Education in the 1960s By Valeria Tormo
Most of the 1960s were spent trying to fully integrate races into schools, especially with African Americans. Martin Luther King was an advocate during this time period who made many speeches dealing with the change and respect for the black community. Children were usually required to attend school until they reach the age of sixteen, and were used to “dropouts� from pregnancy, drugs or alcohol. Also, the average classroom was a teacher centered environment, where the teacher taught and then the students worked individually. Classes consisted of mostly white children until college, where girls were not expected to continue their education after receiving a high school diploma. African Americans continued to face prejudicial times, even with kids in school. For instance, Little Rock Nine was a group of African American students who enrolled in the high school of Little Rock, only to be prevented from entering. The senator decided to prevent the students from entering the racially segregated Arkansas. As a result, President Eisenhower of the United States sent federal troops to Little Rock to enforce the Supreme Court’s ruling.
Fashion The Extraordinary Movement Against the Orthodox By Alina Jimenez-Cala
The decade of the 60’s was an era where fashion flourished. This era was very important for women in fashion, because it allowed women to stand out and it was a different way for fighting for women's rights. Major fashion icons included Twiggy, Edie Sedgwick, Audrey Hepburn and The Supremes. These were iconic figures, who not only impacted the industry, but encouraged the young to wear more clothes, and express themselves through fashion.
Fashion also affected women, because how short a woman's skirt or dress was, defined their confidence. Therefore, the more short or against common rules the more a women was confident. This began the movement that women were not the common mother’s, but it gave women a new image.
This era is especially impactful, because it broke many fashion traditions and it mirrored many social movements during the era. One of the major changes was wearing a bikini, which was very revealing. They were designed to symbolize women’s liberation, and taking on the pressures of society. But this trends immediately become a popular thing to wear. Other trends that began in the 60’s but are still effectual today are skinny jeans, mini-skirts and mini dresses. Color were also very important, in the fashion industry, they gave common jobs and clothing more personality and expression. Women commonly wore earth tone colors during the hippie era.. Fashion was inspired by pop art and art movements throughout the era.
It is important to remember that during this time, women were begging to fight for equal rights as men. So clothes, colors, and liberation encouraged women, to stand up against men and take on ‘unordinary’ jobs for women.
THE 1960S VIEW OF
CLASSIC FILMS The 1960s were a revolutionary time for motion pictures, to the point where it is called the golden age of hollywood. By that time, all movies were in color and could be reached by most middle class americans. The movies released during this time were surprisingly similar to the ones released nowadays. Audrey Hepburn's role as Holly Golightly, the society girl searching for a wealthy man that ends up in love with a writer, continues to charm young generations and inspire visitors of New York City to enjoy their breakfast at Tiffany's on Fifth Avenue. Classic horrors such as Psycho are still played in cemeteries and, though the special effects are outdated and the movie is filled with cliches that it started itself, it continues to gather a cult following as the years pass and more generations are introduced to the terror of Alfred Hitchcock's imagination.
By: Maria Luiza Amoedo de Sa
Horrors and rom-coms weren't the only movies around back then. Most movies we all grew up to were released during that decade. The Jungle Book told the animated story of a human boy growing up deep in the jungle, and a new version of it is set to come out in 2016. Before Julie Andrews was an uptight grandmother queen alongside Anne Hathaway for the Disney movie, the Princess Diaries, she was a nanny with a spoonful of sugar in the 1964 film by Walt Disney himself, Mary Poppins. That wasn't her only big movie accomplishment in that decade, as the Sound of Music filled everyone's hearts in her role as Maria in the 1965 film, where she portrayed the governess to the Von Trapp Family singers. Movies of that time continue to entertain and inspire the minds of the watchers.
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Food in the 60’s By: Mia Murrieta Vatterodt
Much of the food that the American people ate in the 60’ s is similar or the same to the food the people of America eat nowadays. For example, one of the most common foods in the 60’ s is fast food. This includes fast food restaurants that mainly sell burgers, hot dogs, pizza, etc… McDonald’s and Burger King were one of the most common chain fast food restaurants that exist nowadays too.
Also, the 1960s had, which we still have today, similar food products sold at the supermarket. This includes Kellogg's pop tarts, SPAM, Chef Boyardee, YooHoo Chocolate Drink, Crush, Velveeta Cheese, Skippy Peanut Butter, Hi C Orange Juice, Campbell’s Soups, Jell-O, Fish sticks, etc… These foods all come from the same brands that they do today. Not to mention, during this time period in America, there were ration books. They were rarely needed, but some people, such as the lower class, used them to get food. Overall, some foods were similar to what we eat today, but most packaging of food was different from what it is today.
Culture Collective Views By: Cala Roitberg
The 60’s were a time where peace was wanted to be found. Nearly half of America’s population was under 18 years old, and everybody listened to the most famous band in the 60’s: the Beatles. They changed people’s lives through their music and views on life at the time. Even after the 60’s, their fame continued to greaten, and their fans increased every year. Not only did the Beatles’ music make a change, but so
did the new invention which was knows as colored television. Until the 1940’s, all television was in black and white. But, in the 60’s is when it became more famous, and more people thought of it as the great invention it was. When this began, many more movies and television shows were watched. For example, the most famous shows in the 60’s: Coronation Street, Sesame Street (for children), and many other news channels.
Sports In the 60’s By: Mia Murrieta Vatterodt There were many sports in the 60’s that are still played today. To start, one of the most popular sports during this time was football. When the American Football League played its first season, they had their first black pro football placekicker,Gene Mingo, who played for the Denver Broncos. Also, they had their first Hispanic pro football quarterback, Tom Flores, who played for the Oakland Raiders. This was one of the major sports in America during this time that stood out, being the most popular at the time. At this time it was not yet known that football was on its way to being the most popular sport played in America. All it needed was a name, apparently.
The Olympic Games was one of the most important sports competitions. Here, most of the medals in general, as well as most of the gold medals were won by the USSR, but The US also got quite a few medals.
Many other sports include baseball, basketball, cycling, field hockey, golf, horse racing, ice hockey, motor racing etc… Volleyball was another sport that became very popular around the late 60’s.
By: Valeria Tormo In 1963 and the years to follow, social influences changed popular music and gave birth to diversity that we continue to experience with music today. The escalation of the Vietnam War, the assassination of President Kennedy, and the progress of the Civil Rights Movement impacted American culture and music. Not to mention, the arrival of The Beatles occurred during a time called the “British Invasion.” Many British rock bands and pop artists found success in the United States and across the globe. The Beatles became extremely popular in 1964 after appearing on the Ed Sullivan Show and dominated worldwide charts. In addition, other groups such as The Rolling Stones, The Animals, The Who, and Herman’s Hermits became popular during the 1960s.
Furthermore, the “Motown Sound” and popular R&B music had major significance during the Civil Rights Movement and integration in American societies during the 1960s. Motown turned into a record label and consisted mainly of African American groups, singers, songwriters, and musical business. Two of the most influential group to come out were Smokey Robinson and the Miracles and Diana Ross and the Supremes. Other Motown and R&B artists during the 60s include the Temptations, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and The Marvelettes.
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The Way We Lived By: Mia Murrieta Vatterodt
It All Comes Down to Politics By Alina Jimenez-Cala During the 1960’s and today, politics have been very important for the country. This era begins with the running for president between John F Kennedy against Richard M. Nixon. On November 8, 1960, Kennedy wins the presidential elections. To become the youngest president ever elected, in the US. Kennedy promised that he would keep the US ahead of the Soviet Union, in the Space Race and cold war. Some of the major event that Kennedy participated in was the Cuban Missile Crisis, Bay of Pigs, Peace Corps and the Space Race. Sadly, Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963. He was killed by Lee Harvey Oswald, who was later killed by Jack Ruby. MAny believe that he was killed because, of the Bay of Pigs. In the Bay of Pigs, kennedy had strategized a plan to stop communism in Cuba, yet minutes before the attack on Cuba, he cancels the support for the rebels stationed on the island. Leaving all of the men on the island to die. Many conspiracy theories, say that what drove Lee Harvey Oswald to kill Kennedy was from the events in Cuba, meaning he opposed Kennedy's actions towards Cuba After Kennedy is killed, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson steps in to finish his term. Lyndon B Johnson is officially elected for president in 1964. Their he bases his actions, to help fight poverty. He was as a child, living in poverty, and heroically rose out of the ashes. When Johnson was elected over 20% of the population was poor. But after his great efforts it dropped about 10%.
He was able to achieve this by creating Great Society, which was his plan to fight poverty. He created the program head start which was a program that encouraged children to begin being educated before the age of 5, and this early education was paid by the government. Other programs he created were HUD (housing for the poor), Medicare & medicaid and Welfare. In 1968 Richard Nixon was elected as president. His first plan was Vietnamization, which was a plan to withdraw troops from Vietnam. Sadly, his supposed plan didn't come out as expected by the public. He starts another war in Cambodia. His efforts did not change anything, and if so made the war even worse. It didn't even lessen the war against North Vietnam, against Communism. This process of taking away troops lated from 1968-72. In Nixon’s elections he promised to stop the war and that is what mostly allowed him to become elected. But his ‘mottos’, were not reflected in his work. Later in his career, he was the first to resign from office. The 60’s and today president have had a huge impact on society, and the way that the county’s name is carried around the world. The 60’s was an important era for government politics.
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Law and Justice Making a Change By: Cala Roitberg
During the 1960’s, the Civil Rights Movement was bigger than ever, and made a huge change in the lives of many discriminated people. To fight, people had to take things to court. This is where all the very important cases in the 60’s flourished. For example, one case: the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson reinforced segregation. The court ruled that segregation was legal as long as “separate but equal” facilities were provided. Not only that, but the newest head of the NAACP legal section, Thurgood Marshall, had a strategy. This was based off of the fourteenth amendment: “equal protection of the laws”. This proved that his ultimate goal was for complete integration. So, he fought for the end of segregation. Another example of a case during the 60’s was Brown vs. the School board of Education. This is when a man named Mr. Brown fought the Topeka School Board of Education to integrate schools. His motive was his daughter who had to walk miles to get to school everyday because she had to go to an all-black school. The school board made the schools integrated because of this issue, and after this, many lives of children were made easier.
During the 1960s, African Americans did not enjoy the rights that they are now given. The civil rights movement was a movement whose goal was to guarantee equal rights and liberties for people of color. Before the movement begun, Jim Crow laws in the south legalized the segregation of those of different colors, always with the worst sides of things being given to African Americans.
Civil Rights the fight for equality By Maria Luiza Amoedo de Sa
The movement was led by various political activists, the best known one was probably Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King started SCLS, whose goal was free equality for African Americans. This was achieved through non-violent civil protests such as sit-ins, which is a form of protests where people would refuse to move until they were served. He believed in political disobedience and the integration of African Americans into white society.
Another leader of the civil rights movement was Malcolm X. Differing from Martin Luther King’s views, Malcolm X believed that Blacks and Whites should live separately and urged African Americans to separate from white society. He later changed his mind briefly before being assassinated.
Effects of the Civil Rights movement included the end of legal segregation, the opening of equal education and voting rights, the increased number of African Americans elected officials, the addition of the first African American to the supreme court. The movement also allowed thousands of African Americans to attend college and encouraged African Americans to enter professions such as law and medicine.
The Vietnam War By: Cala Roitberg The Vietnam war took place before, during and after the 60’s. It begun in 1955, and ended in 1975. The problem had sprouted from the Vietnamese and their new communist dictator, Ho Chi Minh. He was the new leader of the communist supporters, and with his rule, this want increased, and even people from the South, Democratic Vietnam, who were known as the Vietcong. When an attack on Tonkin happened, in 1964, the United States decided to get involved. In conclusion, as the United States became more involved in the Vietnam War, more riots and strikes arose. More dilemma’s flourished and caused problems in society. But, as Nixon took over presidency and Vietnamization began, these problems diminished. But, the loss of money the United States faced after this was very big, which made everything more difficult.
Many people in the United States were anti-war. This group was called the Doves. They were mostly democrats and young people. This group believed in the peaceful solution to the problem instead of war. They did not see a positive ending to the war.
The Hawks, on the other hand, were the pro-war group. These people were mainly older, white males, and middle class, and typically republicans. They believed america had both political and moral obligation to save Vietnam.
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The Gossip of the 1960’s By Maria Luiza Amoedo de Sa
Similar to today's current obsessions with all scandals involving our favorite celebrities, the people of the 1960s also marveled at the gossip occurring within the world of stardom. Gossip in that time did not flow as easily as it does nowadays, due to the lack of internet and social media, however, light is being shed on big issues to the day, as autobiographies are written and research is made on the old celebrities. The biggest scandal of the decade, has become a classic synonym for cheating and the face of the constant contest between the blonde movie star and the politically perfect brunnet. I am of course referring to the affair between the 35th president of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and the most illustrious movie star of all times, Marylin Monroe. While the affair was never actually confirmed, strong evidence proves that it truly occurred. Sources confirm that Marilyn called her personal assistant from the suite where the married president was staying. Other celebrities in that time had, of course, their fair share of gossip, including the marriage of Grace Kelly to the actual prince of Monaco, which lasted throughout the 1960’ s.
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Games/ Toys By: Mia Murrieta Vatterodt
There were many games/ board games introduced in the 1960’s. Some include, The Game of Life (1960), Battle Cry (1961), Chancellorsville (1961), D-Day (1961), Go- The International Travel Game (1961), Acquire (1962), Aggravation (1962), Rivers, Roads, and Rails (1969), Three Musketeers (1969), and so forth.
There are also some majorly significant game- related events in the 1960’s, for example, Parker Brothers in bought by General Mills in 1963. Also, Hassenfeld Brothers changes its name to Hasbro Industries and begins public trading on the American Stock Exchange (1968). Finally, Simulations Publications, Inc. was founded by James F. Dunnigan in 1969.
The 1960s was a golden era for games. Children had more of a variety of toys to choose from than other decades, and parents spent more money on them. Combine that with bigger families in general and that leads to a great amount of cash streaming into the toy industry. Toys like G.I. Joe, Twister and Operation can still be found on toy shelves around the world. All these toys came from the 60s.
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Green Eggs & Ham Review
By Valeria Tormo
Green Eggs and Ham, written by Dr. Seuss, has become one of the most famous children’s stories of all time. The story uses creative writing and detailed pictures to capture the mind of children wanting to read. In the story, Sam-I-Am insists that green eyes and ham is a treat is indeed a delectable snack to be savored everywhere and in every way. The novel also encourages children to read all by themselves, with simple words and illustrations that give clues to their meaning. The story continues to grow and be read by children today where it is enjoyed just as it was in the past. Green Eggs and Ham is a unforgettable story that will always show the great talent of Dr. Seuss, and has given children an open mind to new ideas.
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