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B . conponomp;aJJach samHhiMH H3MeHeHH.fiMH B

cor.r,HaJihHOH CTPYI<Type o6m.ecTBa. Tpap;HIJ;HOHHoe ,n;eJieane Ha COCJIOBHSI

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11,5

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1897

M JJJI ua-

r. pa60tJUH .Z(CHb COCTaB-

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f JJaSHbiM Mepv1nOM 3a>t:liiTO'-tHOCTiil B KpCCTbllHCKOiii CpeAe 6blll0 HallW·iliiC Onpe,l\CilCHHOrO KOilt.1YeCTSa CKOTa 6onee "leTbipex nowaAelil, cronbKO >t:e Kopoa

npe.nnpuRTH.HX .neiicTBosana APAl<OHOBCKaSI

30%

onn aa6upamt .no

cncTeMa wTpa¢on

aapnnaTht.

pa60lJIJX HP 6hiJIO 3JJCMCHT8pHbiX rpam,n8HCKUX npas, H 3TO

B ropoAaX

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B 1905

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3amUTOl£HbiX KpeCTbSIH

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HUM HpUMblK8.'H1 npnMCpHO

15%

(cepe.a.astKOB). Bo_rthWUBCTBO

KpecTb.HH cocTaBJISIJlU

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MJIB tJe.aoseK, s MocKBC -

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1893

r. OrpOMHOe 3H8'1e-

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r r _ cer b :lKefle3HbiX

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1897

r . no

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aaqa.ne

HHOCTp8HHhle HBBeCTJU~JfH B pocmniCKYIO 3KOHOMJIKy COCTaBJISIJIH ooqTIJ

40%

BCex K8UliT8JIOBJIOmeBHH.

Al<THBBOe IIp({BJieqeiJHe KHOCTpaHROI'O K8IIHTB.Jl8 He IIpHBeJTO K

C03A8HHIO HHOCTp8HHblX 30H BJIJUIHHSI, K

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1904 r . KOHTpO!lL!IpOBaJl C6biT 60%, 191 2 r . - oKono 80% Meran-

a e

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npOAYK~IIllll crpaH~. Kaprenb ~Ho6enb·Ma3yn• 6e3pa3·

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pacmHpRJIHCb

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B 1900 1903

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112

H aceneHII1e Pocclo11i!cKolil "1Mnep1.11-1

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0 noRsneHI!IIil s Pocclill!l

non~~~~

YeCKIIIX napTI!ILA Ill 06 I!IX OTHOW€rocyAapcrBeHHOLA BilaCTbiO.

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HE 4- 90

CHH

B HyrpeHHRfl noJW1T111Ka HliiKOJlafl II, fiBJlfiBWafiGl npfiMbiM npOAOJl:>KeHiileM npeAbiAyll.lero ~apCTBOBaHiilfl, He OTBeYaJla HaCTpO€HiilfiM 60JlbWIIIHCTBa 06ll.leCTBa, .>K,D,aBwero OT u,apfl pew111renbHbiX pecpopM. Onno3111U,1110HHble ~ap10 CIIIJlbl scran111 Ha nyrb opraHII13aU,II10HHoro ocpopMneHIIIfl nonii1TII1YecKII1X napr111~.

20 Ol~Tst6pS1 1894 r. yMep U:\1UepaTOp .A.1eKC8H,ZI;p III. Ha npecTOJJ scTynHJI em CbtH Hm<OJJaii IT. BcTynJieHue HmwJiast Ha npecToJI Bbi3BaJIO so.rmy omJ.tll8HI-m a o6m,ecTse. O.n;nu omimaJin OT aero npo.n;oJI~<eiuw pe<l>OpM .n;e.na IJ;apSJ-ocso6o.n;aTeJIH A.rteKcaH.n;pa II. OmJ Ha.n;eHJIH.Cb, tfTO HOBbJH HMnepaTOp B03bMeTCH 38 nepeyCT· poiicTBO noJIHTn'iecKoii cKcTeMhi Pocc11ncKo:H JfMrrepmL ,ApyrHe JKA8Jm OT Hero npO,U.OJimenHH Kypca OO"KOUHOI'O OT u.a rfMrrepaTopa ArreKcrumpa III. 9TOT BbJ6op 6hr.n aeJierKHM H .n;n.R ca.Moro MOJio.n;oro HMnepaTopa. OH noMnnJI, KaK Ha ero rna3ax yMupan pe<PopMaTop-.n;e.n.. lie 3a6htBaJI on u 3aBeTa csoero OTD;a: yKpenJIHTb ca.Mo.n.epmaBEIYJO sJiaCTb, .RB· JIHBlllYIOCH, llO ero MHeJJHIO, 38JIOrOM rrOJJHTU<JeCKOH CTa~ 6KJihBOCTH . B cBoe:H- rrepso.H ny6Jil!f'-IHOH petrH 17 nnsapn 1895 r. IlHKOJJaii:, Ka3aJIOCb, C.D;eJJaJJ Bbi6op: OH 3aHBHJl, 'lTO 6y,D,eT OXpaHJITb OCHOBW: CaMO,ZI;epJKaBH.R TBep.n;o H HeYJ~JIOH HO, KaK ero •He3a6BeHHbiU llOl<OUHhlii pD,ZI;HTeJib•.

IIIKonalit II (PoMaHOB HIIIKOJlalit AneKCatt,qpOBIII~)

1868-1918 , i-IMnepaTOp ( 1894-1917 ). • nocne ' orpe'ieHYifi · or npecrona · a 191 7. r. · HaXOL\I-IflCR no.t~ .,[IOMaUJHI-IM apeCTOM.; BMeCre ceMtklil 1.-1 np1-16fli1JKeHHblM~ 9 1918, r noCJleL\Hio1!i1 , POCCI-lHCKI'IIil

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nepsoottepe.n;HbiMn cttnTM

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cneu,na.n&HbiH CTPOH •. HeKoTop&Ie

pccpopM.bl OR C'tlliT8Jl He06XOJJ;HMWMH, HO npH 3TOM onacancn pocTa peaoJIJOU.I10BHhiX HBCTpoeHull, HAY· u'Hx c 3anMa. MuHucTp noJiaran, •ITO HHHunaTn aa 11 UOJlHhlH KOAT{>OJib 38 nepeMeHRMU B CTp8HC AOJl>f<Hbl npliHaJJ;)]e>f<RTb npasnTe.'IbCTBY.

nonJtTIJKa HuJ<onan CTBC.

Bblasana paaolfaposanHe s o6m.e-

ITepB&IMH B&rc·rynMna cTy.n;eiiTbi,

noTpe6osaBWite

BOCCTRHOBHTb yuusepCHTeTCKYIO 8"BTOHOMUIO.

B0306HOBH·

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1902

ncnhlxny;m KPCCThflHCKIIe

BOJlflCHiiR B JO>KH&Ix ry6epniutx Poccnu, r.n;e KpecTbHHe oco6euuo ocTpo CTpa.n;a.'In oT ManoaeMeJlbJL

O:lfutnnnuc&

HaUJlOH8JibRbie ,li;BM>KeHUH, TaK KaK MOAepHH38l.I,HR Tpe6oB8JH\ 60JTbllierO eAifH006p83UJI B 8A'HlHHCTpaTUBHOM, npaUOBOM H. COIJ,li8JihHOM YCTpOHCTBe CTpaHW, BBCJJ;eHIUI 0611J.C!rO .R3biK8 11 06pa30B8Te."'bHblX CT8HJJ;apTOB . fnaBUYIO onaCHOCTb MIIOrne npCJJ.CT8BUTeJll1 BJT8CTii BM,LJ;C.,'lJ1 B napaCT8BWCM pa60tiCM .n:su>KeHaM. IllllfllJJ.hiiiii< MocKoBcKoro oxpaaaoro oT.a.eneHJHI uOJIKOIUUH<

C.B. 3y6amo6

poJTh pA6ol.Jee JJ;sumcu:ne u peaomotJ.HOHHblX

nonhtTancn B3JJTh nOA KOUT·

BblpBaTb ero u3·no.n; nnnsnrAJJ

opraHuaa.uHii. On

c<tnTaJI uco6xo.a.uMLtM

RHYHIIITb pa6ot.JIIM MhlCJlh, tiTO URTepeCht npaBUTeJibCTB8 uc conna.n:aJOT c ttHTPperaMn: 6ypmya3m1 11 l.JTO YJIY'-llliHTb CBOe M8TepH8.TibHOe nO.'IOiKeHiie pa60lfHe MOry'l' TOJlbKO npn no~tOUJ.U

rocy.n:apcTBA.

Ilpu no,LJ;.n;epmKe reaepa.n-ry6epnaTopa MocKBW aenu K01'<> KtHl3.R

CPpu>R A.rleKcaHopoeul{a n 1901- 1902 rr. a

Moci<Re, a aaTeM H s JJ;pyra.x ropo.n;ax 6&IJJJ1 C03,LJ;8Hhl ne ranhHhie pa6o•me opraHuaau.~m. Peno.'liOU.lfOHephi u JIII6e ptt!lbl pC3KO

OCY>f<A8~'1Il

3Tll opraBI138U,IIII 38 CB.R3h C 00.111·

I(Hei1. 3y68TOB8 OTnpann:mt B OTCT8BKY.

...... ....

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B MapTe 1898 r. B MHHCKe 6br.no npoBoarnameao coa.n;aaKe PocciriicKoH: con.Kan-.n;eMoKpaTK'IecKoH: pa6oqe:i1 napTHK (PC,L(PIT). II C'be3,!J, PC,L(PII rrpomen s Krone- asrycTe 1903 r. B Bp10ccene K Jioa.n;oHe. Ha HeM 6bJJIH rrpKHJITbl ycTa.a H nporpaMMa napTuH.

l lepBa.a '"IaCT.b nporpaMMhl (npo:rpB.MMa-MHHHMYM) Upe.o,yCMM'pHBaJta p em eHHe 38,lJ,8'I 6ypmya3Ho-.n;eMoKpaTIPieCKOH peBOJIIOU:Im: cBep»<eHHe caMo;z~;epmaBHH 11 y cTaaosJreHHe .o,eMORpaTHtiecKOH pecrry6JlHKH; sceo6~ee n 36HpaTe.nhnoe npa.ao H .n;eMoKpaTWlecKne cBo6o.nt.l; IITHpol<oe MeCTHoe ca.Moynpaanea He; rrpa.ao :aan.H"H aa caMoorrpe.n;enea He 11 Hx pasaonpa.an:e; B03Bp~eHHe K.peCT.bHHaM OTpe3KOB, OTMeHj' BhlKYDHhlX H 06· pO"tJHbi X UJiaTeJKeH, B03Bp~eH116 paHee BblllJiaT.JeHHhlX BbJ· KytlllhiX CYMM; BOCbMU~aCOIJOH 'paOOT.JUH .D.eHb, O'l'MeRy mTpl'upOB ll CBepxypO'IR.biX pa6o·r. BTOpaJI q aCTh (nporpa.MMa-MaK Cl1MyM) OpHeHTHpOBaJra Ita rro6e.zcy npoJieTapCKOR peBOJIIOU.HH, YCTaHOBJreHHe ,lJ,HKTaTyphl npoJIEITapHaTa, n epeXO)J, K CO~·UUIH3MY .

llpH o6cym.n;eHHH nporpaMM.bi H oco6eHRO ycTa.aa aaMeTHJIHCb cep.be3Hble pa3HOrJiaCHSI Me:>K,!J,Y ,!J,BYMSJ TeqeHHJl· MK pa,ZJ;RKaJibHhiM H pecpOpMa'I'OpCKKM, B03I'JI8BJISJeMhiMli cooTBeTCTBeHHO B.H. JleHUHbLM H IO.O. MapmoBbtM. Ha BhlOOpax B p)'KOBO,ZJ;SJIIJ.He opraHhl napTUH CTOpOHHHKH JleHHHa noJI~HJIH 6oJibiiiHHCTBo, K 3a HHMH 3aKpenHJIOCb Ha3B8HHe •60JibllleBHKH•. PC,IJ,PII 6hiJia no csoeMy cocTa.BY rrapTueii rrponeTapCKO-KHTeJIJIJi!TeRTCKOH, MHOrOH8IJ.HOH8JibHOH. B 1907 r. B HeR H8C'IHThiBaJIOCb H:e Meaee 150 TbiC. qJieHOB. eHHH (YnbSIHOB} BnaAHMHp &.1nbH~

1870-1924 nomni.1~ecKI-!111

111 rocy.o,apcreeHHbll-1 .o,eRrenb. PeeoniOl(IIIOHep, O.O.II1H 1113 ocHoeareJ'Ielil P(,(\Pn 0Aii1H 113 MIAepoa pe BOJliOU,IIIOHHOro .0,811.)1..eHVIR;, nerporpa.o,e B 1917 If npe.tJ.ce.ctarenb (OBeTCI HapOAHbiX KOMIKCapoe POCCIIII1 c 1917 r. VI CCCP c 1922 r.

n poB03ma01B

ce6R HaClleAHVIKaMVI

«HapO)J.HO~ BOJllt1», 3C€pbl Bb!Cryna mo~

liiHAiiiBIIIJJ.YanbH bl~ reppop.

6oesafl opraHit13aUit1fl 3Cepoe ocyll\ecmV1n a

HCCKOJlbKO r pOMKIIIX Teppo

p1t101t1YeCKit1X aKTOB.

B 1890-e rr. CT8JIH C03,lJ,;aB8ThCSJ rpyrrnhl COIJ,K8JIHCTOB·peBOJIIOD;HOHepO.B (acepos), KOTOphle o6'bRBKJIH ce6H npo.n;oJimaTenHMK peBOJIIOD;HOHHoro aapo.n;Hn'IeCTBa. B 1902 r. 6hlJIO npKHHTO pemea.He co3.n;aTb IIapT:nro cou,KaJIHCTOB·pesoJIIOIJ,.Hoaepos (IICP). l.I,CllTp8Jibiihrii KOMHTCT ITCP so3 rJiaBHJI B.M. flepnoe. rna.BHYJO 3a.n;aqy acepbr BH,ZJ;eJIH s rro.n;roTOBKe napo.o,a K peBOJIIOU;lUL 0HH C1UITaJIH, t£TO B JIHKBH.ZJ:8~HH Ca.MO.n;epmaBHR 38HBTepeCOB8Hbi BCe CJIOli HaCeJieHUSl, >KHBYIIJ.l1e co6cTBeHHbiM Tpy.n;oM: KpecTbSlHCTBo, nponeTapHaT H HH:TennHreau,.a.a:. 11X OHH 06'be,lJ,HH.R:JIH O,lJ,HHM IIOHSlTKeM «pa60"<UJi.1 Knacc•. PyccKyro 6ypmya3H.ID acepbi c<mTanH. peaK U.HOHHOH CHJIOM. 0Hl1 BbtcTyn:aJIH 38 CBepmeHlie CaMO.ZJ:epJKaBHSl H YCTaHOBJieHHe peJKHMa, KOTOpbiM onpe.n;eJl.R.JIR TepMHHOM «Hapo.n;osnacTHe». ITpasoM Ha ero nposoarJiameaHe o6na.n;ano TOJihKO Yl.lpe.n;HTeJibHoe co6paHHe. SceposcK.aSI nporpaMMa npe.zcycMaTpHsana cpe.n;epaTHBHhiH IIpHHU,HII ITOCTpOeHHH rocy.n;apCTBa.

Il;eHTpa.TibHOe MeCTO B rrporpaMMe TICP aaHHMan arpapHwii son poe. llapTHH swcTynana • aa cou,Hannaau,nJO BCeX tJ8CTHOBJia,tl;eJibtleCKUX 3eMeJib• (H3'b.RTJfe 3eMJI~l 113 'f.8CTHOli

C06CTBeHHOCTJ.I OT,D;eJibHbTX

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PHTOPHEIJibHbiX C01030B). H,o;po napTmi cocTaaJISIJIR yqnTensr, lfH>Keuepbt, al'poHOMbl,

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1905- 1907 ['['. 6hiJI8 50-65 TblC. tieJIOBeK.

..~ · BHyTpeHHSIR nOJIHTHKa KOJtasr

HM-

He OTBetJaJia eacTpoenHSIM JIH6epaJibHoii qacTn

pyccKoro o6ruecTsa.

1904 l'.

B fleTep6ypl'e COCTOSIJICSI HeneraJibHbiH

C'be3,D;, Ha KOTOPOM 6biJI8 38BepmeHa pa60T8 DO C03,D;8HHlO •Co10aa ocso6mK,o;eHHJU. ,D;syMSI ro,o;a~H paHee aa rpaHnu,eH: HatJan swxo,o;HTh mypaan •Ocso6om,o;eHHe•, o nepsoM HOMepe KOToporo ObiJlO noMe~eHo aananeuue • OT pyCCKHX KOHCT:UTYU.HOH8JIHCTOB •, H8111-iCaHHOC J.t('TOpHKOM

ll.H.

MuJZIOK06bt.M.

HeM co,o;epmaJIHCh Tpe6osaRnSI no-

JIHTntJeCKHX cso6o,o; H 6eccocnosHOl'O uapo,o;uoro npe,o;cTasnTeJibCToa •B OOCTOSIHHO ,o;eiiCTBYlOtUeM 1J e>Kei'O,D;HO C03hlB8eMOM BepXOBHOM yqpem,o;eBJfH C npaBOM BbiCIDeI'O KOHTPOJIH, 38KOHO,lJ;8TeJibCTB8 U yTsepm,o;eiiHS 6lO,o;meTth

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OceHhiO 1904

•Co10a ocso6om,o;eHJHU

paaaepnyn

KaMD8HlflO B treCTb np83,D;HOB8HUSI 40-neTHSI: Cy,ll;eOHOii peCpOpMbl. KaMnaHHH nonyqnna swpa3HTeJibHOe HaasaHHe •68HKeTH8SU

B pe'tlaX H TOCT8X 3BY'tf8JII1 npH3biBbl 38-

aepUIUTh pe<t>opMhl AneKCaH,o;pa

II u

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BJ.tHx H8p8CT8BWerO He,D;OBOJibCTB8 BllyTpCIIUeH H BUCWHeii OOJIUTUKOi{ rrpasnTeJibCTB8 napb H83H8~JiJl :-.IHHIICTPOM suyrpeuuux

,o;en

nu6ep8JlbHO aacTpoeHHOro KHH3H

epHOB

• • • 8.-tKTop M.-txalitnoB.-t'4 . 1873 1952 Pycct<l-1111 o6U(eCTB~HHbtlil 1-1 non~o~· TW-leCK~~~~ Ae~renb. np1-1HytMal1 yYa· ' p.-te B peBOl110l\lo10HHOM.ABio1)J(eHio11o1 s ,.HaYana 1~~0·lj: rr Op.~o~H 1-13 ocHoaatenelil oaP.TI-11-1 . cou~o~an~o~ · • :pesonK>u~o~oHepos M~o~HIIi'Clp BpeMeHHoro • npas111renbcrea e 1917 r. ( 1920 r. B 3MI-lrpaUio1111

II.fl.. CaR

monO-'IK MupcKolo. B HOR6pe 1904 r. OH spy•mn u,ap10 asmicKy, B KOTopoH rrepe'IHCJisrJI nepsooqepe,n.Hbie Mepbl B 06Jl8CTH l'OCy,n.apCTBCHHOrO nepeyCTpOIICTB8. roaopHJIOCb 0 BXOAe 8 COCT8B rocy,o;apCTBeHHOrO COBeTa Bbi60pHblX OT aeMCTB u ropo,o;cKnx ,nyM, pacmupeum-r Kpyra u36upaTenei1 8 3CMCT88, pacrrpOCTp8UCRHH 3eMCTB H8 BCIO TeppHTOpUlO HMnepJ-HI n .np. B ua•mne ,o;eKa6pSI 1904 r. HxKonali wux cauosHUKOB

,o;nsr

co6pa.n Bhlc-

o6CY*ACHIJH rrporpaMMbi CsSITO-

nonK-MupcKoro. HToroM cosenraHHSI CTaJI aMnepaTopcKnii YK83, 06CtU8BIDJfH HeKOTOpble llOC.'J86JieHUSI. 0,o;H8KO 0 HapO,D;HOM npe,D;CT8BIITeJibCTBe B YK83e He rOBOpUJIOCb IJU C-'IOB8. Bonce Toro, a HeM no,o;~epKHBanocb, 'tfTO ace pe<t>opMhi )J.OJI:>KHbl 6biTb OCyUJ,eCTBJleHbi opn COXp8HeHUU C8MO,nep)l{8BHS B 1IC3bl6JieMOM BI1)J.e.

OxapaKrep1113yi'lre 111-lYHbte 111 no· J1111TII1YCCKII1C B3rl1RAbl 111Mneparopa HII!KonaR II.

8 YeM Bbl BVI,UIIITC np~t~HUIIInlllaJlb · Hble pa3Jllo141!1R nOJli-1Tio14CCKI-1X npO· rpaMM C.IO. B111ne 1-1 B.K. nneee? KaKI-1e OCHOBHbte rpe6osaHI!1R 6bt · 111-1 sKJH04CHbt a nporpaMMbl PC.OPn 1-1 nCP? B YeM lo1X pa3J1111YI-1R? YeM pa3ni-1Yan~o~cb n031-1l\l-1111 peso· JliOL\IIIOHHbiX 111 111-16epa1lbHbiX Cl-111?

PYCCKO·RDOHCKAR BOHH 1904-1905 rr. 0 npiiiYIIIHax, xoAe 111 nocneA· CTBvH1X BOLiiHbl POCCV1111 C s:lnOHIIIelii B 1904-1905 rr.

nO'-teMy IIIMneparopa AneKCaHAP<J Ill Ha3biBaJ1L!1 t.~apeM - M111pOTBOpL\€M?

Bou Kpeiicepa (< BapJU »

27 RHBapfl B HeliiTpailbHOM KOpeiiiCKOM nopry 4eMyJ1bnO flnOHCKaR 3C· KaApa a cocraee 14 Kopa6neLii Hanana Ha Kpe~cep «BapRr» 111 KaHOHepcKyiO J'IOAKY «Kopeeu». 3aBfl3af1CR HepaeHbllil 6olit ClilflbHble npo6o111Hbl, HaYaBWIAiiKR no)l(ap noMewanlil <<BapRry» npo6V1TbCR e nopr-Apryp. He )l(enaR cnycrii!Tb 6oeeoLii cpnar nepe.n eparoM, pycCKIIJe MOPRKIII noron111m1 Kpeiitcep, a KaHOHepCKYIO JlOAKY B30peaf1V1. Fpynna .11tampocoe uJ IIopm· Apmypu

P yccKo-f!noHcKafl soli!Ha npoAeMOHCTplllposana Hecocrof!renbHOCTb BnaCTIII B BOeHHOiil Ill BHeWHenOfili1Tll14eCKOii1 ccpepax 111 crana OAHO!il 1113 npeAnOCblfiOK Ha3pesaHlllfl BHyTp111nOfili1Tll14eCKOrO Kpli13111Ca 8 CTpaHe. B uo~h Ha 27 ~Hsap~ 1904 r. , 6ea o6'hHBneuun so.Haw, ~noHCKI1e MJ.tHOHoc:o;hi 8TaKOB8..1Bf pyCCKYJO 3CK8,ll.py, CTOHBWYJO B8. BHeWHeM peii,ne IlopT·ApTypa . .HrroHCKJni rrnaa BOHHhl npe,ll,yCMaTp11BaJJ a KattecTse ocHoaao.H aa.n.a"'IH .no6nThCR rrpesocxo,ncTsa Ha Mope . Ee pe· llleHHe rapa.BTHposano ycnex orrepau,ni1 no BhlC8,ll,Ke ,ll,ecaHTa aa cyme 11 nocne,ll,yiO~eMy aaxsaTy TeppuTopnn MaHh~J mypHu, IlpnMopcKoro H YccypHiicKoro Kpaea. B cpeapane a IIopT·ApTyp np116wn HOBhlii KOM8.HAYID· ut;Hii T11xooKeaHCKHM (}>JIOTOM C.O. M a~eapoB, paasepays· nm..H aKTUBRbJe ooeBble ,neHCTBJUl. Ho 31 MapTa paawrpa· Jl8.Cb Tpare,ll,HH: B 6010 H8C.KO'lllJI Ba MHHY «f>narM8.BCKIIK 6poHeaoceu, «IleTponasnoscK~. BMecTe c a.nMnpaJJOM no· ru:onu secb ero mTa6 (29 oqmu;epos) H 652 MaTpoca.

B cpespaJJe 1904 r. 60-ThlC.fltJHa~ l·H HOOHCK8.R apMHR Bb1Ca,zJ.HJJ8Cb B Kopee li B Cepe,Z:U1He anpenH nepewJJa rprumu.y MaHhtJmypun. B HepasHOM 6010 y ropo,ZJ;a Twpenqena pyccKHe soiicKa noTeprremr no· pameHHe J.I OTCTYJIHJIIi K JlRO~HYB anpeJJe Ha JlHOAYHCKOM rronyocTpose, s ThiJIY ITopT· Ap·rypa, ,l(CCaHTHposanach 50-ThtCHttnaR 2-R HnoHcKafl. apMHSI. IlpoTHBBB.K aaxaaTHJl rropT ,lJ,anhfHfii, rrpespaTuB ero a nnal..l,AapM .nna onepa:uHii npoTHB IlopT·Apzypa. B aB· rycTe 1904 r. HIIOHCK.He BOHCK8 H8.HCCJJlf y.n:ap IIO IlopT·ApTypy, BO, BCTpeTHB ynopHOe COnpOTJ1B,1eHHC, npeKp8TI1JHJ ruTypM 11 nepernnn K oca,ne KperrocTI1. B asryCTe 1904 r. HIIOHCKHC apMH.H 8'l'tlKOB8Jlll pyc· CKHC II03H:UHH B paHOBe JlRO~Ba, HO B8.TOJIKHYJJHCb H8 COOpOTHBJICBHe pycC.KHX ,l(I18113HH U IIOHeCJIH orpOMHbie noTepH. O.nsarw KOM8HAYIDW,HH MaHhlJ»<ypc.Koi-i apMH· elf AH. KyponamKUJl oT.n:an npm<a3 o6 OTCTynJJeHifH aa cesep K MyK.neuy. B OKTH6pe 1904 r. na 6aJITHHCKoro nopTa Jlnoaaa Ha BbiP~I.KY llopT·ApTypy swmna 2-.a TnxooKeaHcKaH acKa.u.· pa DOA KOM8HAOBaHIICM 8.,ll,MHpana 3.fl. PO)I(eCm6eHCKOlO. Erx rrpe.n:cToHno o6orsyTh Ac})pHKY n rrpo6UTbC.fl K IIopT· ApTypy H,'UI Bna.n.nsocTOKY. B OTBeT ~OOB~hl 8.KTHBH3RpOB8.JIJif CBOH ,l(eACTBHR B paiioHe IIopT·ApTypa. repOH3M, MymeCTBO, ynopCTBO pyc· C.KUX 3f\~UTHUKOB Bbl3biBaJIH BOCXHW,CllHC ,ll,8:>KC y RllOH· o,es. B ,ll,eKa6pe norn6 HatJaJihHHK cyxonyTHoii: o6oponbl

KpenocTn, T8JI8HTJIHBbiU reHepM P .H. KoH iJpameHKO. KoMaa,nyrol.D;nii: aoi1:cKaMn reuepM A.l\1. Cmecce!lb C03BM CoseT o6opOHhl KperrocTH. BoJibW~1HCTBO "'IJieuos CoseTa Bhi CKaaaJIHCh aa npo.nonmeHue o6opouhl, HO 20 ,rteKa6pa CTeccenh ~ cnan KpenOCTb spary.

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HOCThiO YHWITO>KeHa.

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llpHBepmeHHOCTh HHKOJlaR K caMO,n;epmaBHOR <PopMe npaBJJCRK.fl, OTK83 O'l' ape,ZJ;OCTaBJJeBKSI H8CCJICHIUO IIOJJHTH'JeCKHX CB060,n;, KaTeropU'ICCKOe BClipKSITKC H,li;CH HapO,li;HOrO npe)J.CTaBJiTCJlbCTBa CT8Jll-l apH· 'IHHOH aapacTaiO~ero npOTHBOCTOSIHHSI 06~eCTBa H BJiaCTH. KpecTbstHe CTpa,n;runi OT MaJJ03eMeJJbst.. llpoH3BOJI xo3.Rea, HH3K8SI 3apa60THa.R IIJlaTa, IIJJOXOe M8TCpK8JlbHOC IIOJIOmeBHe Bhl3hlBaJIH B03MYID,CHHC pa60'l1IX. C R8'laJTOM PyccKo-snioacKOH aoiiBLr cuTyan,Kst a cTpaae o6ocTpKnacb. PeBOJIIOU.Hst. AOJJmaa 6biJia JJHKBB,ll;npoaaTh caMo,n;epmasabtii CTpOH, yCT8BOBRTb rrapJiaMeBTCKYIO cpopMy apaBJieRHSI, ape,li;OCTaBJiTb Hapo,n;y ,ZJ;eMOKpaT~eCKHe npaBa H CB060,Qbl, pemMTb H8II,HOH8JlbBhlH BODpOC, YHH'lTOmHTb rroMem;n"'lhe aeMneana,n;eaHe. B pemeauH aTn:x aa,n;a-q 6biJJH aaRHTepecoaaahl caMhle mMpoKue CJIOH aaceneaHst l<peCTbSIHC, pa60'tJHe, rrpe,n;rrpHHHMSTeJJH, HHTeJIJIHreHU,HSI. OaH npua.RJTH aKTKBHOe y-qacTae a peaomou.mx.

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1905

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1925

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r.) B

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B 1907

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1909

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XIX a.

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B 1908 1913

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1911

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Onbra 111 Tarb51Ha.

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22 MaH 1916

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1914 r. - -

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1915 r. CT8JIO

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1914 1916

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B TaKoif o6cTaHOBKe 6onhmesuKR c ux noHHTHbiMR, .n;oxo.D;t~HBbtMH noayaraMR anacTb CoaeTaM, Mlfp HapO.ll;8M, 3eMJIIO KpeCTbSJHaM, 3aBO.ll;b1 11 cpa6pHKI!l pa60\iHM - npH06peTaJIH BCe 60JibillYI0 llOITYJIHpHOCTh B MacC8X. Ps.D;bl naprnu cTpeMnTeJJbBO POCJIH. B ceHTH6pe 1917 r. npomnH ,n;oahi6opbi a lleTporpaJJ.CKHH CoseT. BonhmeanKH no.nyq»JIH a HeM 6onbmuacTBO. llpe,TJ;CeJJ.aTe.rreM McnoJJKoMa lleTporpaACKoro CoseTa 6b1JI H36paH JI .JZ. Tpo~~euu. 5 ceHTH6pH 6oJibUieBHKH no.nyqHJIU 6onbDHtHCTBO B MocKOBCKOM CoaeTe.

10 OKTn6pn Jleaua npoaen Taiiaoe aace,n.amte UK. 3a JICHUHCKyiO pe30JIIOU.UIO 0 BOOpymeHHOM BOCCTalHUf DpO!"'O· JIOCOBaJTM 10 113 12 npMCJ'TCTBOBaBlllHX. 12 OKTn6pn 19 1 7 r . npH ITeTPorpa.rtCKO:'d CoseTe 6hrJ1 coa,u.aH BoeHHo-pcaomou;JiORHhiil KOMlfTeT (BP K) - mTa6 flO IIO,IJ.l'OTOBKC BOCCT8HUSl. <P8KTUqecKUM pyKOBO,IJ.H· ~ Te.;zeM BPK cTa.1 JI./1,. T pouKHii. ..,. 24 OKTn6pn JH\ aace,&aa~ht BpeMeaaoro npaBnTeJihCTBa ObiJI noc1•asnea aonpoc o6 apecTe qneaoB BPK (em;e paHhrue 6hiJI n3.n.au npuKna o6 apecTe Jleaaaa). BonhiUt'Bl-IKti pacueannx aT~t MCpbl J<8K aaqan:o «KOHTppeBOJIIOUHOHHOrO 3~-. rQaopa•. B TOT 1Ke .neab aoopymeHHbie oTpn.nhl Kpacaotl raap,niiH H COJI,li;8T ileTpOrpa,a;a !i8'laJil1 38XB8TbiB8Tb ~''lOC: Tbl, IJO'lTy, TeJie.rpac}>, BOK3a.!IbT. K yTpy 25 OKTS16pn · ~-r:o: JHIU8, 38 lfCKJIIOqCHHCM 3HMHCrO )I.BOPU.8, 0Kfi38JI8Cb ' B pyKaJ< aoccTasmHx. BPK a o6pam.eanH •K' rpa)l<.n.iu~a~ Poccn~u o6onau:n o aanTtm anacTn. B 21 q 40' Mna ' no cHraa.ny c Kpef1cepa •Aspopa•. iia-q:a:ncn U,;TypM 3JiMaero ABopu.a. B HO'lb aa 26 OKTn6pn 3nMHin1. 6&rJI aannT CJ1J18MII BPK.

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12 aost6p.R 1917 r. cocTosnuc& Bhl6opbi a Y<ipeJI.HTeJibHOe co6paHHe. HaxoJI.HBmHeca y anacTH 6onbmesin<II ae non yt.tHJIH H "leTBep't'H I'OJIOCOB. 5 SIHBapsr 1918 r., B p;eHb OTKpbiTHSI 'Yt£pe)lHTeJlbHOrO co6paHHSI, B lleTporpRJI.e npomna ,u.eMOHCTpau,Hsr a ero aa~HTy, OPI'8HI-!30B8HH8SI acepaMU R MeHbilleBUK8MR. llo opJiKaJy BJiacTeH oaa 6btJia paccTpeJISIHa. Pa6oTa Y'I:Jpe,u.HTeJihHOro COfipaHH$1 OpOXOJI.RJI8 B H8llpH»<EiHHOff 8TMOCQlepe

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C OKORtJ8HIIeM rpam,naHcKoii soiiHhi 11 oco6eHHO noc.11e co6biTJiii s KpoHWTa)~Te 6o:IbiDeBHKll H81-JaJIH see 8KTUBnee KOHTpOJinposarb 1\Y:XORUYlO mi13Hb B CTpane. B KOHU,e aoryCT8 1922 r. COBeTCKOe npaBifTeJihCTBO BhlABOpnno ua cTpaHbl 160 RpynReiiumx ytiellhlX u <lmnoco(}los, rOp,ll.OCTb poCCHJ1CKOH H MnpOBOH H8YKH. B 1922 1. 6btJI yqpe)l<.AeH cnen,naJibHbrii u,f'naypHbJW KO!\mTeT rnaBJIJI'J', 06Jl38HHhlU ocym;eCTBJI$lTb KOHTpOJrb 38 scefr rretiaTHoii npo,nyKU,J.tel1, Aa6&r Ha ee cTpamn.(hi He npoco•mmrch Heyi'O,ZJ;Hble BJiaCTnM M8TepU8Jlbl. "Lfepe3 I'OA K r.rrasJlllTY npu6aar1JIC1f rmlspcnepTKOM, npH3B8HHbii1 KO!ITpOJilipOBHTb pencpTYliP TeaTpoa u Apyrux 3peJIH~bJX MeponpusrTufr. O,nHaKO ;~o 1925 r. KYJib1)-pa paaousanacb a ycJJOBnRx oTuocuTCJibnoii ,nyxosHOJl cso60Abl. BypH&Ie BHyTplmapTliltHhiC cnophl .'1ema.n.n Bblpa6oTaTb e.nuuyro .1nJUflO B o6.rtac-rn KYJI&Typ&I. C YKpen leHHeM noaHu,uii CTaJmHa napTnsr • noaopa•msacTCJI mrn.oM K KYJI&Type•. B 1925 r. 6biJia npHHJITa peaoJIJOU.IHJ U,K BKTI(6) •0 nomtTTJKe napTm1 B o6Jiacnt XYAOiKecTBf'HHoii JJnTepaTypbu. Hat.raJIOCb ynpaaAHeune xyAomec'l'BCHHoro pa3HOM.biCJIH.SJ. IIocJie 0KTJI6phCKoii peaonrou.nu PoeeniD DOKHHYJIO 60Jtee MlfJIJIHOHa rp8iK/\8H O(pliiJ.epbl, co.'I,n8Tht, npc,ncTaBMTenu scex cocJiosnii n npoq>eccnii. BoJihWUHCTBO a:vtHrpaHTOB 6brnn uacTpoeHhl no OTnouremtlO K COBeTCKOJf BJI8CTII Bpam,nc6HO H Cllll'l'8JIH PC rra,neHife Hena6e>KHbJM. llo 6biJII1 II Te, KTO 11118\Je CMOTPCJI H8 npOitcxo,lnBmec n CTpaHe. B HlOJie 1921 r. B llpare BbiUieJI c6opHHK cTaTeii •CMeHa sex•. J3 peBOJliOllllll, npiiHRBUIClt <f>OpMy pyCCKOI'O 6yHT8, 8BTOpb1 COOpllJIKH YBHHeJill f'JlYOOKUe KOpHn. Bo.1bUieBHK8M, C'IHTaJIU OHII, YJlHJIOCb sorHaTb auapxuJO s rocy,napcTSP.HHOe pyc.;:yo 11 ua1 tHTb aoccTauoBJJeHne pyccKoii .nepmasbl. PMn OCylli,C<."TBJICHIUJ ::ITOii 38)l8llH, nyCTb li p~ KHMU OoJibWeBHKOH, HI'OOXO;JJIMO npeKp8TUTb

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1918

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1921

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1922

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1922

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1925

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1933- 1937

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1937

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1928 r. -

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1935

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r . 6ecrrapnmHhiK

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o.D.o6puJI HfHHu,naTHBY TPY.D.H~nxc1u n yaeJIIflUiJI 11 HOpMbl Bbipa6oTKU B npOMbiOlJieHHOCTU Ba 15- 20 'o .

1935 r.

700

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~ep. B ,n;eKa6pc 1938 r. 6biJJO npnHHTO pemenue o aae.n.eTPY.li.OBhrx KHumeK. E~e a 1932- 1933 rr.

ropo,D.ax

pa6oqnx noce.nKax 6htJla sae)l;eaa nacnopTHaH cncTeMa. B COO'l'BCTCTBIIn c 38KOHOM 1931 r. OO'hCM co.U;Ifa-'IbllbiX 6nar CTllB11,'JCH B IIpHMYIO 38BHCBMOCTb OT HenpCpbiBHOCTH CT8>K8

H8 npe.n.npUHTlHI.

JJeHHO yson bHHJIH,

HeRBKY H8 pa60TY BliHOBHblX IlCMe)l;-

n n wanu npo)l;oBOJib-

CTBCIIHWX K8PTO'leK, BhtCeJISIJlH C 38HU!\faC:'.10J1 >KilJIUJ10~8)l;IJ. TeMnhi poeTa TH>KCJJOH npOMhlWJICllllOCTB B I'O,D.bl ncpnbiX ll.RTHJICTOl< 6b1Jll1 B 2 3 pu3a BhJ me,

tieM

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soiiHoii.

nepe)l;

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npOMblillJICHHOI'O

CTB8 CCCP

Ilepsoi1

a6coJIIOTllhlM

J<ORr~e 1930- x

npOI13BO)l; -

rr.

Yronb, MnH T

awmen

na BTOpoe MCCTO B Mltpe llOC-'IC ClliA.

4yryH,

CoKpaTttJIOCb OTCTaaasue oT pa3BIJTbiX K8llliT8JJHCTU~ICCKIIX

BO,D.CTBY

CTpaH UO npOH3-

npOMhiW JICHHOH

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npO)J.YKU.HU

Cpe,n;aero,n;oa&Ie

llOKU.JUnH'.1U

TC:\10bl pOCTa IIJ>OMhlWJICHHOrO npon:3-

npO.Ub/W. leUIWZO

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pa.JeumuJl

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npOI13BO)l;HT.b JJJOOOH BH,ll, npOMbiWJlCHHOH npO)J.YKU.HH H

06XOA.UThCH 6c3 11M!IOpTa C~ecTBCHHO llC06XO)l;HMbiX TOBapou. Co3JJ.aHHt..Ifl

OCbl It 3AAAHLtA: noYeMy 111HAyCTplllafiYI3al(lo1R 6bllla

1930-e rr. 3KOHOM11•teCKliH noTeHO.HM

003BOJIUJT HaK8HYHC H B J'O)l;bl BOfmLI p83BepByTb MUOI'OOTpacTJeBOH BOCRHO-npOMbiDlJTCHHbiH KOMnJieKC,

npO)l;YKO.HH

nepsooYepe,D.HoVI

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CCCP? B YeM

3aKlliOYaflliiCb oco6eHHOCTii1

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KOTOpOrO npeBOCXO,D.JJJill JlyqnJJfC MUpOBhle o6p83U,bJ. Jlo CK8'10JKo-

4ro raKoe craxaHOBCKoe ABIA>Ke Hii1e?

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KaKOBbl 6blfllr1 li1TOrlll IIIHAYCTPII1a -

HOrO CCKTOpa, CBCPXU.CHT}>aJIK38U,RJf 3KOROMifl:IeCKOH >Kli3-

nli13al(li1111? KaKOBbl orpiAL(arenbHble

HU,

npe,ll;CJibHOrO

orpaHn-qCHlUI

pbiHO~tH&Ix "exaR113MOB, sec

6onee

cq>ephl

)l;CSJTCJihHOCTH

mMpoKoro npJiMeaeBHSI

!\tep sue3KOHOMn'Iecxoro ITPHHY>KACHIISJ.

yepTbl Q>opc1o1posaHHO~ IAHAYCTpllla lliA 3a L(IA 111?

KOnnEKTHBH3AQMIR CEnbCKOfOX03RHCTBA

Bbl Y3HAETE: . j 0 HaCIIIJlbCTBeHHO~ KOJ1JleKT1118111-

3aU,II1111 cenbcKoro xo3R~crsa 1930-e rr. 111 ee noCJleACTBII1RX.

BCDOMHMTE: 0 KpeCTbflHCKOiil pecpopMe 186 1 r. 06 arpapHo~ pecpopMe n.A. CroYro raKoe npo.o.pa3sepaKa?

JlaBHOiiJ LJ,eJlbiO nOJ1111Tl.·1K111 CnJlOW HOiil KOJ1JleKTII181113aLJ,111111 6blflO co3,o,aH111e yCJlOB111iil Afls:l nepeKa4K111 cpe,o,crs 1113 ,o,epeBH111 Ha HY>K,D,bl 111HAYCTp111aflll!3aLJ,II1111. KonneKT111B1113al..l,lllfl npOBO,D,111J1aCb HaC111JlbCTBeHHbiMlll MepaMlll, conpoBO>K,D,aJ1aCb penpeCCIIIFIM111 B OTHOWeHl/1111 He TOJlbKO KyJ1aKOB, HO Ill cpe,o,Hero KpeCTbFIHCTBa. YcKopeaaaa HH~ycTpnarrn-

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~aB8JI8

npO,LJ;YKTbJ JUlTa.HHJI, HO H p8CCM8TpHBaiT8Cb K8K

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r. CTaJIHH o6~asnn o

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1930

K8K KJJ8CC8>>. BKII(6)

1929

nepeXO,D;e K

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1930

HOBhlX paHOHOB -

1932

HH)J{Hei1 H

Cpe.n;aei1: BonrM -

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1931

oceab

r., ,n.na ,n.pynix aep-

r. HJIH He IJ03me BeCHbi

r. ,n;na ocTa.TlbHhiX paii:oHOB cTpaHLI rrpe.n;nonaranocb

pennrTh 3a,o;aqy KOJIJieKTHBH38ll;l-rH B npe,D;e.llax IJHTH .IICT.

: PACKYflA41t18AHSo1E

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.n;epesae npoHcxo.n;H.IIH ,nsa saaHMO-

CB.R3a.HHh1X H8CHJibCTBeRBbTX npou.ecca: C03,D;8RHe KOJIX030B H

pacKynaqHsaaHe. KynaLJ;KHe xa3flHCTsa JIHKB11AHposanH

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Mwnunz

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X03JIHCTBa MaTepH8JlhllOH 6a30H. ,D;M.Hbi

1930

1929 r. ,11;0 cepe350 ThlC. KpecTbJl.H-

KOHn;a

r. 6biJIO paCKYJ18'"1eRO CBbJllie

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5- 7%

OT 'fHCJ18 KpeCTb-

HRCKHX ABOpOB . Ho MeCTHbie BJI8CTH IJO IJpHMepy nepBOH llSITHJieTl<.M CTapaJIMCb ee nepeBblllOJIHHTb. 3al:.laCTYJO B Ky.naJ<.Jot 38IIRChlB8JIH He TOJibKO cepe,l(RHI<OB, RO H yrO,D;HbiX ITO K8KHM·JI.I100

npHtiHli8M

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p8CKY.118tieHH b i X ,lJ;"OCTHraJIO

OTACJTI>Rhtx pauoHax 't'HCJlO

15- 20% .

PacKyJia"tJHBaHBe JIHUlliJIO ,n,epcaaro Ra116onee npe,n,npuUM'IUBbiX, HC38BHCUMblX KpecTb.HR. Hx cy)J,b6a ,noJVKua 6wJia llOCJIY>KUTb npUMCpo:\1: Te:\1, KTO HC >KeJI8Jl ,D,06poBOJrbHO

u,ATU B

Konxoa. Tex, Koro coti.Jm aau6onee

aKTI1BHbiMU •an-

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npusne':leHbi peryJISJPHore 'IaCTH KpacHoii apMIHJ. Ho '-ra~c Bcero KpeCTb11HC ITpl1MCHHJIH IT8CCI1BHbie c}>OpMbl ITpOTeCTa: OTK83bi88JII1Cb OT BCTYITJieHHSi B

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1930

r. CTanHay cTaJJO RCHO, 'ITO ycKopenrroe

C03.l(8HHe KOJIJICKTHBHblX X03R{icTB, naqaTOe ITO Cf'O 1Tpll3bi-

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aocnpnH.HMBTb

CTaJit1Ha

HaK

Bapo,n,aoro 3acTynJmKa. HaqaJica Maccoahdi Bbrxo,n, l{pecTbHH 113 KOJIX030B.

ceHTJJ6pe

1930

BKIT(6) Hanpanmr MeCTllhiM

napTHIIHblM opraHH38D;.IUlM DUCbMO, B KOTOpOM OCY.lVUl .HX naccl! aHoe noae.n.eHHe, 6oST3H.h • neper.u6os •

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1931

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75'}1,

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1934

T'. -

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1929 1934 f'f'. B8JIOBOe npOH3BO)J,CTBO 3epHa COKpaTHJIOCb na 10 % , noroJIOBbe Kpynuoro pora'I'Ol'O cKoTa a )lOID8.lJ.eH 38 1929- 1932 rr. COKp8THJIOCb na Tpe'l'b, CBUHeJ1 a 2 pa3a, ose:o. a 2,5 pa3a. T8M : 38

HcTpe6Jieune CKOTa, w,aro~HMCH

pa3opeHne Aepei:IHH

paCKyJI8'1liB8HHeM,

HenpeKpa-

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1932- 1933 rr. npH::vtCpHO 25 30

pa60Tbl KOJlX030B 1Tpl1BCJI11 B

K HeBM,0.8HHO-

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ero

paaa. KoJIJieKTHBH-

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1928

1939

12.4 F oJLocooau.u e o ocmynJLenuu 6

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L-13

100%

VI cny)l(aUJ,IIIe

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1930-x rr.

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1930-x

pa3. OnJiaTa Tpy.n;a KOJIX03J:tMKOB peryJIMponanach cH-

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(MTC),

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1935

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uapo.na•. O.n.uu ua nepsbiX y,napos np•uuencn no aoeuuon.'leHHhlM, ~HOrne 113 KOTOpbiX ITOCJIC OCB060>KJ].eHtUl U3 Q>awHCTCKOii ue8onn 6w.nH aanpas.,eHw s .~,arepH. J.laOII.(peHHhie MeTO)J.bl B03.ACHC'fBIHI nopOH Bbi3blB8JIIi Maccoswe npoTeCTbi aaK~'IIO'IeHHhlx. CaMw:\tu uJsecTnbiMn na unx 6bJJHt BbiCTymieHUH a Ile'-J.Ope (1948), Canexap.ne (1950), Kenn1pe (1952), 3KH6acTyae (1952), BopKyTe (1953) a IIopunbcKe (1953). OnacaHcb aoapocweti 8 xo.n.e 80Hllbi nonyn.RpuocTu so· eHHhrx, CTaJIHH caHKIJ.HOHHpoaan apecT p.R.ZJ.a cocnymHau.ea M8plll8Jl8 JKyKOB8. C8MOMY llOJIKOBO,li;U.Y 6WJI11 rrpe,u;'b· HBJieHbJ OfiB~HlPHH.R B CKOJI8'IHB8HMH rpynrrbl HeJl.OFIOJibHbiX reuepa.IJOB H oc}>Hu,epos, a ue6naro.napuocTn 11 ueyaameuKu

r.R.

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Boiiua npHBeJJ:a 1-1 K yaeJJ:Htte-

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C o3AaHHas:J s 1930-e rr. nOJl111TII1LtecKa51 ClltCTeMa M06111Jlll13aL.IIIIOHHOro T!llna no Mepe nocrpoeH11151 OCHOB 111HAYCTp111aJlbHOro o6w,ecraa y r pa'-tiiiBaJla CBOe 3Ha4eHII1e, CTaHOBIIIJlaCb He3cpcpeKTIIIBHOill . np111H51Tble 8 1953- 1964 rr. Mepbl no pecpopM111pOBaHII110 3TOill ClltCTeMbl 3Ha4111TeJlbHO o6HOBII1Jlll1 ee, HO He 1113MeHII1Jl111 ee CYW,HOCTb. CMEPTb CTAJll!tHA lll 60Pb6A 3A BflACTb Co cMepThJO CnuntHa 5 MapTa 1953 r. 38.KOHt:IHJiaCh u;eJiaH anoxa s )I<Jf3HH cTpaHbL Bopb6a 38 BJiaCTb cpet~;H ero npeeMHHKOB t~;o secHbi 1958 r. n pomna '!epe3 aecKOJihKO 3T8rros. Ha nepsoM 3Tarre (MapT- HJOHb 1953 r.) KJIIOt:~esble no3HD;HH B pyKOBOtl;CTBe CTpaHbl 38HHJIH HOBbiH npet~;Ce,AaTeJib CoBMHHa MaJl.eliiWB li JI. Bepu.R., H83H8t:leHHbiH rJiaBOH 06'bet~;uaeaaoro MB.ZJ;. HatJaJiacb nepsa.H K8MnaHHJI no ocymt~;eHHIO KYJibTa JIKtiHOCTH, HMJI CTaJIHHa peme CTaJIO YITOMHH8TbC.H B neqaTH, npeKp8THJIC.H BbiilyCK ero C06paHH.H cot:~HHean:H. KB.K BepnJI, TaK H MaJieHKOB BhlCKa3hlsaJIHCb 38 nepet~;8'1y BJI8CTHhlX l10JIHOMO'IHH OT l18PTHHHhlX K cooTseT CTBYJO~HM rocyt~;apcTseHHbiM opraHaM. Ha'taJiacb peopraHH38D;H.H MB,D:. BbiJia nposet~;eHa aMHHCTH.H 38KJIJOqeHHhiX, oxsaTHBmasr OKOJIO 1,2 MJIH qeJioseK . HaMet.raJIRCh Mepbl ITO KOppeKTHpOBKe H~HOHaJibHOH l10JIHTHKH. Ot~;HaKo rr8pTannapaT cTpeMHJICa coxpaHHTh csoe rnaseacTsyroJ.:qee noJiomeaHe. H . Xp~es, 38HHMasmH:H s aoBOM pyKosot~;cTse nocT ceKpeTapJI IJ;K KITCC (see ocTanbHhle uacJiet~;HHKH CTaJIHHa HMeJIH rocyt~;apcTseHHhle nocTbi), B03f'JI8BHJI 3arosop c n;eJibJO OTCTpaneltH.st BepHH oT sJiaCTH. BepnJI 6biJI apecToBaH. C JieTa 1953 r. no Q.JespaJib 1955 r. 6opb68 38 snacTb BCTynHJI8 so BTopo:H 3Tan. H8 sepmHHe BJI8CTR OK838JIHCh r . MaJieHKOB H H. Xpy~es (H36paam.rif B ceHTJI6pe 1953 r. ilepBbiM CeKpeTapeM IJ;K, HO f'OCyt~;apCTBeHHbiX l10CTOB no-npemHeMy He 38HHM8BlliHH). 3TOT nepHOtl; xapaKTepH30B8JICJI aeyKJIOHHblM ycHJieaHeM no3Hn;Hii: Xpym;eaa H ocJia6JieHHeM poJIH MaJieHKosa. B qleBpaJie 1955 r. MaJieaKOB 6biJI CHSJT C llOCT8 I'JI8Bbl npaBHTeJibCTBa (ero 38HJIJI H . ByJir8HHH) H Ha3Hat:~eH MHHHCTpoM 3JieKTpocTaHD;HR. Ha TpeTbeM 3Tane (c Q.Jespan.H 1955 r. no MapT 1958 r.) Xpyru;eny npHmnoch yme c no3HD;HH CHJihl BeCTH 6opb6y 3a BJiaCTb c «o6~et~;HHeHHOH onno3H~He:H~ a JIH~e M8JieHKoaa, MonoTosa, KaraHosHqa H t~;p. JleTOM 1957 r. Ha nJieHyMe IJ;K onno3HU.Hoaephr 6hiJIH OO'b.HBJieabr aHTHnapTHHHOH rpynnoii: M OTllpaBJieHbl B OTCTaBKY. B OKTJI6pe 1957 r. 6biJI JIHIIIeH CBOHX UOCTOB MHHHCTp o6opOHbi MapmaJI r.K . .JKyKOB, B03pacTaBrnero BJIH.HHH.H KOToporo see 6onee on8canc.H Xpym;es. B M8pTe 1958 r. npH cpopMHpOB8HHH HOBOI'O COCTasa npaBRTeJibCTB8 C l10CT8

pyw,es

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B c}>espane 1956 r. npowen ottepeAaoi-1, XX C'be3A KIICC. BamHeJIWHM aorrpocoM CTMO ocym,n;emre KYJ1bT8 JJHtmOCTU Cnunma. AMHUCTHH OT 27 MapTa 1953 r . ocao60AHJJa 1,2 MJlH 'IenoseK. BwJlO npel<pa~eno •.U.CJIO spaqea•. B 1954 r. pea6umrrnpoaaiJhi mepTBhl uJea~mrpM ct<oro ,n;ena•, s HOfl6pe 1955 r. - EapeikKoro aHTm}>amncTcKoro KOMHTeTa. BbiJJu ocso6mKAeHhl n pea6nnnTuposaahx apecTOB8HHbiC OOCJIC BOJmbl BoeuaqaJibHHKH, OOJJO)I(CIIO Ha· tf8Jl0 nepeCMOTpy OOJJJITHl.JeCKUX 06BUHeHJJij 1930-x rr.

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tJIIJI AaJ1bHefrwee paasHTHe noc.rte

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BwJin pacrunpeHbi npasa coi03RhiX pecny6JIHK s 3KOHoB HHsape 1957 r. BepxosHbtii CoseT CCCP aoccTaHOBJUI HaunoHaJibHYIO rocy,ll;apCTsen nocTb 68JJKApCKOrO, HHryUICKOrO, KAJtMblU,KOrO, KAp8ll8CBCKOrO, tte•reHCKOrO napo.D.OB. B 1957 r. Ralla:JaCh JJUKBit.D.aunH oTpac:teabrx MnHncTepcTB 11 C03,li;8Hl1.C II8 MCCTaX TeppUTOpH8JJhiiblX COBCTOB napo,ll;uoro xo;m iicTsa, liTO cnoco6cTsosaJJo yKpenJJClllllO noanu,nii MecTHoii noMeBKJraryphr. Tor,ll;a me 6hlJlO npHHRTO nocTanosJJemte I.I,K KITCC o6 yJJyqwemm ,li;C.RTCJihHocTH CoseTos. He MeH1U:I 11x no,ll;'nmeuaoro no OTHOUienniO K napTnH"HhrM opraHaM noJiomemtR, UK peKoMeH,ll;osaJJ MCHbillC OllCK8Th UX, pacmHpHTb npasa B X03HHCTBeHHOji ,neRTeJihHOCTH, oprnnHaaunu mmmn.vwro, KYJihTYPH0 -6hrTosoro, ,ll;Opomnoro CTPOHTCJJbCTsa. XXI c'hea.n; KllCC (aHsaph-cpespaJib 1959 r.) c,ll;eJJaJJ BbiBO,ll; 0 !lOmiOif lf OKOHtt8TCJJhHOj.i no6e,!J;e COU,J1aJI.J.:f3!'.18 B CCCP n o6'basu,, o Ha"laJie pa3sepayToro cTpouTeJJhCTsa K0:-.1MYHH3Ma. Ha XXII c'he3Ae (OKTR6pb 1961 r.) 6wJia npnHaTa n Hosasr nporpaMMa KITC'C. Ona .n;asaJJa TeOpeTnqecKoe 060CHOB8HHC U BAMe'llaJI8 KOHKpCTHhJC 3T81lbl noCTpOeH I1$J s CCCP KOMMyunaMa R 1980 r. BbiJilf npeAnJm HHTbi warn no nepecTpoaxe caMoH napTim. B Hoawii ycTas KllCC 6wJJu aseceuw nonmKennR o B03MO)KHOCTH BHyTpnnl\pTnitRblX ,ll,HCKYCCI-Ifl, nepl-lO,lJ,IJI.feCKOM 06HOBJlCHJHl napTIIiiHblX K8,!1;p0B B l~CHTpC U Ha MeCT8X, pacmnpeunn npas MCCTHhiX napTHiiHbiX OPI'8HOB, He,!:(OOYCTHMOCTH nO,ll;MeHbl 08pTBHHbiMU Opr8HII38U,UJI.Mlf roCYA8J>CTBCHUhlX opranoa u o6~ecTBeHHhiX q>op!'.IYiposamtii. Bbt, noA•tepKHYT nyHKT o BhiABJnKeHJnt pyKoso.nn~nx h.iUJ,J)OB UCK.'liO'UITC.'lhHO H8 OCHOBe UX ,ll;CJIOBbiX K8'li.CCTB. B 1962- 1964 rr. no pememtiO XXII C'bea.n.a KllCC se.'l8Ch pnapa6oTKa no sol! KoHCTHTyu,uu CCCP. 0Ha ,lJ,OJiif>H8 6bi:J8 38KpCill1Tb pH,!I; np11HU,JflliHlJJ bHO H:OBblX noJlO)KCHIIii: o nepepacTaHnn rocy,ll;apcTna AHKT8TYPhl npo.neTapnaTa s o6~cHapO,ll;HOe; o .nony~eHim Ha •nepcxo,ll;Hhlli nepliO,ll; K KOMMYHlf3MY• M(>JIKO~i l!ll,ll;HBH.llY8JibHOH COOCTBCHHOCTI1.; 0 Cy~eCTBCHHOM pacmupeHHJf npaB C0103HbiX pecny6nuK li AP· J1pOTJ1B pecpopM 8KTJIBH0 BblCTYII8JJ napT11jjHhlH annapaT. K HCMY npHMbiRa:llt npel{CTasuTeJIH rocannapaTa, B.,II$JHI1C KOTOpOrO OCJJa6.,0 C ynpa3,ll;HCHUeM OTp8CJJCBbiX ::-.nnwcTcpcTs. CepbC3Hoe UCJJOBOJJhCTao aua<~UTCJihHhJM coKpa~enueM ap:~um BhJCK83hlBaJJu noeHHbte. Poe '10 paao<~a posaHue y l!HTCJJJJI1I"CHU,IUI, ne npnHrtM88WCH •Jl03llpOB8HHOii JJ;CMOKp8TIIU ~>. Bee 3TO B HTOfe npHBC.10 K TOMy, 'ITO 8 OKTst6pe 1964 r. Xpyu~es 6hl.'l OTCTpaHeH oT pyKoso.ncTaa napTneil u cTpaHoii 11 OTnpaBJJCU H8 neHClUO. IJcpBbiM CCKpeTapeM ~K KllCC (c 1966 r. feHepaJibHbiM ceKpeTapeM) 6bl:'I H36paH J/.11. Epe.JIOU'B, ITpe.n;ce.n.aTe.TieM CoseTa MnnucTpoa CCCP cTa.rt AH. Kocvuu If. Mn~tecKoi1 u npasosoii ccpepax.

,iiAnn.,..., 9 "

BOnPOCbl H 3AAAHHR: OueH~;~Te

OKpy>KeH~t~lll

pacCTaHOBKY c~;~n a Cran~t~Ha nocne era

CMepTIII. KaK~t~e

anbrepHaT~t~Bbl

OTKpbiBafliKb nepeA Mapre 1953 r.?

pa3BII1TI;IR CTpaHOiil B

noYeMy ManeHKOB ...., Xpy~ee COCPCAOTOYVI/1111 rnaBHbiC yCII1J1111R Ha Kpi!ITII1Ke KYilbTa MIYHOCTII1 CranVIHa? KaKoe 3HaYCHII1e ~t~MCI1111 X~ cbe3A Knee 111 pa3o6naYeHVIe Ha HeM KYJlbTa ni!IYHOCTVI' KaKIIIe 1113MeHeH~t~R e naprVIiiiHoiil >KV13HIII, rocyAapcraeHHOM crpo~t~ renbCTBe npoV13ownvt s nepi!IOA npasneHV1R Xpy~esa? Ka1<111e npvtMepbl CBI!IAerenbcTBYIOT 0 HenOCJlCAOBaTCJlbHOCTI!I VI orpaHVI~CHHOCTVI nOJlliiT~4CCKI!IX npeo6pa30BaHIIIi:1, Ha~aTbiX Xpy~eBbiM? 4eM MO.>KHO 06bSlCHII1Tb np111YI!IHb1 6b1CTporo Ill 6e36oJle3HeHHOro OTCTpaHeHIIIR Xpy~eBa OT BJlaCTIII B OKTSl6pe 1964 r.?

3KO OMHKA CCCP B 1953-1964 rr. 0

pecj)OpMV1pOBaHI·1111 3KOHOMV1Ye -

CKOiii CV1aeMbl s cepe.Q111He HaYane

1960-x

1950-x -

rr.

pa3BII1TiiH1 npOMbiWJ1eHHOCH1,

CeJlbCKOrO X03HiiiCTBa V1 CO~IIIaJlbHOiii nonii1TII1KII1 s

B PYKOBOACTBe

crpaHoill

see OTYeTnv18ee CTaHOBII1110Cb

nOHII1MaHII1e He06XOA111MOCTII1 pecpOpMi11pOBaHII1rl 3KOHOMII1Kll1 C 111CnOI1b30BaHII1eM M€TOAOB 3KOHOMII1YeCKOrO CTII1Myl1111pOBaHll151.

CCCP. 3KOHOMII14ECKII1&i! KYPC MAllEHKOBA

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aa <JKOHOMH"tJecKHe ,n;HcKyccHH s pyKoso,n;cTse paaropeJIHCh

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Ore-

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r . MaJieHKOB.

OH npe,D.JIO)KHJI nepeHeCTH

:u;eaTp T.HjKeCTH Ha pa3BHTHe Jiei'KOH H mnll,eBOH npOMhiiDJieHHOCTH, a TaKme ceJibCKoro x03.HHCTBa. TaKoii no,n;xo,n;, no

ilJtaKambt 1950 I960·x u.

MHea1uo ManeHKOBa,

6brJI

cnoco6ea

o6ecne'lKTb

,n;sa - TpH ro,n;a 3H8'lHTeJibHoe ynyttmeHRe caa6meHH.H aaceJieHM.H TOBapaMiiJ nepBOH He06XO,ll.HMOCTH. fJia.BHbiMH 38,li;8"18MH B 06JiaCTH CeJihCKOI'O X03.HHCTB8 OH H83biBa.JI OOBhlmeHHe ypomaHHOCTlf H

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PeopraHH3an;HH no,D.nemana H

c¢epa

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06ecne"ll1Th

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Oa BhlABHHYn

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JIHHHhiX H 38JiemHhiX 3eMeJih. B

1954

r. Haqa.rroch ocsoeawe :u;eJIHHhl . PemeHHeM ll,K

a KaaaxcTaH H 3ana,n;HYJO CH6Hph 6hlJUJ aanpa.BJieHhl CBhlme

ThiC. napTHMHhiX pa60THHKOB H 6oJiee

120

ThJC. Cne-

IJ;H8JlHCTOB CeJihCKOI'O X03Rf1CTB8. 3a nepshle DRTh JieT 6Jiaro,n;apR Tpy,n;OBOMy repOl1:3MY COBeTCK.11X JIIO,D.eH 6blJ'I0 OCBOeHO

4.2

MJIH ra IJ;eJIHRllblX 11 38JiemHhlX JeMeJib.

HapHAY c 3THM 6hlJIR rroshlweahl 38KYIIO"IHhre :u;eahr aa CeJihCKOX03RHCTBeHHYJO rrpo,n;yKIJ;HIO, CUHC8Hbi ,ll.OJII'lf rrpoillJibiX JieT, B HeCKOJibKO pa3 yseJIH<reHhl I'OCy,n;apCTBeHHbie pacxo,n;hl aa COIJ,MaJibHoe pa3BHTHe ceJia.

O,n;HHM H3 Bam-

HbiX pemeHR~'r CTaJia OTMeHa HaJIOra Ha JIHl.JHOe DO,ll.C06Hoe xo3RHCTBO H pa3perneHHe yseJIHT.[HTb paaMephi caMoro xo3.HHCTsa B II..HTb pa3. ITo HHHn;HaTHBe Xpym;esa 6hrJI rrposoarnaweH 11 Ha~ran sHe,llJ).H'l'hCJJ rrpHHIJ,Hn rrnrurnpoaaHHJJ CHH3Y. KoJIX03hi rroJIY"'HJIH rrpaso BHOCHTh H3MeHeHHR B CBOH yCT8Bbl C yqe· TOM crre:u;Hqm:KH MeCTHhiX ycJiosRH. Bnepshle 6hlJJH sae.n;e Hhi IIeHCHH KOJIX03HHK8M.

11M

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1953-1958

rr.

HOiJ IIPO.llYKU.lfli COCT8BJtJI 34 .nym,n:-.1

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X0-

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speMeH nona. YcnexH sceJTHJIH

a XpyUJ,esa yscpeHHOCTb B cn:Jre a,n-

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• nepepO>KACHHih

B KyJia<tCCTBO. ,Ua lJ Y<'IIJICHUC

poJIH 3KOHOMU'l CCKJ1X cTnMynos o6'bcKTHBno oc;ra6JISIJIO UOTpe6HOC'rb B a,ll.MHHHCTp8THBHOM BMClll8TCJlbCTBC B ,li;CJTa

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06'b.RCH.ReT TOT cj:laKT,

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1959 r. naqanacb peopraanaatU-t.R M8IllHHHo-TpaKTop-

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(MTC).

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TCXH!IKH, 6hiJUf BbiHY>«JJ;CHbl BbiKYII8Th ee B TC'ICHJJe JIHllib O,li;HOI'O r·o.n;a, npH'ICM 38 BbiCOKYIO

ueny.

rocy;~apCTBO Ta-

KliM nyTEht cyMeJio aa o.u,na ro,~~; Ko:-.-rnencnpoaaTb no'ITH see CBOif paCXO.llbi npe/],blAY~HX JICT Ha p83BHT1H' CeJibCKOI'O X03RflCTBll. 0TprtU8TeJibHbiM llOC.JlC/],CTBliCM .ll8HUOI' O MepoH{)HSITIISI 6biJJa T8K>KC UOTCpSl K8,npOB MeX8HH38TOpOB, .D,O OToro cocpc.u,oToqeaa&rx B

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ropo,~~;ax.

HaqaJIOCb HOBOe HACTYIIJICHHe HA UO.D,C06IIbiC X03Sii1· cTsa. rocy.n;apcTBCHHWM opraHaM 6hJ.'lO .u,ano nop~ ••eHue aa

2- 3

I'OJJ;a CKYIHITb CKOT

y pa6oq~fX COBX030B

l1 P<'KOMeH.D,O-

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fiOUbJTIUJ peWHTb ee C UOMOIQbiO • I<yKypy3HOfl 3UOUCH• yCUCX8 TO)KC HC UpHHCCc1Ji. C 1955 ItO

1962

1'. UJJO·

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pa acpuoawx. Kpli3Hc ceJJhcKoro xoaHi-icT88 npnseJJ K nepBbiM 38 .U.OJJI'Jie I'O.LJ.hl M8CCOBblM 38KYUK8M 3CPHA 38 rpaHJ-J· U.Cif (nepoaH napniH COCT88HJia

9,4

MJIH T), CTE\BWHM 38TCM

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moHc

1962

r. pemeaueM npaanTeJJhCTBa 6btJJH +Bpc-

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0TKaa OT Kypca MaJJeHKOBa

npn8eJJ K. TOMY, l.JTO B H8'l8JTC 1960-x 1'1'. npOii380,llCT80 cpcJJ;CTB npouaso,ncTsa s

o6IQeM o6'heMe npo~hitu.'IeHHOi1

npO.LJ.Yl'-U,lfH COCTRBJIHJIO yme He 70'},

3anucKa KJ.A razapuna

(KAK B 1953 r.), a

75' r.,. KpeH 8 pa3saTnn H8POJJ:Horo xo3sliicT88 .nocTI1r onacHbiX npC,ll;CJIOB. fipOl13UO~CTBO npOMl>llliJICBIIOJt npOAYJtli,JIJf

8 1956-1960 rr.

1960

147,2 • 127,7 65,3 • 523,6

r arapHH tOpHiil AneKceeswf

1934-1968 Jlet<~l1

.:ocMoHast CCCP, repo111 Betc.:oro Co103a 1 2 anpenSJ 1961 r Ha 6opry Kopa6nSJ «BOCToK• coeepwan nepabl~ nonet e KOCMOC nor~6 s 1pe Hl1pOBO'IHOM noneTe B 1968 f.

0AHIIM Jf3 pbl~IarOB ycKOpeHJIH p83BliTI1H npOMbllUJleHHOCTH B,18CTU C'llfT8Jl11 H8)"lHO-TCXHlNCCK11lf nporpecc.

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soeuuo- upOMhllUJteHHO:-.t

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195 7 r. u CCCP 6w.'l oc~eCTB.'Iiht 3anycK ncpsoro s

Mllpe UCKYCCTBeHHOI'O CUYTHIIKR 3eM!lli. 12 arrpe.1H 1961 I'.

IO.A.

rarapaH OTKpbtJT t.fCJTOBCt.fCCTB}' .a;opory B KOCMOC. Pa-

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csoeii aJ<OHOMH-

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1957 r. BMCCTO oTpacnes&rx

Mn-

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60!IbHO Yll8PH.i10 no C,ll;UHOii TCXHUt.fCCKOii U

TCXHOJIOI'llt.fCCKOll liOJJIITUKC, a CBR38HHbiM c

B HTOrC -

DO 38.U.YMK8M,

nay'lao-TexauqecKHM nporpeccoM.

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me peopraauaau.ru1 conposo>K.a;anacb 3Ha•mTC.1:bHbi!\1 ysenu'ICHHCM apMllll ynpasneau,es. TeM He Meaee B3RT&re

u.enoM noKBaaTPJm aKoHoMnt.f'ec-

Koro paasunm cTpattbJ s Ronne 1950·x -

naqaJie 1960-x rr.

003BOJJRJOT CllCJI8Tb Bh!BOA 0 38BCplUCIIllli K aTOM)' speMCHH nocTpoeHiiHf B

CCCP

ocnos HH,a;ycTp~tant.HOl'O o6~ccTBa •

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HecMoTpR aa

see

ua.a;cp>KKII H

npo6.'1eMhi, 3KOBOMn..lecKaR no:mTm{a Xpyl.[],esa Hocuna RPKO abtpameaHyiO cou,naJihHYlO uanpasneuuocTh.

Hoflhl(' ao.lta, nocmpOelll/bl('

B cepe-

.z:ume 1950-x rr. 6&r.1:a pa3pa6oTaaa nporpaMMa Mep, uau.e· .'ICHHblX Ha yny•rmeuue >KU3HJI aaceneau.R. PeryJI.Rpno no· BbiUJ8.1:TiCb OKJHlll.hl B

npOMhtmneuuocTu. Pocnn ,noxOAhl

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Bht.'I npnHHT aaKoB o neac.uHx ,a;nH pa6oqux li cny>Kall.(nx,

TIIIKY Xpyll.leBa. noKa>KLIITe ee nono·

110 KOTOp0!\1Y IIX pcl3Mep

yse.~'IHt.fliBE\JIC.R

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1:4J,t-Sjj@§l

C npuxo,n;oM r-c BJiaCTJ.i JI.M. Bpemuesa AJISI uapTHHHO·rocy.n;apcTneuuoro annapaTa uacTynHJI 30JioToti seK. B KaqecTse rJTasuoro noayura 6LIJia BhlABI1HyTa u,n;eSI •CT86UJibHOCTJi Ka;~pOB•, qTo B 60JThlliHHCTBe CJIY<J8eB 03H8· <ra.no nomnaueuuocTb HOMenKJiaTypnblx nocTos, seJro K 6eauaKa3auuocTu pyKoso,n;HTeJreii, Koppyrru,Jf n . 06·bCKTII suo 3TO BeJIO K KOHCepsaD,Ulf, Hei13MeHilOCTI1 pemHMa. "Yme nepBbiC pernemur soasp~a.n:n K rrpemunM, npH· sw<!Hbl:-vt CTPYKTypaM ynpasneuuSI. BhJJHI ynpa3,n;HeHbJ cosuapxoahJ a BOCC'l'OHOBJTCHhl oTpacJieBbiC MI:IUHcTepcTBa. Mx KOJUI'-ICCTBO c Kam,nbiM ro,n;oM poc.rJO. Ha ax co,nepmauue e)Kero.n;uo 38Tp81.!~1BRJT0Cb AO 40 :-vt.1p,n; py6JieH. •CTa6JiJihHOCTM o6epny;tacb u cTapenneM KBAPOB. K 1982 r. cpe,~ nnii soapacT BhiCillero pyKOBOACTBa nepemarayJI 70-JTCTHHii py6em. BhiJI Y38KOHeH KOHTPOJih co CTOPOHhl napTHHHoro annapa-ra HSA sceMH cTopouaMH mu3JHt o6r.qccTsa. BhiJili oT· MeHeHbl BCC HOB8U,Illl B napTiiHHOH >KH3HH, npHHHTbl e npu Xpyr.qese, OTMeHeu npa:nu,nn peryJISipsoro o6uoB.TieHUSI napntifuoii uoMeHKJiaTyphi. B "YcTase KIICC, npHHHTOM Ha XXI\! c'hea.ne napTifH (197 1), 6hiJIO 3aKpenJ"'eHo npaso KOllTpOJI.H 38 .!(CHT('JibHOCThiO 8,ll;MHHUCTp8Il,HH B IIHM, y<re6nhrx 3ase,neHHSIX, y<rpem.neHHSIX KYJihTYPhi H a,o.paso· OXpaneHH.H . "Y<'HJIIIB8JICSI napTHHHbiH KOHTpOJih 38 ,ll;C.HTCJlh· HOCThiO annapaTa rocy,o.apcTsenuhrx oprauoa. KoHCTiiTyu,nH CCCP 1977 r . aaJ<pennJia pyKOBOAH~YJO n nanpa.B""'SI10Iqy10 po..-rb KIICC B o6r.qeCTBC, orrpe.nemiB ee B J<8l.(CCTBe U!.,ll;pa UOJIIlTill.(eCJ<Oii CHCTeMhlt. Ba»<ueihnne AJIH CTpaubl pemeHH.ff no·npemneMy npuHuM8JilfCh yaKnM KpyroM JTHIJ,. Ilo.n JI03YJirOM •6oph6hr 38 e.nuuCTBO naj)THH» OTBepr8J18Ch JII068H TO~I K8 3PCHHH, HC COBnaA8Blli8Sl c (< reuepaJibHOH JlllHHeH. >), csepThiBaJiaCb KpHTiiK8. .1J:JI.ff MaTepHaJI&Horo o6ecneqernrSI annapaTa 6wna ycoacpllleHcTsosaua ClfCTeMa JlhroT u npHBHJiern:H. BecKOHTPOJibHOCTb seJia K paanomenJIIO qacTu napTnfmo-rocy,n;apCTBennoro annapaTa. Ilaqanocb cpamusauue ero OTACJibHbiX KOppyMnHpOBaHHblX rpynn C ••reuesoft :lKOHOMHKOH ». BoccTaHOBHB rocno,ncTsyJO~He noano.an, napTannapaT OTK83aJICK OT HeHy>KHOll H OIT8CHOJI ,LI.JISI Hero Kpl1THK11 KYJihTa JUPIHOCTII. JlnHHH XX C'hea.na na paase~IaHHe CTaJiuna ue TOJibKO ue coxpamurach ua rrpaKT»Ke, uo o ueii nepeCTSJIH yUOMHHa'rh H B napTHliHblX AOKyM:eHTSX.

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B 1969 r. esponeHCKHe rocyAapcTsa n CTPAHhl HATO noMepmamt npe.nnomeaHe cTpaH BapwascKoro 6noKa o uposc.ncmm o6~eesponeiicKoro CoselJ.\ruiHSI no 6eJonacaocTH n CO'l'PYAHHqecTBy s Espone. B asrycTe 1970 r. 6hiJJ no.nmtcaa COBCTCKO-Jana,n;norepMaHCKHH ,li.OI'OBOp, no KOTOpoMy Dpl13H8B8JIHCh OKOH"I8TeJJhHbiMH OOCJieBoeHHhiC rpaUHD;hl B Espone, 11 6b1JJ Ja<jJHKcaposaa OTK83 oT npaMeaeunSI CHJihl. B .neKa6pe Toro me roAa anaJioni'lfHhlii .norosop 6h1Jl 38KJJIO'IeH Mem.ny Cf>Pr H Ilonhlneii, a a AeKa6pe 1973 r. MemAY c:t>Pr H "l{exocnosat{ueii. B 1972 r. cocTosrnoch s3aHMnoe np.H3118HHe Pf H f,L(P. B Mae 1972 r., B XOAe nepsoro B KCTOpliH BH311T8 ope3U,I\CHTa ClllA (P. HuKcoaa) s MocKay, 6hiJJU no.nriHC8Hbl .norosophr o6 ocaosax B38UMOOTHomeauii .nsyx cTpaa, o6 orpaHWJeH:Ull CHCTeM npOTHBOpaKeTHOH 060pOHhJ U CTpaTeI'I1'lJeCKHX HRCTynaTeJJbHblX soopy:mennii. HapSIAY c no.nnHCB.HHhiM a 1973 r. (s xo.ne suan:Ta Bpe>t<aesa s CiliA) cornameHJ.teM o npe.noTapa~eauu SIAepaoii BOHUhi OHU SlBlfJJUCb OCHOBOH OOBOpOT8 OT KOHQ:>poHT8IJ:J.IH K pa3pSIAKe B OTHOWeHJiSlX BOCTOK - 3ana,n;.

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Coaeu~uJtue

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Bcmpe'ltt Jl.H. BprNHe6a u npe.'tfbl'p .MUJWCmpa JfuiJuu H JtiJUpl>l rauiJu

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flo OcpHI..I,l-18JlhHbi:'d ).laHHhiM, B HeH norn6JJH OKOJIO 14 ThiC. COBCTCJ<HX COJ1,l.l8'l', 6biJ1U paHeRbi 35 TblC., nponaJIH 6e3 aecTu tiJin nonaJiu a nnea 6oJiee 300. 06~ue noTepH acpranc1wro R8POA8 COCT8BHJIH OKOJlO 1 MJJH 'tfCJJOBCI<. Boiiaa ae TOJibKO o6omJiacb coaeTcKHM JJJOASJM noTepSIMlt .nccSITI<OB MII.'l.1IIap,noB py6.neif. Oaa aaal.JuTe.nLHO no,nopsaJia 88TOpnTeT CCCP B Mlipe, .noaepne coaeTcKoro o6~ecTna K BJ18CTIL HOBbiH BHTOK I'OHKU BOOpymeHHii OOCTaBHo~'l 3KOHOMliKy CTpaHbi B Kp8HHC TSIJKeJibiC YCJIOBUSI, ycKopna HapacTaaue CTPYl<TYPHoro KPli3ltCa.

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