BE0898 – Advanced Measurement & Technology Module Tutors: Alan Davies, David Morton & Jess Tindall 10th February 2015
Building Design and Performace Critique Ellison Building Word Count – 3,096 words w11034410
Contents Page
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0 Glossary of key terms……………………………………………………………………………………………….……2 1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3 1.1 Ellison Building……………………………………………………………………………………………………...……...3 1.2 Refurbishment or Replacement?........................................................................................3 1.3 Drivers for Refurbishment………………………………………………………………………………………..……5 2 Ellison Building Currently…………………………………………………………………………………………….5 2.1 M & E Services………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 2.2 Workshops, Laboratories and IT rooms……………………………………………………………………….….7 2.3 External Façade………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7 3 Suggestions for refurbishment……………………………………………………………………………………9 3.1 Building Integrated Wind Turbines…………………………………………………………………………….….9 3.2 Solar Panel Cladding System…………………………………………………………………………………………10 3.3 Heating Controls and Occupancy Detectors………………………………………………………………….10 3.4 Computer Room Air Conditioning (CRAC)…………………………………………………………….………10 3.5 Overcladding…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11 3.6 Electric Blind System………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..11 3.7 Low-E Double Glazing……………………………………………………………………………………………………12 4 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12 5 Reference List……………………………………………………………………………………………………………13 5.1 List of figures………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14 6 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16 7 Appendices……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….17 7.1 A - Breakdown of type and size of room in Ellison Building………………………………………….17 7.2 B - Layout of Ellison building’s five blocks…………………………………………………………………….18 7.3 C - CIBSE Guide A Table 1.5…………………………………………………………………………………………..19
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0. Glossary of key terms Condensing Boiler – heaters fuelled by gas or oil that make the most of condensed water vapour to capture latent energy Embodied Energy- the total energy for delivery of building materials to a construction site, including the extraction, treating, production and transportation. Latent heat – the amount of heat absorbed or released when a substance changes its state Low-E Double Glazing – double glazed unit, incorporating low energy glass. Also known as heatreflecting glass Natural Ventilation – the procedure of introducing and removing air throughout an inside space without the use of mechanical systems Overcladding – a refurbishment technique of adding another skin to the existing one on a building façade Photovoltaics – a renewable energy method of converting solar energy into electricity Radiant Heating – method of heating using electromagnetic radiation to heat spaces Solar Panel Cladding system – a form of cladding system that incorporates photovoltaics as part of the outer façade of a building Thermal comfort – a state of contentment with the temperature of the inside environment Vertical axis wind turbines – a form of wind turbine where the main axis is aligned perpendicular to the ground Whole Life cost – a value given to the total cost of an asset over its operational life, including capital costs and running osts
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1. Introduction ‘Building services are the dynamic in a static structure’ (Hall & Greeno, 2011, p8). Electrical and Mechanical services are crucial for a building, up to 50% of a buildings cost can be taken up by the provision of these services, depending on what function a building performs. Services provide us with a comfortable atmosphere in which we can work and live, as well as utilising them to complete jobs. This report will critically analyse the current services at Ellison Building, Northumbria University. The report will suggest possible improvements which could be made to the building and its engineering systems to improve its usability and environmental performance. Key functional performance indicators will be considered for Ellison building to ensure the potential refurbishment of this building will optimise the operation for Northumbria University.
1.1 Ellison Building
Figure 1.1 Map view of Ellison Building via Edina Digimap (2015)
Ellison Building is situated in the heart of Northumbria University’s City Campus as shown in figure 1.1 above. It consists of 5 sections, A-E (See Appendix B) and contains the majority of the Engineering and environment, and Health and Life Sciences faculties.
1.2 Refurbishment or Replacement? Having explored the option of whether to refurbish or replace Ellison Building, the conclusion is to suggest solutions for refurbishment rather than complete demolition and re-build. A report carried out by the Building and Social Housing Foundation ‘New tricks with old bricks’ (2008) identifies refurbishment as a tool for regeneration is a more sustainable solution for old buildings. The report
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highlights that even a newly built more sustainable building will take over 50 years to result in a reduction of CO2 due to the embodied energy created during the construction process (BSHF, 2008).
Figure 1.2 Refurbishment or Replacement, carbon emissions over 60 years, via D & B Facades (2010)
Figure 1.3 Refurbishment or Replacement, whole life costs over 60 years, via D & B Facades (2010)
Figures 1.2 and 1.3 show the potential carbon emissions and whole life costing of either replacement or refurbishment of a similar building at the University of Bradford. It identifies that refurbishing rather than replacing a building can save a huge amount in both CO2 emissions and whole life costing of a building (D & B facades, 2014). Also, the Ellison Building contains a large percentage of the universities teaching spaces as well as over 75 staff offices (See appendix A). Therefore the replacement of the building would be a major operation in relocating a large amount of teaching space as well as moving many staff from their 4
offices. Although the development could be phased to minimise impact on university processes, it would still be a great upheaval. Consequently, this report will detail the potential refurbishment of Ellison building as a preferred choice to complete replacement of the building.
1.3 Drivers for refurbishment In this section of the report the main factors leading to the university to consider the refurbishment of Ellison building will be considered. Northumbria University has recently invested large sums of money into their facilities, including multi million pound projects such as City Campus East (2007) and Sports Central (2011). These projects show the ambition of the organisation to create state of the art facilities for their students (Wilding, 2011). The higher education sector is very competitive; image is an important factor for university organisations when trying to stay ahead of the competition. Therefore the ability to create a valuable brand to convey excellence and credibility can help Northumbria University (Goodson, 2012). Considering Ellison building is one of Northumbria University’s largest buildings, the image it portrays is important. Landmarks such as City Campus east which can be seen all over Newcastle, is a landmark for the University and the city of Newcastle. Refurbishing Ellison building could contribute to this and benefit their reputation in the higher education sector. Universities are ranked on a numerous number of factors, one of which is their sustainability. The ‘Greenmetric Ranking of world universities’ measures a university on their energy and carbon management (Anscombe, 2014). Northumbria’s image will again be highlighted on this scale; hence the university would consider a refurbishment of Ellison building to improve their sustainability, as the environment is a current consideration. Similarly, a prospective student’s facility is one of the most important influences when choosing a university. A poll by ‘One Poll’ of over 2,000 students, found that 8 out of 10 students consider facilities a key factor when choosing university (One Poll, 2014). Old, poorly kept buildings would reflect poorly on a university, so constant refurbishment of university buildings is important.
2. Ellison Building Currently 2.1 M & E Services The gas fired condensing boilers, 10 in total, which provide heating for all of Ellison building are situated in the boiler house in the basement of ‘A’ block. Condensing boilers are also known as ‘highefficiency boilers’, typically greater than 90% efficiency. The up-front cost is much more than conventional boilers, but the greater efficiency means value for money over time is good (Hall & Greeno, 2011). As a result this reduces CO2 emissions compared with non-condensing boilers. Although their efficiency is beneficial, there can be problems in cold conditions with freezing pipes, with a high call out fee for fixing this issue (This is Money, 2011). However, the benefits of utilising a the latent heat which is usually lost with conventional boilers and the good value for money make it a good choice for heating of Ellison Building. Currently the boilers are not configured in the most advantageous way for heating a space, therefore as part of the refurbishment; the arrangement of these boilers should be re-considered to make the system highly proficient. 5
To distribute heat throughout Ellison building, the university formerly used radiant heating, but have made a concerted effort in recent years to move away from this costly and inefficient way of heating (Craig, 2013). The university have progressively decommissioned the radiant heat systems recently and have used radiators for heat distribution as a substitute. Radiators are a good option for continuously occupied buildings, as there is no need for a rapid response for thermal comfort. The ease of temperature control is beneficial with radiators as this could be a key consideration throughout the year, with much less need during summer for example. To service the café in Ellison ‘B’ block and the upper floor laboratories of ‘A’ block, the boiler house also contains a gas fired water heater, separate to the main boiler plant. This form of water heater provides reliability as well as minimal maintenance. The quiet operation and abundant supply of gas in urban areas make it an attractive choice for Ellison Building. However, sustainability would not be optimised; there are much more environmentally friendly options for water heating than gas fired. Also the limited choice of gas suppliers means that these systems can be expensive to run. Finally the gas fired hot water system requires extra ventilation, adding to overall cost and carbon emissions (JD Supply, 2015). Therefore as part of the refurbishment of Ellison building, the gas fired hot water system will be removed and replaced with renewable energy sources as detailed in sections 3.1 and 3.2. The majority of Ellison building is not currently air conditioned, it relies on natural ventilation for the comfort of students and staff. At busy times of the day or in crowded lecture theatres, it can get stuffy, which results in a bad environment for learning (Gelder, 1999). CIBSE Guide A (1999) recommends an air supply rate of 8 L/s per person for optimal conditions. Considering the function of a large proportion of Ellison building, there needs to be some sort of ventilation. The university cannot rely mainly on natural ventilation for the best possible usability of Ellison building as during cooler winter months there is a high infiltration of cold air resulting in heat loss and inefficiency for a building. A benefit of natural ventilation is its air quality; consequently a new ventilation system would have to maintain the minimum air excellence (Baker, 2009). Throughout Ellison building there are numerous 16 person, 1200 kg capacity lifts installed. Part M of the building regulations details the need for provision of passenger lifts to service all storeys in an educational building the size of Ellison building (HM Government, 2010). These lifts are fit for purpose and do not need refurbishment. The lifts are useable and satisfy the functional performance requirements of Ellison building.
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2.2 Workshops, Laboratories and IT rooms Currently in Ellison building there are around 11 small computer rooms and 4 large open plan IT rooms. Some of the IT rooms are ventilated using air handling units; however a few in ‘A’ block of Ellison building have no ventilation whatsoever. The new smaller IT rooms have recently changed function from being flat teaching rooms, as the university rearranged the designated computer spaces would be for the Engineering and Environment students. As you can see in figure 1.1, these rooms have large windows due to the glazed curtain walling of Ellison building. Consequentially a blind system needs to be put in place to avoid glare and this creates a hot and unsuitable area for doing work. In summer these rooms, without ventilation, will get very warm due to the large amount of activity. The poor thermal comfort of these unventilated computer rooms will have to be addressed during refurbishment, including a change in what blinds are utilised as the current form are unattractive and impracticable.
Figure 2.1 Small computer room in Ellison ‘A’ block, via Murray (2015)
Due to the faculties that reside in Ellison building, there are several workshops and laboratories throughout. As such these rooms require specialist ventilation to deliver the essential air movement out of these spaces quickly and effectively (Hall, 1980). CIBSE guidance recommends 6 air changes per hour for university laboratories which can be achieved by utilising specialist air handling units (CIBSE, 2004). The chemistry labs in Ellison building contain fume cupboards and fume extracts as well as air pumping units on the roof, to remove pollutants and supply fresh air to the laboratories. There is no need to change these units, although continual maintenance is important so that performance is optimised at all times.
2.3 External Façade Ellison ‘E’ block has recently undergone a refurbishment of its own. The external façade has been reclad in an aluminium rainscreen cladding as shown below in figure 2.2.The other blocks of Ellison still maintain an external concrete façade incorporating a large amount of glazed curtain walling, (see figure 2.3 below) typical with many 1960’s built academic buildings (D & B facades, 2014). The 7
difference in external façade of Ellison building is unsightly and doesn’t make for an attractive landmark as one of the universities largest buildings. The external façade should be refurbished for uniformity as described in section 3.5.
Figure 2.2 Aluminium Rainscreen Cladding of Ellison ‘E’ block, via Murray (2015)
Figure 2.3 Existing glazed curtain walling of Ellison ‘A’ block, via Murray (2015)
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3. Suggestions for refurbishment In this section the suggestions put forward for refurbishment of Ellison will be detailed. Consideration of CIBSE Guide A’s Table 1.5 (as shown in appendix C) will be taken into account. This table specifies recommended comfort criteria values, given the function of the building. Also the 9 functional performance requirements Osbourn and Greeno (2007) mention will also be reflected upon when choosing new technologies. Having examined the likely drivers for refurbishment of Ellison building, the key factors will be usability and sustainability of the suggestions for refurbishment.
3.1 Building Integrated Wind Turbines Vertical axis wind turbines in an urban environment would be an advantage to Ellison building, acting as a generator. The turbines could be situated on top of Ellison, C, D and E block as there is plenty of space, compared to A and B block which are home to the air handling units that service the upstairs laboratories. These turbines have relatively low impact on aesthetics and low levels of sound pollution make it an attractive and sustainable option for energy generation (Balduzzi et al, 2011). Although there have been some issues with integration into buildings of wind turbines, this is an area of technology that can be developed and the UK can be a pioneer while it strives towards its ‘2020 Renewables target’. Research carried out by Dutton et al (2005) suggests that the use of building integrated wind turbines can make a ‘significant contribution to energy requirements in the built environment’ (Dutton et al, 2005, p95). The small scale wind turbine sector is growing aided by UK legislation, and for Northumbria to utilize their benefits on Ellison building would make a real statement to its higher education competitors Figure 3.1 ‘Image showing Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (Peacock et al, 2007). The university can also use the on a house’ Anders Sandberg (2011) vertical axis wind turbines as a practical example to its students of incorporating renewable technology into buildings.
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3.2 Solar Panel Cladding System Integrating photovoltaics into a building can provide great benefits. The proposed façade for inputting a solar panel cladding system would be at the front of ‘B’ block of Ellison building where the main entrance is on Ellison Place as this façade is south facing and attracts most sun throughout the day. Currently it is visually unpleasant with a typical 1960’s concrete design that is unsightly considering the importance of the building as part of Northumbria University (as shown in figure 3.2). The solar panel cladding system is visually appealing as these photovoltaic modules are mounted onto the existing façade. As well as generating energy for hot water heating, the system adds insulation to the building, improving its efficiency, making Ellison building more sustainable (BSPS, 2014).
Figure 3.2 Main entrance to Ellison building, via Murray (2015)
3.3 Heating Controls and Occupancy Detectors To maximise the performance of Ellison building, one possible improvement could be to input room thermostats into all teaching rooms to gain some control over the level of temperature throughout Ellison building’s rooms. Utilising thermostats are an effective way of controlling thermal comfort of a space, saving money and a sustainable option for controlling heating (Baker, 2009). Similarly occupancy detectors have the potential to save money and energy use. In a building that has varied occupancy levels, having these installed in the circulation spaces of Ellison building should be of high priority (Baker, 2009).
3.4 Computer Room Air Conditioning (CRAC) As previously stated in section 2.2 some computer rooms lack air conditioning. This can be a major problem in warmer months as the amount of activity in the room as well as the heat from outside can make computer rooms over heat. As part of a refurbishment an air conditioning system installed into these small computer rooms is essential. Human comfort and durability are crucial for these rooms, these functional performance indicators would be satisfied with the introduction of CRAC systems (Evans, 2007). It would be beneficial to replicate air conditioning units for the unventilated computer rooms, from the systems that currently exist in some IT labs in Ellison building such as the approach shown in figures 3.3 and 3.4.
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Figure 3.3 Air conditioning unit in EBD211, via Murray (2015) Figure 3.4 Air conditioning unit controls in EBD211, via Murray (2015)
This would provide uniformity across Ellison building and increase the potential usability of Ellison buildings IT rooms.
3.5 Overcladding Overcladding is a system that has been used on Ellison ‘E’ block, see figure 2.2. As part of the refurbishment, an improvement to the aesthetics of Ellison building could be to clad the rest of the building in the same way. This would be a vast improvement on the current concrete block exterior currently on Ellison building and would give the building a landmark status as a recognisable building for Northumbria’s students. This outer façade would provide an extra layer of insulation to the building, improving it sustainability and life span of the building (D & B Facades, 2014). Due to Ellison buildings’ size and its 5 different blocks there’s a possibility that the different blocks could have a different associated colour scheme of overcladding. This would improve recognition of the building and make it more familiar for students to know their way around the building. Overcladding would provide the building with a strong and durable outer skin to Ellison building and improve key performance indicators greatly.
3.6 Electric Blind System Improvements on the current blind system is important, as a university would like to introduce as much daylight into a space but avoiding solar glare (Koo et al, 2010). An electric blind system similar to the one in operation at Trinity Laban, London, would achieve the desired lighting. The blind system built into the windows allows for natural daylight, as well as blackout options while carrying out a presentation (Trinity Laban, 2014). The lecture theatres could be easily adjusted according to the activity occurring in the space. Ease of operation would be maximised with this form of blind system and therefore the quality of facility throughout Ellison would be improved creating a positive working environment.
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3.7 Low-E Double Glazing Low-E glazing is becoming more popular in the UK as the country strives towards the 2020 government targets. Introducing this form of glass to the extensive glass facades of Ellison building would cut CO2 emissions from this building massively. Providing insulation and superior acoustics for the rooms of Ellison building, low-E glazing would be of great benefit to the human comfort inside this building (Glass for Europe, 2009).
4. Conclusions The aim of this report is to understand the potential for refurbishment of Northumbria Universities Ellison building. Bearing in mind sustainability factors and the upheaval that would have to occur, refurbishment is the more desirable choice over complete replacement, due to the embodied energy created during the construction process (Department of Energy & Climate change). The potential improvements to the functionality as detailed by suggestions in this report can have significant benefits for Northumbria University. Image is all important in the higher education sector and having Ellison building as the flagship for Northumbria’s sustainability would be of great benefit to both league tables and a students’ experience within Ellison building. Constant improvements are being made in renewable technologies and incorporation of them into buildings. Ellison Building can set the tone with technologies such as ‘building integrated wind turbines’ and a ‘solar panel cladding system’, for future refurbishment of Northumbria University’s other buildings. The suggested improvements to be made to Ellison building would improve its sustainability and the ease of use of the building.
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5. Reference List Anscombe, C. (2014) Nottingham is number one in the world for sustainability, Available at: http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/pressreleases/2014/january/greenmetric-rankings.aspx (Accessed: 6th February 2015). Baker, N. (2009) The handbook of sustainable refurbishment: Non-Domestic buildings, London: Earthscan. Balduzzi, F., Bianchini, A., Carnevale, E. A., Ferrari, L. and Magnani, S. (2011) 'Feasibility analysis of a Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine installation in the rooftop of a building', Applied Energy, 97(), pp. 921-929. BSHF (2008) New tricks with old bricks: How reusing old buildings can cut carbon emissions, London: The Empty Homes Agency Ltd. BSPS (2014) Building Integrated PhotoVoltaics (BIPV) - BIPV comes of age . . ., Available at: http://britsolar.com/2013/03/08/building-integrated-photovoltaics-bipv-solar-panels/ (Accessed: 9th February 2015). CIBSE (1999) CIBSE Guide A - Environmental Design, London: The Yale Press Ltd. CIBSE (2004) CIBSE guide F - Energy efficiency in buildings, 2nd edn., London: CIBSE. Craig, D. (2013) Advantages & Disadvantages of Radiant Heat, Available at: http://www.ehow.co.uk/list_6510058_advantages-disadvantages-radiant-heat.html (Accessed: 8th February 2015). D & B facades (2014) The solution to a legacy of 1960’s academic buildings, Available at: http://www.dbfacades.com/db_downloads/d+b_technical_brochure.pdf (Accessed: 6th February 2015). Department of Energy & Climate change (2011) UK Renewable energy roadmap, London: Department of Energy & Climate change. Dutton, A. G., Halliday, J.A. and Blanch, M. J. (2005) The feasibility of building-mounted/integrated wind turbines (BUWTs): Achieving their potential for carbon emission reductions, London: Carbon Trust. Evans, T. (2007) Fundamental principles of air conditioners for information technology, Rhode Island: Apc distributors. Gelder, J. (1999) Education checklist - Lecture theatres, Available at: http://www.thenbs.com/topics/DesignSpecification/articles/educationChecklist.asp (Accessed: 8th February 2015). Glass for Europe (2009) Low-E indulating glass for energy efficient buildings, Brussels: Glass for Europe.
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Goodson, S. (2012) Why brand building is important, Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/marketshare/2012/05/27/why-brand-building-is-important/ (Accessed: 5th February 2015). Hall & Greeno (2011). Building Services Handbook. 6th ed. Oxford: Elsevier Limited. Preface. Hall, F. (1980) Heating, Ventilating and Air conditioning, New York: Longman Inc. HM Government (2010) The building regulations 2010: Approved document M, access to and use of buildings, London: HM Government. JD Supply (2015) Water Heater Comparison, Available at: https://www.boiler-outlet.com/waterheater-comparison-1.asp (Accessed: 8th February 2015). Koo, S. Y., Yeo, M. S. and Kim, K. W. (2010) 'Automated blind control to maximize the benefits of daylight in buildings', Building and Environment, 45(6), pp. 1508-1520. Peacock, A. D., Jenkins, D., Ahadzi, M., Berry, A. and Turan, S. (2007) 'Micro wind turbines in the UK domestic sector', Energy and Buildings, 40(7), pp. 1324-1333. One Poll (2014) Higher Education Student Experience Survey 2014, London: One Poll Osbourn, D. and Greeno, R. (2007) Mitchell's Introduction to building, 4th edn., Essex: Pearson Education Limited. This is Money (2011) Are condensing boilers a waste of money?, Available at: http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/bills/article-1710224/Are-condensing-boilers-a-waste-ofmoney.html (Accessed: 7th February 2015). Trinity Laban (2014) Lecture Theatre, Available at: http://www.trinitylaban.ac.uk/hire/ourspaces/lecture-theatre (Accessed: 10th February 2015). Wilding, M. (2011) Atkins completes Northumbria University Sport Central building, Available at: http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/daily-news/atkins-completes-northumbria-universitysport-central-building/8612227.article (Accessed: 5th February 2015).
5.1 List of Figures 1.1 Edina Digimap, (2015), Map View of Ellison Building [ONLINE]. Available at: http://digimap.edina.ac.uk/webhelp/resources/ [Accessed 06 February 15]. 1.2 D & B Facades, (2010), Refurbishment or Replacement, carbon emissions over 60 years [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.dbfacades.com/db_downloads/d+b_technical_brochure.pdf [Accessed 08 February 15]. 1.3 D & B Facades, (2010), Refurbishment or Replacement, whole life costs over 60 years [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.dbfacades.com/db_downloads/d+b_technical_brochure.pdf [Accessed 08 February 15]. 14
2.1 Murray, S. (2015). Small computer room in Ellison ‘A’ block. Photograph. At: Newcastle 2.2 Murray, S. (2015). Aluminium Rainscreen Cladding of Ellison ‘E’ block. Photograph. At: Newcastle 2.3 Murray, S. (2015). Existing glazed curtain walling of Ellison ‘A’ block. Photograph. At: Newcastle 3.1 Sandberg, A. (2011). Vertical-axis wind turbine [online]. Available from: <http://www.energyinsight.info/vawt_comparing_efficiencies.html>. [Accessed 9th February 2015]. 3.2 Murray, S. (2015). Main entrance to Ellison building. Photograph. At: Newcastle 3.3 Murray, S. (2015). Air conditioning unit in EBD211. Photograph. At: Newcastle 3.4 Murray, S. (2015). Air conditioning unit controls in EBD211. Photograph. At: Newcastle
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6. Bibliography Aircuity (2012) Laboratory ventilation ACH rates standards and guidelines, Newton: Aircuity. Anwar, A., Bahaj, A., James, P. and Myers, L. (2011) Micro-wind turbines, Available at: http://www.southampton.ac.uk/engineering/research/impact/micro_wind_turbines.page#overview (Accessed: 9th February 2015). Rouse, M. (2008) Computer room air conditioning unit (CRAC) definition, Available at: http://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/definition/computer-room-air-conditioning-unit (Accessed: 8th February 2015). Marley Eternit (2010) Rainscreen Cladding: Insulation solutions, Available at: http://www.vivalda.co.uk/media/70221/rainscreen_cladding.pdf (Accessed: 8th February 2015).
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7. Appendices 7.1 Appendix A â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Breakdown of type and size of room in Ellison Building (rough estimates)
Type of room
Block in Ellison Building B C D
A
E
Total
Tiered lecture theatre Flat teaching rooms Workshops Laboratories Small computer rooms Open plan large computer rooms Reception area/ lounge Staff offices Head Offices CafĂŠ
8 11 3 28 6 2 1 35 1 0
3 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1
0 10 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 3 0 2 1 0 19 0 0
2 0 5 5 2 1 0 23 0 0
13 21 20 33 11 4 3 77 1 1
Total
95
7
19
25
38
184
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7.2 Appendix B – Layout of Ellison building’s five blocks
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7.3 Appendix C – CIBSE Guide A Table 1.5
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