Lahti University of Applied Sciences Instructions to Thesis Writers
Publication of Lahti University of Applied Sciences
CONTENTS PART I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
INTRODUCTION NATURE AND OBJECTIVES THE PROCESS REPORTING EVALUATION PUBLIC NATURE OF DOCUMENT, FUNDING AND COPYRIGHT ARCHIVING
PART II 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR THESES
INSTRUCTIONS FOR REPORTING OF THESES
OVERALL STRUCTURE TITLE PAGE ABSTRACT CONTENTS LANGUAGE AND STYLE WRITTEN FORMAT ILLUSTRATIONS HEADLINES REFERENCES TO SOURCES LIST OF SOURCES APPENDICES
SOURCES APPENDICES
PART I
1
GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR THESES
INTRODUCTION
Lahti University of Applied Sciences is a versatile institution of higher education which promotes development and internationalisation in its geographical area and operates in close co-operation with enterprises and working life. Lahti University of Applied Sciences provides education in the following fields of study: technology and communications, business administration, hospitality management, social and health care, culture, the humanities and teaching. The structure of studies leading to a polytechnic degree includes as one element a thesis primarily to be completed independently. These general instructions for theses may be supplemented by more specific instructions from the respective faculties.
2
NATURE AND OBJECTIVES
The theses included in a polytechnic degree programme carries 10 Finnish credits and are to be prepared as independent work. When approaching a thesis the student has the option of individual supervision and group supervision through seminar work. The aim of the thesis is that the student should learn about independent acquisition of knowledge and skill and their application to a problem area central to the field of study. The idea is to combine theory and practice and generate knowledge which is of use to the student and to working life. The thesis further serves to support the student’s development in oral, written and visual communication. At Lahti University of Applied Sciences a thesis may be either a cooperation project in several fields or focus on a single field (specialisation line or major subject). Theses are generally commissioned by working life or are research and development tasks of the Polytechnic. The thesis may take the form of a study, an application, an experiment, plan or development project. The end result will vary according to the field and the subject. The thesis is presented in written form even if it concerns a product of design or a product series, work of art, audiovisual product, exhibition, event or the like. A thesis covering an extensive area or which is otherwise particularly demanding in nature may be completed by two or more students as groupwork. When the thesis is in the nature of a joint effort the degree programme concerned will determine the independent contribution of each individual and evaluate it in the context of the entire outcome of the process.
3
THE PROCESS
Selecting the subject and method The selection of the subject may originate with the Lahti University of Applied Sciences, a commission from working life or the individual student’s own interest. When selecting subjects student would be well advised to consult theses completed in previous years. A good thesis subject * interests the student * originates from the needs of working life or the Polytechnic * considers the frame of reference of the professional field, its work tasks or development prospects * is useful and topical from the perspective of the professional field or the student’s own interest * takes the student’s capabilities into consideration
There must always be some purpose for a thesis, a task or objective, which constitute the research problems and questions. These duly direct the selection of a method and facilitate subsequent work. Methods should be used in a versatile manner and a comparison made between the advantages and drawbacks of alternatives.
Supervision The decisions regarding supervision and its arrangement rest with the respective degree programmes. Teachers of Finnish, English or other languages participate in supervision as agreed within the field of study.
Personal supervision is an indispensable part of the thesis process (see Appendix 1). A student may express a preference regarding the supervisor to be concerned with the scientific content of the thesis. Such a supervisor must be thoroughly familiar with the subject area of the thesis to be supervised. The content supervisor acts as the personal supervisor of the student doing the thesis and co-operates with others involved in the process. Co-operation on the supervision of the work is considerably wider if the thesis is a commissioned work. This requires consultations among those doing the thesis, the party commissioning the thesis and representatives of the educational institution. Representatives of working life will be involved in the supervision especially if the thesis is concerned with a project related to working life or a development task. A commissioned task completed in the form of a thesis must meet the requirements of the commissioning party, the student and the requirements set by the educational institution.
Seminar work Seminars form part of the thesis process, and are intended to direct the completion of the work. The idea behind the seminar is the notion of the public nature of conducting research or some other project. Seminars are arranged in keeping with the practice of the respective degree programmes at prearranged times. The schedule is announced in the relevant instructions and work plans. Each student takes part in 1 – 3 seminars; subject seminar, interim seminar and degree seminar. The individual working on a thesis presents the work for criticism by other participants. Thus the work progresses through open discussion and argument. This serves to practice debating skills regarding one’s own views, choice of methods and the evaluation of others’ arguments. Seminar work is a part of the thesis process and its evaluation.
Subject seminar Here the theses are presented in such a way that those just embarking on their theses get to know the subjects and research objects of others. In the subject seminar assurance is gained that the subject and research task are appropriate to the individual’s own professional field. This is also the time to sort out matters pertaining to supervision, opposition, finance, ownership and copyright. More detail on these will be found in Chapter Six: Public Nature of Document, Finance and Copyright
Interim seminar Here students present their research plans for review and approval in the seminar. This plan guides and determines the direction in the implementation of the work in practice. In the event of changes being made in the project or research during the process, it will be possible to revert to the objectives set. The plan serves as a guideline throughout the thesis process. The plan should include * * * * * *
subject angle and limitations problems methods detailed table of contents schedule for completion of the work
This plan should be distributed to the teacher who will be supervising the thesis and possibly also to the student opponent in sufficient time before the seminar
Thesis seminar
Here the completed thesis is presented and, depending on the options of the given degree programme, submitted for evaluation by experts from working life. The thesis seminar may take the form of a seminar session, an exhibition or a demonstration.
The student opponent It is beneficial to the development of the thesis that junior students be included in the thesis process. The student opponent may serve as the first evaluator of the thesis, in which case s/he will take the floor immediately after the thesis writer has introduced his/her subject. In the optimal case the student opponent will be both a trustworthy support for the thesis writer and a strict critic. The opponent will offer acknowledgement which include his/her understanding of possible shortcomings in the thesis.
4
REPORTING
The student will write the thesis in the official language of the Lahti University of Applied Sciences, i.e. Finnish, or in another language approved by the degree programme. Theses completed within different degree programmes, thus their reporting may also differ greatly. However, the reporting of a thesis will always entail a problem-centred approach and meet the requirements for theses. The report should include the selection of the subject, the treatment of the subject and matters contributing to the conclusions drawn. Many thesis reports can be accomplished by a division into five main chapters: introduction, methods, implementation, results and evaluation of the work. The external appearance of the report adheres to agreed standards. These, like the structure of the report will be found in the reporting section of these instructions.
5
EVALUATION
The maturity test This is a written essay on the subject of the thesis. It should prove the writer’s familiarity with the field and the writer’s ability in Finnish or Swedish (see the statute (256/95) governing polytechnic studies). Unless otherwise arranged the maturity test will be written in Finnish. The degree programmes will provide further instructions regarding the maturity test and the practical arrangements for taking it. The maturity test will be examined by the supervisor of the thesis and by a teacher of Finnish. If it is written in a language other than those approved for the degree programme the language will be examined by a Lahti University of Applied Sciences teacher of the language in question. The grading of the maturity test is on a pass/fail basis. The maturity test must have been passed before the meeting at which the grade for the thesis is decided upon.
Examining and grading of the thesis A completed thesis may be submitted for grading at any point during the academic year. The degree programme will decide the composition of the evaluating group, the method of examination and the schedule for the evaluation. The degree programme concerned will decide on one or two examiners who may be chosen from among the evaluation or supervisory group or from elsewhere. When the decision as to the grade is reached note may be taken of the recommendations of external experts. The evaluation group shall not be bound to accept the grade recommended by the examiner. The examiner will submit a written evaluation statement on the thesis. This will present an evaluation of the work based on the evaluation criteria and a recommended grade in full numbers on a scale 0 – 5.
The verbal equivalents of numerical grades are as follows: 0 = fail, 1 and 2 = satisfactory, 3 and 4 = good and 5 = excellent.
Information on the thesis and its evaluation will be compiled on the thesis form which serves as a record of the meeting. The abstract of the thesis and the examiner’s statement will be appended to this. The grade of a thesis is public information once the chairperson of the evaluation group has signed the record of the meeting. The official decision regarding the approval of the thesis and the grade will be communicated to the student as soon as possible.
Evaluation criteria The set of criteria for the evaluation of thesis must be clear and easy to use. The main task of evaluation is to support and promote learning. The evaluation of the thesis will focus on the entire work process, comprising the result, the reporting, supervision, the learning process and self-evaluation. Note will further be taken of the writer’s ability to acquire and process information independently and to carry out the thesis in accordance with the research process. Further attention will be paid to the ability to identify, itemise and solve professional or artistic problems or those which are meaningful for the research. In the evaluation of the formal or artistic element of a thesis attention will be paid to these aspects. In the evaluation of the reporting of the thesis attention will be paid to content, structure, language, illustrative quality and the external appearance of the report and the illustrative data. A written study should demonstrate mastery of the given field, familiarity with the methods and communication used in the field. A faculty for criticism and systematicity are among the basics of scientific thinking. The mode of presentation must be clear, logical and consistent. The degree programme will determine the detailed evaluation criteria and handling with respect to theses. For the thesis to be approved each item in the set of criteria must be satisfied.
Rectification of a grade The student is entitled to receive information regarding the application of the evaluation criteria to his/her thesis. A student who is not satisfied with the grading of his/her thesis may make a verbal or written request for rectification by the evaluation group. This request must be made within 14 days of the point at which the student had the opportunity to receive information personally regarding the results of the evaluation and the application of the evaluation principles in his/her case. A student who is not satisfied with the decision regarding the request for rectification may appeal to the examinations board of the Polytechnic within seven days of receiving information of that decision.
6
PUBLIC NATURE OF DOCUMENT, FINANCE AND COPYRIGHT
Public information and confidentiality A thesis becomes a public document once it has been evaluated and the chairperson of the evaluation group has signed the record of the evaluation. The evaluation group may declare the thesis to be secret if it contains material which must be kept secret under the law and statute (Julkisuuslaki 621/99) governing material to be kept secret. The writer of the thesis may also present a reservation to the evaluation group regarding the secrecy of the thesis delaying the making public of the thesis until a certain time if * not
the writer is to continue to research the same subject and does want to release incomplete work for public use
*
the thesis is part of a research project involving several people
*
work undertaken on external funding is for reasons of immaterial rights or business or professional secrecy is of such a nature that it must be protected from public use and an appropriate agreement has been concluded to this effect.
Agreement as to the public nature of a thesis will be reached on a case by case basis. However, in the case of a work which is to be kept secret, an abstract for public use will be produced. The presentation of a work which is to be kept secret will be managed in such a way that only the author, the opponent, the supervisor (s) and examiner and members of the evaluation group and the head of the degree programme or major subject may be present. No person belonging to the personnel or involved in the handling of the thesis may divulge without permission or benefit without right what s/he has learned
while dealing in the course of his/her duties with what must be kept secret. No material will be appended to the evaluation documents which might compromise the confidentiality of the work. However, the records of meetings are public. During the time that the thesis is to be kept secret the work will not be distributed. In practice this means that the work will not be available in the library, no copies will be made of it, it will not be used for teaching purposes or otherwise presented publicly. The head of the degree programme may come to an arrangement whereby the author of the work will retain the original report until the period of secrecy has expired.
Funding Responsibility for the funding of a thesis rests primarily with the student. In the case of a thesis commissioned as a chargeable service the party commissioning the thesis will be responsible for the funding. Some theses are completed at the student’s own expense. Moreover there is the option of reserving funds for the use of degree programmes and options to cover the costs of theses. It is also possible to apply for a stipend for purposes of completing a thesis; information on this will be found in the publication “Apurahat ja opintotuki” ( = stipends and grants), in the study affairs office and on the notice boards of the faculties.
Ownership and copyright Regarding theses the Lahti University of Applied Sciences adheres to the legislation governing copyright (Tekijänoikeuslaki 404/61) and other regulations on immaterial property rights. These include the legislation on patents (Patenttilaki 550/67), on protection of models (Mallioikeuslaki 221/71) and brand names (Tavaramerkkilaki 7/64). The respective degree programmes will come to agreement on matters pertaining to ownership and copyright with the student and the supervisor when the work is begun. The author is the original holder of rights and has copyright over his/her work. For example, the author has the right to monitor how another party uses his/her work. Generally the financial user rights belong to the original author. In the case of commissioned theses agreement on ownership and copyright is
generally reached separately between the party commissioning the thesis and the Polytechnic on a case by case basis. The same holds good for theses which are to be published.
7
ARCHIVING
Two copies of the complete thesis are to be submitted, one being the original and the other being a durably bound library version for use in information centres. The original version remains at the disposal of the degree programme and should include all the objectives of the thesis, the reliability of the process, the conclusions and the materials necessary for the estimation of their generalisability. If the thesis is in the form of a unique work of art, a performance or an exhibition it should be documented through pictorial examples so that it is possible to gain a clear conception of the work without seeing the original outcome. The degree programme will store a written abstract of the thesis in electronic form.
PART II INSTRUCTIONS FOR REPORTING OF THESES
1
OVERALL STRUCTURE
The basic structure of a thesis is the same regardless of the nature of the work. The first part will consist of a title page, an abstract, an abstract in another language and a table of contents. Prefaces are used in doctoral dissertations. If there are good reasons a preface may also be included in a bachelor’s thesis. In this case its place is before the abstract. The preface includes acknowledgements to persons and organisations who have contributed toward the completion of the work. If a large number many abbreviations are used in the work they should be made into a list and placed after the table of contents. The text proper comprises an introduction, an empirical section and conclusions. The introduction familiarises the reader with the subject of the thesis and generates interest. The introduction may include a general account of the purpose of the work, the research problems or hypotheses, the research methods, the theoretical background, the data used and the main concepts. The introduction, however, should be short, comprising a few pages. More precise explanations should be located in other sections. It is advisable to write the introduction in its final form only after completion of the work. The structure of the empirical section depends on the work. The subject and the way it is handled will determine the arrangement and division into subsections. However, the text should not be divided into excessively short fragments. The conclusions or discussion section is the most personal part of the work, thus sufficient time should be allocated to writing it. This section should be in harmony with the introduction. It should include a concise presentation of the aim of the research, the main content and
the main findings. Conclusions will be drawn on the basis of the results obtained and the degree to which the project has been successful will be evaluated. This section may also include an assessment of the generalisability of the results and consider future research challenges. A good conclusions section makes the thesis into an entity. The final section of the thesis is the place for sources and possible appendices.
Structure of a thesis: 1. Title page (2. Possibly a preface) 3. Abstract discussion 4. Abstract in other language 5. Table of contents (6. Possibly a list of abbreviations) 2 TITLE PAGE
7. Introduction 8. Empirical section 9. Conclusions or 10. Sources 11. Appendices
The title page should include the following *
Title of thesis in upper case letters
*
Lahti University of Applied Sciences
*
Degree programme
*
Specialisation line
*
Nature of work (thesis)
*
Date of completion
*
Name(s) of author(s)
The title of the work should be placed in the centre of the page slightly less than half way down. Other information should be places in the lower right corner. Possible pictures introducing the work may be included immediately after the title page.
3
ABSTRACT
The page on which the abstract is written should not be numbered and should come before the table of contents. Its purpose is to communicate the core contents of the thesis. The abstract should be comprehensible to a reader without reading the entire thesis. Full sentences must be used. The abstract ought to fit onto one page. The abstract should be single-spaced and left justified (left margin straight, right margin uneven). The abstract comprises bibliographical detail regarding the work and the abstract proper (see Appendix 3). Bibliographical information to be included on the abstract page: * * * * * * * *
Name of the educational institution Degree programme Author(s) Title of thesis Specialisation line Nature of work Total page count Date
The name(s) of the supervisor(s) may be added at the end of the bibliographical details.
To be included in the abstract: * * * * *
Subject of thesis Purpose of thesis Methods Main findings Main conclusions
After the abstract is the place for keywords describing the work. The abstract in the other language (Appendix 4) should be done in the same way.
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The table of contents follows the abstract. The heading should be TABLE OF CONTENTS (see Appendix 5). The reader of the table of contents should gain an impression of the structure of the work and the main relations pertaining between its elements. The hierarchy can be clearly indicated by indenting subheads. Headlines should begin from the left margin and subheads from directly below the first letter of the headline above. When the headlines are directly below one another it is easy to check that they are stylistically in harmony. If subchapters are used, they should number at least two. For example 1.1 requires that there also be 1.2. Three levels of headlines is sufficient for the division of the text (2.1.3). No full stop should be added after a single number or after the last number. The table of contents should present the headlines as they appear in the text and note the page number on which they begin. Appendices should be noted APPENDICES. The table of contents should also note the sources and appendices and the page numbers on which they begin.
5
LANGUAGE AND STYLE
Writing up a thesis requires reporting skill. Reporting on source material is an essential part of academic writing. This entails expressing the core content of the source material in one’s own words. It shows that the writer has grasped the meaning of the source material. However, a thesis is more than mere paraphrasing of source material; it is the generating of original scientific knowledge, making analyses and drawing conclusions. On beginning to write up the research a decision must be reached regarding the use of personal pronouns, or of the passive and of the tense to be selected. There are three options open to the thesis writer regarding personal pronouns: It depends on the nature of the work to what extent the writer needs to figure in it. When referring to him/herself the writer of a thesis generally uses the first person singular or a passive. However, the passive is more general in its reference. Thus the writer needs to point out to the reader whether the claim made is general or his/her own. The writer may also refer to him/herself by using the demonstrative this. In this study I address certain cases which‌ In this study cases are addressed which‌ A third alternative is to use the third person singular:
One may deduce from the findings that… when one could be anyone at all. Care should be taken with the selection of tense(s). When describing the progress of the research the imperfect is appropriate, most commonly with passive voice. The pluperfect should be used to refer to events prior to that time. In the introduction the purpose of the research can be expressed either in the present The present study is concerned with… or The purpose of the study was to… The style of academic writing is factual. The writer writes for the reader, thus the language should be illustrative, clear, reader-friendly and consistent. The vocabulary should be familiar and concrete. 6
WRITTEN FORMAT
The thesis should be written on size A4 paper with 1.5 spacing. The recommended font is Times New Roman, size 12. The right hand margin should not be justified (= made straight). Division of English words should be avoided. One empty line should be left between paragraphs. A longer quotation verbatim should be indented approximately one inch and written with 1.0 spacing. It should be separated from the foregoing text and from the following by one empty line in each case.
Headlines Main headlines should be written in upper case letters (capitals) with lower case letters for subheads. The size should be the same as for the main body of the text (12). Before a new heading two lines should be left empty, and one after it. However, a new chapter or subchapter should not start from the bottom line of the page if there is only room for a few lines of text.
Margins The margin on the left side should be 5 centimetres wide. Since it is customary to bind theses care should be taken to allow for this. A space of 2.5 centimetres should be left at the top and bottom of the page and of 2 centimetres at the right hand side.
Numbering of pages Numbering should begin from the first page of actual text (the introduction) and continue until the end of the list of appendices. The first page number to actually appear will only be on the second text page (2). The number should be in the top right hand corner above the first line of text.
7
ILLUSTRATIONS
Tables and Figures Tables and figures may serve to improve the readability and comprehensibility of the text. With the exception of tables, all other illustrative solutions count as figures. They may be diagrams, drawings, photographs or maps. Tables and figures are independent parts of the text and must be numbered and provided with captions. In the case of the table the captions should be at the top and for a figure at the bottom. Figures or tables mentioned in the text should be referred to by their numbers. Figures and tables should be separated from the main body of the text by two empty lines above and below. If the table or figure continues on the following page, this should be noted by writing in brackets (continued) at the bottom of the page and again at the top of the next page. The content of the table or figure need not be repeated in the text, but the information contained should be assessed and conclusions drawn.
If the table or figure has been copied from somewhere else the source should also be noted. Tables and figures may also be included in appendices if they do not naturally belong in the main body of the text but are necessary in order for the matter to be understood. However, reference should be made to them in the text using the number of the appendix.
8
HEADLINES
The title of the thesis provides the reader with the first impression of the work. Thus it should be very carefully thought out. A good headline reveals the essential core content but should still be as short as possible. If necessary an explanatory subhead may be used after the title. A successful title also arouses interest and provokes questions in the reader’s mind. Generally the title is in the form of a nominal group as opposed to a sentence. What has been stated regarding the title of the work also holds good for the names of chapters. Subheads facilitate reading and comprehension, but should not be used too frequently. It is a good principle to write more than one paragraph for each subhead. The language and style of the headlines should display a degree of consistency. In the table of contents the headlines serve as keywords, thus it is important that they contain words describing the content of the respective chapters. The headline is not a part of the following text, however, and this should be taken into account when the text is written. The text should not refer to the headline but should be written as if the headline did not exist.
9
REFERENCES TO SOURCES
It should be entirely clear from the text what is the writer’s text and opinions and what originates from other sources. In the case of information obtained from the literature, interviews and other sources and quoted verbatim or indirectly mention must always be made of the original source. If the quotation is made verbatim it should appear in inverted commas (speechmarks) or be indented. Verbatim quotes should be used with consideration. The general rule is that if the information in question is to be found in several sources without a reference, it may be considered common knowledge. However, a reference is necessary for thoughts and claims which have clearly come from someone else. In this case the reference comes after the quote or is part of the narrative. There should be a separate reference for each paragraph unless this is the writer’s own thinking. If the source is a book, the reference should provide the surname of the author, the year of publication and the page number(s). Further information will be found in the list of references. (Rentola 1997, 14.)
If no author can be found for the source, the name of the publication should be provided. (Handbook of Language Usage 1994,24.) A full stop after the reference indicates to the reader how long the quote is. When the quote is only one sentence the reference information is placed in that sentence. Thus the full stop at the end of the sentence is outside the brackets. Through their studies of their mother tongue and of foreign languages, educated Finns have become familiar with the Western grammatical tradition, which has come down to us from the grammatical tradition of classical Greece (Määttä 1999,25).
When the reference concerns several sentences, a full stop is placed at the end of the last sentence. The reference thus constitutes its own entity, thus a full stop is also placed inside the brackets. From the perspective of copyright the homepage can be equated with the company brochure, a printed journal or newspaper or other printed matter or material. If the homepage is independent and original, the result of mental creativity, it is protected by the copyright legislation. (Niiranen & Tarkela 1998, 64.) If sources by several writers are to be included in the same reference, the source information should be arranged in chronological order punctuated by semicolons. Similar results have been obtained earlier (Mikkola 1990, 13 – 21; Ryhänen 1993, 44 – 60; Suhonen & Yrjöla 1994, 65 – 73).
If there are two authors both should always be named in the source reference. If there are more than two authors they should only be mentioned in the reference the first time. (Määtä, Pälli & Suojanen 1999.) Later it is sufficient to name the first author and thereafter the abbreviation et al. (Määttä et al. 1999.) If the same author has published several works in the same year, a distinction is made using small letters. (Laitinen 1995a, 11 – 15.) (Laitinen 1995b, 52.) The author may already be named in the text. In this case it is sufficient to write only the year and page number(s). The reference may be noted immediately after the name in the text (a) or at the end of the quote (b). (a) Nilsson (1998,111) states that too many training sessions and conferences are lamentably one-sided. He argues that there is too much one-way communication and far too little activation of participants and exchange of experiences. (b) According to Nilsson too many conferences are… (1998, 111). (Note the punctuation to compensate for omitted text.) For interviews, TV or radio programmes etc. the reference is done in the normal way, but the page number is omitted and the date inserted. For electronically published sources the information is noted according to the author and the title of the publication. When borrowing from Internet sources or the equivalent it should be born in mind that this information may change very rapidly. Such information should also be printed out as it may be necessary for the author of the thesis to prove the origin of the information. (Saarinen 1998.) (Nokia 1998.)
When referring to laws etc. the reference should include the name of the law or its official abbreviation and the section and clause referred to. The reference refers to the list of references where more exact information is provided. (Rakennusl. 370/1958,33 §) The most relevant point in law is the Tax Act (482/58) 125 § clause
When referring to an article in a periodical, newspaper or compiled work the author of the article, the date of publication of the work and the page(s) should be noted. Thus the reference looks the same as when referring to a book. If the name of the author of the article is unknown the title of the article or its name should be used. A good reference generally includes a page number. If the entire work is referred to the page numbers may be omitted. In such cases it would be appropriate to include such abbreviations as vid., cf., inter alia or e.g. Women’s leadership has recently been examined in detail by Laitinen (1996), Koskinen (1997) and Mäki (1997). Other scholars have reached the same conclusion (e.g. Uusitalo 1991; Huttunen 1992).
Primary sources should be preferred. However, if the primary source cannot be located the author must show the reader that the information has been taken from a secondary source. For example: Robson (1995) divides traditional research strategies into three groups: test, surveys and case studies (Hirsjärvi, Remes & Sajavaara 2000, 127). According to Niiniluoto (1980) a definition should be watertight and logical. It may not be expressed in negative terms or metaphorically (e.g. Hirsjärvi et al. 2000, 143.)
10
LIST OF SOURCES
The list of sources contains important information about the sources used. It enables the reader to locate these sources if s/he wishes. The list of sources should include all the sources to which reference is made in the work and no others. These sources are then listed alphabetically according to the keyword used in the reference. Works by the same author should be listed in chronological order. Regarding the works the following information should be included: *
name of author, editor (or work); if there are many authors they should be interspersed with commas
*
year of publication
*
title
*
edition, if not first
*
publication series if appropriate
*
publisher
*
place of publication
Hirsj채rvi, S., Remes, P. & Sajavaara, P. 2000. Research and Write. 6. revised edition, Kirjayhtym채 Oy, Helsinki Into the Future through Education. 1992. Publication Series of the Educational Committee for Industry. Series A:13. Tampere Ruusunen, A. (Ed.) 1992. From Wall-paintings to Satellites. Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy, Jyv채skyl채.
For articles the following information should be provided: *
author
*
year of publication
*
title of article
*
information on the journal or publication
*
pages on which the article appears
*
no page numbers for newspapers
Liiten M. 1996. Important learning experiences change the life course. Helsingin Sanomat 4.2.1996 The team creates competitive edge. 1996. Optio 3/96, 36 – 42. Vilkuna, M. 1996. Whoever created grammar. In On the Track of Language. Publications of the ______ 86. Edita, Helsinki, 15 – 29.
For interviews the following information should be provided: *
name of interviewee
*
year
*
place of work and title of interviewee
*
date of interview
For orally communicated information (e.g. radio or TV programmes and lectures) the following information should be provided: *
source of information
*
year
*
possible title
*
situation
*
date
Viherä, M.-L. 200. The future of communication – social capital accumulates in communication. Lecture delivered at Lahti University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Business Studies, Heinola 3.10.2000. For unpublished sources, such as theses and brochures the following information should be provided: *
author
*
year
*
name or title
*
type of work
*
place where located (e.g. university)
Purho, M. 1998. The effects of EMU on the activities of the stock exchange and banking. A study in financial management. Lahti University of Applied Sciences, Degree Programme in Business Studies Programme Bank of the Raahe College of Computer Science. Pienisuuri CD-ROM. Brochure.
For electronic sources the following information should be provided: *
author
*
year
*
title
*
place located
*
service through which obtained (e-mail, www page etc.)
*
date
11
APPENDICES
Appendices should be placed after the sources. The numbering of pages extends to the appendices, which should be named APPENDIX 1, APPENDIX 2 etc. They should be referred to in the text by their numbers. The appendices should be used for material which is not indispensable to an understanding of work but which is referred to in the work. Appendices may, for example, include questionnaires or interview forms and further explanatory information.
TITLE OF THE THESIS Case: (or subtitle)
Lahti University of Applied Sciences Degree Programme in xxx xxxx Thesis Autumn 2000 Name of the writer
Lahti University of Applied Sciences Degree Programme in ...
HURRI, PÄIVI & SIIVIKKO, JAANA:
Segmentation in service company Case: Lahti’s Sibelius Hall Ltd
Bachelor's Thesis in International Business, 87 pages, 1 appendix / 21 appendices Autumn 2008 ABSTRACT
This paper deals with ... The aim of theory part is to clarify the nature of services, segmentation and ... Market segmentation is the process of dividing large, heterogenous markets into smaller, homogenous submarkets with the help of some segmentation bases. The empirical part consists of a survey carried out to Lahti’s Sibelius Hall Ltd, which is a new congress and concert centre. The results showed that the people of all ages were interested in ...
Key words: service, service company, service unity, segmentation
SISÄLLYS / TABLE OF CONTENTS Tämä on sisällysluettelosivu. Nyt luettelossa näkyvät vain tällä hetkellä tässä asiakirjassa olevat otsikot. Kun olet kirjoittanut työsi tähän asiakirjaan ja merkinnyt otsikot otsikkotyylien mukaan, muista lopuksi päivittää alla oleva sisällysluettelo: Näpäytä kerran hiirellä sisällysluettelon päällä ja paina näppäintä F9 (tai paina hiiren oikeanpuoleinen painike ja Päivitä kenttä) ja valitse Päivitä koko luettelo.
1
JOHDANTO / INTRODUCTION
35
2
TOINEN PÄÄLUKU / SECOND CHAPTER
35
2.1
Ensimmäinen alaluku / First lower chapter
36
2.1.1
Ensimmäisen alaluvun ensimmäinen alaluku / More lower…
36
2.1.2
Alaluku / Lower chapter
36
2.1.2.1
Alaluku / Lower chapter
37
2.1.2.2
Alaluku / Lower chapter
37
2.2
Toinen alaluku / Second lower chapter
37
3
5
KOLMAS PÄÄLUKU / THIRD CHAPTER
37
3.1
37
Alaluku / Lower chapter
YHTEENVETO / SUMMARY
LÄHTEET / SOURCES LIITTEET / APPENDICES
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1
Introduction
Tämä sivu on työn ensimmäinen sivunumeroitava sivu , mutta sivunumero ei näy ylätunnisteessa.
First numbered page.
2
Second chapter
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Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiä. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiä. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiä. Riviväli on puolitoista.
Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiä. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiä. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiä. Riviväli on puolitoista.
Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Riviväli on yksi. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Riviväli on yksi. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Riviväli on yksi. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty.
2.1
Ensimmäinen alaluku
Kaksinumeroisen alaotsikon tyyli on Otsikko 2. 2.1.1 Ensimmäisen alaluvun ensimmäinen alaluku Kolmenumeroisen alaotsikon tyyli on Otsikko 3
2.1.2 Alaluku
2.1.2.1
Alaluku
Nelinumeroisen alaotsikon tyyli on Otsikko 4
2.1.2.2
Alaluku
2.2
Toinen alaluku
3
KOLMAS PÄÄLUKU
3.1
Alaluku
5
YHTEENVETO / SUMMARY
LÄHTEET / SOURCES Laita tähän lähdeluetteloon tulevat tekstit. Tyylivalikosta näet lähdeluettelossa käytetyn tyylin nimen
Hirsjärvi, S., Remes, P. & Sajavaara, P. 2004. Tutki ja kirjoita. 10. Uudistettu painos. Helsinki: Tammi.
LIITTEET / APPENDICES Kirjoita tai lis채채 liitetekstit. Alla tyhj채 rivi mist채 aloittaa.