instrument cluster (Digital & analog combination type) Electronic Instrument cluster (All digital type) (Nippon-Seiki, 2010). Hardware usage varies based on the type of the cluster and is an effect of the representation of the information (see table 2) (Pricol, 2013).
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
Mechanical Instrument cluster
Electronic Instrument cluster Analog type
Electronic Instrument cluster Digital & analog combination type
Electronic Instrument cluster All digital type
A motorcycle cluster with pointers and dial plates.
A classic style of motorcycle cluster with easy to read pointers and dial plates Optional, digital readout for limited information.
Both conventional analog indicators and digital display technology are used to create a sophisticated cluster, which provides the rider with an extensive amount of information.
Although the cluster is compact it is designed with advanced technology so that a vast amount of information can be displayed.
Information - Hardware Used & Representation Speedometer - Mechanical Tachometer - Cross-coil Fuel Gauge - Cross-coil Temperature Gauge - Cross-coil Illumination & Warning Indicators - Lamps Pointer - Solid type / Self-illuminated type
Speedometer, Tachometer Electric Cross-coil / Stepper Motor Main Odometer & Trip - digital display Fuel Gauge, Temperature Gauge Cross-coil / Stepper Motor Illumination & Warning Indicators Lamps / LEDs Pointer - Self-illuminated type
Speedometer/Tachometer Electric Cross-coil / Stepper Motor Main Odometer & Trip - digital display Fuel Gauge, Temperature Gauge Cross-coil / Stepper Motor/digital display Illumination & Warning Indicators Lamps / LEDs Pointer - Self-illuminated type LCD optional features Clock, Temp, Fuel Bar graph, Temp Bar graph
All information on digital display Illumination & Warning Indicators- LEDs
Table 2 Types of instrument clusters
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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Product assembly & parts Before starting ideation sessions, it is important to know about the existing products. This is necessary to design and develop cluster assemblies. Currently prevalent products would give the representation methods used for different information contents too.
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Discussions with designers and technical experts helped in understanding details about instrument clusters. Product teardowns helped in knowing about the various parts, product construction and assembly and disassembly of various parts.
Design of new product(s) with new hardware would be done with the knowledge of cluster assembly, parts and construction by following the standards proposed for these kind of products. In this case, two different instrument clusters were studied of Growth Market Bike (see fig. 9) and Hero Karizma (see fig. 10). These clusters used different hardware for information display and indications.
A general list of parts for an electronic instrument cluster (All digital type) based on the product study is as follows: Mask Lens AppliquĂŠ / Mat Display Electronic - PCB housing Tell tales (part of PCB) Back cover
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
Back cover
Display + Electronic - PCB housing
Appliqué / Mat
Appliqué / Mat
Mask + Lens
Fig. 9. Visteon’s Growth Market Bike - Instrument cluster
Mask + Metal ring + Lens
Tell tales Appliqué / Mat
Lens + Appliqué / Mat
Display (with print on glass) + Appliqué / Mat
Electronic PCB housing
Back cover
Fig. 10. Hero Karizma ZMR - instrument cluster
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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technology study Displays - LCD
Study details
Liquid Crystal Display (Noun) An electronic visual display in which the application of an electric current to a liquid crystal layer makes it opaque.
Construction of simple LCD (A) mirror in back (B) piece of glass with a polarizing film on the bottom side (C) common electrode plane made of indium-tin oxide on top (D) layer of liquid crystal substance (E) piece of glass with an electrode in the shape of the rectangle on the (F) bottom another polarizing film, at a right angle to the first one. (see fig. 11) (Fujitsu, 2006)
Design specifications For ordering the LCDs it is important to understand what all specifications need to be mentioned and their implication on the design of the product. Freely available literature shared by various display suppliers, manuals explaining display specifications for ordering a particular LCD. The inputs provided by the engineering team also helped in understanding the specifications of the displays. Different specifications like module structure, module dimensions, outline, viewing area, active area, display contents, style, LCD specification- LC type, image, background color, polarizer, view direction, printing on glass, backlight, temperature range, operating & storage, integrated circuit - controller, driver, booster, electrical characteristics, connectors determine the final display configuration, size and packaging of the device.
Fig. 11. Construction of LCD
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Types of LCD The awareness of different types of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)would help in choosing appropriate LCD or combination as per the data to be represented.
Technical documents and relevant information was available online as references. Types of LCD have to be chosen according to the information content which needs to be displayed. Display Technology It is important to select proper display technology based on the application. Technical presentations made by engineering team helped in understanding display parameters and technologies. Information available online as given on different display supplier websites The study of display technology created awareness about the possibilities of their applications. The display packaging and hardware interface decides its volume. The comparison between different display technologies would help in deciding the most appropriate display for the desired application. The parameters on which the displays were compared were- cost, viewing angle, contrast and colour of the display.
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
Design specifications
Types of LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
Design specifications list (Actron, 2004) Module Structure SMT/QFP, COB, TAB, COG
Segment LCD (or Alphanumeric LCD)
Dot Matrix LCD (or Character LCD)
Graphic LCD
Segment LCD can display Arabic numbers represented by 7 segments or Arabic numbers and Roman letters represented by 14 segments. Symbols, such as plus/ minus signs, measurement units and any custom icons, can also be displayed. Each symbol is treated as one segment.
Dot matrix LCD is used to display a number of lines of characters. Each character block is addressed separately and can form numbers, Roman letters, character in other languages and a limited number of symbols.
Graphic LCD provides users with a greater degree of flexibility. They are composed of pixels arranged in rows and columns. Each pixel can be addressed individually for text, graphics or any combination of the two.
Module Dimensions Outline, Viewing area, Active area Display Contents Style Segments Character W x H lines Graphic W x H dots Dot W x H mm / Pitch W x H mm LCD Specification LC type - TN, STN, ETN, FSTN, CSTN, ISTN, DSTN, ESTN, IBN Image - Positive/Negative Background Color - Gray, Yellow green, Navy blue, Black(FSTN), White(FSTN), Other Polarizer - Reflective, Transflective, Transmissive View direction- 6:00, 12:00, 3:00, 9:00 Printing on glass Backlight - select color Temperature Range Operating & storage IC - Controller, Driver, Booster Electrical characteristics Connectors
It is easy to control and most cost-effective to develop.
Dot matrix LCD is used when you need to display more characters than those in English alphabet. It is relatively simple to control and also inexpensive than graphic models.
Graphic LCD is used in applications when the use need to have total control of the whole viewing area. However, flexibility also comes with the difficulty in designing the control circuitry. Fortunately there are special controller chips available for this purpose.
Table 3 Types of LCD (Altadox, 2004)
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Module Structure SMT (Surface Mount Technology)/ QFP (Quad Flat Package)
COB (Chip On Board)
TAB (Tape Automated Bonding)
COG (Chip on Glass)
Using quad flat packages on printed circuit boards is the most popular in LCD industry, and is available for mass production of most LCD modules. It remains the most reliable and robust method for LCD assembly.
COB is a popular Integrated circuit (IC) mounting method that provides wire bonding as the direct attachment of bare die to laminated printed circuit boards. The driver is formatted into an area on the PCB. Electrical connections are made by micro diameter gold wires. The entire area is then covered with epoxy.
TAB mounting method uses gold Bumped Flip Chips. After this type of IC chip is produced, a gold bump is placed on the IC chip and then sealed onto the polyimide board. (This procedure is called ILB or Inner Lead Bonding) and is how the Tape Carrier Package (TCP) IC is produced.
COG is one of the high-tech mounting methods that uses gold bump or flip chip ICs, and implemented in most compact applications. In flip-chip mounting, the IC chip is not packaged but is mounted directly onto the glass as a bare chip.
Plastic Quad Flat Package (QFP) represents itself as a flat rectangular integrated circuit package with its leads projecting from all four sides of the package.
Very compact, space savings over SMT assembly, cost savvy compared with SMT, since there is no plastic package.
This technology reduces the mounting area and is better suited to handling highspeed or high-frequency signals.
Table 4 Module stucture
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
Display Modes Positive mode
Negative mode
Polarizer
Viewing direction
Viewing mode - type of polarizer
6:00 / 12:00 / 3:00 / 9:00
Reflective
A positive image on an LCD display is opaque when the pixel is “ON”, & transparent when the pixel is “OFF”.
A negative image on an LCD display is opaque when the pixel is “OFF” & transparent when a pixel in “ON”.
On almost all displays the image is smaller than the background, so this mode is favored in an application where ambient light is high and it will help with the contrast of the display, especially a display using a Reflective rear polarizer. Segments or dots on the character would absorb light (appearing dark) & the background (larger area) would reflect light enhancing the characters.
Since the image area is typically smaller than the background,the portion of the display that could reflect light and give the characters definition in this mode is minimized. Hence, this is typically only used when there is a backlight and the ambient lighting conditions are medium to dim. Using a backlight, the transparent segments of the display will “glow” because the backlight will be viewable only when the pixels are turned on.
Type
Color Assuming no colored backlight Character
Background
TN
Black
Grey
STN-G
Dark violet/Blk
Green
STN-S
Dark blue/Blk
Silver
FSTN
Black
White/ Grey
Table 5 Positive mode display type and color
Type
Color If backlight with specified color Character
Background
TN
Green-Yellow
Light Grey
STN-G
Green-Yellow
Light Blue
FSTN
White
Black
Transmissive
Transflective
Viewing direction (or bias angle) is the direction from which the display will look the best. It is set during the manufacturing process, and cannot be changed later by rotating the polarizer. When specifying the viewing direction, one needs to think about how the device is going to be used. It becomes critical when the display is multiplexed. Viewing direction is specified as positions of a clock face.
Table 6 Negative mode display type and color
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Display technologies Twisted Nematic (TN)
Super Twisted Nematic (STN)
Enhanced TN (ETN)
Film compensated STN (FSTN)
positive mode positive mode
negative mode
negative mode
TN is the simplest LCD technology. The LC twist angle is 90°, making this technology ideal for simple “digit” or “icon” images, with little or no need for multiplexing. Suitable for mux. rates of 1:1 to 4:1. Low costs, poor viewing angle, average contrast. Color: Black and Gray (can be Positive or Negative). Static driving preferred, but operates well up to a 32:1 Multiplex rate.
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STN LCD’s have a twist that is greater than 90 but less than 360 degrees. (Mostly 180240 degrees twist). The higher twist angles cause steeper threshold curves which put the on and off voltages closer together. The steeper thresholds allow multiplex rates greater than 32 to be achieved. Medium costs, average viewing angle, average contrast. Color: Yellow-Green and Grey background (Positive display), Blue background (Negative display). Works well at high Multiplex rates.
Designed for negative mode displays, using the higher minima points with the higher cell gap to produce a ‘blacker’ background. This technology originated in the automotive industry where bright backlighting makes a high “black value” important for avoiding bleed through of light in non selected areas. With respect to cost, average viewing angle and average contrast, these parameters for ETN lie between TN and STN.
Film compensated STN (FSTN) is made by process of adding a compensation foil on top of the LCD to neutralise the natural colouring of yellow-green/purple in STN displays. Customers who prefer neutral black and white can achieve backlighting to whatever colour they want. Medium costs. Good viewing angle, excellent contrast. Color: Black and White (can be Positive or Negative). Works well at high Multiplex rates. Higher end LCD Module favorite.
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Improved Black Nematic (IBN)
Improved STN (ISTN)
Enhanced STN (ESTN)
Double STN (DSTN)
Improved Black Nematic (IBN) display technology offers a real alternative to monochrome LCD for applications that require exceptional contrast ratio, wide viewing angle and extended temperature range.
Rather than using a second set of glass cells, ISTN incorporates a special liquid crystal polymer film instead to compensate light dispersion, resulting in a thinner display and better viewing properties.
ESTN technology displays are enhanced performance STNs. They are low cost replacements for Double STN or Film STN, with nearly the same good performance over wide temperature range. ESTN is used in negative mode displays and can be optimized to the backlight colour to increase the contrast ratio.
Double STN (DSTN) technology utilises an extra set of glass cells to compensate light dispersion and to improve viewing properties, while remaining neutral in appearance. In addition, the extra cell can be fully activated as a display, meaning the reproduction of two entirely different images (Double Active STN).
Wide operating temperature range High brightness High contrast ratio Up to 1/80 duty
Extended operating temperature range (-30째C to 85째C) High brightness High contrast ratio Up to 1/210 duty ratio
Wide operating temperature range: -30째C to 85째C Extreme high contrast ratio: up to 1000:1 Wide viewing cone Selectable duty ratio: static, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/9, 1/16, 1/32, 1/64 Consistent optical performance within operating temperatures
Wide viewing angles High brightness Thinner display Lower production cost compared with other technologies
Table 7 Display technologies (Varitronix, 2012) (AV-LCD, 2007) The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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USER STUDY PLAN Reaching out to the biker population and understanding them by conducting interviews and online surveys. Visiting showrooms, service centers and hangouts for approaching the target users effectively. Understanding user preferences from bike usage perspective and from phone usage perspective. User demographics Getting feedback on the existing clusters in the market. How people explore new places or reach destinations? How they answer calls while riding? Do they like to listen music while riding? How do they do it? What additional features would they like to have viz.; mobile charging, vehicle finder? Information hierarchy when it comes to driver information... existing and advanced.
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
about user study
The need of user study Different people interact with the same products differently. They have various needs and demands from a product. Understanding the user helps in knowing more about the limitations faced in using the currently available products and at times building upon what they wish the product to be like. There would be cases when user is exposed to a completely new product category. In such cases, to design new, innovative products; the
Questions designer needs to thoroughly understand shortcomings of existing products, user pain points as well as generate a desirable product which would satisfy the user’s unmet needs. So, getting to know more about the user, his/her lifestyle, needs and wants, daily routine activities helps in learning about which, where and how to enhance user experiences in specific scenarios.
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
This project needed in-depth understanding of what people do while riding a bike. How they travel? How they reach new places? Do they use navigation assistance? Do they answer calls while riding? If they do, how they do it? Are there any issues faced while using the existing products? Do they prefer to keep records of vehicle information?
It was necessary to look at which features would enhance their two wheeler riding experience. Design intervention which would increase convenience by changing the way the user accesses information while riding & does the relevant activities like checking directions or answering calls, currently.
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
user study methods
user interviews
online survey
persona
day in a life*
user scenarios
Interviews can be conducted with a pre-planned set of questions or with an approach of asking questions based on user responses. It is most effective when the conversation is responsive as it helps in capturing the deeper insights.
Generating qualitative and quantitative user responses in short time is possible through online surveys. Responses can be limited choices or open responses. The questions are structured so as to get effective responses which help in deriving inferences for the current context.
Imaginary characters are generated based on the target user and insights from speaking to such users. It also represents the users behavior, lifestyle, preferences and psyche implicitly. It helps in having a basic understanding of the user and hence helps in designing products based on their needs.
Based on the persona, a virtual representation of the person’s life was generated. Responses from users similar to the persona also helped in imagining* a typical day in life of the user.
Stories that represent the how people interact with products/ services or the issues & limitations faced by them in real world. It represented in form of text or visuals. It helps in getting insights about existing products/ services/user interaction and help in improving them.
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Fig. 12. User interviews 39
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
user interviews User interviews were conducted based on a structured question set (Appendix C) as well as questions based on user responses. The focus was to interact with current two-wheeler users, potential users of two-wheelers, specifically current and potential users in the 200cc and above category of two-wheelers. In addition, sales people in two-wheeler showrooms were also interviewed to understand user perceptions and product trends. Two-wheeler showrooms, service stations and hangouts were chosen for field visits, so that the target audience could be approached in familiar settings (see fig. 13). Around fifty-five interviews were conducted in Pune and Chennai.
User interviews gave information about user demographics, bike usage, how the users carry how different activities like reaching a new destination, smartphone usage, phone calls especially while travelling, listening to music while riding and vehicle maintenance. Users gave inputs about what information they referred in the existing products with the hierarchy in which they referred it. Usage pain points along with aspirations were shared by them. To get an idea about user preferences with respect to product aesthetics and information layout, pictures of most of the existing clusters in the market were shared with the users and their responses were documented so that these inputs would assist the design activity.
Two wheeler showrooms
Service stations
Hangouts Fig. 13. Field visits The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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demographics
bike usage
how do you do the following activities?
cluster preferences based on cluster type & design
more features
vehicle Info hierarchy + user expectations
Fig. 14. Structure of the questionnaire 41
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
online survey Online survey was conducted based on a questionnaire (Appendix D).The questionnaire was designed to get insights about how users view current products; and how they interact with products and devices in daily activities, mainly focused around travelling along with networking and entertainment. It helped in reaching many users and getting their responses within a short time. Websites like survey monkey (URL1) and studentenforschung(URL2) were used for these surveys. Around three hundred and forty seven users responded. This information was collective analysed by the design team for deriving inferences for future design decisions. The online survey was structured on the lines of the user interview questionnaires to get quantitative and qualitative responses from a larger user population. URL1: <http://www.surveymonkey.com/ s/7T9CRBC>
?
?
Fig. 15. Online survey
URL2: <http://www.studentenforschung.de/ web/?id=283178>
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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user reponses
user demographics
Age (years)
Gender
21-25
18.8%
25-30
49%
30-35 >35
20%
10%
90%
9.5%
Delhi, 4
Mumbai, 9
Nashik, 2 Pune, 86
Chennai, 297 Cochin, 4 Fig. 16. Interview & survey - user demographics 43
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
user responses
user preferences & expectations
The instrument cluster displays information about many parameters. But, depending on the user the number times a particular information is referred varies. So, this chart helps to understand how frequently these parameters are viewed and applied. It also tells which features are easily interpreted by the users. As seen, critical information like fuel economy, battery status , engine oil and advanced feature information like distance to empty and vehicle theft warning are the most referred ones. The chart (see fig. 17) explains the feature wise user preferences.
Fig. 17. Feature wise user preferences The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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user responses
user preferences & expectations
User preferences when it comes to exploring new places is based on convenience and reliability of information. Majority prefer asking people for directions. For prior information about the places, some prefer chacking maps before leaving. Use of GPS navigation devices and mobile apps is also increasing but users expect more updated and detailed information. They also find it easier to ask people than stop and check for directions on the devices. User responses were as shown here (see fig. 18). Searching for vehicles in huge parking lots is cumbersome at times, so users were keen to have a feature which would help in finding the vehicle (see fig. 19). Due to high usage of smartphones, frequent charging is necessary sometimes. In such cases, an on-the-go charging facility may be of great help. Hence, users favoured having bike mounted charging facility (see fig. 20).
Fig. 18. To reach new destinations
Fig. 19. Vehicle finder feature preference
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Fig. 20. Mobile charging feature preference
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
user responses
about users
During the interviews and online survey, some questions were aimed at understanding the user better. More about letting the user describe himself or herself. Learning more about users participating in the survey by their profession, hobbies & interests. This helps in knowing the background of the user eventually building the persona of the target customer Hobbies and interests implicitly indicated what features, if offered would be welcomed by the users.
Fig. 21. User responses to ‘describe yourself’
Fig. 22. User responses to ‘hobbies and interests’ The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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user responses
about clusters
User responses based on cluster type & design. This would help in knowing formal preferences of the users along with factors like comprehensibility, information layout and content. In the given order, most liked cluster designs are shown here (see fig. 23). Also, user comments help in knowing the most important factors for an instrument cluster.
Hero Karizma ZMR
Suzuki M800 intruder
Honda CBR250
Fig. 23. Instrument cluster preferences and user comments 47
Triumph Bonneville
Suzuki GSX-R1000
user responses
summary
Phone usage perspective
Bike usage perspective
NavigationDevice/ Frequency/ Emotion
Use maps on desktop or check from known landmark on the go.
Travel Patterns
Tried at times using maps on mobile a) ‘satisfied...’ b) ‘...can’t rely on maps, information not updated or more details are needed...’ c) ‘...too lazy & easier to ask people...’
a) Short/Long b) Planned/Unplanned c) Trying alternative routes especially during diversions/traffic
Maintenance Service
Use often on mobile while driving-self/as 4W passenger/as or with pillion rider.
Decide based on a) crossing a distance mark b) receiving reminder c) upon sensing disturbance while driving d) wait till some type of failure
Cluster
Analysis as shown in the charts
NavigationUtility
Shortest route/avoiding traffic/check services on the go.
Charging phone on 2W
Users would like to try. Some have safety-space concern.
Calls Mode
Never pick/park and talk - headset or handset/talk on the go.
Finding vehicle in parking lot
Some users find it tough at times. Some manage -strategyby remembering a landmark, floor, module.
Music Device
Only on phone - radio/ from memory, No MP3 player.
Music - Preference
While driving - prefer/tried/never - distraction/accessory discomfort.
Headset Usage/Type
Wired/Wireless ; tried/never used - discomfort.
Charging phone
Every day/night, long journey - spare battery, spare mobile, battery conservation measures are used.
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THE USER
Fig. 24. User study snapshots 49
persona Persona was developed based on user interviews and online survey. The analysis gave an idea of the target customer. Young working professionals who prefer being connected and accessible to the outer world all the time, are social and have a liking outdoor activities were the ones who were inferred as potential customers. Hence, a persona which depicts the same was developed by the team (see fig. 25). These learning form user interviews and online survey helped in picturing a target user thereby leading to a persona. The persona further helped in understanding user lifestyle and aspirations implicitly.
Fig. 25. Persona
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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day in a life* A virtual story of day-to-day activities of the derived persona was documented under day in a life. To cover all possible situations and in-depth understanding, a typical weekday as well as weekend was mapped against time along with the devices which were involved for that particular activity (see fig. 26). The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;day in a lifeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; was built based on the persona to understand the users day to day activities with mapping against time, information accessed and devices in use.
Fig. 26. Day in a life - doodles
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
Social circle
smartphone
Arrangement of social circles based on the amount emotional proximity and day-today interaction (see fig. 27). The levels and sequence are shown for representation purpose, they may differ from person to person.
laptop
motorbike
Device usage It represents the most frequently used devices by the derived persona along with the use of motorbike (see fig. 28).
Fig. 27. Social circle
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
camera
As shown, there can be overlap between usage of smartphone and/or camera while riding or during an outing.
Fig. 28. Device usage
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scenario Scenarios were extracted from the ‘day in a life’ to find areas for design intervention. In-depth understanding of the detailed scenarios would help in designing the product, selecting the feature set, understanding necessary information content and also for interface and interaction design. Scenarios were extracted from the ‘day in a life’ to find areas for design intervention. In-depth understanding of the detailed scenarios would help in designing the product, selecting the feature set, understanding necessary information content and also for interface and interaction design.
Fig. 29. Scenario doodle
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
Time - Place - Product Mapping
Generating templates for activity mapping
Activities - weekday/weekend
Fig. 30. Scenario - activity mapping
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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user scenario
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weekday - on the way to office
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
user scenario
weekday - on the way to office
Fig. 31. User Scenario - weekday - on the way to office The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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user scenario
weekday - around lunchtime
Fig. 32. User Scenario - weekday - around lunchtime 57
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
user scenario
weekend - parking blues
Fig. 33. User Scenario - weekday - parking blues The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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user scenario
59
weekend trip
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
Fig. 34. User Scenario - weekend trip The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
insights
TECHNOLOGY
MARKET
The learnings from the market, product & technology study are given under this section. These insights were critical as commercial, technical and design aspects for the product development.
Connectivity would be the available in most of the devices in future. Even though the automotive electronics for four wheelers has progressed over the time especially with respect to connectivity based features, similar changes have not reflected in two wheeler electronics. Hence, to introduce this to the two wheeler market there was a need to understand the trends for the coming years. There would be a possibility of developing a standalone device (higher cost) or devices which use the capabilities of the smartphone for its enhanced feature set (lesser cost hence more viable, commercially).
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
PRODUCT The cluster design based on the technology used for data representation may have different hardware inside and hence based on that different approach for packaging the internal components would be necessary. For the concept design, awareness of design approach in correlation with the vehicle categories lead to understanding of the design language which would be needed for a cluster for sports bike category bike(s).
The two wheeler cluster needs clear visibility in daylight as well as at night time. Hence, the display which would have high contrast and which minimizes the rider distraction (time) when it comes to understanding the displayed information needs to be chosen. Based on initial understanding, positive mode of operation for display seems to be more suitable for current application due possibility of more information content as compared to the conventional instrument cluster and as it would be used in high ambient light in most of the cases. The team preferred monochromatic displays as they were more suitable for two wheelers due to commercial reasons.
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user study insights
Studying the user helped in understanding the problems or limitations faced by the user. Indirectly, giving an idea about areas for improvement. The interviews & survey was based on gaining insights from two different perspectives- Phone usage & bike usage. With this approach the intent was to understand how the capabilities of the smartphone like connectivity & features, can be used to give the additional information desired by the user in the most convenient way possible.
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ABOUT USER The study was based on understanding how the user is currently interacting with products, how they acquire necessary information while using the motorbike, their overall motorbike usage and a snippet of userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lifestyle. It helped in understanding the target customer; their issues & expectations. Better idea of their interests & preferences helps in weighing the features which would enhance their biking experience.
CLUSTERS User responses about the different clusters currently existing in the market gave an idea about their liking when it comes to â&#x20AC;&#x201C; type of the cluster (analog, digital or combination), aesthetics and information layout. It would help in understanding formal preferences along with visual language that interests the users. This implicit learning would help during the cluster design activity.
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
OTHER Phone Charging People with heavy usage of smartphones need to charge their phones often, so an option which will enable them to charge their phone on the go seemed as an attractive feature for them.
PHONE CALLS NAVIGATION The users opt for different ways to reach a destination or to find a route, either by referring maps, calling up friends/ relatives, asking people for directions or using GPS navigation. GPS navigation has its limitations for usage in remote areas due to limited information, but they are very useful in cities and towns. Hence, people use GPS services for navigation. The issue faced while using it is that when people need to refer it often, it becomes inconvenient and its at time consuming while riding a bike. Hence, a solution which facilitates quick view of the navigation direction & details would make it easier for the user, eventually bettering the riding experience.
The first thing which a user wants to know when he/she receives a call is to check who is calling. Based on that information user decides whether to stop and answer or to answer it later/call back. But to understand this, the user needs to stop and check who is calling or check it while riding, the latter option can be unsafe. Hence, a product feature which allows the user to get this information with least distraction and also enable them to answer while riding would be very convenient. Also to minimize distraction, an auto answer option may help in avoiding unsafe riding and at the same time conveying a message to the caller. Though many people avoid answering calls while driving, a feature which would provide the necessary information about the caller and allows the user take to a conscious decision whether to answer or not, while driving; would be useful.
The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
Vehicle finder At times, finding oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vehicle in huge parking lot can be cumbersome. So, users were keen on having a feature that will help in finding their vehicle quickly.
MUSIC Users find it difficult to change the song or increase/decrease volume while riding. Some of them feel difficulty in wearing headsets/headphones along with helmets. So, developing a solution which overcomes these limitations and help users in keeping themselves entertained with minimum distraction is expected. For users who like listening to music while riding a feature which would ease in browsing through media files & volume control is desired.
Driver Information & more With addition of new features it is possible that the information content on the instrument cluster may increase. So, placement of driver information on the cluster and information architecture becomes critical. The user responses would help in understanding the importance & relevance of different parameters to be displayed on the cluster. Most vital information should be displayed prominently which can be viewed with least amount of distraction. The placement of warning & indications is also important.
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DEFINE 65
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
information collection and analysis Various viewpoints generated due to structured market, product, technology and user study would help in defining further actions. The insights gained from research activities rendered following driving points for product design. • • • • • • •
Designing and developing an instrument cluster which harnesses connectivity capabilities of the smartphone for two wheelers which is commercially & technologically viable. Aesthetically pleasing and justified product should be designed to package new hardware and interface requirements. Display which is appropriate for the desired application needs to be chosen with reference to display technology, modes of operation and overall configuration. Product which suits users’ preferences and lifestyle needs to be designed which enhances user’s driving experience. Cluster design language derived from users viewpoints and project theme would be followed for product development. Integration of navigation, easy calling and answering, music, phone charging and vehicle finder features needs to done keeping in mind different usage scenarios. Placement of information content and user interaction is to be done with respect to existing information content and the new additional content.
All the above listed points lead to the redefined brief for The Connected Cluster.
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Fig. 35. Final feature set
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redefined brief
Cluster design
Property design
Design an instrument cluster for 250cc+ motorbike for the year 2015 with the following feature set. The user should be able to receive navigation info, music streaming and calls while riding. Enhanced driver information features need to be incorporated the cluster.
The property should provide an experience of a two wheeler. The user should be able to easily get in and out of it. It would be a single seater. As it would be used for multiple exhibitions, it should be easy to transport. It should be an assembly of different parts which can be easily assembled disassembled and shipped when required.
The concept would be launched in the International Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Las Vegas (US) in January 2013. The detailed feature set is as given in the adjoining page (see fig. 35).
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IDEATE 69
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design & development
ergonomics guidelines & references
design theme & moodboard
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cluster concept design
display details
interface & interaction design
property design
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ergonomics
Guidelines and references
For designing cluster there are different things which need to be taken into consideration as listed below• •
• • • •
User riding position (Cycle-ergo, 2012) The placement of cluster on the motorcycle (in our case, we would consider its placement on the property) User visual fields Character height or display font size Viewing distance Cluster orientation
Riding position Motorcycle reference: Honda CBR 250R (2012) (see fig. 36) Calculated seat height : 30.7 inches Forward lean : 20 degrees Knee angle : 76 degrees Rider info (dimensions) Height : 5 feet 8 inches Inseam : 31 inches Critical points which define the riding position are: Handlebar position Seat position Peg position
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Fig. 36. Motorcycle reference (Honda CBR 250R (2012)
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
User visual fields, character height, viewing distance and cluster orientation
Fig. 37. Vertical and horizontal visual fields (left) Fig. 38. Character height & Viewing distance (Right top) Fig. 39. Reference for cluster orientation (above) Information that would be used most frequently should be grouped together and placed in the optimum visual zone (see fig. 37). The viewing distance from the eye reference point of the seated operator to displays located close to their associated controls The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
shall not exceed 640 mm (25 in) and preferably not less than 510 mm (20 in) (see fig. 38). The angle at which the instrument cluster is placed should be at a minimum angle of 45 degrees to the normal line of sight (see fig. 39). 72
Fig. 40. Theme brainstorming chart 73
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
design theme A design theme for this project was generated by taking different factors into consideration. They are listed below: Users Connectivity CES Twenty fifteen (2015) Smartphone Bike category A graphic representing the outcome of the brainstorming for theme selection is shown on adjacent page (see fig. 40). Further, keywords were selected from the brainstorming session chart based on their relevance & implication on the design activity (see fig. 41). These keywords would act as a basis for developing project identity and user interface design. For industrial design of the instrument cluster & exhibition property, attributes for the mood board were derived from these sorted keywords.
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Fig. 41. Design theme keywords
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Fig. 42. Mood board for cluster & property design
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CLUSTER CONCEPT DESIGN
Fig. 43. Ideation sessions 77
The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
Design theme
Concepts would be developed adhering to the design theme.
User responses
User feedback about different existing products in the market gave insights about most preferred designs.
Market
factors contributing to the cluster design
The technology usage for the cluster is driven by the cost sensitive market of two wheelers. This affects the selection of the display technology to be used.
Technical
Display type -
Segmented & dot matrix display Display shape Regulations for tell tales Illumination technologies Technical feasibility
Information layout
Placement of information content based on most referred, critical, ease of viewing and visual balance. Exploring different ways of representing information.
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Information content Driver information Speed Average Speed Tachometer (RPM) Gear Odometer Trip Meter A/B Fuel Level Engine Temperature Value Clock
Enhanced driver information Service Reminder Tire Pressure Status Distance to Empty Driving style (optional) Fuel economy (optional) Smartphone information Mobile Battery Level Mobile Signal Strength GPS signal strength Bluetooth Connectivity Info Tell tales Engine temperature Status Turn indicator(s) Beam Side Stand Engine Oil Battery Status Neutral
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concepts set one
Design approach The first set of explorations were made with minimum technological constraints. New ways to represent changing values like RPM, speed and fuel were explored by primarily using â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;light segmentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; as a design element. These light segments defined the form & layout of the cluster designs in this particular set.
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Fig. 44. Concepts set one - sketches The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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concepts set two
Design approach Cluster design consisting of two different displays with information placement and layout is based on the type of data. Dynamic forms helped in giving a sports bike cluster feel to it. As light segments need more space and due to high information content, the data was sorted to be shown on the display(s) & telltales for indications.
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Fig. 45. Concepts set two - sketches The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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concepts set three
Design approach Use of simple shapes, combination of rectangle & circle and exploring on the lines of conventional cluster designs. Using the side surface for indications, linear placement or placing it on (timepiece) dial like surface. Both options, having segmented and dot matrix independent as well as combination of both were explored.
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Fig. 46. Concepts set three - sketches The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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concepts set four
Design approach Display on display approach, with simple geometrical shapes overlapping and defining the resultant form of the cluster. Symmetrical and asymmetrical layouts. Distribution of information based on the type of display and desired placement.
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Fig. 47. Concepts set four - sketches The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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concepts set five
Design approach As the cluster is to be designed for sports bike, dynamic forms suggesting movement were explored. Use of circular pods & layouts for information segregation and better layout design (eg.; left & right pockets). Displays having combination of segmented and dot matrix are shown.
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Fig. 48. Concepts set five - sketches The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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concept review Receiving feedback from fellow designers
Detailed review & discussion of various concepts Review details After intense ideation sessions, an important design review for shortlisting interesting concepts (see fig. 50) as well as deciding further course of action. Adding dimensional constraints by selecting approximate display size and design decisions based on form, layout, display and possible interface design options.
Shortlisting designs which would be taken forward
Deciding display dimensions, as a reference for further explorations
Fig. 49. Concepts review snapshots 89
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Feedback Well justified layout, sporty look, display size & info display would help in well justified placement of interface graphics.
Unique & interesting form. Easy to remember. Well justified display pockets provides more freedom for interface graphic design. But due to softer form, it may be perceived as a moped cluster.
Wide continuous display area, placement of telltales need to thought of. Similar layout of RPM and gear is interesting, but would it be better if gear change and RPM are in same direction? (clockwise)
Interesting arrangement of telltales but need refer regulations for certain indications. Simple shape gives it a conventional look.
Dynamic form, would go well with a sports bike. Use of center pod is interesting, will help in structuring information.
Interesting shape, but it reminds of a 4W cluster. Rider centric, with messages for user right at the centre. Resolved well but use of circular space for app data needs to be reconsidered.
Fig. 50. Shortlisted concepts Next steps.. Concepts given above are the most favoured ones amongst all designs. For next design explorations & detailing, the display layout & form language followed in the explorations given on the left was to be followed as the design team felt it would be more suitable for a sports bike as compared to the other explorations.
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product detailing
The design direction decided after the design reviews was taken forward with following design explorations. The final cluster layout was decided based on the design attributes, formal language and scope for interface layout.
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Fig. 51. Product detailing sketches defining display pockets The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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product detailing
Product detailing by building on the cluster layout, the final cluster design was selected and realised.
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Fig. 52. Product detailing sketches The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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final sketch
Fig. 53. Final design with details
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product engineering
Fig. 54. Lens options for tell tales
Fig. 55. Final design sketch to CAD development
Fig. 56. Cluster ring options The cluster parts were display, lens(es), illumination for tell tales & icons (optional), switches for mode & set, design elements like the ring & aluminum parts, mask & back cover. The assembly of parts was decided by the engineering team in consultation with the design team. The critical points were display size & packaging, ring design, tell tales, lens and
placement of switches. Based on these different factors, the engineering team developed CAD models for the instrument cluster (see fig. 55). For concept demonstration, the project team decided to use a TFT LCD display. The segmented, dot matrix display & tell tales would be emulated on this display by
developing interface graphics accordingly. Lenses for tell tales area & lower display pockets would be necessary for production ready design (see fig. 54). But as a display was used to simulate tell tales, for cluster prototype these lenses were avoided for better visibility. Feature icons on the ring needed a circular layout of LEDs under the surface of the ring. The
engineering feasibility of the assembly was checked. The limitations faced due to this design were that it reduced the inner radius of the ring as the illumination of icons on the ring needed more space for packaging. Hence to increase display area inside the ring, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;option 2â&#x20AC;&#x2122; was chosen for the prototype (see fig. 56). 96
product details
Fig. 57. Exploded view of the Instrument cluster assembly A - Mode,Set button caps B - Aluminium elements C - Lens for tell tales & lower display pockets (Not used in concept prototype) 97
D - Mask (with mounting arrangement) E - Ring F - Ring lens G - Ring bolts
H - Display lens I - Display J - Back cover (with mounting arrangement) K - Back cover bolts The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
Fig. 58. The Connected Cluster (with mounting arrangements for exhibition property) - CAD render
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display details Segmented & Dot matrix display combinations
Fig. 59. Display combinations
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As shown above, different combinations of segmented & dot matrix displays are possible.
this design, the project team decided to go use (option 4) integrated dot matrix & segmented display.
Options are based on how the two displays are put together based on display pockets in the cluster & combination of two types of displays viz.; segmented & dot matrix. With an opportunity to explore display technology and as per the requirement of
This type of display is developed when both segments and pixels are added to LCD glass. The electronic hardware used for manufacturing the glass decides the maximum number of segments & pixels possible the display.
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Type of display
Display shape
Fig. 60. FSTN display - Positive mode
Display requirements Two wheeler clusters need displays having high contrast ratios. The information content should be clearly visible in ambient light. Hence a FSTN display in positive mode as selected for this particular application. Why FSTN? FSTN (Film compensated Super twisted Nematic) displays provide excellent contrast and good viewing angle at medium costs.
Why a positive display? A positive image on an LCD display is opaque when the pixel is “ON”, & transparent when the pixel is “OFF”. The image is smaller than the background, so this mode is favored in an application where ambient light is high and it will help with the contrast of the display. Segments or dots on the character would absorb light (appearing dark) and the background (larger area) would reflect light enhancing the characters.
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Fig. 61. Cluster display shape
Final display shape Due to technological limitations in manufacturing of the LCD glass, the display shape was modified as shown above.
There were slight changes made to the (internal)design of the cluster to accommodate the new shape of the display.
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INTERFACE & INTERACTION DESIGN
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initial thoughts
Fig. 62. Brainstorming - Information architecture
Detailed discussions about the cluster concept based on the features of the product led to initial thoughts about information to be displayed on cluster, information architecture, necessary data for the selected feature set as well as information necessary for the user while riding the bike. These discussions created a base for interface design and how the user would interact with the cluster. It also gave a basic idea of the sequence of operation and data shared by the smartphone when connected to the cluster.
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feature wise information & interaction Vehicle finder
Driver information
This table gives details about how different features would work. It also gives and idea about the information which the user would get and associated actions for using the respective features.
How would it work?
When the user launches vehicle finder application, the vehicle lights would glow once the user is in the range of the vehicle.
When the bike ignition is ON, it would start displaying driver information.
Out of the features listed here, vehicle finder uses smartphone app for finding the vehicle & except for Driver information, all other features need the smartphone to be connected to the cluster.
What info will the user get?
Visual feedback, vehicle found status.
Speed, Gear, Tachometer, Fuel level, Odometer, Trip meter, Engine temperature, Tire pressure, service reminder. Tell tales - Engine check, side stand, Neutral, turn indication-left/right, battery status, engine oil, High beam.
What all actions are involved?
Launch app on smartphone & search for the bike.
For vehicle finder feature the bike ignition is ‘off’, for the rest its ‘on’.
Necessary controls for respective actions
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Navigation
POI (Point of interest)
Calling
Music
User will set the desired route on the smartphone. When the phone is connected to the cluster, it would start streaming the navigation directions to the cluster and it would be seen on the display.
When vehicle fuel is low, the user can look for nearest fuel stations by entering this feature. Select from a list to get info.
When user receives a call, he would decide whether to accept or reject the call. An option where a message would be sent back when call is rejected.
When the phone is connected to the cluster, user can use this feature to listen music.
Navigation directions, distance information, area name, distance to go.
List of nearest fuel stations with distance information.
Caller identity and call status will be visible on display.
Status - playing or paused, song details, volume level
Set location on smartphone; switching to other feature(s), if needed.
Enter the feature, browse the list know the nearest station.
Accept or reject call.
Play/pause music, Volume increase/ decrease
Toggle screen
Previous
Accept/reject call
Next
Push to talk (PTT)
Play/Pause
Volume inc./dec. Previous
Next
Table 8 Featurewise information & interaction The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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information hierarchy
The user refers the cluster for viewing driver information, alerts, indications and application data. The order in which the user refers data on cluster is given here in the form of different information groups. It is based on the descending extent of references driver makes while riding. The information hierarchy also reflects the criticality of the data.
Primary Task – Driving Information + Assistance
Secondary task – Call/Music
Tertiary tasks – Fuel POI, Bike performance
Speed Gear Tachometer – feedback
Incoming call Caller name/number Rejected/busy message sent
Know Distance to empty (DTE) Know Fuel economy Know Average speed
Navigation assistance: Manoeuvre info
Outgoing call Feedback to voice search Dialed contact name
View Fuel POI nearby
Tell tales Alerts – Engine check/Tire pressure Feedback – Turn/Beam etc.
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Clock time
Music-Playing/Paused Track name
Fuel level Engine temperature
Devices connected status Signal strengths
Odometer Trip meter
Volume adjust feedback
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display layout options
Fig. 63. Display layout options For displaying information as per the requirement, different layouts are given here. The circular portion at the centre is easy to view hence causing least user distraction
while driving. Most critical content would be placed in this area, then surrounding area and so on. In option 1, limited information can be displayed in circular layout hence, it would be difficult to display the secondary
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information in this layout. In option 2, attention span to grasp critical information like navigation (directions), calls would increase as that info would be away from the center of the display. And, small size was a disadvantage too.
In option 3, critical application information would be displayed in the centre and secondary information on rectangular dot matrix area. As it overcomes the limitations of option 1 & 2, hence this layout was selected by the design team.
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ideation
Interface design ideation was driven by information hierarchy and the final form of the cluster. The display pockets generated by the derived form of the product helped in structuring and placement of information based on how crucial it is for the user. For least user distraction, most relevant info was placed in the centre part and then radially around it based on the information hierarchy.
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Fig. 64. Interface ideation The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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cluster interface
Fig. 65. Instrument cluster interface Left Vehicle status indicationsTire pressure, service reminder DTE (Distance to empty) Odometer, Trip Fuel level 109
Lower left pocket Average speed (km/hr) Average fuel consumption (km/l) indication Top Tell tales
Center RPM DI/Navigation/ POI/Call/Music Speed
Lower right pocket Connectivity status smartphone, vehicle, helmet Bottom Mode, Set switches
Right Smartphone information Feature icons/ Secondary info (Navigation/POI/Calls/ Music) Engine temperature level
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Navigation
POI (Point of interest)
Call
Music
Fig. 66. Interface layout for different features (Note: Only the information content & layout which changes is shown here) The design team conceptualized the display interface graphics through brainstorming, ideation sessions, detailed discussions and reviews. Technical feasibility was assessed by the software team. Based on initial discussions and ideation explorations, interaction designer developed the final wireframes which were realised by the interface graphic designer & the software team. The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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handlebar controls design Selection of control type It refers to the apparatus by which the driver makes control inputs (i.e., push– buttons, push–pull knobs, rotary knobs (discrete and continuous), levers, slides, thumb wheels, toggle switches, or rocker switches). Selection of appropriate control types is important to decisions regarding control location, because some control types are more suited to particular locations, and, conversely, particular locations are ideal for certain types of controls. Selection of a control type is an iterative process, involving trade–offs between a variety of competing design concerns. In particular, control selection requires an analysis of the following driver–vehicle system considerations: (1) the function of the control, (2) the desired location of the control, (3) the requirement of the control task, (4) the vehicle environment, and (5) the consequence of driver error.
Table 9 Suggested Control Type with respect to Control Function and Control Task Requirement
(FHWA, 1998)
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Control movement compatibility It refers to the expected relationships between control actuation movements and the corresponding movements or changes in the system being controlled. Making control movements consistent with the driver’s expectations can decrease reaction times, learning times, and control errors, and increase driver satisfaction with the vehicle’s controls. The control–movement–to–system– function relationships are recommended based on a review of several different human factors sources. The optimum direction of movement depends on following factors: (1) the position of the operator relative to the control, (2) the position and direction of movement of any associated display, (3) the change resulting from the control movement, and (4) the control–movement–to–system– function relationships for other controls that the driver uses.
Table 10 Control movement associated with System Function
(FHWA, 1998)
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controls mapping All handlebar controls
New layout for exhibition property
Existing Left Pass Lights - Beams
Right Engine (ON/OFF) Button start
Light-Turn Indicators Horn Choke
Light on/off
Table 11 All handlebar controls The table given above lists all controls, the existing handlebar controls along with additional controls required to use the product features. As observed, most of the controls are placed on left hand side as the user needs to use the right hand for accelerating the bike.
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Additional TBD Call - Accept/reject Previous - Next Toggle Volume +/Play - Pause Push to talk (PTT)
Layout Left Call - Accept/reject
Right Play - Pause
Toggle Push to talk (PTT)
Previous - Next Volume +/-
Table 12 New layout for exhibition property As this product would be a concept demonstration showing all features, the project team decided to focus on all new features. Hence, only the controls which are necessary for the demonstration would be used in the property. Here, the layout or placement of controls was decided based onAs accepting/rejecting calls & toggle screen needs to be a conscious decision, these controls were placed on left hand side and the less critical ones on the left. In future for production, the layout would differ for different vehicles as it would be based on the requirements of the motorcycle OEMs.
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Layout & graphics
Hardware - Push button
Fig. 67. Handlebar controls layout The mapping & the placement of controls is based on â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;control movement compatibilityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. As seen here, placement for accept call reject call & previous - next is up - down. And for volume increase - decrease it is left - right.
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Fig. 68. Push button - Rubber switchmat For handlebar controls, push buttons would be used for following reasons: It provides tactile feedback, better for blind operation & advantageous for fast actuation. It also suits applications where selection between two positions or alternatives is to be done.
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controls ideation
Design explorations with the selected set of controls, based on form language followed for property design.
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Fig. 69. Handlebar controls ideation The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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handlebar controls
Two options for handlebar controls were proposed: Use of capacitive touch display or use of rubber switch mats. The project management decided to go ahead with option using switch mats. Hence, after product detailing, the CAD development of the handlebar controls assembly was initiated by engineering team. Renders giving assembly details are shown on the adjacent page.
Fig. 70. Handlebar controls using capacitive touch display
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A - Top cover B - Switch mat C - PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Fig. 71. Handlebar controls assembly (using switchmat)
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D - PCB bolts E - Bottom cover F - Assembly bolts
Fig. 72. Exploded view of the assembly (Right side)
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PROPERTY DESIGN
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about exhibition property Property The main intent of exhibition property is to provide an experience of a two wheeler during product demonstration. It would provide a glimpse of the product functionality & features in the best way possible. Users would get a chance to interact with the concept product, hence generating potential customers & getting valuable feedback. It would be an abstraction of a two wheeler & it should be easy to get in and out and must be easy to transport. Main parts Instrument cluster Handle bar with Controls Seating (Single person) Helmet with integrated bluetooth headset Mobile phone holder with charging provision Accent lighting Critical points Aesthetics Parts & ease of assembly Weight Integration with cluster & handlebar controls
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ideation set one
Design approach Property explorations were initiated with a thought of giving the user an experience of entering & experiencing it. Hence, the use of hood like structures. Accent lighting along the length of the property & leading to the top for higher visibility in exhibition areas. Seating with backrest was explored in this ideation set.
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Fig. 73. Property ideation set one - sketches The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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ideation set two
Design approach In the second set, the approach was to do property explorations which would be smaller in size than first set. Hence, reducing the size (especially, the height) of the property. Most of these explorations were done inspired from power scooters; an abstraction of those type of vehicles.
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Fig. 74. Property ideation set two - sketches The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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ideation set three
Design approach Fuel tank is one of the main design elements in motorcycles. To generate a closest abstraction of a motorbike, minimalistic representation of fuel tank was explored. To facilitate easy ingress, the tank elements were designed to be movable. So, a person would enter by pulling it over the seat & would get it back to normal position after egressing.
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Fig. 75. Property ideation set three - sketches The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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ideation set four
Design approach For easier transportation & assembly, lighter property with lesser number of parts was to be designed. So, for this set of explorations the volume of the property was reduced keeping the dynamic form intact.
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Fig. 76. Property ideation set four - sketches The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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property design review
Design review(s) Property reviews happened in two stages; mid & final review. Designs were reviewed keeping in mind the brief given for property design. The property needed to be attractive and an abstraction of a two wheeler. Size and weight was a constraint as it was to be shipped, assembled and disassembled for various exhibitions. Design fulfilling above mentioned criteria was selected for further detailing & then to make a prototype.
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Fig. 77. Property design shortlist
Remarks ‘The property looks dynamic and eyecatching. It goes well the theme. It will attract attention at exhibitions’
‘Visual weight is lesser as compared to previous iterations. It looks sporty.’
‘An abstraction which is closest to a motorbike. Minimalistic representation of motorbike fuel tank looks interesting.’
‘For transportation, large size may be a drawback.’
‘Looks like a snowmobile, volume in the front should be lesser.’
‘Only limitation being difficulty in getting in & out.’
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‘Sleek, agile and would be lighter. Easy to get in and out. Lesser weight & size would be advantageous during assemblydisassembly and transportation. Its different hence would attract attention.’
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property detailing
The property would also have provision for mobile charging and pocket for holding the mobile. The ideation sketches are shown here. Different options like mobile holders with integrated charging facility and aftermarket accessories were also thought of. The placement of the holder was such that it would be easy to reach for the user.
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Fig. 78. Property detailing - mobile holder and charging feature sketches The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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property detailing
Explorations for head unit, accent lighting and split lines are shown here. As the weight of the property and packaging constraints were critical, defining split lines for the property to lead to lighter, easy to carry body parts was essential.
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Fig. 79. Property detailing - split lines, cluster & headlight area sketches The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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final sketch
Fig. 80. Final property design with details
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property engineering
The property mainly consists of following parts: Cluster, handlebar with controls, seat, footrest, accent lighting, mobile holder, USB charging port. The property had to be engineered such that it should be as light as possible with parts which are easy to transport & assemble. Provision for power connections, electrical hardware for illumination, cluster hardware & electronics was to be provided. The design team & prototype development team worked together keeping above mentioned points in mind. When the CAD data & split lines were shared with the prototype development team, they started working on the assembly of parts & manufacturing. The property was to be designed to take the weight of human body, so the joinery was decided accordingly. The weight of each part, access to joinery, placement of electronic hardware, wiring details and assembly sequence was planned so as to facilitate quick assembly. Fig. 81. Final property design
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property details
Fig. 82. Property - exploded view, parts & assembly details (CAD render)
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Fig. 83. Property - Rear, side and front view
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Final cluster and property design were taken forward to the next stage- prototype development. To the scale working models were made for product demonstration. To realize the prototypes, different teams collaborated viz.; design, engineering, project management & prototype development teams. The property engineering, parts, assembly and disassembly sequence, colors & finishes were finalised after detailed discussions between design & prototype development team.
Fig. 84. Prototype development snapshot The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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cluster prototype
Fig. 85. Cluster prototype development - design intermediate review Images of cluster prototype (work in progress) showing different parts & assembly.
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Graphic design review by loading screen shots on the display.
Cluster prototype intermediate review with designers & project management group.
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Fig. 86. Cluster prototype development - finishing, assembly and integration At the left top corner, unpainted cluster prototype(s) are shown. Rest, assembly of finished cluster(s) & integration with the property. The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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property prototype
Fig. 87. Property prototype development stages. Activities like assembly of parts, color & finish selection, applying body graphics, engineering team setting up the illumination & its integration with the property parts. 143
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Fig. 88. Property prototype - assembly, integration and photo shoot Images showing handlebar controls, complete assembly of property & photo shoot.
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photo shoot
Fig. 89. The Connected Cluster 145
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Fig. 90. The exhibition property The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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TEST 147
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The outcome of the design project was a concept demonstration, hence exposing the users to new added features in two wheeler instrument cluster category. The prototypes were integrated & technically evaluated by the project team. Design evaluation happened from time to time assessing the product from usability standpoint. However the major feedback would come when users would start interacting with the product. The positives, the issues & necessary improvements would happen over the time once the product is exposed to the user. Primitive part of this activity was carried out inhouse when multiple reviews were conducted & responses of people interacting with the product were collected for refinement. The responses with respect to interface design especially information architecture & layout as well as interaction with the cluster using handlebar controls and smartphone helped in understanding the product from a userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perspective. The exhibition property gives the users an opportunity to experience & interact with the instrument cluster.
Fig. 91. Instrument cluster and handlbar controlsassembly & integration
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design evaluation using prototypes
Fig. 92. Checking Readability of interface graphics
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Fig. 93. Checking cluster prototype with display graphics
Fig. 94. Handlebar controls usage & integration
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Fig. 95. Checking for uniform illumination
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Fig. 96. Ensuring cluster visibility & handlebar height
Fig. 97. Cluster interaction using controls & smartphone
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how does it work?
This section gives a graphical representation of product functionality with cluster, handlebar controls, smartphone and helmet with integrated bluetooth headset. Initialization, different modes of operation & explanations of all feature sets in given in this section. User interaction & interface display is shown for following features vehicle finder, connection using NFC, navigation assistance, POI (point of interest), calling (incoming/outgoing), music and additional features of Visteon app. Visteon app concept proposed by the project team was refined and developed by design team. The wireframes were developed by the interaction designer & final screens were designed by the interface graphic designer and implemented with the help of the software team.
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Fig. 98. Product functionality
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Fig. 99. Vehicle finder
Fig. 100. Using NFC to initiate connection(s) 153
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Fig. 101. Navigation asistance
Fig. 102. POI (Point of interest) The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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Fig. 103. Incoming call
Fig. 104. Outgoing call 155
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Fig. 105. Music
Fig. 106. Additional features of Visteon Mobile App The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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conclusion When I started my internship with Visteon, the objectives and the timeline was clear. I had to deliver within that duration and at the same time making sure that the team is excited about the outcome. For me this project was a foray into automotive electronics domain and with design education & experience, I took upon the challenge. Initially, intense research & design activity lead to generation of a convincing concept. Even while developing the concept, getting the right mix of industrial design & interface design was important as they were inter-dependent. Working with different teams, managing time between design and other activities, working with project management & engineering teams was truly a learning experience. Proposing design solutions, making the team understand the thought behind every concept and taking the design activity ahead with constant progression helped me in honing my design and time management skills. The positives of collaboration were experienced as teams worked together for the desired objective. Presentations on Visteonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s internal Global Design Forum for sharing the progress of the design activity of this
project generated positive reviews. Midway through the project, an opportunity to interact & get feedback from higher management in Visteon especially, Steve Meszaros (President, Electronics Product Group) and Tim Yerdon (Global Director of Innovation and Design) was motivational as they were excited about the outcome of the design activity and were looking forward to the response to this product in the Indian market.
aesthetics, information content and overall usability for different usage scenarios. Designing a product which would generate great returns for the organization by creating enough interest in different OEMs which approach Visteon for the future possibilities of the products was the main motive of this design activity. And, with the response generated it seems the desired objective was attained.
To take the design forward, understanding technical feasibility constraints shared by the engineering team was easier due to my prior experience electronics engineering field. Constant interaction & collaboration with the engineering team helped in product development process. Cluster & property engineering helped me in learning about product & prototype development. This was my first experience in design of automotive exhibition property. By overcoming all the personal limitations, I worked hard on coming up with convincing design proposals for property design & took it forward through the prototype phase.
This internship has helped me in realising my true potential and exposed me to challenging design scenarios by working with a taut timeline. Within that short duration delivering a full scale working prototype which is ready to be launched at product exhibitions was really a moment of bliss. I will definitely cherish this learning & look forward to many more exciting product design opportunities.
The project outcome, the new instrument cluster tries to satisfy user expectations with respect to product
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future work
The path ahead for â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the connected clusterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; lies in the adoption of the proposed feature set by different two wheeler manufacturers. This product would mainly cater to high end two wheelers. Out of the complete feature set, OEMs may use all or selected few in their designs. As shown here, a speculative view of the future of this product across the given two wheeler categories. Though there might be exceptions, the form language followed for cluster designs varies for different bike categories. The graphics given here are for representation purpose only. The final design of the cluster would mainly depend on the information content & layout, cost, use of technology & design of the two wheeler.
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Power scooters
High end power scooters may adopt some or all the features provided by connected cluster.
Standard
Sports
Dual purpose
Due to higher cost as compared to existing clusters, the possibility of adopting connected cluster features for regular bikes depends on the cost constraints. This category consists of retro & standard street naked motorcycles.
The connected cluster was designed with reference to this category of two wheelers. This category consists of super sports, sports street naked & sports touring motorcycles.
This category consists of light weight-dual purpose, supermoto & adventure touring motorcycles.
Cruisers
This category consists of classic cruiser, power cruiser & luxury touring motorcycles.
Table 13. Future work
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appendix A : about NID
Fig. 107. NID Main Campus - Ahmedabad
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National Institute of Design National Institute of Design (NID) is internationally acclaimed as one of the foremost multidisciplinary institutions in the field of design education and research. Businessweek magazine, USA has listed NID as one of the top 25 European & Asian programmes in the world. The institute functions as an autonomous body under the department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India. NID is recognised by the Dept. of Scientific & Industrial Research (DSIR) under Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India, as a scientific and industrial design research organisation. NID has been a pioneer in industrial design education after Bauhaus and Ulm in Germany and is known for its pursuit of design excellence to make Designed in India, Made for the World a reality. NIDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s graduates have made a mark in key sectors of commerce, industry and social development by taking role of catalysts and through thought leadership. (NID, 2013)
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appendix B : about Visteon
Fig. 108. Visteon - Worldwide locations
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Visteon Corporation
Company details
Visteon is a leading global automotive supplier delivering value for vehicle manufacturers and shareholders through a family of businesses including: Halla Visteon Climate Control, majority-owned by Visteon and the world’s second largest global supplier of automotive climate components and systems.
Vision
Visteon Electronics, a leading supplier of audio/infotainment, driver information, center stack electronics and feature control modules.
Corporate Offices
Visteon Interiors, a global provider of vehicle cockpit modules, instrument panels, consoles and door trim modules.
President and CEO
Yanfeng Visteon Automotive Trim Systems Co., Ltd., a successful China-based partnership between Visteon and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation’s automotive components group, Huayu Automotive Systems.
2012 Revenue Employees
Through this family of enterprises, Visteon designs, engineers and manufactures innovative components and systems for virtually every vehicle manufacturer worldwide. (Visteon, 2013)
2012 Rankings
Markets Served Facilities Product Lines Website
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We aspire to be the best in the world at partnering with our customer to provide innovative, high-quality products that deliver exceptional value. North America – Van Buren Township, Michigan, United States Asia Pacific – Shanghai, China Europe – Chelmsford, United Kingdom Timothy D. Leuliette $13.8 billion (including non-consolidated operations) Approximately 55,000* Fortune 500 – 321 Barron’s 500 – 218 Original equipment vehicle manufacturers Technical, manufacturing, sales and service facilities located in 29 countries* Climate Electronics Interiors www.visteon.com
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Innovation at Visteon Corporation Visteon is committed to delivering innovative technologies that support the goals of automakers and enhance the driving experience. To promote new technology, products and innovation, Visteon has designed and developed the following technology demonstration vehiclese-Bee Growth Market Bike Growth Market Car C-Beyond X-Wave (Visteon, 2013)
e-Bee
Growth Market Bike
Fig. 109. Technology demonstration vehicles 165
X-Wave
C-Beyond
Growth Market Car The Connected Cluster | Visteon Corporation 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
Innovation and design studio, Pune, India Visteon Corporation has opened its first innovation and design studio in India. Housed within the Visteon Engineering Center in Pune, the facility focuses on creating ideas, developing concepts, and commercializing market-driven products across Visteonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s portfolio. The innovation and design studio is staffed by program managers, engineers, industrial designers, human-machine-interaction experts, and market researchers. Its central location in Pune (one of Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest cities and a hub for global automotive companies) allows the supplier to support vehicle manufacturers throughout the country. Visteon has four manufacturing plants, three engineering centers, a joint venture, and more than 3000 employees in India.
Fig. 110. Innovation and design studio - India The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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appendix C : interview questions
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Questions Though most of the interview questions were asked based on the interviewee’s response, still a basic framework was followed to get feedback and insights about certain points. The questions which were asked are listed here. Are you a 2-wheeler user? Which vehicle do you use?
Do you listen to music while riding? Which are the gadgets you use for this?
Are there any problems you face while using the 2-wheeler? Can the experience of riding be made better?
Since you use your phone usage is high, would you like to charge your phone on the go?
Do you use a smart phone? If yes, which do you use? What do you do on weekends or in your spare time? Meet friends, visit new places or go to restaurants or malls? What do you do if you get lost while finding these new places while riding? Do you ask someone around for directions? Do you use navigation on your smartphone? What is the way of using navigation on phone while riding? Do you give a call to a friend who knows the location? Method of calling while riding? Do you take incoming calls while riding? If any other method is used? How do you locate bike in a huge parking lot? What are the your hobbies? Listening to music, reading, surfing, travelling, etc?
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Prioritize the following items on a cluster depending on its importance and the amount you refer that information according to you• Speedometer • Tachometer • Fuel Level • Odometer • Trip Odometer (2 Trips) • Neutral • Left/Right Signals • Left/Right Signals • High/Low Beam • High Engine Temp • Low Battery voltage • Low Engine oil • Air Filter Condition • Clock • Service Reminder
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appendix D : online questionnaire
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appendix E : technical drawings
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Fig. 111. The Connnected Cluster technical drawing The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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handlebar controls tech dwgs
Fig. 112. Handlebar controls technical drawing 175
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Fig. 113. Exhibition property technical drawing The Connected Cluster | Diploma project | NID 2013 | Varun Prabhakar
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references An Introduction to Design Thinking Process Guide. dschool.stanford.edu. Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford, 2011. Web. 10 Jun. 2012.
“Driver information systems Instrument clusters and Head-Up Display.” Nippon-Seiki. Nippon-Seiki, 2010. Web. 20 Jul. 2012.
Norman, Donald. “Simplicity is not the answer.” Interactions, septiembre-octubre 15.5 (2008): 45-46.
“Instrument Clusters.” . Pricol Limited. Pricol, 2013. Web. 2 Mar. 2013.
“World Motorcycles - Industry Study with Forecasts for 2016 & 2021.” Freedonia Group . Freedonia, 2012. Web. 15 May 2012.
“Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Displays – How They Work and What They Do” . Fujitsu Microelectronics America, Inc.. Fujitsu, 2006. Web. 5 Jan. 2013.
“Smartphones Speed the Digital Revolution in India.” emarketer. emarketer, 2012. Web. 5 Jan. 2013.
“LCD displaytypes” . Altadox Electronics. Altadox, 2004. Web. 20 Jan. 2013.
“GSMA analysis of CES press releases from Thursday, 5 January 2012 to Thursday, 12 January 2012.” Connectedlife GSMA. GSMA, 2012. Web. 2 Jul. 2012.
“Check List for Custom Design LCD Modules.” Actron AG. Actron, 2004. Web. 20 Jan. 2013.
“TIME Mobility Poll, in cooperation with Qualcomm.” Qualcomm. Qualcomm, 2012. Web. 18 Jul. 2012. Wesner, Gerhard. “From speedometers to modern instrument clusters.”Automotive Engineering International 113.10 (2005): 32.
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Campbell, John Lyle, C. Carney, and Barry H. Kantowitz. “Human factors design guidelines for advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) and commercial vehicle operations (CVO).” No. FHWARD-98-057,. 1998. “Main Campus, Ahmedabad.” National Institute of Design. NID, 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. “Profile.” Visteon Corporation. Visteon, 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. “Innovate.” Visteon Corporation. Visteon, 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2013.
“Product News.” Varitronix. Varitronix, 2012. Web. 20 Jul. 2012. “LCD Design Guide.” AV Display (North America) Limited. AV-LCD, 2007. Web. 20 Jul. 2012.. “Motorcycle ergonomics simulator.” Cycle-Ergo. CycleErgo,2012. Web. 7 Jul. 2012.
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glossary List of abbreviations 2W CEO COB COG CAD CES DSIR DTE DSTN DI ESTN ETN FSTN GPS
Two Wheeler Chief Executive Officer Chip On Board Chip on Glass Computer-Aided Design Consumer Electronics Show Department of Scientific & Industrial Research Distance To Empty Double Super Twisted Nematic Driver Information Enhanced Super Twisted Nematic Enhanced Twisted Nematic Film compensated Super Twisted Nematic Global Positioning System
HVAC Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning HDTV High-Definition Television IBN Improved Black Nematic ISTN Improved Super Twisted Nematic IP Ingress protection IC Integrated Circuit LCD Liquid Crystal Display MP3 Moving Picture Experts Group Layer-3 Audio NID National Institute of Design NFC Near Field Communication OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer POI Point OF Interest PG Post-Graduate PCB Printed Circuit Board
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QFP Quad Flat Package R&D Research & Development RPM Revolutions Per Minute STN Super Twisted Nematic SMT Surface Mount Technology TAB Tape Automated Bonding TCP Tape Carrier Package TFT Thin Film Transistor TN Twisted Nematic UG Under-Graduate USB Universal Serial Bus VECI Visteon Engineering Center, India
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image credits Figure 2
<https://dschool.stanford.edu/groups/k12/wiki/17cff/>
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Figure 4
<http://www.otoriders.com/2011-honda-cbr250r-sportbike-topspeed/>, <http://auto.indiamart.com/autoblog/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ KTM-200-Duke.jpg>, <http://mypulsar.com/images/p200ns_pulsar-landing-page.png>, <http://www.2ri.de/Images/Main/0/Kawasaki_Ninja_250R_2012.jpg>, <http://images03.olx.in/>, <http://automotobounce.com/Bajaj/Bajaj-avenger-220.html>
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Figure 11
<http://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/MICRO/fma/pdf/LCD_ Backgrounder.pdf>
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Figure 16
<http://earth.imagico.de/views/india2_large.jpg>
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Figure 36
<http://world.honda.com/CBR250R/chassis/page02.html>
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Figure 37
<http://www.everyspec.com/MIL-STD/MIL-STD-1400-1499/MIL-STD1472F_208/>
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Figure 38
<http://www.ergotron.com/Portals/0/literature/whitePapers/english/ Portable-Ergonomic-White-Paper.pdf>
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Figure 39
<http://www.everyspec.com/MIL-STD/MIL-STD-1400-1499/MIL-STD1472F_208/>
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Figure 42
<www.pinterest.com>,<www.flickr.com>
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Figure 89
Visteon Corporation, The Connected Cluster, Dec. 2012
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Figure 90
Visteon Corporation, The Connected Cluster, Dec. 2012
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Figure 99
<http://www.visteon.com/worldwide/locations.html>, <http://www.hvccglobal.com/english/index.asp>, <http://www.yf.sh.cn/about/about_3_yfmj_en.htm>
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Figure 100 <http://www.visteon.com/innovate/>
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Table 2
<http://www.ridermagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/01/2006Royal-Enfield-Bullet-500-ES-Electra-panel1.jpg> <http://images.motorcycle-usa.com/PhotoGallerys/Honda-750-F1--instruments.jpg> <http://0.tqn.com/d/motorcycles/1/0/N/Z/0/-/12-Honda-CBR1000RRInstruments.jpg> <http://image.sportrider.om/f/35743890/146_1103_04_z+2011_ kawasaki_ninja_1000+LCD_instrument_panel.jpg>
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Table 3
<http://www.displaytech-us.com/sites/all/themes/displaytech/images/ custom-lcd.jpg> <http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/aleksan/aleksan1106/ aleksan110600025/9975719-3d-dot-matrix-font-with-reflection.jpg> <http://www.wandisplay.com/upload/2009/12/12/ huh7rcihn57e61260604414.jpg>
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Table 4
<http://aopled.com/images/Ultra%20Thin%20SMT%20Display.jpg> <www.av-lcd.com/guide.php> <http://www.mikroe.com/img/development-tools/accessory-boards/ display/cog/gallery/cog_2x16_lcd02.jpg>
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Table 7
<http://www.nippon-seiki.co.jp/global/products/dsp_products_e/ passive_lcd/> <http://www.varitronix.com/product>
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Varun Prabhakar Product Design National Institute of Design (Ahmedabad, India) e-mail: varun.prabhakar07@gmail.com Mobile: +91-9823266331 +91-7567369818
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